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1
Denslow, David. "Sugar production in northeastern Brazil and Cuba, 1858-1908." New York : Garland, 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15549420.html.
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2
Sadique, Zafor. "Study of quality of work life in sugar industry in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/232.
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van, Eyk Gregory Ryan. "Dietary Fat and Sugar Induce Obesity and Impair Glucose Tolerance in Prepubertal Pigs." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32892.
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A pig model of childhood obesity was used to study the effects of dietary energy on body adiposity, and blood parameters associated with impaired glucose clearance. Prepubertal female pigs weaned at 21 d of age were fed control (CON), refined sugar (SUG), fat (FAT), and sugar-fat (SUGFAT) diets in a completely randomized arrangement for 16 wk. Calories from fat were 8.9% for CON, 5.6% for SUG, 35.5% for FAT and 32.3% for SUGFAT. Calories from sugar were 36.0% for SUG and 30.7% for SUGFAT. Adding fat, sugar or both to diets increased (P < 0.003) calorie intake. Percentage body fat was higher (P < 0.0001) in all treatments compared to CON, and in SUGFAT and FAT compared to SUG. Ultrasound back fat depth was positively correlated (r2 = 0.909; P < 0.001) with percentage body fat and negatively (r = 0.912; P-value ) with percentage body protein. Area under the curve (AUC) in response to oral glucose tolerance at 14 wk was higher (P < 0.03) in FAT (+14.6%) and SUGFAT (+25.5%) pigs compared to CON. Glucose AUC from sugar-fed pigs was not different (P = 0.2) from fat alone-fed pigs. Adding sugar, fat, or their combination to diets increased (P < 0.008) blood glucose and decreased (P < 0.0009) plasma insulin AUC. These data show that inclusion of fat and refined sugar in pig diets increases body adiposity and impairs glucose homeostasis and suggests that the composition of calories consumed may have different effects than simply consumption of excess of calories.<br>Master of Science
4
Onpraphai, Thaworn, and n/a. "Information systems for regional sugar cane production forecasting and localised yield estimation: a Thailand perspective." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2004. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060517.142422.
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Sugar is an important global agricultural commodity and a significant input to the
advanced industrialised world. Annual average global sugar production is around 120
million tonnes, with consumption around 118 million tonnes. Sugar is produced under
a broad range of climatic conditions in some 120 countries and is one of the most
heavily traded agricultural commodities (FAO, 2001). Plants produce sugar as a
storehouse of energy that is used as required. Approximately 70% of sugar is
produced from sugar cane while the remaining 30% is produced from sugar beet
(Sugar Knowledge International, 2001).
Thailand's cane and sugar industry is now one of the major sources of foreign income
for the country. The value of sugar exports (around 35 billion baht or AUD $1.5
billion per annum) ranks among the top ten exported commodities of the Thai
economy. Approximately 9.2% of annual global sugar production is exported from
Thailand (WTO, 2001).
The sugar industry is extremely complex and comprises individual links and
components in the supply and demand chain that are more delicately in balance than
with most other commodity based industries. Thailand's sugar production has been
characterized by greater extremes of variability than in most other sugar producing
countries. A unique combination of pests, disease, climate, soils, problems with plant
available moisture and the low technology basis of crop management has increased
production risk and uncertainty for the crop. Total tonnage of cane and sugar is
notoriously difficult to predict during the growing season and for a mature crop before
the harvest.
Accordingly, the focus of this research is on the development and testing of methods,
algorithms, procedures and output products for Sugar Cane Crop Forecasting and
Yield Mapping. The resulting spatial and temporal information tools have the potential
to provide the basis of a commercially deployable decision support system for
Thailand's sugar industry.
The scope of this thesis encompasses several levels within a geographical hierarchy of
scales; from regional, district, farm, and plot within a study area in northeastern
Thailand. Crop forecasting at regional level will reduce production risk uncertainty
while yield mapping and yield estimation at local, farm and plot scales will enable
productivity to be improved by identifying, diagnosing the cause of and reducing
yield variability.
The research has three main objectives. These are to:
Develop statistical analysis procedures and empirical algorithms expressing the
relationship between yield potential and spectral response of sugar cane yield as a
basis for mapping, monitoring, modeling, forecasting and management of sugar
production in Thailand.
Evaluate the validity of a technology based versus conventional approach to crop
forecasting and yield mapping, commencing with a series of testable null-hypotheses
and culminating in procedures to calibrate and validate empirical
models against verifiable production records. Outcomes are used to review and
evaluate existing and potential future approaches to regional crop forecasting,
localised yield mapping and yield estimation tools for operational use within
Thailand's sugar industry.
Identify, evaluate and establish performance benchmarks in relation to the
practicality, accuracy, timeliness, cost effectiveness and value proposition of a
satellite based versus conventional approach to crop forecasting and yield
mapping.
The methodology involved time series analysis of recorded sugar cane yields and
production outcomes paired with spectral response statistics of crops derived from
satellite imagery and seasonal rainfall records over a three year period within four
provinces, forty five component districts and 120 representative farms.
Spectral statistics were derived fiom raw multi-spectral satellite imagery (multitemporal
SPOT- VI at regional scale and Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery at local scale)
acquired during the 1999 to 2001 sugar cane seasons. Crop area and production
statistics at regional scale were compiled and furnished by the provincial sugar mill
and verified through government agencies within Thailand. Selective cutting at
sample sites within nominated fields owned by collaborating growers was undertaken
to validate localised differences in productivity and to facilitate yield variance
mapping.
Acquisition, processing, analysis and statistical modeling of remotely sensed satellite
spectral data, rainfall records and production outcomes were accomplished using an
empirical approach. Resulting crop production forecasting algorithms were
systematically evaluated for reliability by assessing accuracy, spatial and temporal
variability. Long term rainfall and district sugar cane yield and production records
were used to account for district and season specific differences between estimated
and recorded yields, to generate error probability functions and to improve the
accuracy and applicability of empirical models under more extreme conditions.
Limitations on finding and length of records constrained the number of seasons and
the area for which satellite imagery with contrasting levels of spatial and spectral
resolution could be acquired. The absence of verifiable long term production records
combined with limitations on the duration and area able to be covered by field trips
meant that time series analysis of paired data was necessarily constrained to a three
year period of record coinciding with the author's period of candidature. Accordingly,
although a comprehensive set of well correlated district and month specific yield
forecasting algorithms was able to be developed, temporal restrictions on data
availability constrained the extent to which they could be subjected to thorough
accuracy and reliability analysis and extended with confidence down to farm and field
scale.
A variety of approaches, using different parameter combinations and threshold values,
was used to combine individual districts and component farms into coherent groups to
overcome temporal data constraints and to generate more robust production
forecasting algorithms, albeit with slightly lower levels of apparent accuracy and
reliability. The procedures adopted to optimise these district groupings are
systematically explained. Component differences in terrain, biophysical conditions
and management approaches between district groupings are used to explain
differences in production outcomes and to account for apparent differences between
forecast versus actual yields between districts both within and between different
groups.
The outcomes of this research - particularly the data acquisition and analysis
procedures, empirical modeling, error assessment and adjustment techniques, and the
optimisation procedures used to facilitate grouping of districts - provide a practical
basis for the deployment of an operational sugar cane production forecasting and yield
mapping information system to facilitate planning and logistical management of
production, harvesting, transportation, processing, domestic marketing and export of
sugar from northeastern Thailand. At the local and farm level, yield maps and plot
based yield estimates will assist users to improve productivity by recognising,
identiwing and responding to potential causes of within and between field spatial
variability.
However, before such an information system can be confidently deployed, additional
resources will be required to obtain paired production records, spectral data fiom
satellite imagery and biophysical input data over a longer period to ensure that the
empirical models are operationally robust and to validate their accuracy under a wider
range of conditions by comparing forecasts with actual outcomes over larger areas
during the next few seasons.
5
Kwadzo, G. T.-M. "Evaluation of the Ghana sugar rehabilitation project : An ex-post exercise." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371963.
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De, Sa Nogueira David. "Voluntary cocaine or sugar intake induce neuroadaptations of the endocannabinoid system in reward-related brain regions." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ091.
