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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Sugar taxes"
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Madsen, Kristine A., James Krieger e Xavier Morales. "Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes". JAMA 321, n.º 18 (14 de maio de 2019): 1777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.5344.
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Véliz, Carissa, Hannah Maslen, Michael Essman, Lindsey Smith Taillie e Julian Savulescu. "Sugar, Taxes, & Choice". Hastings Center Report 49, n.º 6 (novembro de 2019): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.1067.
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Donnelly, Grant E., Paige M. Guge, Ryan T. Howell e Leslie K. John. "A Salient Sugar Tax Decreases Sugary-Drink Buying". Psychological Science 32, n.º 11 (29 de outubro de 2021): 1830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09567976211017022.
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Many governments have introduced sugary-drink excise taxes to reduce purchasing and consumption of such drinks; however, they do not typically stipulate how such taxes should be communicated at the point of purchase. Historical, field, and experimental data consisting of more than 225,000 purchase decisions indicated that introducing a $0.01-per-ounce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax—without making it salient on price tags—had no significant effect on purchasing (−1.26%, p = .28). However, when the phrase “includes sugary drink tax” was added to tax-inclusive price tags, SSB purchasing was lower than (a) in the pretax period (−9.78%, p < .001), (b) in a posttax period when drinks did not bear price tags (−5.04%, p < .001), and (c) in a posttax period when drinks bore tax-inclusive price tags that did not mention the tax (−3.83%, p = .002). Making the tax’s beneficiary (student programs) salient on price tags had no added effect. Two follow-up studies suggested that tax salience was effective partly because consumers overestimated the tax amount, leading to reduced purchase intentions.
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Powell, Lisa M., e Matthew L. Maciejewski. "Taxes and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages". JAMA 319, n.º 3 (16 de janeiro de 2018): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.19522.
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Barry, Colleen L., Jeff Niederdeppe e Sarah E. Gollust. "Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages". American Journal of Preventive Medicine 44, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2013): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.065.
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Sandoval, Rosa Carolina, Maxime Roche, Itziar Belausteguigoitia, Miriam Alvarado, Luis Galicia, Fabio S. Gomes e Guillermo Paraje. "Excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages in Latin America and the Caribbean". Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 45 (12 de março de 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2021.21.
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Objective. To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health. Methods. A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sources, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes. Results. Out of the 33 countries analyzed, 21 apply excise taxes on SSBs. Seven countries also apply excise taxes on bottled water and at least four include sugar-sweetened milk drinks. Ten of these excise taxes are ad valorem with some tax bases set early in the value chain, seven are amount-specific, and four have either a combined or mixed structure. Three countries apply excise taxes based on sugar concentration. Conclusions. While the number of countries applying excise taxes on SSBs is promising, there is great heterogeneity in design in terms of structure, tax base, and products taxed. Existing excise taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on SSB consumption and health by including all categories of SSBs, excluding bottled water, and relying more on amount-specific taxes regularly adjusted for inflation and possibly based on sugar concentration. All countries would benefit from additional guidance. Future research should aim to address this gap.
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Allcott, Hunt, Benjamin B. Lockwood e Dmitry Taubinsky. "Should We Tax Sugar-Sweetened Beverages? An Overview of Theory and Evidence". Journal of Economic Perspectives 33, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2019): 202–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.3.202.
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Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages are growing in popularity and have generated an active public debate. Are they a good idea? If so, how high should they be? Are such taxes regressive? People in the United States and some other countries consume remarkable quantities of sugar-sweetened beverages, and the evidence suggests that this generates significant health costs. Building on recent work, we review the basic economic principles that determine the socially optimal sugar-sweetened beverage tax. The optimal tax depends on (1) externalities, or uninternalized health system costs from diseases caused by sugary drink consumption; (2) internalities, or costs consumers impose on themselves by consuming too many sugary drinks due to poor nutrition knowledge and/or lack of self-control; and (3) regressivity, or how much the financial burden and the internality benefits from the tax fall on the poor. We summarize the empirical evidence about the key parameters that determine how large the tax should be. Our calculations suggest that sugar-sweetened beverage taxes are welfare enhancing and indeed that the optimal sugar-sweetened beverage tax rate may be higher than the 1 cent per ounce rate most commonly used in US cities. We end with seven concrete suggestions for policymakers considering a sugar-sweetened beverage tax.
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Claro, Rafael M., Renata B. Levy, Barry M. Popkin e Carlos A. Monteiro. "Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes in Brazil". American Journal of Public Health 102, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2012): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2011.300313.
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Dorfman, Lori. "Talking About Sugar Sweetened–Beverage Taxes". American Journal of Preventive Medicine 44, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2013): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.002.
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Dubois, Pierre, Rachel Griffith e Martin O’Connell. "How Well Targeted Are Soda Taxes?" American Economic Review 110, n.º 11 (1 de novembro de 2020): 3661–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171898.
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Soda taxes aim to reduce excessive sugar consumption. We assess who is most impacted by soda taxes. We estimate demand using micro longitudinal data covering on-the-go purchases, and exploit the panel dimension to estimate individual-specific preferences. We relate these preferences and counterfactual predictions to individual characteristics and show that soda taxes are relatively effective at targeting the sugar intake of the young, are less successful at targeting the intake of those with high total dietary sugar, and are unlikely to be strongly regressive especially if consumers benefit from averted internalities. (JEL D12, H22, H25, H71)
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Sugar taxes"
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Thsehla, Masedikwe Mokwape Evelyn. "The Economic Effects of Diabetes and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79020.
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The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of diabetes and sugar-sweetened beverages on the South African economy. The study was motivated by the prevalence of diabetes in South Africa and the cost of managing diabetes. In 2016, diabetes was the second leading cause of mortality in the country. Current studies show that more than 7% of healthcare expenditure is spent on diabetes care. Sugar-sweetened beverages have been linked to the increase in the prevalence of diabetes.
Three independent studies are conducted to investigate the link between diabetes, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and the economy. Firstly, we study the impact of diabetes on labour market outcomes in South Africa using regression analysis. We achieve this through using probit models, propensity score matching and linear instrumental variable methods to account for endogeneity of diabetes. We find through the analysis that individuals with diabetes are less likely to be employed when compared to individuals without diabetes. Secondly, we investigate the economy-wide impact of diabetes using a computable general equilibrium model. We assessed the impact of diabetes on GDP, household welfare and sectoral outputs. We find that diabetes reduces sectoral outputs, household consumption as well as GDP. Thirdly, we investigate the effects of sugar-sweetened beverages tax on the economy. We analyse this by simulating the effects of the tax together and the envisaged health benefits from the tax. The results of the analysis show that in the short-run poor households are negatively affected. The negative effect is however reversed in the long-run when the net health benefits of the SSB tax are considered.
Overall, the main finding of this research is that diabetes has a negative effect on the South African economy. This negative effect can however be offset by targeted tax policy interventions.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Economics
PhD
Unrestricted
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Crosby, Benjamin Lloyd. "Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes in Vermont: Media Framing and Public Perception". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/696.
