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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Switch épigénétique"
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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Switch épigénétique"
Stolz, Anne. "Molecular mechanisms involved in the expansion of Tet2-/- hematopoietic stem cells upon stresses". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL092.
Texto completo da fonteClonal hematopoiesis of indeterminiate potential (CHIP) is defined by the expansion of he matopoietic stem cells (HSCs) harboring somatic mutations in genes commonly mutated in myeloid leukemia, without being associated with a hémato logie disease. Expansion of mutated clones is no- tably observed in an inflammatory context such as aging, and in response to different stresses. CHIP induces a pre-leukemic State and an increa- sed risk of developing leukemia. However, most CHIP carriers will never develop malignancies. It is thus of major interest to understand the me chanisms by which CHIP mutations trigger HSC expansion and the emergence of the pre-leukemic clone. Two non-exclusive hypothèses could explain the expansion of CHIP-mutated clones with âge and in response to stress : 1- a disadvantage of non-mutated cells, and/or 2- a compétitive ad- vantage of mutated cells. It is therefore crucial to study the effect of aging and stress on both mu tated and non-mutated cells. The most frequently mutated genes in CHIP encode for epigenetic fac tors such as TET2, which plays a rôle in both DNA méthylation and histone modifications. Reor- ganization of heterochromatin is one of the most commonly reported changes in aging. Heterochro matin, through DNA méthylation and the trime- thylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me3), is also crucial in controlling transposable element (TE). When derepressed, TEs can induce DNA damage, inflammation, and transcriptomic altera tions in HSCs. Our team recently showed a loss of H3K9me3, associated with an upregulation of LIMd, the most recent subfamilies of Long Interspersed Eléments LINE-1, in HSC upon aging or stress inducing a prématuré aging such as ioni- zing radiation. We showed that LIM d derepression is involved in HSC loss of function through DNA damage accumulation and transcriptomic changes. The main objectives of my thesis were 1/to investi- gate if loss of heterochromatin at TEs may also be involved in the loss of HSC function upon chronic inflammation, 2/-to decipher the impact of hete rochromatin changes at TEs on Tet2-/- clonal ex pansion upon IR and inflammatory stresses. Using H3K9me3 CUTandTag experiments, we show that chronic injections of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduce H3K9me3 at LIMd in W T HSCs, as previously observed upon IR. This is associa ted with DNA damage accumulation, as observed by H2AX foci through immunofluorescence. Using reverse transcriptase inhibitors, we further showed that LPS-induced DNA damages are dépendent on L1 expression. Inversely, we showed that LPS induced an increase of H3K9me3 at LIMd in Tet2-/- HSCs, and did not induce damages. Tet2-/- HSCs thus seem to be protected from the effect of chro nic inflammation as compared to their W T coun- terparts. This may explain their expansion upon inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we perfor- med some in vitro and in vivo compétitive assays between Tet2-/- HSCs and W T HSCs transduced with either an sh-control or a sh-LI. Interestingly, we were able to show that L1 dégradation in W T HSCs prevent Tet2-/- HSCs expansion upon in flammation. Altogether, these data suggest that Tet2-/- HSCs expansion is dépendent on L1 trans- cripts and their deleterious effects on W T HSCs
Farhat, Dayana. "MORC, un régulateur épigénétique au carrefour des trajectoires développementales du parasite T. gondii A MORC-driven transcriptional switch controls Toxoplasma developmental trajectories and sexual commitment". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALV014.