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Les troubles alimentaires et l’addiction sont deux pathologies complexes induisant des neuroadaptations à long terme. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié les altérations induites par la consommation volontaire de sucre ou de cocaïne dans les régions cérébrales associées à la récompense. Nous avons concentré nos recherches sur les systèmes endocannabinoïde et opioïde, car tous deux sont exprimés dans le système nerveux central et jouent un rôle crucial dans la prise de drogue et de nourriture. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats mettent en évidence l'hippocampe comme une région cérébrale très impliqué après la prise volontaire de cocaïne. De plus, nos travaux indiquent que certains mécanismes épigénétiques régulent le système endocannabinoïde. Enfin, nous avons pu démontrer qu’une consommation excessive de sucre induit des adaptations transcriptionnelles similaires à celle induites par la cocaïne dans le noyau accumbens. Ainsi, ces résultats pourraient ouvrir la voie vers de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour le traitement des troubles alimentaires ou comportements addictifs<br>Occidental countries currently face an epidemic of obesity and related diseases. As eating disorders and drug addiction are both complex pathologies inducing long-term neuroadaptations, we investigated common alterations induced by either sugar or cocaine intake in reward-related brain regions. We focused our research on the endocannabinoid and opioid systems, as both systems are expressed in the central nervous system and play a crucial role in drug reward and food intake. Overall, our results highlight the hippocampus as a highly involved brain site following cocaine use. Moreover, our work sheds light on epigenetic mechanisms regulating the endocannabinoid system. More importantly, we demonstrate that a binge-like intake of sucrose induced similar transcriptional adaptations to that of voluntary cocaine intake in the nucleus accumbens. These findings may pave the way to new therapeutic targets for addictive behaviors
7
Vesterberg, Iris, and Sofia Westerlund. "Hybridization with CSP in a Cuban sugar mill." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233214.
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Kuba har i dagsläget ett högt beroende av importerad olja, för att tillgodose sin växande efterfrågan på elektricitet. Importen sker främst från Venezuela. Detta beroende gör Kuba känsligt för ändringar i oljepriser samt det politiska klimatet. Den nuvarande krisen i Venezuela har haft en betydande inverkan på Kubas elproduktion. Genom att utöka landets förnybara energikällor kan Kuba minska sitt beroende av andra länder och diversifiera sin energiförsörjning. Detta kommer även att leda till en positiv miljöpåverkan då landets CO 2-utsläpp minskar. Kubas geografiska läge har ideala förhållanden för förnyelsebar energigenerering, så som solkraft. Solkraft utvecklas konstant och innehåller en hög potential. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) är en teknologi där speglar och/eller linser används för att koncentrera solljus till en liten yta som konverterar solljuset till värme. Denna värme kan sedan användas i termodynamiska cykler. Det finns två huvudsakliga problem med implementering av CSP på Kuba. För det första är CSP beroende av momentana väderförhållanden, vilket leder till en oregelbunden elproduktion. För det andra har CSP höga investeringskostnader. För att adressera dessa problem, är det möjligt att implementera CSP i ett redan existerande kraftverk med regelbunden energikälla, d.v.s. skapa ett hybridkraftverk. På så vis uppnås regelbunden elproduktion med signifikant lägre investeringskostnad. Ett sådant existerande kraftverk kan hittas hos många av Kubas sockerbruk. Den här studien undersöker möjligheten att implementera solkraft i sockerbruket Carlos Baliño, beläget i Villa Clara, Kuba. Fabriken är självförsörjande av elektricitet på årlig basis. De använder en Rankine-cykel för att generera el och processvärme som används i sockerframställningen. Bränslet som används är bagasse, en restprodukt efter att sockerjuicen pressats ut ur sockerrören. Fyra CSP-teknologier och tre implementeringslayouts undersöktes, vilket resulterade i att parabolic trough-teknologin och förvärmning av vatten ansågs vara de bästa alternativen för Kuba och Carlos Baliño. Vidare undersöktes två olika scenarier för CSP. Scenario 1 innefattar implementering av CSP i sockerbruket under rådande skick och Scenario 2 består av implementering av CSP efter en investering gjorts i en Condensing Extraction turbin (CEST). Resultatet visar att Carlos Baliño bör investera i CEST innan de implementerar CSP, det vill säga Scenario 2. Detta beror på att i scenario 1 är det inte möjligt att generera elektricitet utanför sockersäsongen, vilket leder till att en stor del av solpotentialen inte kan utnyttjas. Den maximala investeringskostnaden för scenario 1 är 3,7 MUSD, vilket inte är en realistisk kostnad. Den maximala investeringskostnaden för scenario 2 beror av tillgänglig bagasseimport och är 5,9 – 7,2 MUSD. Att investera i CSP rekommenderas ej om bagasseimporten är obegränsad. Givet att bagasseimporten är begränsad skulle CSP-implementeringen leda till en utökad elproduktion av 5,4 – 7,2 GWh/år, en årlig minskning av oljeanvändandet med 16 100 – 21 800 tunnor och minskade CO2-utsläpp med 12 00-16 00 ton årligen. Carlos Baliños ekonomiska resultat skulle öka med 0,5 MUSD/år och den kubanska statens med 0,7 – 0,9 MUSD/år. Framtida studier rekommenderas undersöka möjligheten till generering av el året runt vid Carlos Baliño utan en CEST, solkraftsefterfrågan på nationell nivå och potentiella utvecklingar av solkraft hos Carlos Baliño.<br>Cuba is currently highly dependent on imported oil, mainly from Venezuela, to meet their growing electricity demand. This dependence makes Cuba sensitive to changes in oil price as well as the political climate. The current crisis in Venezuela has a large impact on Cuba’s electricity generation. By expanding its renewable energy sources Cuba could decrease their dependence on other countries and diversify their energy supply. Moreover, it would have a positive climate impact by reducing the country’s CO2-emissions. Geographically, Cuba has ideal conditions for renewable energy utilization, such as solar power. Solar energy is constantly progressing and is considered a great source of energy. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) is a technology which applies mirrors and/or lenses to concentrate the sunlight onto a small area which converts the sunlight into heat, possible to use in a thermodynamic cycle. There are mainly two problems with the implementation of CSP in Cuba. Firstly, CSP is a non-dispatchable power generating system since it is dependent on the instantaneous weather conditions. Secondly, it has high investment costs. One way of solving these problems is by implementation CSP in an already existing power plants with a dispatchable source of energy, making it a hybrid power plant. Accordingly, the hybrid power plant would be dispatchable and the investment costs would be significantly lower. Existing power plants can be found in Cuban sugar mills. This study investigates the possibility to implement solar power in the sugar mill Carlos Baliño, located in Villa Clara, Cuba. The factory is currently self-sufficient electricity wise on a yearly basis, using a co-generation Rankine cycle to generate electricity and process heat used in the sugar production. The fuel used is bagasse, a rest product obtained after the sugar juice has been pressed out of the sugar canes. Four CSP-technologies and three implementation layouts were examined, resulting in the parabolic trough-technology and feedwater heating being considered the optimal solution. Furthermore, two different scenarios for CSP was investigated; implementation of CSP in the mill at the current state (scenario 1) or after investing in a Condensing-Extraction Turbine (CEST) (scenario 2). The results show that Carlos Baliño should invest in a CEST before considering implementation of CSP. Off-season operation is not available for scenario 1, leading to a vast amount of solar potential being unexploited. The maximal investment allowed for scenario 1 is 3.7 MUSD, which is not a realistic number. The maximal investment allowed for in scenario 2 is 5.9 – 7.2 MUSD, depending on bagasse import availability. If bagasse import is unlimited, it is not recommended to invest in solar power. Implementation of CSP in scenario 2 regarding bagasse import limits would yearly lead to an additional electricity generation at Carlos Baliño of 5.4 – 7.3 GWh, decrease the oil usage with 16,100 – 21,800 barrels and the CO2-emissons with 1,200 – 1,600 tonnes. Carlos Baliño’s annual yield would increase with 0.5 – 0.6 MUSD/year and the Cuban states annual yield would increase with 0.7 – 0.9 MUSD/year. Future work is recommended to explore alternatives to all year-around electricity generation in Carlos Baliño without investing in a CEST, investigate solar power demand on a national level, and examine possible developments of the suggested solar field, for instance solar-only operation.
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Lanzotti, Carla Regina. "Uma analise emergetica de tendencias do setor sucroalcooleiro." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263949.