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This thesis explores the conversation surrounding the recent attempts by the Vermont Legislature to pass a Sugar-Sweetened Beverage tax in the years 2014-2016. We explore the common perceptions expressed by a sample of Vermont residents and also look at how Vermont media outlets portrayed the tax through frames of reference. Framing is a method of emphasizing certain points of an issue. This thesis reports the common opinions of Vermonters, the media framing of the issue, and if there is any relationship between them in two academic journal articles.
The first article looks at the common frames used in Vermont media during the 2014-2016 period. Classifying 10 pro- and anti-tax frames from 30 common arguments, the article analyzes the use of these frames, their prevalence in different news outlets, and their frequency during time periods. The article also looks at sponsors of these frames and measures which frames individuals and organizations are sponsoring. The study finds that anti-tax advocates most often cite economic hindrances as a reason to oppose the tax and pro-tax advocates predominately cite health benefits and economic tax benefits as a reason to support the tax. In the final year, pro-tax advocates sponsored economic benefits more than any other frames and this argument coincided with the statewide discussion of a budget shortfall.
The second article measures the relationship between the media portrayal of the Sugar-Sweetened Beverage tax and the opinions of Vermont citizens regarding the tax. By looking at the prevalence of pro- and anti-tax frames usage in each year, a logistic regression model was built to measure the odds of people favoring tax based off of independent variables, including frames. Vermont residents fluctuated in their opinion of the tax over the years. It was found that in 2015, pro-tax frames made people more likely to support the tax. Democrats were also more likely to support the tax and Republicans were more likely to oppose the tax.
This thesis provides insight into the conversation surrounding Sugar-Sweetened Beverage taxes in Vermont. It helps to shed light on the issue, how different groups feel about the issue, and how frames of thought presented through the media can relate to Vermonters' opinion of the tax.
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Chainani, Anjali A. "Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes| Learning from Passage and Failure in California Cities". Thesis, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13859719.
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Since 2014, voters in four California cities approved ballot measures seeking to levy a penny-per-ounce tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Prior to these instances of success, over 128 local and state SSB tax proposals in the U.S. failed passage since 2009. The recent success of SSB tax passage in California presented an opportunity to explore factors associated with SSB tax passage, and to explore if John Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Approach (MSA) applied in cases where the tax passed. The study also identified how Kingdon’s theory may be modified in cases involving local governments.
I conducted a retrospective qualitative analysis using primary and secondary data collection to compare the outcome of SSB tax proposals across California cities. I interviewed 22 individuals using semi-structured telephone interviews to learn about each city’s SSB tax proposal and process. Successful and unsuccessful SSB tax proposals were compared to learn from both passage and failure.
Five key themes or patterns were associated with cases of success including: (1) advanced planning, (2) building support, (3) voter engagement, (4) messaging, and (5) media. Cities that failed to pass the tax did not achieve consensus about the problem, or the proposed solution. A policy that is perceived as technically unfeasible has reduced chances of survival. The MSA provided a useful framework for analyzing factors associated with SSB tax success, however it remains unclear how much independence there is between the three streams at the local policymaking level. Based on the results from this study, I proposed a modification to the problem stream by adding a typology of events to further analyze factors associated with why a policy alternative may rise or fall on an agenda.
The results from this project have the potential to broaden the application of the MSA theory. The findings from this study will be useful to policymakers and advocates in cities that utilize direct or representative democracy, and may lead to other local level SSB tax adoption in the future. Policy entrepreneurs play an important role in shaping the course of how a problem is perceived. Problems and solutions that resonate with voters are more likely to rise on an agenda. This project also demonstrates the value of learning from policy failures. In some cases, iterating a strategy after a failure may be the only way to innovate towards a successful outcome over time.
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Leveneur, Pauline. "Essays in health and labor economics". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAG010.
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Cette thèse explore deux déterminants clés de la santé : les conséquences d'événements professionnels et la conception de politiques fiscales nutritionnelles. Le premier objectif est d'améliorer la compréhension des liens entre certains chocs liés à l'emploi et la santé des individus. Le premier chapitre examine les effets de la perte involontaire d'emploi sur la consommation de soins. Les pertes d'emplois exogènes sont identifiées par le biais de fermetures d'établissements, et des estimations causales sont obtenues en comparant un groupe de travailleurs exposés à un groupe similaire de travailleurs non concernés. Les résultats montrent que la perte d'emploi a des impacts négatifs à long terme sur la santé mentale, tandis que les effets sur la santé physique sont moins persistants. Le deuxième chapitre étudie les effets des transformations technologiques sur le lieu de travail, en particulier l'automatisation et la robotique, sur la santé des travailleurs. L'automatisation au niveau de l'entreprise est mesurée à l'aide de proxys tels que le stock d'équipement industriel et de machines, ainsi que les importations de biens d'automatisation et de robots industriels. Les analyses au niveau des entreprises révèlent que l'effet de productivité compense l'effet de déplacement : l'automatisation est associée à une augmentation du nombre d'employés, en particulier parmi les ouvriers. Les travailleurs en place augmentent leur consommation d'antidépresseurs et d'anxiolytiques, bien qu'aucun changement significatif concernant les soins liés à la santé physique ne soit observé. L'autre objectif scientifique est d'approfondir la compréhension des politiques fiscales conçues pour lutter contre l'obésité. Le troisième chapitre évalue les effets des taxes nutritionnelles sur les boissons non alcoolisées sur le bien-être global, en tenant compte de l'utilité des consommateurs, des entreprises, du gouvernement et des externalités générées par une consommation excessive de sucre. L'étude propose des conceptions optimales de taxes progressives, dérivées empiriquement, qui sont ensuite comparées aux conceptions optimales suggérées par la littérature théorique. Cette thèse, basée sur une approche empirique, s'appuie sur un ensemble de données riche et diversifié : des données administratives (au niveau entreprises et individus), des enquêtes et des données d'achat des ménagesThis thesis explores two key determinants of health: the consequences of career events and the design of nutritional fiscal policies. The first objective is to enhance the understanding of the links between certain employment shocks and individuals' health. The first chapter examines the effects of involuntary job loss on healthcare consumption. Exogenous job losses are identified through plant closures, and causal estimates are obtained by comparing a group of displaced workers to a similar group of non-displaced workers. The findings show that job loss has long-term negative impacts on mental health, while the effects on physical health are less persistent. The second chapter investigates the effects of technological transformations in the workplace, particularly automation and robotics, on workers' health. Automation at the firm level is measured using proxies such as the stock of industrial equipment and machines, as well as imports of automation goods and industrial robots. Firm-level analyses reveal that the productivity effect offsets the displacement effect: automation is associated with an increase in the number of employees, especially among blue-collar workers. Incumbent workers increase their consumption of antidepressants and anxiolytics, though no significant changes in healthcare related to physical health are observed. The other scientific aim is to deepen the understanding of fiscal policies designed to combat obesity. The third chapter evaluates the effects of nutritional taxes on non-alcoholic beverages on overall welfare, considering the utility of consumers, firms, the government, and the externalities generated by excessive sugar consumption. The study provides empirically derived optimal designs for tiered taxes, which are then compared to optimal designs suggested by theoretical literature. This thesis, based on an empirical approach, draws on a rich and diverse set of data: administrative data (both at the firm and individual levels), surveys, and household purchase data
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Lima, Luiz Roberto Medina de. "Abolição dos sistemas de cotas de produção de açúcar da União Europeia e os efeitos no setor agrícola". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15592.