Texto completo da fonteToxoplasma gondii has a complex life cycle that is typified by asexual development that takes place in vertebrates, and sexual reproduction, which occurs exclusively in felids and is therefore less studied. The developmental transitions rely on changes in the patterns of gene expression, and recent studies have assigned roles for chromatin shapers, including histone modifications, in establishing specific epigenetic programs for each given stage. Here, we identified the T. gondii microrchidia (MORC) protein as an upstream transcriptional repressor of sexual commitment. MORC, in a complex with Apetala 2 (AP2) transcription factors, was shown to recruit the histone deacetylase HDAC3, thereby impeding the accessibility of chromatin at the genes that are exclusively expressed during sexual stages. We found that MORC-depleted cells underwent marked transcriptional changes, resulting in the expression of a specific repertoire of genes, and revealing a shift from asexual proliferation to sexual differentiation. MORC acts as a master regulator that directs the hierarchical expression of secondary AP2 transcription fac- tors, and these transcription factors potentially contribute to the unidirectionality of the life cycle. Thus, MORC plays a cardinal role in the T. gondii life cycle, and its conditional depletion offers a method to study the sexual development of the parasite in vitro, and is proposed as an alternative to the requirement of T. gondii infections in cats
Zhao, Xue. "Characterization of Post traslational modifications of histones in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB035.
Texto completo da fonteDiatoms are one of the ecologically most successful eukaryotic phytoplankton in the world. They are abundant in a wide range of habitats, their physiology, plasticity and fast adaptation to different environmental conditions help them dominate modern Oceans. Compared to genetic regulation, epigenetic changes can be flexible and reversible and histone modifications are one of the epigenetic mechanisms which can impact gene expression. Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) is one of the model diatom species, also the first unicellular organism with a full repertoire of post-translational modifications of histones, which makes it an ideal species to study epigenetic regulation in single celled organisms. In this thesis manuscript, I focus on histone modification mechanisms in P. tricornutum, utilize classical reverse genetic method: knockout of candidate genes to identify the catalytic enzyme which is responsible of the deposition of histone modifications. Polycomb group protein (PcG) complexes are evolutionarily conserved epigenetic regulatory components that act antagonistically with Trithorax (TrxG) complexes to regulate genes which are involved in cell differentiation and development. In the first chapter we investigated the diversity of PcG and TrxG genes in marine unicellular species, report the correlation of these epigenetic modifiers and environmental factor for the first time, also emphasise the unique co-occurrence pattern of histone marks in P. tricornutum. Based on those discoveries, further study with chapter two and three focused on two PcG complexes, PRC2 and PRC1. In total, three core components of PcG protein were identified in PRC1 and PRC2 complex respectively, the second part of thesis explored the unique function of PRC2 and its associated mark H3K27me3 which I report related to morphology in P. tricornutum. Chapter three discussed the crosstalk between H3K27me3 and H2AK119Ubi which is deposited by PRC1. The last chapter describes a novel histone modification detected in P. tricornutum was found conserved among eukaryotes. The last chapter reports the characterization of this novel mark and identification of the histone writer
Nordor, Akpéli. "Toward the identification of cancer/placenta epigenetic switches". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB097.
Texto completo da fontePlacental cells carry a genome different from the maternal genome, as 50% of it originate from the paternal genome. However, like cancer cells after neoplastic transformation, they successfully invade their host tissues, escape its immune system and induce angiogenesis in order to establish the pregnancy. Cancer and placental cells also display a major discrepancy: while such hallmarks of cancer mechanisms are uncontrolled in cancer cells, they are spatially and temporally controlled in healthy placental cells. Thus, research on the “cancer/placenta concept” – the use of the placenta to better understand cancer – can lead to innovative biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in oncology as well as in gynecology and obstetrics. For example, research efforts on the expression of the CGB genes, encoding for the human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit (hCGß), in cancer and placental cells have led to the development of a biomarker widely used for the management of various cancers. Interestingly, this same biomarker is also used for the screening of fetal aneuploidies. Likewise, the cloning of INSL4, encoding for the precursor of the early placenta insulin-like peptide (pro-EPIL) in early pregnancy placental cells, has led to the development of a biomarker currently investigated in the clinical setting. Following the rise of epigenetic, studies on DNA methylation, the most well understood epigenetic