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Orientador: Enrique Ortega Rodriguez<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T10:00:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2000<br>Resumo: Com a primeira crise do petróleo, em 1973, houve necessidade de buscar fontes alternativas de energia que pudessem substituir os derivados de petróleo. Assim, o Programa Nacional do Álcool ¿ ProÁlcool foi instituído com a emissão do Decreto nº 76.593, de 14 de novembro de 1975, baseando-se, inicialmente, na produção de álcool anídro para misturá-lo à gasolina. Com a nova crise do petróleo, em 1979, além da mistura à gasolina, iniciou-se a fabricação de automóveis movidos a álcool. Isto intensificou a agroindústria canavieira, responsável por impactos ambientais como a destruição de áreas com mata nativa, perda da diversidade da produção rural e lançamento de vinhaça nos rios. Ainda hoje, tais impactos geram problemas ambientais e sociais como: erosão e poluição dos solos, poluição dos recursos hídricos por agrotóxicos, emissão de poluentes na atmosfera pela queima dos canaviais, destruição da biodiversidade e aumento do êxodo rural. Como contrapartida positiva, a adoção do álcool combustível melhorou a qualidade do ar nas cidades brasileiras, substituindo substâncias tóxicas nos combustíveis de veículos automotores. Assim, a relação custo/benefício merece um estudo aprimorado, uma vez que esta indústria é afetada pelas novas possibilidades tecnológicas. Este trabalho analisa possibilidades alternativas da produção da cana-de-açúcar e fabricação de açúcar e álcool, agrupadas como tendências que podem melhorar a produção e diminuir os impactos ambientais da atividade canavieira. Entre elas destacam-se aquelas relacionadas às disposições legais, às inovações tecnológicas e às forças de mercado. A análise da produção da cana, do açúcar e do álcool baseou-se em dados coletados em usinas do estado de São Paulo e, a partir destes dados, foi verificado como a aplicação destas tendências afetaria a agroindústria. A ferramenta escolhida para realizar esta análise foi à metodologia emergética, que permite avaliar os impactos ambientais do sistema de produção, verificando os índices relacionados ao uso de recursos renováveis e não renováveis, os serviços ambientais locais, os serviços econômicos e a rentabilidade econômica do sistema. Baseando-se na metodologia, as vantagens e desvantagens de cada tendência foram identificadas de acordo com o aproveitamento dos recursos naturais renováveis e não-renováveis, materiais e serviços. Das tendências analisadas, a que obteve melhores índices foi a agricultura orgânica. Como previsto, esta técnica aproveita melhor os recursos naturais, agredindo menos o solo e o meio ambiente. Outra vantagem verificada foi à necessidade intensiva de mão-de-obra rural. Esta técnica oferece benefícios ambientais, por ser menos poluidora, e benefícios sociais, pois mantém o emprego dos trabalhadores rurais. Por outro lado, a que se mostrou menos sustentável foi à mecanização da colheita, devido à necessidade de maiores investimentos em equipamentos, tecnologia e combustíveis. É importante ressaltar que cada tendência foi estudada isoladamente, sendo importante realizar simulações com duas ou mais tendências. Com a incorporação de mais tendências na mesma atividade os impactos ambientais e sociais tendem a diminuir, melhorando a produtividade da agroindústria canavieira<br>Abstract: With the first crisis of the oil, in 1973, it had necessity to search alternative energy sources that could substitute the oil derivatives. Thus, the Alcohol National Program ¿ ProÁlcool ¿ was instituted with the emission of the Decree n° 76,593, of November 14, 1975, being based, initially, in the anhydrous alcohol production to be mixed to gasoline. With the new crisis of the oil, in 1979, beyond the mixture to the gasoline, it was initiated the manufacture of automobiles moved by alcohol. This intensified the sugar cane agricultural industry, responsible for environmental impacts such as the destruction of areas with native forest, loss of the agricultural production diversity and launching of vinasse in the rivers. Still today, these impacts generate environmental and social problems such as: ground erosion and pollution, pollution of the hydro resources with pesticides, pollutants emission in the atmosphere with the cane-plantation burning, biodiversity destruction and increase of the agricultural exodus. As positive counterpart, the adoption of the combustible alcohol improved the quality of air in the Brazilian cities, substituting toxic substances in automachine vehicles fuels. Thus, the cost/benefit relation deserves an improved study, because this industry is affected by the new technological possibilities. This work analyzes alternative possibilities of the sugar cane production and sugar and alcohol manufacture, grouped as trends that can improve the production and diminish the environmental impacts of the sugar cane industry activity. Among them those related to the legal disposals, to the technological innovations and to the market forces are distinguished. The analysis of the sugar cane, sugar and alcohol production was based on data collected in industries in the state of São Paulo and, from these data, it was verified how the application of these trends would affect the agricultural industry. The chosen tool to carry through this analysis was the emergy methodology, that allows the evaluation of the environmental impacts of the system production, verifying the index related to the utilization of renewable and non-renewable resources, the local environmental services, the economic services and the economic yield of the system. Being based on the methodology, the advantages and disadvantages of each trend had been identified in accordance with the exploitation of the renewable and non-renewable natural resources, materials and services. In the analyzed trends, the one that got better index was the organic agriculture. As foreseen, this technique takes advantage of the natural resources better, attacking little the ground and the environment. Another verified advantage was the intensive necessity of agricultural manpower. This technique offers environmental benefits, for being less polluting, and social benefits, because it keeps the job of the agricultural workers. On the other hand, the one that showed less sustainability was the harvest mechanization, due to necessity of bigger investments in equipment, technology and fuels. It is important to stand out that each trend was studied separately, being important to carry through simulation with two or more trends. With the incorporation of more trends in the same activity the environmental and social impacts tend to diminish, improving the productivity of the sugar cane industry<br>Mestrado<br>Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos<br>Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Potgieter, Bianca. "Die rol en belang van suikerbelasting in Suid-Afrika." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65711.
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The former finance minister stated in his budget speech in 2016 that sugar tax would come into force in South Africa from 1 April 2017. The treasury's reason for implementing sugar taxation is to reduce the health problems caused by sugar. It is nothing new to use fiscal measures to recover both taxes and to prevent health problems but it was not yet possible to reach a definite conclusion about the impact of sugar tax on the consumption of sugary drinks and the prevalence of obesity. The reason for this is that there is evidence that the implementation of food tax in different countries has shown different results in terms of public health issues and tax benefits. In South Africa, the implementation of sugar tax can either reduce the prevalence of obesity and thereby have a positive effect on the economy or its implementation may adversely affect the economy. If treasury does not implement sugar tax the economy can also be adversely affected by the prevalence of obesity. This dissertation deals with the effects of non-communicable diseases and sugar tax on the South African economy. The focus is on how sugar tax is being implemented internationally and how South Africa intends to implement sugar tax.<br>Die voormalige minister van finansies het in sy begrotingstoespraak in 2016 vermeld dat suikerbelasting vanaf 1 April 2017 in Suid-Afrika in werking gaan tree. Die tesourie se rede vir die implementering van suikerbelasting is om, in samewerking met die Departement van Gesondheid, die gesondheidsprobleme wat deur suiker veroorsaak word te verminder.
Dit is niks nuuts om fiskale maatstawwe te gebruik om beide belasting in te vorder en gesondheidsprobleme te voorkom nie, maar dit was nog nie moontlik om tot ’n definitiewe gevolgtrekking te kom oor die impak van suikerbelasting op die verbruik van suikerversoete drankies en die voorkoms van vetsug nie. Die rede hiervoor is dat daar bewyse is dat die implementering van voedselbelasting in verskillende lande verskillende resultate getoon het in terme van openbare gesondheidskwessies en belastingvoordele.
In Suid-Afrika kan die implementering van suikerbelasting óf die voorkoms van vetsug verminder en sodoende die ekonomie bevoordeel óf die implementering daarvan kan die ekonomie negatief beïnvloed. Indien die tesourie nie suikerbelasting implementeer nie kan die ekonomie as gevolg van die voorkoms van vetsug negatief beïnvloed word.
Die kern van hierdie skripsie handel oor die gevolge van nieoordraagbare siektes en suikerbelasting op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. Daar word spesifiek gefokus op hoe suikerbelasting internasionaal geïmplementeer word en hoe Suid-Afrika beoog om suikerbelasting te implementeer.<br>Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017.<br>Mercantile Law<br>LLM<br>Unrestricted
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Heasman, Michael Kenneth. "Influence of changing patterns of sucrose consumption on industrial users. Response by manufacturers of soft drinks, biscuits, cereals, cakes confectionery, ice-cream, jams, canned products and other sugar-containing foods to the U. K. dietary guidelines that relate to sucrose consumption." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4223.
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Sugar is intrinsically linked with the modern food system. Large sections
of the U. K. food industry are dependent on its use and functional qualities.
Supplies of sucrose entering the food chain have declined 25% between the
1950's and 1980's and currently stand around 37 kg/person/year. Furthermore,
U. K. dietary guidelines over the past 14 years have consistently suggested
caution over how much sugar is eaten, especially in manufactured foods.