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Este trabalho tem como proposta avaliar os impactos de médio e longo prazo da remoção da política de incentivo à produção de açúcar de beterraba na União Europeia (UE) sobre o mercado deste bem, assim como permitirá verificar se algumas conclusões de estudos realizados em 2013 sobre o futuro do mercado de açúcar da UE pós-2017 ainda estão válidas, uma vez que os preços e margens nesse mercado mudaram consideravelmente desde então. Para a análise em questão, utiliza-se uma versão do modelo econômico global GTAP – Global Trade Analysis Project, conhecido como GTAPinGAMS, e assume-se que a diferença entre o custo de produção e o preço mínimo europeu representa uma boa proxy para o desvio de preço ocasionado pela imposição da quota em relação ao preço de equilíbrio que seria observado em cada país da UE se a quota não existisse. A partir dos resultados obtidos por este trabalho é possível afirmar que a abolição das cotas de produção não afetará negativamente a UE. Haverá um aumento de produção de açúcar no bloco, tanto por aumento de produção de beterraba quanto por aumento na eficiência industrial. Os países com menor custo de produção suprirão as reduções sofridas nos países não competitivos e suprirão a necessidade do produto pela UE, uma vez que a reforma não inclui maior abertura comercial para países de fora do bloco. A isoglucose, principal produto substituto do açúcar na indústria alimentícia, terá um aumento de produção nos países com indústrias já instaladas, dado o aumento do consumo de grãos nestes países pela indústria produtora de açúcar. Os países que fazem comercialização com o grupo econômico também serão afetados, mas em menor grau, graças à manutenção das cotas preferenciais de importação.
This paper evaluates the medium to long term impacts in the market after the removal of the sugar production policy in the European Union (UE), as well as verifying if the conclusions of some studies made in 2013 about the future of the sugar market after 2017 are still valid, once market prices and margins changed quite considerably since then. For the analysis herein, it’s used one version of the global economic model GTAP – Global Trade Analysis Project, known as GTAPinGAMS, and the assumption that the difference between the production cost and the minimum price in EU represents a good proxy for the price deviation from an equilibrium caused by the quota imposition, as if it didn’t existed. The results allow the conclusion that the quota abolition won’t affect negatively the EU. There will be an increase in sugar production in EU, given the increase in sugar beet production and increase in industrial efficiency. Countries with lower production cost will suffice the reductions suffered in countries that production is not competitive and will supply the product necessity in EU, once the sugar reform does not include higher trade liberalization to countries outside the Union. Isoglucose, the main sugar substitute product in sugar industry, will have an increase in production, given the rise in grains consumed by the sugar industry. Countries that have trading activities with EU will be affected but in a minor degree, thanks to the import quota maintenance.
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YEH, YAO-YUAN, e 葉耀元. "A Study on Reduction of with Holding Taxes for the Architecture Cultural Heritage of State-Owned Enterprises in Administrative Litigation of Huwei and Beigang Sugar Refinery". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b2xz34.
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碩士崑山科技大學
房地產開發與管理研究所
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"Cultural Heritage" is the fundation of the inheritance of historical culture, which constructs the cultural sightseeing the important property and also the property for all people. It authorizes the public sector to collect taxes for preservation. Taiwan announced the implementation of the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act in 1982, which opened the era of modern legal system for the preservation of cultural heritages. This also revealed that the cultural rights were generally affirmed and that cultural heritages should be actively preserved and maintained. However, cultural rights and property rights are not negatively related. When assets are designated or registered as cultural heritages, which will be limited in actions and beneficial use, and the relative tax should be reduced. However, the state-owned enterprise is a private legal person established by the company law. Compared with the state or county (city) government, the positioning and division of rights and obligations are often confused. This thesis takes the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act and its tax administrative litigation as the main axis, and uses the Document Analysis to explore the attributes and utilization of the cultural heritages of the architecture cultural heritage of state-owned enterprises, and then discusses the Yunlin County government against the Taiwan Sugar Corporation from 2015 to 2018 by case analysis. All the "Huwei Sugar Refinery Dormitory Group" and the "Beigang Sugar Refinery" are designated as monuments and deemed as interim monuments, and the housing tax and land price tax are imposed. The Taiwan Sugar Company applies for housing tax and land price tax according to Article 91 of the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act at the time. At the time of the waiver, the case of administrative litigation that was denied due to the definition of “public” in the cultural heritages was defined in Article 8 of the same Act. The Supreme Administrative Court’s judgments 107 and 108 of the 107th year that the definition of “public” cultural heritages in Article 8 of the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act to taxation matters, and all parts of the public-owned enterprises should be “Constitutional restricted Interpretation” for its legislative purposes. Interpretation, which excluded from the "public" cultural heritages, and above-mentioned the definition of "public" conflict with the superordinate law. The rule of law and the principle of separation of powers, the judicial organs have the power and obligation to close the loopholes in law, in order to maintain the pre-established value order of the constitution. However, the filling of the law loophole is not a substitute for the legislative function, and the judicial person cannot directly formulate the legislative purpose. This thesis thinks that above-mentioned the definition of the "public" cultural heritages has been overstep the boundary of the loopholes. It is not only law measurable. It is proposed to amend the definition of "public", that is, to exclude public utilities, but the relevant management and maintenance are still It should be handled in accordance with the "public" cultural heritages. Since the state-owned enterprise is a private legal person and possesses private property rights, if it only grants the obligation to preserve and maintain, it does not reduce the same tax as other private cultural heritages. In addition to increasing the burden of its management and maintenance costs, it also hurts its willingness to preserving. According to the research and practice, the state(public)-owned enterprise cultural heritages should be subject to tax concessions. This paper proposes to amend the relevant provisions of the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act as soon as possible to solve the problems of conflict with the superordinate law and to meet the principle of taxation by law. In order to avoid the impact of local government taxation and construction, it is recommended that according to Article 38-1 of the Act Governing the Allocation of Government Revenues and Expenditures, governments and legislatures at all levels shall formulate or amend laws or Local self-government's law. Partly, at the same time prepare to replace the financial resources. To promote the recognition of cultural heritages preservation work and reduce the source of litigation in related administrative litigation.
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Alvarez, Sanchez Cristina. "Mexicans' Consumption of Taxed Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and the Psychosocial Determinants of Consumption in the Context of the 2014 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax - A Mixed Methods Study". Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D81G23R1.