mark, showed that the loci of CGB genes and INSL4 are hypomethylated in cancer and placental cells, which may reflect a global hypomethylation also characteristic of these cells. Therefore, the doctoral project presented in this dissertation had explored modifications in the epigenetic landscape of placental cells throughout pregnancy and cancer cells throughout neoplastic transformation. This project initially contributed to the development of an immunoassay detecting type II hCGß, specifically encoded by a subset of CGB genes and detected in the serum of patients with non-placental cancers and fetal Down Syndrome. This immunoassay, along with another one directed to pro-EPIL, was also used for an early proof of concept study regarding the effect of DNA methylation on the expression of type II hCGß and pro-EPIL in cell culture supernatants. Ultimately, this project led to the first direct genome-wide comparison of DNA methylation in cancer cells throughout neoplastic transformation and in placental cells throughout pregnancy. It included publically available data generated from biopsies of 13 types of tumors, chorionic villi (placental tissues) and other normal tissues. It also included original data generated from unique placental samples: villous cytotrophoblastic cells isolated ex vivo from chorionic villi. All datasets were generated on a microarray platform measuring DNA methylation at 485,512 CpG sites in each sample. Combining innovative software that leverages the power of statistical smoothing algorithms and a strong biological rationale, this study thus contributed to the identification of megabase-scale patterns of hypomethylation distinguishing early pregnancy from late pregnancy placenta cells as they distinguish normal from cancers cells. Strikingly, the affected genomic regions encompassed genes related to hallmarks of cancer mechanisms such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), innate and acquired immune response, and hypoxia. Taken together, these results suggest the hypothesis that patterns of DNA methylation might contribute to “cancer/placenta epigenetic switches” allowing placental implantation and neoplastic transformation when turned “on”, while preventing the placenta to degenerate into an aggressive tumor when turned “off”
Oudinet, Chloé. "Mécanismes transcriptionnels et épigénétiques dans la régulation de l'expression du locus IgH murin au cours du développement des lymphocytes B". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30106.
Texto completo da fonteB lymphocytes have the unique ability to produce immunoglobulins (Ig). The vast Ig diversity and exquisite specificity of Igs result from various cellular and molecular mechanisms including recombinational and mutational processes within Ig heavy and light chain loci. These loci are subjected to multiple layers of regulation during B cell development involving epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms that orchestrate the stepwise and ordered activation of these loci. During my thesis, I was interested in two recombinational processes that take place within the Ig heavy chain locus (IgH locus) : V(D)J recombination and class switch recombination (CSR). Both processes require transcription of target sequences. This transcription, called germline transcription, plays an important role in the regulation of target sequence accessibility to the enzymes that initiate these processes. Specifically, I studied three aspects of the murine IgH locus expression regulation during early and late B cell development: 1) The role of germline transcription in the regulation of V(D)J recombination. V(D)J recombination initiates within "recombination centres" that are highly enriched in transcriptional activity, but the causal relationship between transcription and recombination remains controversial. By using a mouse model and single-cell analyses of transcription and recombination, I showed that V(D)J recombination could occur in the absence of detectable transcription within recombination centres, strongly suggesting that the two processes involve distinct mechanisms. 2) The role of DNA methylation in CSR-associated germline transcription. The precise role of this epigenetic mark in the control of germline transcription is presently unknown. I determined the methylation patterns of various IgH cis-acting elements in primary cells of different mouse lines. I showed that in B cells, the methylation patterns of most cis-elements were established and maintained independently of B cell activation or germline transcription, and that specific promoters were hypomethylated early during embryonic development, before B cell commitment, pointing to a role of DNA methylation in the epigenetic pre-marking of the locus rather than in the regulation of its expression. Molecular basis of Sµ specificity. CSR involves recombination between Sµ region, the universal switch donor, and a downstream partner S region. Numerous studies suggest that Sµ displays specific features that distinghuish it from the other S regions, but the molecular basis of this specificity is unknown. By using a mouse model in which a downstream S region was placed under the control of elements that regulate Sµ region transcription, I showed that, among the different factors involved in Sµ specificity, the proximity of a particular enhancer was important and sufficient to confer the CSR donor site function to the downstream S region