Dietary guidelines such as the NACNE report (1983) recommend average sugar
consumption should be no more than 20 kg/person/year. Currently, two-thirds
of sugar supplies are bought for use in food and drink manufacture. Continued
pressures on sugar consumption and negative consumer attitudes to sugar may
be reflected in lost sales of sugar-containing foods. The available information
on U. K. sugar consumption is critically assessed. Although the main sources of
sugar supply are identified, individual sugar consumption is shown to vary by
considerable amounts. The place of sucrose is examined in relation to other
sweeteners and why and where sugars and sweeteners are used in food systems.
The promotion of "no added sugar" and "sugar free" products is examined since
the publication of the NACNE report to the end of 1987. To further test the
impact of changing patterns of sugar consumption on food and drink
manufacturers a national survey of manufacturers who use sugar was carried
out in early 1988. This was an attitudinal postal questionnaire and responses
to the issue of sugar, diet and health were analysed. Respondents bought an
estimated 650,000 tonnes of sugar in 1986, around 45% of the total industrial
market. While the survey aggregate were fully supportive of sucrose,
respondents reported that the majority of consumers were worried about sugar
being bad for health and were actively cutting down on individual intakes.
There were significant differences to the issue of sugar, diet and health
dependent on company size, whether a company manufactured for a retailer's
own label and if products had already been marketed at a "healthy eating"
segment. However, in general, while manufacturers considered consumer
attitudes to sugar to be important they had to be put in the context of other
factors. So far the impact of changing patterns of sugar consumption is not
reflected in the total average industrial purchases of sugar, although
substantial "sugar-free" and "sugar-reduced" product niches have been
established.
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Heasman, Michael Kenneth. "Influence of changing patterns of sucrose consumption on industrial users : response by manufacturers of soft drinks, biscuits, cereals, cakes confectionery, ice-cream, jams, canned products and other sugar-containing foods to the U.K. dietary guidelines that relate to sucrose consumption." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4223.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Sugar is intrinsically linked with the modern food system. Large sections of the U. K. food industry are dependent on its use and functional qualities. Supplies of sucrose entering the food chain have declined 25% between the 1950's and 1980's and currently stand around 37 kg/person/year. Furthermore, U. K. dietary guidelines over the past 14 years have consistently suggested caution over how much sugar is eaten, especially in manufactured foods. Dietary guidelines such as the NACNE report (1983) recommend average sugar consumption should be no more than 20 kg/person/year. Currently, two-thirds of sugar supplies are bought for use in food and drink manufacture. Continued pressures on sugar consumption and negative consumer attitudes to sugar may be reflected in lost sales of sugar-containing foods. The available information on U. K. sugar consumption is critically assessed. Although the main sources of sugar supply are identified, individual sugar consumption is shown to vary by considerable amounts. The place of sucrose is examined in relation to other sweeteners and why and where sugars and sweeteners are used in food systems. The promotion of "no added sugar" and "sugar free" products is examined since the publication of the NACNE report to the end of 1987. To further test the impact of changing patterns of sugar consumption on food and drink manufacturers a national survey of manufacturers who use sugar was carried out in early 1988. This was an attitudinal postal questionnaire and responses to the issue of sugar, diet and health were analysed. Respondents bought an estimated 650,000 tonnes of sugar in 1986, around 45% of the total industrial market. While the survey aggregate were fully supportive of sucrose, respondents reported that the majority of consumers were worried about sugar being bad for health and were actively cutting down on individual intakes. There were significant differences to the issue of sugar, diet and health dependent on company size, whether a company manufactured for a retailer's own label and if products had already been marketed at a "healthy eating" segment. However, in general, while manufacturers considered consumer attitudes to sugar to be important they had to be put in the context of other factors. So far the impact of changing patterns of sugar consumption is not reflected in the total average industrial purchases of sugar, although substantial "sugar-free" and "sugar-reduced" product niches have been established.
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Rosenberg, Barbro, and Markus Tenfält. "Energy Scheme Proposal for Small Sugar Mills for Maximum Power Generation and Bagasse Saving during Harvesting Season." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-256010.
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Energy systems have significant importance for social development, not least in developing countries. A well-developed energy system can contribute to economic, ecological as well as social sustainability. At the same time, the ambitions to globally reduce dependence on fossil-based fuels and the climate impacting emissions that accompany them increase. To achieve this, energy efficiency improvements and an increased share of renewable energy sources are required. Today, there are both great challenges and opportunities in developing energy systems in developing countries and at the same time reducing the global climate impact. Thanks to the sugar industry in Cuba, there are great opportunities for the country to develop its electricity production from biofuels in the form of bagasse, a residual product which is provided during the process of the production of sugar. This report examines the possibility of developing the energy system in the sugar factory Carlos Baliño, located in Villa Clara in Cuba. The purpose is to enable the factory to minimize its use of bagasse and to maximize electricity production. This is to provide the opportunity for the factory to become more economical and ecologically sustainable. The current energy system in the sugar industry was examined and a model of the energy flows was created in excel. Based on the current energy system, four different scenarios were then examined with potential improvements. These four scenarios were as follows; (1) Preheating, (2) Bagasse drying, (3) Increase inlet boiler pressure and (4) New generator. For the various scenarios, the energy flow schemes were defined and technical components were selected. An economic and ecological analysis based on the best possible parameters of the scenarios was then performed. The result showed that the marginal electricity demand for the current system was 19 kWh per tonne of sugar cane and that the fixed electricity demand was 890 kW. The model defined the value of the bagasse as 8.2 USD per tonne, based on the current system. The current cut of costs by replacing oil were defined as 31 MUSD and the total amount of saved carbon dioxide was 96,000 tonnes, both for a period of 6 years. Out of the four scenarios that were investigated and compared with current systems, drying of bagasse was the option that could best be justified. This scenario resulted in a bagasse value of 5.0 USD per tonne, a cut of costs of 51 MUSD by replacing oil over a 6-year period and 150,000 tonnes of reduced carbon dioxide emissions over the same period. Preheating resulted in an increase in bagasse consumption, but also a higher electricity production. The result also showed that increasing the pressure in the boiler is not relevant, as the current pressure is almost the maximum for the current system. Due to a simplified model, Scenario 4, which included the investment of a new generator, could not be tested.<br>Energisystem är av stor betydelse för samhällsutveckling, inte minst i utvecklingsländer. Ett väl utvecklat energisystem kan bidra till ekonomisk, ekologisk så väl som social hållbarhet. Samtidigt ökar ambitionerna om att globalt minska beroendet av fossilbaserade bränslen samt de klimatpåverkande utsläppen som följer med dessa. För att uppnå detta krävs energieffektiviseringar och en ökad andel förnyelsebara energikällor. Idag finns både stora utmaningar och möjligheter i att utveckla energisystem i utvecklingsländer och samtidigt minska klimatpåverkan globalt. Tack vare sockerindustrin på Kuba finns stora möjligheter för landet att utveckla dess elproduktion från biobränsle i form av bagass, en restprodukt som tillhandahålls i framställningen av socker. I denna rapport undersöks möjligheten att utveckla energisystemet i sockerbruket Carlos Baliño, beläget i Villa Clara på Kuba. Syftet är att möjliggöra för verksamheten att minimera dess användning av bagass samt maximera elproduktionen. Detta för att ge möjlighet för sockerbruket att bli mer ekonomiskt och ekologiskt hållbart. Det nuvarande energisystemet i sockerbruket undersöktes och en modell av energiflödena skapades i Excel. Utifrån det nuvarande energisystemet undersöktes därefter fyra olika scenarier med potentiella förbättringar. Dessa fyra scenarier var följande; (1) Förvärmning, (2) Bagasstorkning, (3) Höjning av tryck i pannan samt (4) Investering av ny generator. För de olika scenarierna framtogs dess energiflödesscheman samt tekniska komponenter. En ekonomisk samt ekologisk analys utifrån scenariernas bästa möjliga parametrar utfördes sedan. Resultatet visade att det marginella elbehovet för det nuvarande systemet är 19 kWh per ton sockerrör samt att det fasta elbehovet är 890 kW. Med modellen definierades värdet på bagassen som 8,2 USD per ton, utifrån det nuvarande systemet. Den nuvarande besparingen av kostnader genom att ersätta olja definierades till 31 MUSD och den totala mängden besparade koldioxidutsläpp som 96 ton, båda under en period på 6 år. Av de fyra scenarier som utreddes och jämfördes med nuvarande system var torkning av bagass det alternativ som bäst kunde motiveras. Detta scenario resulterade i ett värde på bagassen av 5,0 USD per ton, en minskning av kostnader om 51 MUSD genom att ersätta olja under en 6 års period samt 150 000 ton besparade koldioxidutsläpp under samma period. Förvärmning resulterade i en ökning av bagassförbrukning, men även en högre elproduktion. Resultatet visade även att en höjning av trycket i pannan ej är relevant, då det nuvarande trycket är näst intill maximalt för det nuvarande systemet. På grund av en förenklad modell kunde Scenario 4, vilken innefattade investering av en ny generator, ej testas.