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In Mexico about 73 percent adults and 33 percent children have overweight or obesity; and nearly 14 percent adults are estimated to have Type 2 diabetes, being the principal cause of mortality. Obesity and diabetes rates rose sharply starting in the 1980's and 1990's, coinciding with the globalization processes that Mexico underwent resulting in a higher availability and consumption of energy-dense and nutrient-poor ultra-processed foods. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), carbonated cola beverages such as Coca-Cola in particular, are widely consumed and well integrated into Mexico's cultural fabric and constitute the major source of added sugars in the Mexican diet. High intake of SSBs is associated with weight gain, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome,
In 2014, the Mexican government introduced a 1-peso-per-liter (approx. US 8 cents; about 10 percent of the pre-tax price) on industrialized SSBs along with many other public health measures in an attempt to curb rising obesity rates. Two years into the SSB tax, purchases of sugary beverages in stores decreased by 7.6 percent on average. This decrease in purchases is remarkable, nevertheless, based on the existing cross-sectional data, the change cannot be s attributable solely to the effect of the taxation. Moreover, there are many other concurrent factors that might have affected demand and purchases of SSBs: like an 8 percent ad valorem tax imposed on discretionary energy-dense food in 2014, the regulation of foods and beverages in schools, and the regulation of food and beverage marketing on TV targeted to children.
Further, it may be plausible for the SSB tax to have exerted effect via other mechanisms, such as increasing awareness of negative health outcomes. There is evidence from other countries that junk food and SSB taxes imposed with public health goals contribute to enhancing people's awareness about the negative health consequences of unhealthy foods.
The purpose of this study was to explore what are Mexicans' beliefs, attitudes, social norms, and behaviors in relation to SSBs in the context of the SSB tax, and why and how behaviors have been modified. This purpose was addressed using a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, starting with a quantitative survey with a nationally representative sample, followed by a qualitative study with parents and construction workers.
Quantitative study. The first phase of the study consisted of closed-ended questions (designed to ask about awareness of and opinion about the effectiveness of the tax, psychosocial determinants of SSB consumption, and perception of change in SSB consumption since the year the tax was implemented) that were developed and inserted into a new questionnaire of the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT) carried out by the Mexican INSP. The questionnaire was administered face-to-face to 6,650 Mexican adults 20-59 years old, providing a representative sample at the national, urban and rural, and regional levels. The two principal statistical analysis conducted were: (a) Logistic regression, used to evaluate the probability of a person reporting a decrease in SSB consumption, given their awareness of the tax, opinion about its effectiveness, psychosocial (SSB health-related beliefs, self-efficacy, and liking of SSBs) and environmental (availability of potable water) determinants, after controlling for covariates; (b) Multiple linear regression analysis, utilized to examine the association between the same factors and current consumption of taxed SSBs. Results showed that compared with adults not aware, adults who were aware of the SSB tax were more likely (OR=1.30) to report a decrease in SSB consumption (p=.012). In urban areas, adults aware of the tax drank a significantly lower amount of taxed SSBs (-15.7%; p=.023) than those not aware. Self-efficacy and liking of SSBs were significantly associated with a reported decrease in consumption and with current consumption (p<.001), while health beliefs and availability of potable water were not significantly associated with either reported change in SSB consumption or current consumption of taxed SSBs. We conclude that implementation of an SSB tax accompanied by highly visible campaigns may further influence the impact of taxes on SSBs consumption.
Qualitative study. The second phase consisted of a qualitative multi-case study involving interviews and focus groups with parents of children 9 years old or younger and construction workers that assisted in interpreting the findings of the quantitative study. This study also expanded upon the quantitative findings particularly in relation to the ways people modified (or not) their purchasing and consumption behaviors after the imposition of the SSB tax and the reasons why. The analysis was informed by the Reasoned Action Approach and the hyperbolic (future) discounting concept from behavioral economics theory. The main findings of the study with parents are that most reported drinking less soda than in the two-four years prior and that they largely are trying to reduce their children's consumption of SSBs and encourage water consumption. Changes in parents' behaviors and practices were precipitated by health concerns and not necessarily by price increases (although these were of concern). Half of the participants knew about the tax and its purpose; and it seems like the debate around the tax might have contributed to increasing awareness about the detrimental health consequences of taxed beverages. We conclude that for many of these parents the current taxation of SSBs may have had a mild effect on SSB consumption; a higher level of the tax (20 percent) may impose an additional constraint. The main findings of the study with construction workers are that they consume a high amount of both soda and water during their work days (approx. 1.25. liters and 4 liters, respectively). They associate consumption of soda to pause and meal breaks, and consumption of water to the times when they are working. Nevertheless, their identity as construction workers is constructed in relation to their soda consumption. While they are aware of the health consequences that a high soda consumption can entail, it seems like they had never contemplated the need and/or possibility of changing their practices. Construction workers have not (permanently) altered their patterns of soda consumption in the context of the tax. Presence of an illness (i.e., kidney problems) triggered changes in some, but they were only temporary. We conclude that a 1 peso-per-liter (10 percent) tax is not enough to trigger changes in practices in this group, and that the government should consider a higher level of the tax to have an effect on these consumers.
In this dissertation, the interpretation of the quantitative and the qualitative results in combination yields a better understanding about the potential influence of the SSB tax on Mexicans SSB-related behaviors and psychosocial factors. The key conclusions of this work are that: 1) A considerable number of the Mexican adult population is aware of the tax on SSBs, but that awareness differs by socio-demographic characteristics; 2) A large majority of the population beliefs that the tax is not reducing consumption of taxed SSBs meaningfully; 3) having been exposed to debates/campaigns in relation the tax, combined withto the price increase, may have contributed to increasing health awareness and/or rethinking beverage choices in some population groups that are more sensitive to diet/nutrition and health (e.g., parents in their role as caregivers) but not of others (e.g., construction workers); 4) the most salient determinants of SSB consumption are: social norms, liking for SSBs, perceived behavioral control, and the beverage environment; 5) Mexican adults are knowledgeable about the health consequences of a high consumption of industrialized SSBs, however, while knowledge is necessary, it might not be sufficient to result in large behavioral changes.
This study contributes to the fields of public health and food and nutrition policy by suggesting an alternative pathway through which health taxes may exert an impact on people's behavior. It also highlights the complexity of food choice and behavior change and the need for comprehensive approaches, grounded in research of psychosocial determinants, to have a meaningful impact on changing consumers' behaviors.
The findings of this dissertation suggest that in the future, governments could consider accompanying public health taxes with comprehensive and targeted education campaigns in an attempt to create synergy between both approaches. In addition, future nutrition education and public health campaigns might focus more on teaching self-regulation skills, after motivation has been established, and on shifting social norms around SSB drinking.
Livros sobre o assunto "Sugar taxes"
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ill, Gore Leonid, ed. The sugar child. New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2004.
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Moodie, Fiona. The sugar prince: From an old legend. [New York, N.Y.]: Adama Books, 1987.