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Маренок, Віталій Михайлович, Виталий Михайлович Маренок, Vitalii Mykhailovych Marenok та А. Н. Сирый. "Улучшение тепловой интеграции и энергосбережение в сахарной промышленности". Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7312.
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Dredge, Roselyn Ann. "Enhancing the saccharolytic phase of sugar beet pulp via hemicellulase synergy." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004014.
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The sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) plant has in recent years been added to the Biofuel Industrial Strategy (Department of Minerals and Energy, 2007) by the South African government as a crop grown for the production of bio-ethanol. Sugar beet is commonly grown in Europe for the production of sucrose and has recently been cultivated in Cradock and the surrounding areas (Engineering News, 2008). The biofuel industry usually ferments the sucrose with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to yield bio-ethanol. However, researchers are presented with a critical role to increase current yields as there are concerns over the process costs from industrial biotechnologists. The beet factories produce a pulp by-product removed of all sucrose. The hemicellulose-rich pulp can be degraded by microbial enzymes to simple sugars that can be subsequently fermented to bio-ethanol. Thus, the pulp represents a potential source for second generation biofuel. The process of utilising microbial hemicellulases requires an initial chemical pre-treatment step to delignify the sugar beet pulp (SBP). An alkaline pre-treatment with ‘slake lime’ (calcium hydroxide) was investigated using a 23 factorial design and the factors examined were: lime load; temperature and time. The analysed results showed the highest release of reducing sugars at the pre-treatment conditions of: 0.4 g lime / g SBP; 40°C and 36 hours. A partial characterisation of the Clostridium cellulovorans hemicellulases was carried out to verify the optimal activity conditions stated in literature. The highest release of reducing sugars was measured at pH 6.5 – 7.0 and at 45°C for arabinofuranosidase A (ArfA); at pH 5.5 and 40°C for mannanase A (ManA) and pH 5.0 – 6.0 and 45°C for xylanase A (XynA). Temperature studies showed that a complete loss of enzymatic activity occurred after 11 hours for ManA; and 84-96 hours for ArfA. XynA was still active after 120 hours. The optimised lime pre-treated SBP was subsequently degraded using various combinations and percentages of C. cellulovorans ArfA, ManA and XynA to determine the maximal release of reducing sugars. Synergistically, the highest synergy was observed at 75% ArfA and 25% ManA, with a specific activity of 2.9 μmol/min/g protein. However, the highest release of sugars was observed at 4.2 μmol/min/g protein at 100% ArfA. This study has initiated the research within South Africa on SBP and its degradation by C. cellulovorans. Preliminary studies show that SBP has the potential to be utilised as a second generation biofuel source.
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Drábek, Jakub. "K VÝVOJI ČESKOSLOVENSKÉHO CUKROVARNICTVÍ V EVROPSKÉM KONTEXTU MEZIVÁLEČNÉHO OBDOBÍ." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192729.
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The object of this work is to analyze the sugar industry in the interwar period in European, and in addition, global context. The work focuses on international conventions, their national applications and the reaction of other countries in the sugar industry. It is divided into two thematic units. The first one deals with the characterization of the foreign trade of Czechoslovakia, the second addresses the particular issue of the sugar industry. The work puts great emphasis on the perception of the sugar industry in its broadest context possible. For this reason it analyzes the issue of the sugar industry also in periods of time, which are seemingly unrelated to the work, but are necessary for understanding the problematic. Further, it focuses on the interdependence of individual structures of the sugar industry institutions and their reaction to the development in the evaluated time period. The overall analysis style aims at gradually more specific problems. Conclusions of the work are supported by a great number of opinions, both those of the author and specialists of that time, but also quantitative data. The main goal of this work is to verify the hypothesis that the crises were caused by a shift away from the free market. Throughout the course of the analysis the assumption is verified in case of almost all considered crises. It also shows that no administrative measures can be effective due to the market. The connection between the government and the sugar industry was evident, and thanks to this interdependence the sugar industry enforced many laws.
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Pantano, Giulio. "La relazione tra PMI e università negli Open Innovation Ecosystems: il caso SUGAR." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19810/.
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Introdotto nel 2004, il paradigma dell’Open Innovation incomincia a permeare le pratiche aziendali di tutto il mondo ribaltando il concetto di collaborazione, dove adesso viene concepita come centrale una strategia di strutturazione di un ecosistema interdipendente. In questo lavoro di tesi si fornisce un’analisi della letteratura allargata in riferimento a due attori in particolare del sistema, ovvero le PMI e le università, di cui si identifi-ca una relazione in termini di strategie di Open Innovation. Le prime, di-fatti, risultano avere agilità nelle logiche di collaborazione, ma non di-spongono di una consulenza all’innovazione strutturata; le seconde, inve-ce, hanno una capacità significativa di trasferimento tecnologico e impatto sul territorio, ma sistemi di incentivi per i ricercatori disallineati. All’interno degli Open Innovation Ecosystems, l’obiettivo della tesi è dimostrare in via qualitativa il potenziale della relazione tra PMI e univer-sità, che si sostanzia in programmi quali ad esempio SUGAR.
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Modigh, Maja. "Mapping of causes for variation in quality of sugar in chocolate manufacturing." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Teknisk biologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-125234.
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The main purpose of the report is to present possible reasons and solutions for variation in quality of sugar used in confectionery manufacturing, with focus on chocolate manufacturing, at Cloetta Sverige AB in Ljungsbro. The project has its purpose to optimize the quality of both the sugar and manufacturing processes in a long-term perspective, since the variation in quality of the sugar affects, more or less, all manufacturing processes and causes yield losses. Cloetta Ljungsbro uses a pneumatic conveying system to transfer the sugar within the factory and when unloading the sugar from delivery trucks. A various of different analyses were performed in order to study the sugar quality; water content analyses in forms of Karl Fischer titration and particle size distribution analyses with help from sieving. During the sugar sampling time period, an observation of the air pressure used by the road tanker while unloading sugar at Cloetta and the lead time as sugar was delivered was executed. Moreover, data of the dew point in the pneumatic conveying system and, both temperature and humidity in the sugar silos, were collected. As a result, most of the sugar particles breakage occurred somewhere between the delivery road tanker and while in the storage silos. Most likely it is due to the use of high pressure when unloading the sugar that the particle size distribution of the sugar varies, but also causes the temperature to reach a higher temperature than recommended. Furthermore, the water content of the sugar was higher in the beginning of the autumn. Further investigations of the effect of unloading the sugar and storage of sugar should be done, but also analyse the air velocity used within the pneumatic conveying system.
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Alkaya, Emrah. "Biorefining Of Sugar-beet Processing Wastes By Anaerobic Biotechnology: Waste Stabilization And Bioproduct Formation." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609791/index.pdf.
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The main objective of this study was to investigate two of the possible exploitation routes of anaerobic digestion (acid-phase and methane-phase) for the treatment of sugar-beet processing wastes, while producing valuable biobased products. For this purpose, four sets of laboratory experiments were carried out in a stepwise fashion:
First, in the biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay (Set-up 1) wastewater and beet-pulp were efficiently digested (63.7&ndash<br>87.3% COD removal and 69.6&ndash<br>89.3% VS reduction) in batch anaerobic reactors. Secondly, wastewater and beet-pulp could simultaneously be converted to VFAs in acidogenic anaerobic reactors with considerable acidification degrees (43.8&ndash<br>52.9%), optimizing the operational conditions (Set-up 2). Then, the produced VFAs were recovered by liquid-liquid extraction (Set-up 3), in which highest VFA recoveries (60.7&ndash<br>97.6%) were observed at 20% trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in kerosene with KD values ranging between 1.54 and 40.79 at pH 2.5. Finally, methane-phase anaerobic digestion was evaluated in two different reactor configurations, namely fed-batch continuously mixed reactor (FCMR) and anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) (Set-up 4). Methane production yield of 255 ±<br>11 mL/g COD-added was increased to 337 ±<br>15 mL/g COD-added (32.2% increase in methane yield) when configuration was changed from FCMR to ASBR. In addition, tCOD removal was increased from 68.7 ±<br>2.2 to 79.7 ±<br>1.1%.