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Perelman, Helen. The sugar ball. New York: Aladdin, 2013.
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Yassif, Eli. Sipur ha-ʻam ha-ʻIvri: Toldotaṿ, sugaṿ u-mashmaʻuto. Yerushalayim: Mosad Byaliḳ, 1994.
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Maeterlinck, Maurice. Qing niao =: The blue bird. [Tai-]bei shi: Jiu yi chu ban she, 1998.
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Maeterlinck, Maurice. Sini︠a︡i︠a︡ ptit︠s︡a ; Obruchenie: Pʹesy : dli︠a︡ srednego i starshego shkolʹnogo vozrasta. Kiev: Izd-vo T︠S︡K LKSMU Molodʹ, 1988.
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Sanchez, Cristina Alvarez. Mexicans' Consumption of Taxed Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and the Psychosocial Determinants of Consumption in the Context of the 2014 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax - A Mixed Methods Study. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2018.
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Sugar-sweetened beverage taxation in the Region of the Americas. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122990.
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Sugar-sweetened beverage excise taxes are an effective evidence-based noncommunicable diseases (NCD) prevention policy. Along with tobacco and alcohol excise taxes, they are a tool to attain the Sustainable Development Goals, and are recommended by the World Health Organization to modify behavioral risk factors associated with obesity and NCDs, as featured in the WHO Global Action Plan. Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages have been described as a triple win for governments, because they 1) improve population health, 2) generate revenue, and 3) have the potential to reduce long-term associated healthcare costs and productivity losses. Taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages has been implemented in more than 73 countries worldwide. In the Region of the Americas, 21 PAHO/WHO Member States apply national-level excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages and seven jurisdictions apply local sugar-sweetened beverage taxes in the United States of America. While the number of countries applying national excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages in the Region is promising, most of these taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and health. This publication provides economic concepts related to the economic rationale for using sugar-sweetened beverage taxes and the costs associated with obesity; key considerations on tax design including tax types, bases, and rates; an overview of potential tax revenue and earmarking; evidence on the extent to which these taxes are expected to impact prices of taxed beverages, the demand for taxed beverages, and substitution to untaxed beverages; and responses to frequent questions about the economic impacts of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation.
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Ashley, John. A Supplement. on Taxes in General on British Sugar. Gale Ecco, Print Editions, 2018.
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Hattersley, Libby, Alan Fuchs, Alberto Gonima, Lynn Silver e Kate Mandeville. Business, Employment, and Productivity Impacts of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Taxes. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/34082.
Texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Sugar taxes"
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Ferretti, Fabrizio. "Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes: Origins, Mechanisms, and Current Worldwide Status". In Obesity and Diabetes, 851–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53370-0_63.
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"Rice and Revenue: Guangdong’s “Benefit Agriculture” Import Taxes". In Smokeless Sugar, 71–96. University of British Columbia Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.59962/9780774816557-008.
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Crosbie, Eric, Laura Schmidt, Jim Krieger e Marion Nestle. "Sugar-Sweetened Beverages". In The Commercial Determinants of Health, 131—C14.P64. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197578742.003.0014.
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Abstract Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption has been independently associated with noncommunicable diseases, and it accounts for a disproportionate proportion of calorie intake, particularly among young adults. Sugar-sweetened beverage companies have been successful by building on a legacy of reaching consumers through marketing spending. In recent years, such companies have sought to associate their products with a wide variety of global cultural and sporting events, while also actively funding physical activity research and participating in global development organizations. This is part of a deliberate strategy to shift debate away from their products as major drivers of obesity and preventable diseases. This has been accompanied by evidence of strong, coordinated opposition to so-called sugar taxes and significant efforts to influence government and policy in emerging markets. As the noncommunicable disease burden increases, there is a strong imperative to assess the proximal and distal health effects of sugar-sweetened beverages.
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Dubey, Ajit Dhar. "Issues and Prospects of Sugar Industry". In Strategic Infrastructure Development for Economic Growth and Social Change, 237–59. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7470-7.ch016.
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This chapter explains the sugar industry of Uttar Pradesh, which plays a significant role in the economy. An attempt has been made to critically analyze the role of cane growers and the significant number of employees who are directly employed in this industry. Statistical figures suggest that, during 2010-12, the sugar industry in Uttar Pradesh paid around.78.27 Crores of Rupees as cane price to the growers and around .15 Crores of Rupees as wages to about 30,000 persons employed directly in the industry. The industry contributed more than 20.8 Crores of Rupees to government exchequer in the form of cane cess and excise duty on sugar and molasses in addition to another sizeable amount by way of commercial taxes, income tax, and other levies. An in-depth study is carried out to understand decent working time conditions of these cane workers who are the major factors for increasing production in this sector. The study focuses on increasing the productivity of these cane workers by effective allocation of time based on gender and age.
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Morrow, Michaele L., Jacob Suher e Ashley West. "Health or Taxes: Which Is More Effective at Reducing Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages?" In Advances in Taxation, 145–95. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s1058-749720230000030005.
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Dye, Christopher. "Chronic diseases". In Investing in Health and Wellbeing, 174–98. 2a ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198887133.003.0006.
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Abstract Many consumers of tobacco, sugar and other causes of chronic diseases are trapped in a world of limited options (nothing but junk food), hard choices (tobacco addiction) and few resources (economic hardship), temporarily eased by postponing (discounting) the personal costs of future illness. Consumers are ultimately responsible for ‘behavioural’ risks to their health, but the behaviours in question are also those of manufacturers and governments. The burden of choice on consumers is lighter when shared. Governments, in particular, have the means to intervene between commercial supply and consumer demand. The most effective instruments of government are the most forceful—taxes and regulations—especially for the control of single, major causes of illness such as tobacco and sugar. In practice, governments under pressure from manufacturers tend to under-tax and under-regulate harmful commodities, so other enticements are needed too. Empirical studies show that campaigns to improve health (better food choices, greater physical activity) can complement those to prevent disease, especially when the joint benefits for health are large. The greater task, however, is to empower public demand for government action that favours health, and disempower commercial interests that drive the consumption of sugar, tobacco, and other causes of chronic disease.
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Gómez, Eduardo J. "Government Response to Ultra-Processed and Sugar Beverages Industries in Developing Nations". In The Political Economy of Food System Transformation, 133–54. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198882121.003.0006.
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Abstract How were the governments of three middle-income countries with high levels of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)—India, Mexico, and South Africa—able to implement sugar-sweetened beverage taxes (SSBs) despite intense opposition from powerful corporations? Employing a multiple streams analytical framework to explain the agenda-setting process, this chapter highlights several factors that generated supportive coalitions for SSBs, including the importance of transnational advocacy in each country as well as governments’ interest in generating more revenue from the tax. By contrast, regulatory measures to regulate the soda and snack food industries, such as limits on advertising, sales, and food labeling, have been less accepted by the same governments. To explain why, the chapter argues that coalitions around these policies are weaker, regulation generates lower levels of public contestation and visibility, and the prospect for generating government revenue is less pronounced.