Based on the result obtained in this study, it is postulated that, biorefining of sugar-beet processing wastes by anaerobic digestion can not only be a solution for environmental related problems, but also contribute to resource conservation and sustainable production via valuable bio-based product formation.
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Ates, Ozan K. "Global Supply Chain and Competitive Business Strategies: A Case Study of Blood Sugar Monitoring Industry." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1364987292.
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Jenshagen, Hanna, and Sandra Andersson. "An analysis of the Sugar Industry and its global competitiveness : The case of Fiji." Thesis, Linnaeus University, Linnaeus School of Business and Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-6042.
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<p>The Sugar Industry in Fiji is facing a lot of problems. Since the Government of Fiji has not fulfilled their commitments to the European Union (EU), the EU has backed away from supporting the industry. The milling efficiency has been constantly declining since the mid 1980’s and farm productivities have not kept pace with the changing international market for sugar. To be able to obtain the economies of scale, the sugar production in Fiji has to increase with 75 % from the current level of production. A lot of towns in Fiji would be nothing without the Sugar Industry, and thousands of people are dependent on the industry for their sustenance. Due to this fact, it is certain that the loss of confidence in the industry, or any likely collapse, would imply disaster for Fiji as a whole. It will lead to serious implications on the economic, social and political stability of Fiji.</p><p>The overall aim of this thesis is to study the effects of the EU measures especially on the Sugar Industry in Fiji, to be able to understand to which extent the industry depends on the support from the EU. The aim is also to analyse and discuss different competition strategies on how Fiji can compete and be a part of the global market of sugar.</p><p>This research was made from a qualitative approach in order to gain a deeper understanding about the problem. Abduction made it possible to work parallel with different parts of the thesis. A combination of primary and secondary data gathering has been used, with the secondary data as a basis for building the empirical part of the thesis. The primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with people at different positions within the Sugar Industry in Fiji.</p><p>Fiji is dependent on the Sugar Industry and since there is no other obvious donor for Fiji today, and it is crucial that the industry gets support, the conclusion is that Fiji also is dependent on the support from the EU. Even though Fiji has the possibility to increase their competitiveness on the regional as well as on the international market, there is no need for Fiji to strive after the world market at the moment.</p>
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PODADERA, PRISCILLA. "Estudo das propriedades do açucar líquido invertido processado com radiação gama e feixe de elétrons." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2007. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11535.
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Holmes, Kristen Ceiera. "Unfreedom in Paradise: Examining Race, Citizenship, and Anti-Haitianism in the Dominican Republic." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/270.
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In the Dominican Republic, the memory of the Haitian conquest and annexation of the nation from 1822 until independence on February 27, 1844, along with the solidification of the anti-Haitian nationalist rhetoric of the 1920s and 30s, have fueled deep-seated animosity toward Haitians. Many Dominicans continue to hold strong anti-Haitian attitudes, and negative views of blackness pervade much of Dominican popular discourse, as well as ideas of beauty and social propriety. Lamentably, these negative attitudes toward Haitianness, which has become synonymous with blackness and vice versa, have spread far beyond informal conversations in private households, permeating the political realm as well. Anti-Haitian attitudes have long guided government action and unofficial policy in the spheres of immigration, citizenship, and labor. Though the Dominican Constitution, prior to a 2010 reform, explicitly granted citizenship to all persons born on Dominican soil, persons of Haitian descent were routinely denied the right to citizenship, as well as the right to any forms of government-issued identification. As a result, even those born in the Dominican Republic endure the looming threat of being deported to a nation that, in some cases, they have never known. Though the common occurrence of such grave injustice is well-known within the nation, most Dominicans are apathetic. The minority of Dominicans who oppose such immoral treatment are overpowered by the vociferous anti-Haitian majority who argue that those who fail to sympathize with their views are not only un-Dominican but anti-Dominican as well. With the majority of Dominicans holding such strong, vehemently-defended views on Haitian immigration, the minority opposition is often overlooked. In this study, I will analyze information obtained from field observation and interviews with Haitian sugar cane cutters and Dominican intellectuals, as well as citizenship and immigration legislation, to provide readers with a more comprehensive view of the political, economic, and socio-cultural impact of racism and anti-Haitianism. As part of my analysis, I will examine the motivations behind and causes of contradictory citizenship and immigration policy and discriminatory interpretations of the law as it applies to Haitian-descended persons. Through this thesis, I aim to construct a new, more complex analysis of anti-Haitianism and racism to generate a more thorough understanding of contradictory Dominican immigration and citizenship policy and its impact within the Haitian-Dominican community.
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Колісніченко, Едуард Васильович, Эдуард Васильевич Колисниченко, Eduard Vasylovych Kolisnichenko та І. С. Примак. "Насос для перекачування цукрових сиропів". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/40494.
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Перекачування багатокомпонентних сумішей (твердорідинних,
газорідинних, їхніх комбінацій) є актуальним для багатьох галузей сучасної
вітчизняної промисловості.
Цукрова промисловість - одна з галузей народного господарства,
технологічний процес одержання цукру якої передбачає перекачування
твердорідинних сумішей. Як відомо, у якості середовища, що перекачується
у даній області є цукроводяна суміш (дифузійний сік), транспортування якої
викликає зниження параметрів насоса. Таке зниження параметрів
відбувається внаслідок того, що при роботі насоса цукор викристалізовується
з рідини, що перекачується і відкладається уздовж тильної сторони лопаті
робочого колеса, біля його стінок, а також - біля стінок напірного патрубка
насоса, зменшуючи, тим самим, його прохідні перерізи.
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Supartono, Alexander. "Faces and Places: Group Portraits and Topographical Photographs in the Photo Albums of the Sugar Industry in Colonial Java in the Early Twentieth Century." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1282929717.
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Wilson, Darin C. "Comparison of Alternative Manufacturing Systems for Global Supply ChainBusiness Strategies in Blood Sugar Monitoring Industry." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1446035356.
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Savernini, Maira Q. M. "An Econometric Investigation of the Brazilian Ethanol Exports: The Role of Brazilian Sugar Export Prices and World Oil Prices." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1213135904.
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Marks, Ricardo Luiz [UNESP]. "O impacto da agroindústria canavieira na região de Jaboticabal-SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89992.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
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marks_rl_me_arafcl.pdf: 650896 bytes, checksum: b4f16554c21852449fc462aade120d88 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>A agroindústria canavieira tem sido, ao longo da história do Brasil, uma das atividades mais importantes da economia brasileira. A perspectiva da introdução do álcool carburante como commodity mundial e fonte de energia renovável coloca novamente o setor em evidência. No entanto, pelas suas características técnico-produtivas e extensão, o setor tem sido alvo de muitas críticas. Apesar disso, como as perspectivas para o setor são de crescimento, há impactos econômicos e sociais sobre as cidades onde essa agroindústria está instalada. No passado recente, algumas cidades se desenvolveram baseadas na agroindústria de cana de açúcar, como, por exemplo, Ribeirão Preto, Piracicaba, Araraquara, Sertãozinho e Jaboticabal. Examinar o crescimento dessa agroindústria e o crescimento de renda e a qualidade de vida é o objetivo deste trabalho. O enorme crescimento recente do plantio de cana no Estado de São Paulo, em detrimento de outras atividades agrícolas, justifica este trabalho, que se atém à região de Jaboticabal, uma das principais regiões canavieiras do Estado de São Paulo<br>The Complex of Sugar Cane Agri-industry has been along of the Brazil history one of the more important activities in the Brazilian Economy. The perspective of introduction of Ethanol as a global commodity, it places this sector on evidence again. However, because of their technical and productive characteristics and extension, the sector has been target of several critics. Nevertheless, as the sector perspectives are for growth, it has social and economic impact over the cities where it was established this agri-industry. At the no longer past some cities developed based over the sugar cane agri-industry as, for example, Ribeirão Preto, Piracicaba, Araraquara, Sertãozinho and Jaboticabal. Analyze the growth of this agriindustry and growth of the income and quality of life is the target of this job. The recent huge growth on the sugar cane plantation in the São Paulo State over another agriculture options justifying this job that is based on one of the more important sugar cane regions of the São Paulo State, the Jaboticabal region
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Salehi, Farnza A. "Bagasse as a Fuel for Combined Heat and Power (CHP): An Assessment of Options for Implementation in Iran." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5303.
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With over one hundred years of commercial cultivation, sugar cane is one of the most valuable agricultural botanical resources in the World. This position is not only based on production of sugar from sugar cane but also it is, to a great extent, as a result of the increasing importance of sugar cane by-products and side industries. Furthermore, with the advancement of science; awareness of inharmonious growth of materials and energy consumption, and the desire to minimize the negative impacts of industrial pollutants and materials, the scope for using sugar cane is still developing rapidly.
Bagasse, molasses and filtered mud are the most important by-products in the process of production of sugar from sugar cane. Among these by-products, bagasse is both a biomass resource for producing energy and is one of the most important agricultural wastes, which can be used in different side industries. Therefore, it was chosen for study in this research as it offers considerable potential as a source of energy.
Bagasse is often used as a primary fuel source for sugar mills; when burned in quantity, it produces sufficient heat energy to supply all the needs of a typical sugar mill, with energy to spare. To this end, today a secondary use for this waste product is in combined heat and power plants where its use as a fuel source provides both heat and power. With a suitable energy production technology, bagasse can be used as a fuel in CHP for high efficiency energy generation. Today, with regard to the low efficiency of traditional methods, the high cost of disposal of waste materials and environmental pollution, the use of modern methods such as anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas has increased. The collected biogas from the process of anaerobic digestion provides a renewable energy source similar to natural gas, but with less methane and lower heating value, that is suitable for use in CHP plants.
In this research, a comparison with different bagasse energy production technologies leads to the selection of anaerobic digestion as the most suitable for use in Iran. Then a typical biogas CHP is assumed, and the biogas system is designed. Finally, the potential for the development of biogas CHP plants with bagasse in Iran is addressed through a study of the economic and environmental aspects.
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Boyne, K. "Recovering a Sicilian Family : Researching and Writing a Story of Anger, Shame and Family Breakdown in the Ingham-Halifax Area of North Queensland (1926–1945)." Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2024. https://doi.org/10.26199/acu.905vq.
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This PhD research project comprises a fact-informed historical novel and an exegesis. The novel tells the story of the emigration of a Sicilian family to the Herbert River district of North Queensland during the interwar period. It is loosely based on the life of my anti-Fascist grandfather who arrived in Queensland in 1926, his wife, who never left Italy, and his two children, who emigrated a decade later. This family was fractured from the beginning by geographical separation, but catastrophic events in their lives in both Sicily and Queensland only deepened the fracture. The research reveals how becoming a canecutter in Queensland and the hardships, politics and prejudice that accompanied that choice, particularly in the Ingham area where there was a concentration of southern Italians, led to further family breakdown, exacerbated by the weight of secrets and shame. It also addresses the hardships experienced by the women who remained in the home country.
Italian immigration in Queensland is inextricably tied to the sugar industry and the canefields culture, which contributed enormously to the economic, social and cultural development of Queensland and its non-Indigenous settlement. Chain migration to the sugarlands saw the growth of concentrated communities of Italians as they found work with established, land-owning paesani or parenti. This led to a steady rise in land ownership by Italians in North Queensland, which in turn triggered deep resentment in the wider Anglo society of their economic success and perceived domination of the sugar industry, culminating in the injustice of internment of naturalised Italians during World War Two.
The exegesis reflects on the creative practice-led narrative inquiry research method adopted for this project and reviews a previously overlooked subgenre of Australian literature and popular culture I identify as ‘canecutter narrative’. A second literature review of the archival primary sources on which the semi-fictional story is built provides a hermeneutic analysis of these sources in their historical and cultural context. The exegesis establishes how the novel belongs in and uniquely contributes to the canecutter narrative subgenre.
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Elliott, Michael H. "Economic Specialization in Sugar Cane Wage Labor: Ethnographic Case Study of a Rural Nicaraguan Community." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1212519949.
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Risk, Eloah Nazaré Varjal de Melo. "A organização e análise ergonômica do trabalho do "bóia-fria" = a saga do trabalhador rural da lavoura da cana de açúcar no estado de Pernambuco - do escravo ao bóia-fria, uma história de "sangue, suor e lágrima"." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256909.
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Orientadores: Mauro José Andrade Tereso, Roberto Funes Abrahão<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T15:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2010<br>Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar como se deu a passagem da situação do Bóia-Fria na condição de trabalhador-morador para trabalhador-credor, a partir das mudanças operadas nas condições de trabalho, quando da institucionalização da CLT - Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas - como Regime de Trabalho e suas consequências. A análise histórica foi desenvolvida com foco nos Engenhos de cana-de-açúcar do Estado de Pernambuco. A pesquisa, numa abordagem sócio-antropológica permitiu conhecer a gênese do Bóia-Fria, desde o período do Brasil Colônia até os dias atuais, onde se desenvolveram suas relações sociais e de trabalho, suas lutas pela sobrevivência e reconhecimento social. Permitiu ainda, conhecer com base nos fundamentos da Ergonomia, o trabalho desenvolvido pelo Bóia-Fria nas perspectivas física, psicológica e cognitiva, cujos resultados apontam para uma categoria de trabalhador rural em vias de extinção em decorrência do avanço da mecanização no corte da cana. O alto índice de analfabetismo se apresenta como um vetor natural para o aproveitamento dessa categoria em outras atividades que não sejam àquelas relacionadas ao cultivo e corte da cana-de-açúcar, o que sinaliza grande dificuldade de inserção social e mudança qualitativa de vida<br>Abstract: The present work had as the main goal to analyse the shifting condition of the part time workers ("bóia-fria") due to the creation of the labour law (CLT - Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas) and the consequences, when he abandons the farm as his place of living. The historical analysis was developed aiming the sugar cane production and processing system in the state of Pernambuco. Through a social anthropological approach, this research tried to understand the origin of the part time workers ("bóia-fria") since when Brazil was a colony to nowadays, how the working conditions and social relations had developed and changed, and their survival struggle and social acknowledgement. This work also investigated, based on the Ergonomics basics, the work developed by the part time workers ("bóia-fria"), in physical, psychological and cognitive viewpoints. The results point to a rural worker category close to extinction due to the advancement of the mechanization of the sugar cane harvesting. The high index of illiteracy presents itself as a natural vector to the reapplication of this category in other activities not related to sugar cane harvesting, pointing a great difficult of social insertion and qualitative chance of life<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
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Pinto, Ricardo Soares de Arruda. "Indicadores de desempenho de frota de empresas agroindustriais canavieiras brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-08012003-080351/.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar um conjunto proposto de indicadores analítico-descritivos e de avaliação de desempenho para frotas de agroindústrias canavieiras brasileiras, já que o Brasil, conforme Lucchesi (1995), é o maior produtor mundial de cana e esta cultura, segundo Paixão (1994), dá trabalho a 3% do total de pessoas empregadas no meio rural do país. Para a coleta de dados dos testes, um questionário foi aplicado para as 323 usinas de açúcar e álcool brasileiras existentes entre 1998 (safra 1997/1998) e 2000 (safra 1999/2000). Na safra 1997/1998, 67 empresas participaram, enquanto foram 73 na safra 1998/1999 e novamente 73 unidades produtoras na safra 1999/2000. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a efetividade dos indicadores sugeridos como ferramenta de gerenciamento das frotas canavieiras, além de mostrarem a tendência das frotas das agroindústrias canavieiras de envelhecimento entre 1997/1998 e 1999/2000 e também de crescimento da sua terceirização. Os resultados também apontam para uma tendência dentre as empresas de crescimento da área com colheita mecanizada e do plantio mecanizado.<br>The present work is aimed at evaluating a group of proposed analytical-descriptive and performance indicators in Brazilian agro-industry sugarcane fleets. Brazil is the worlds greatest sugarcane producer (Lucchesi, 1995) and this activity employees 3% of the rural labor in the country (Paixão, 1994). The data for testing the proposed group of indicators were collected by means questionnaires filled in by sugarcane agro-industries between 1998 (1997/1998 crop) and 2000 (1999/2000 crop). The number of companies involved in the research were 67, 73 and 73 during the 1997/1998, 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 crops, respectively. The results showed that the evaluated indicators can be used as an effective toll for sugarcane fleets management, besides evidencing an aging tendency of the fleets between 1997/1998 and 1999/2000, as well as an increase in outsourcing. The results also showed a trend toward mechanized planting and mechanized harvest in sugarcane enterprises.