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Luna, Francisco Vidal, e Herbert S. Klein. "Government and Public Finance in the Empire, 1850–1889". In An Economic and Demographic History of São Paulo, 1850-1950, 26–51. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503602007.003.0002.
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The explosive growth of coffee, along with increasing sugar and cotton production, allowed the provincial government to establish a significant tax base. In turn this allowed it to create a viable provincial government which could begin providing basic infrastructural development for this province. This development would include everything from establishing a significant taxing bureaucracy and state judicial and legislative system, to providing the funds to develop the crucial infrastructure needed to export coffee. Taxes on agriculture were the key factors which allowed the state to develop roads and railroads, to begin providing potable water and public illumination for its cities and schools for its children, along with providing health and public safety for the province as whole.
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Henrique Dario Capitani, Daniel. "The Sustainability of Sugarcane Ethanol in Brazil: Perspective and Challenges". In Sugarcane - Its Products and Sustainability [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108070.
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The chapter proposes to illustrate the challenges, concerns, and perspectives of ethanol production in Brazil. First, to give an overall of the sugarcane production and market conjecture, taking into account issues such as the public policies to promote biofuels improvement as well as those applied to energy markets and their connection (implications) with (into) sugar-ethanol market. Then, we propose the discussion of the challenges derived from sugarcane expansion from a sustainability perspective, as the environmental impacts, land use change and their impacts on crop productions and regional socioeconomics indicators, and the risk management strategies and tradeoffs between sugar-ethanol and second-generation ethanol-electricity cogeneration. Lastly, we bring a debate over the concerns and perspectives that are related to the development of this market, pointing out institutional risks that can affect strategies and competition in the production chain, such as policies to energy production, taxes changes, the increase in corn and sugarcane second generation ethanol production, and international trade agreements. Overall, there is an understanding that Brazilian ethanol production is following sustainable patterns. Currently, major challenges are related to the improvement of risk management strategies, as well as to create a more predictable scenario on the direction of public policies to the energy market.
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Stein, Michael D., e Sandro Galea. "Can We Promote Public Health and Generate Return on Our Investment?" In Pained, 99–102. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510384.003.0029.
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This chapter looks at how the country’s health investment remains resolutely focused on curative care. Perhaps people spend more on cure than they do on prevention because they believe keeping people healthy is too expensive. But is this true? An analysis set out to assess the return on investment for high-income countries that adopt efforts to improve health. The authors found that the median return on investment for public health interventions was 14 to 1—that is, for every dollar invested, it yields the same dollar back and another 14. They also found that the more these interventions were established at the wider, national level, the higher the return, rising up to about 40 to 1 for the best investments. These interventions include vaccination programs, taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages, building better cities to reduce falls, and early youth interventions to limit teenage pregnancy and delinquency. In other words, these are classic efforts to promote the public’s health by shaping the conditions in which people live.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Sugar taxes"
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Hui, Tak Cheung, e Yu Chia Kuo. "Tale of Tales: Interdisciplinary Art at the Intersection of Music, History, Sugar, and Technology". In SA '24: SIGGRAPH Asia 2024 Art Papers, 1–7. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3680530.3695449.
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Jewel, Yead, Prashanta Dutta e Jin Liu. "Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Sugar Transport Across Lactose Permease". In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52337.
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Sugar (one of the critical nutrition elements for all life forms) transport across the cell membranes play essential roles in a wide range of living organism. One of the most important active transport (against the sugar concentration) mechanisms is facilitated by the transmembrane transporter proteins, such as the Escherichia coli lactose permease (LacY) proteins. Active transport of sugar molecules with LacY proteins requires a proton gradient and a sequence of complicated protein conformational changes. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and the protein structural information involved in the transport process are largely unknown. All atom atomistic simulations are able to provide full details but are limited to relative small length and time scales due to the computational cost. The protein conformational changes during sugar transport across LacY are large scale structural reorganization and inaccessible to all atom simulations. In this work, we investigate the molecular mechanisms and conformational changes during sugar transport using coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations. In our coarse-grained force field, we follow the procedures developed by Han et al. [1, 2], in which the protein model is united-atom based and each heavy atom together with the attached hydrogen atoms is represented by one site, then the protein force filed is coupled with the MARTINI [3] water and lipid force fields. This hybrid force field takes the advantage of the efficiency of MARTINI force field for the environment (water and lipid), while retaining the detailed conformational information for the proteins. Specifically, we develop the new force fields for interactions between sugar molecules and protein by matching the potential of mean force between all-atom and coarse-grained models. Then we validate our force field by comparing the potential of mean force for a glucose interaction with a carbohydrate binding protein from our new force field, with the results from all atom simulations. After validation, we implement the force field for sugar transport across LacY proteins. Through our simulations we are able to capture the formation/breakage of the important hydrogen bonds and salt bridges, which are crucial to the overall conformational changes of LacY.
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Prakoso, Indro, Dika Priyanto, Hasyim Asyari, Ayu Anggraeni Sibarani e Nike Meidita Shandi. "Improvement of Bottlenecks in Printed Brown Sugar Production Using Line Balancing and Simulation". In The 6th International Conference on Science and Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-cix70r.
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UD XYZ is a small and medium enterprise (SME) that produces printed brown sugar. In fulfilling customer demands, this SME produces sugar using a make-to-order system. Based on initial observations, indications of bottlenecks were found in the production process. The indications of bottleneck were found in the cooking process as this process is repeated and takes a long time. The prolonged cooking process results in the subsequent process stopping because there are no products to process. In addition, signs of bottleneck also occurred in the printing process, which takes a long time. After identification, the bottleneck occurred at workstation 4 where the cycle time at workstation 4 exceeded the production takt time. The bottleneck caused the company to experience delays in meeting production targets. To improve the bottleneck problem, workstation balancing was done using the rank positional weight method. The RPW method is a heuristic method that has advantages in terms of performance and is easy to apply to real problems. The results of the improvement were then simulated using Extend software. Line balancing with the RPW method resulted in 2 proposed workstation allocations. The first proposal divides the workstations into 5 workstations with idle time calculation results of 157.3 minutes and line efficiency of 65%. The second proposal divides the workstations into 5 workstations with idle time calculation results of 57.31 minutes and line efficiency of 84%. Based on the simulation results, no bottleneck was found in both proposals, with the first proposal producing an average output of 3.7 batches while the second proposal producing an average output of 4.1 batches. The recommended improvement proposal is to allocate workstations according to the second proposal.
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Осипова, К. В. "Чай в языке и культуре Русского Севера". In Межкультурное и межъязыковое взаимодействие в пространстве Славии (к 110-летию со дня рождения С. Б. Бернштейна). Институт славяноведения РАН, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/0459-6.35.
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In the work on the material of vocabulary, as well as rituals, beliefs and folklore of the Russian North, the symbolics and ritual functions of tea and tea drinking in folk culture are reconstructed. The place of tea in the diet, the organization of tea drinking are considered; reveals the parameters by which the quality of tea is assessed and functions of tea in family rituals. Drinking tea in folk culture acquires a special ceremoniality and often performs the functions of social regulation: social skills are tested during tea drinking and social relations are built. In family rituals, tea takes on the symbolic functions of wine and beer, bread and bread and salt, forming a functionally close “tea-sugar” pair. Often, tea is opposed to bread as an empty and non-nutritious product, a symbol of luxury and excess.
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Dima, T., e S. Pitina. "NARX NEUROMORPHIC SOFTWARE FOR ECG WAVE PREDICTION". In 9th International Conference "Distributed Computing and Grid Technologies in Science and Education". Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54546/mlit.2021.30.97.001.
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ECG wave prediction with non-linear autoregressive exogenous neuromorphic (NARX) software is anovel method aimed at Holter monitoring and early warning. Such predictions are important incomparing the underlying QRS complex of the ECG-wave with the slowly deteriorating waves (orarrythmia) in cardiac patients. A deep Q-wave for instance (such as 1/4 of the R-wave) is a typicalsign of (inferior wall) myocardial necrosis - associated in most cases with vascular dysfunction. It isimportant to have a rolling predictor - slow ECG wave degradation being normal. A real-timepredictor takes into account a suite of influencing parameters (body temperature, effort, currentmedication, sugar levels, stress, etc), being much better suited in making a call for "normal" vs."anomalous" ECG waves, rather than some outdated reference waves. Although this research is in itsbegining, it shows encouraging results, which clinical studies can conclude as to how effectivethe approach may be.
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Codeceira Neto, Alcides, e Pericles Pilidis. "A Comparative Exergy Analysis of Advanced Power Cycles Using Biomass Fuel". In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-119.
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This paper describes a design point study of different power generation systems using the gasification of sugar cane bagasse, which produces a low calorific value fuel. The biomass gasification is viewed as a process of drying the solid fuel and heating it up before the gasification reactions take place. The process is represented by equilibrium conditions. Varying pressure, temperature and feed composition in the gasifier controls the fuel gas composition. Five alternative arrangements of an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant have been analysed using the exergy method. These alternatives comprise a combined gas / steam cycle using a simple gas turbine and also a reheat gas turbine, a combined gas / air cycle using a simple gas turbine and also a reheat gas turbine, and a combined gas / air / freon cycle using a reheat gas turbine. The combined gas / steam cycles are more efficient rather than the combined gas / air cycles. Using a reheat gas turbine at the topping cycle of the combined cycles analysed contribute to increase the overall plant exergetic efficiency. The exergy analysis has been carried out along with the performance assessment of power plants and takes into account the irreversibility of their components and the exhaust losses. The gasifier is the component of the power plant that destroys maximum exergy. Three computer codes have been developed. One of them has the ability of simulating the thermodynamic properties of the low calorific value fuel in the gasification process and the other two are related to the performance analysis of the different power cycles using the exergy method. The production of energy from the gasification of sugar cane bagasse has been of increasing importance to the Brazilian energetic matrix. This paper has been focused on the GEOPHILES - αlfa Programme, a project to train Latin America engineers on biomass gasification for power generation. The Commission of Energy of the European Community has supported this project.
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Gonzalez Garza, Diana María. "Modelos de gestión de museos con Inteligencia Artificial." In Congreso CIMED - I Congreso Internacional de Museos y Estrategias Digitales. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cimed21.2021.12401.
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Cada uno de nuestros museos es distinto, no solo en su clasificación o características sino en su contexto, historia, colecciones y modelos de gestión. Esta diversidad se traduce en distintas problemáticas en la dirección de cada uno de ellos y se intensifica al tratar de ofrecer soluciones genéricas basadas en líneas teóricas. Los nuevos modelos de negocio, basados en el análisis e interpretación de datos y definición de tendencias, han demostrado ser una auténtica referencia para organizaciones procedentes de muchos ámbitos, incluidas las empresas culturales y el sector turístico.Organizar los recursos de forma eficiente ha sido una asignatura pendiente en muchas entidades, mas aun cuando lo exigen las transformaciones que el mundo nos impone haciendo frente a la incorporación de la tecnología y las herramientas digitales en todas sus formas, desde el uso conveniente, y a hoy básico, de redes sociales, hasta la incorporación de la Inteligencia Artificial y Big data en distintas áreas de la organización. La lectura del trafico de datos que se genera desde nuestros sites, la lectura de información relevante y palabras clave en redes sociales, los gustos y búsquedas frecuentes de la comunidad a la que nuestro museo pertenece, las necesidades de esparcimiento, etc, nos invitan a pensar en formas distintas de satisfacer tales necesidades, y esto se produce desde la dirección de cada museo. Los datos que podemos recopilar de herramientas gratuitas como son Google search console o Google analytics nos ofrecen grandes oportunidades, pero sumar esfuerzos con datos sobre búsquedas en temas de esparcimiento en general, perfiles demográficos de la comunidad a la que pertenece el museo, etcétera, nos llevan a la construcción de un modelo de lectura de información para públicos especializados y diversos, identificando al mismo tiempo conexiones potentes de información y observando aquellas que parecieran débiles a simple vista para crear nuevas oportunidades que sean atractivas a nuestras comunidades.El sector turístico por ejemplo, ha adoptado muchas formas de inteligencia artificial, una de ellas llega a ofrecer su registro de actividades complementarias a sus viajeros, pero hay detrás de ello información valiosa, como son sus gustos, horarios libres, cantidad de personas que viajan con cada usuario, etc. Estas lecturas nos permitirán ofrecer al público, desde nuestros museos, alternativas distintas pensadas y ajustadas a sus necesidades y gustos personales, y con ello gestionar los propios recursos del museo de forma coherente y disruptiva.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Sugar taxes"
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Piñeiro, Valeria, Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla, Flor Paz e Summer L. Allen. Sugar taxes: An economy-wide assessment: The case of Guatemala. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133415.
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Cawley, John, David Frisvold e David Jones. The Impact of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes on Purchases: Evidence from Four City-Level Taxes in the U.S. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, outubro de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26393.
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Cawley, John, e David Frisvold. The Incidence of Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: The Case of Berkeley, California. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, agosto de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21465.
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Martínez Jorge, Angel, e Javier Martínez Santos. Heterogeneous response and spillover effects of SSB taxes. Esade EcPol, março de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56269/20230327/amj.
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In this paper we evaluate the taxation of sugar-sweetened and edulcorated beverages by using the natural quasi-experiment in Spain: in 2021 an increase in Value Added Tax was introduced in all regions of Spain except for some of them, which do not have VAT. These regions serve as a control group offering a unique opportunity in the literature for two reasons, the guarantee of avoiding cross-border consumer movements due to their geographical location and the opportunity to have a household consumption database with a rich set of characteristics. We find a pass-through of the tax to prices of over 95\% and a fall in soft drink consumption of 15\% among the poorest tertile of households, especially among those with children aged 5-16. In addition, we find a significant reduction in spending on unhealthy complementary goods among the same households in the first tertile. However, the remaining households did not react to the tax by reducing either their consumption of soft drinks or their consumption of complementary goods. Our results show the importance of considering the structure and economic capacity of the household, as well as the response of the consumption of complementary goods, when assessing the effect of this type of tax on consumption.
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Ng, Shu Wen, Thomas Hoerger e Rachel Nugent. Preventing Non-communicable Diseases Using Pricing Policies: Lessons for the United States from Global Experiences and Local Pilots. RTI Press, maio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.pb.0025.2105.
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Preventing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in an effective and sustainable way will require forward-looking policy solutions that can address multiple objectives. This was true pre–COVID-19 and is even more true now. There are already examples from across the globe and within the United States that show how these may be possible. Although there are still many unknowns around how the design, targeting, level, sequencing, integration, and implementation of fiscal policies together can maximize their NCD prevention potential, there is already clear evidence that health taxes and particularly sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes are cost-effective. Nonetheless, policies alone may not succeed. Political will to prioritize well-being, protections against industry interference, and public buy-in are necessary. If those elements align, pricing policies that consider the context in question can be designed and implemented to achieve several goals around reducing consumption of unhealthy SSBs and foods, narrowing existing nutritional and health disparities, encouraging economic and social development. The US and its local and state jurisdictions should consider these pricing policy issues and their contexts carefully, in collaboration with community partners and researchers, to design multi-duty actions and to be prepared for future windows of opportunities to open for policy passage and implementation.
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van Walbeek, Corné, e Senzo Mthembu. The Likely Fiscal and Public Health Effects of an Excise Tax on Sugar sweetened Beverages in Kenya. Institute of Development Studies, maio de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.007.
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Historically, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have typically been associated with tobacco and alcohol use. However, in recent decades increased levels of overweightness and obesity, mostly caused by poor eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle, have increased diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. There is a general agreement that sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) are bad for one’s health. As such, measures to reduce their consumption would be expected to positively impact population health. In this working paper, we develop and report on an Excel-based model, in which we simulate the impact of an SSB tax on the prevalence of overweightness and obesity. The model starts with a baseline scenario, which takes cognisance that a 10 KES specific tax already exists on all soft drinks. A sugar-based SSB tax is then introduced. The tax is levied as an amount per gram of sugar, with or without a tax-free threshold. Other than reducing the demand for SSBs, a sugar-based SSB also creates strong incentives for manufacturers to reformulate their products to reduce the sugar content. The model predicts that the average BMI would decrease across all age groups decreasing the prevalence of overweightness and obesity. The magnitude of the decrease in the prevalence of overweightness and obesity depends on the size of the SSB tax. For realistic and politically feasible values of the SSB tax, the prevalence of overweightness and obesity is expected to decrease by between 5 per cent and 10 per cent. Should Kenya implement a sugar-based tax on SSBs, over and above the current excise tax on soft drinks, the government should clarify that such a tax aims to enhance public health; raising additional revenue should be a secondary consideration. Also, implementing a sugar based SSB tax should be part of a more comprehensive strategy to reduce overweightness and obesity, because by itself the impact of the tax is modest.
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Anderson, Gerald L., e Kalman Peleg. Precision Cropping by Remotely Sensed Prorotype Plots and Calibration in the Complex Domain. United States Department of Agriculture, dezembro de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585193.bard.
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This research report describes a methodology whereby multi-spectral and hyperspectral imagery from remote sensing, is used for deriving predicted field maps of selected plant growth attributes which are required for precision cropping. A major task in precision cropping is to establish areas of the field that differ from the rest of the field and share a common characteristic. Yield distribution f maps can be prepared by yield monitors, which are available for some harvester types. Other field attributes of interest in precision cropping, e.g. soil properties, leaf Nitrate, biomass etc. are obtained by manual sampling of the filed in a grid pattern. Maps of various field attributes are then prepared from these samples by the "Inverse Distance" interpolation method or by Kriging. An improved interpolation method was developed which is based on minimizing the overall curvature of the resulting map. Such maps are the ground truth reference, used for training the algorithm that generates the predicted field maps from remote sensing imagery. Both the reference and the predicted maps are stratified into "Prototype Plots", e.g. 15xl5 blocks of 2m pixels whereby the block size is 30x30m. This averaging reduces the datasets to manageable size and significantly improves the typically poor repeatability of remote sensing imaging systems. In the first two years of the project we used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), for generating predicted yield maps of sugar beets and com. The NDVI was computed from image cubes of three spectral bands, generated by an optically filtered three camera video imaging system. A two dimensional FFT based regression model Y=f(X), was used wherein Y was the reference map and X=NDVI was the predictor. The FFT regression method applies the "Wavelet Based", "Pixel Block" and "Image Rotation" transforms to the reference and remote images, prior to the Fast - Fourier Transform (FFT) Regression method with the "Phase Lock" option. A complex domain based map Yfft is derived by least squares minimization between the amplitude matrices of X and Y, via the 2D FFT. For one time predictions, the phase matrix of Y is combined with the amplitude matrix ofYfft, whereby an improved predicted map Yplock is formed. Usually, the residuals of Y plock versus Y are about half of the values of Yfft versus Y. For long term predictions, the phase matrix of a "field mask" is combined with the amplitude matrices of the reference image Y and the predicted image Yfft. The field mask is a binary image of a pre-selected region of interest in X and Y. The resultant maps Ypref and Ypred aremodified versions of Y and Yfft respectively. The residuals of Ypred versus Ypref are even lower than the residuals of Yplock versus Y. The maps, Ypref and Ypred represent a close consensus of two independent imaging methods which "view" the same target. In the last two years of the project our remote sensing capability was expanded by addition of a CASI II airborne hyperspectral imaging system and an ASD hyperspectral radiometer. Unfortunately, the cross-noice and poor repeatability problem we had in multi-spectral imaging was exasperated in hyperspectral imaging. We have been able to overcome this problem by over-flying each field twice in rapid succession and developing the Repeatability Index (RI). The RI quantifies the repeatability of each spectral band in the hyperspectral image cube. Thereby, it is possible to select the bands of higher repeatability for inclusion in the prediction model while bands of low repeatability are excluded. Further segregation of high and low repeatability bands takes place in the prediction model algorithm, which is based on a combination of a "Genetic Algorithm" and Partial Least Squares", (PLS-GA). In summary, modus operandi was developed, for deriving important plant growth attribute maps (yield, leaf nitrate, biomass and sugar percent in beets), from remote sensing imagery, with sufficient accuracy for precision cropping applications. This achievement is remarkable, given the inherently high cross-noice between the reference and remote imagery as well as the highly non-repeatable nature of remote sensing systems. The above methodologies may be readily adopted by commercial companies, which specialize in proving remotely sensed data to farmers.