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Santos, Fábia Maria Silva Lins dos. "Exploration e exploitation na estratégia de diversificação da indústria sucroalcooleira paulista." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2007. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/676.
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Previous issue date: 2007-08-16<br>Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa<br>Traditionally, the sugar cane sector is commodities industry and rarely innovate its portfolio, although researches have shown that some firms inside the sector have been using portfolio diversification strategies in the search of growth. Inside these strategies, the firms have made choices to: prospect new knowledge (exploration) or take advantage of not utilized competencies (exploitation). The use of knowledge is part of sectoral systems of innovation due to actors and institutions interaction. Using an exploratory and multicase and multistrategy study, this project wants to verify which processes exploration or exploitation is predominant on diversification strategy of sugar cane firms. The main contribution of this study are related to three main objectives: (1) identify characteristics of diversification in the sugar cane plants; (2) distinguish the processes of exploration and exploitation in these plants; (3) present evidences that support the presupposition of sugar cane sector being a sectoral systems of innovation. The results have shown that, from a total of nine firms, eight of them developed diversification strategies, related to Penrose (1959) classification of diversification. All of them participated in the sectoral systems of innovation, interacting in major or minor degree. All researched firms presented process related to exploitation, but their punctuation in exploration may explain their search for diversification. The high punctuation at exploration of some firms suggests it may be an explanation of their differentiated portfolio. Furthermore they showed intensive interaction with universities and research entities, in the search for new knowledge. These findings where consistent with the main objective defined in this project. It is expected that the present study might support future researches upon knowledge generation in firms oriented to diversification strategies.<br>Tradicionalmente, o setor sucroalcooleiro é um produtor de commodities e raramente inova sua carteira de produtos, embora algumas pesquisas demonstrem que firmas dentro do setor têm usado estratégia(s) de diversificação destas carteiras para buscar crescimento. Para atingir esta(s) estratégia(s), as firmas fazem escolhas entre: prospectar conhecimento novo (exploration) ou aproveitar competências não utilizadas (exploitation). O uso do conhecimento é característico dos sistemas setoriais de inovação devido à interação entre seus atores e instituições. Através de um estudo exploratório, mediante a aplicação de estudo multicasos e pesquisa de múltipla estratégia (quantitativa e qualitativa), buscou-se verificar qual dos processos exploration ou exploitation predomina na estratégia de diversificação das firmas sucroalcooleiras. As principais contribuições deste estudo relacionaram-se a três objetivos específicos: (1) identificar características de diversificação presentes nas usinas estudadas; (2) caracterizar os processos de exploration e exploitation nessas usinas; (3) apresentar argumentos que suportem o pressuposto de que o setor sucroalcooleiro é um sistema setorial de inovação. Os resultados apontaram que oito entre nove usinas pesquisadas
apresentaram algum tipo de diversificação, de acordo com a classificação de Penrose (1959). Todas as usinas apresentaram participação no sistema setorial em menor ou maior grau e processos voltados à exploitation, mas observou-se que a pontuação em exploration pode ser um fator que explica a busca pela diversificação produtiva. As usinas com valores altos em exploration foram aquelas que apresentaram uma carteira de produtos diferenciada e também nas quais observou-se uma interação maior com universidades e entidades de pesquisa, buscando a prospecção do conhecimento. Espera-se que o presente estudo possa apoiar
futuras pesquisas sobre geração de conhecimento em firmas voltadas a estratégias de diversificação.
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Santos, Fernando Alves dos. "Análise da aplicação da biomassa da cana como fonte de energia elétrica: usina de açúcar, etanol e bioeletricidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-05102012-105550/.
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Apresenta-se neste trabalho a aplicação de turbogeradores instalados em usinas de açúcar e etanol como alternativa eficiente de complementaridade do sistema energético brasileiro e contribuição à utilização de recursos renováveis, além de fazer abordagem aos sistemas de cogeração para este tipo de aplicação. A biomassa da cana-de-açúcar dispõe de um potencial energético significativo e o trabalho visa abordar os recursos para transformação da energia química contida neste combustível em energias térmica e elétrica, úteis para o processo industrial das usinas de açúcar e etanol. Também são explorados os métodos de dimensionamento das termelétricas a vapor que operam em conjunto com o processo fabril destas indústrias. Adicionalmente são avaliados métodos para favorecer a eficiência energética dos projetos de cogeração nas indústrias sucroalcooleiras a fim de elevar o potencial de geração de bioeletricidade e contribuir com a rentabilidade global da usina por meio da comercialização desta energia.<br>This work presents the application of turbine generator sets installed in sugar and ethanol mills as an efficient alternative of complement of the Brazilian power system and contribution to the use of renewable resources, besides to cogeneration systems approach for this kind of application. The sugar cane biomass has a great energetic potential and the work aims to mention the transformation of the chemical energy contained in this fuel into thermal and electrical energy, useful for the sugar and ethanol industrial process. The design criteria of steam power plant operating together with the process of these industries are also explored. Additionally methods to improve the efficiency of the cogeneration projects in sugar and ethanol mills to increase the power generation potential are evaluated, contributing to the global profitability of the mill through the commercialization of this energy.
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Junior, Roberto Pedroso. "Arranjos institucionais na agricultura brasileira: um estudo sobre o uso de contratos no sistema agroindustrial sucroalcooleiro da região centro-sul." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-24102008-120836/.
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Este trabalho analisa os arranjos institucionais de produção adotados nas transações realizadas entre fornecedores e empresas de processamento (usinas e destilarias) no sistema agroindustrial sucroalcooleiro da região Centro-Sul do Brasil, comparando os arranjos institucionais de produção adotados em regiões tradicionais e não tradicionais no cultivo de cana-de-açúcar. Considerando o objetivo do estudo, a base teórica que sustenta a investigação está embasada em autores da Nova Economia Institucional, tendo particular atenção sobre a linha da Economia dos Custos de Transação. A base metodológica utilizada no estudo se alicerça sobre a Abordagem Holística sugerida por Bogetoft e Olesen, para tanto foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com produtores e representantes de instituições do sistema sucroalcooleiro, além da elaboração de dois estudos de casos com empresas processadoras. As empresas processadoras escolhidas para os estudos de casos encontram-se em regiões distintas em relação ao histórico de produção de cana-de-açúcar, assim como as sete associações de fornecedores de cana entrevistadas. Ao final da coleta de dados e análise das informações foi possível constatar indícios da existência de distinção entre os arranjos institucionais de produção de fornecimento entre regiões tradicionais e não tradicionais de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, o que diferencia os tipos de contratos entre empresas processadoras em diferentes regiões. No caso da empresa processadora localizada em região não tradicional, verificaram-se dificuldades para esta conseguir produtores agrícolas dispostos a realizarem contratos de fornecimento. No outro estudo com empresa processadora localizada em região tradicional no cultivo de cana foram encontrados casos de fornecedores que mantêm uma relação estável de longa duração através de acordos orais baseados na reputação criada ao longo de décadas de transações. As conclusões expostas ao final do estudo demonstram a importância do aprofundamento dos estudos envolvendo os arranjos institucionais de produção adotados por empresas em diferentes ambientes institucionais.<br>This work analyzes the institutional framework that mediates market transactions between suppliers (plants) and processing firms (distilleries) within South Central Brazils sugar and alcohol agroindustry. To that end, a comparison is made between institutional production arrangements in traditional and non-traditional sugar cane farming regions. The theoretical background of this investigation is based on the New Institutional Economics, particularly focused on Transaction Cost Economics. The methodology adopted is a departure from the Holistic Approach proposed by Bogetoft and Olesen. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with producers representing institutions in the sugar and alcohol sector, as well as two case studies on processing firms. Due to the historical development of sugar agriculture, the processing firms and the seven suppliers organizations interviewed are located in different regions. Data collection and information analysis pointed to the existence of different contracts deriving from different institutional arrangements between them. Whereas agricultural producers supplying processing firms in non-traditional regions were observed to be unwilling to sign contracts, those located in traditional ones were found to have stable, long-term relationships governed by verbal contracts based on reputation built along decades of transactions. Conclusions demonstrate the importance of deepening the studies involving institutional arrangements adopted by companies located in different institutional settings.
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Castro, Marco Antônio Silva de. "Papel, importância e aplicação das estratégias competitivas genéricas: estudo de caso na indústria de açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-17032007-181922/.
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A proposta do presente estudo é de contribuir para o conhecimento das estratégias competitivas genéricas. Para isto, tem como objetivo analisar a natureza das estratégias competitivas genéricas em suas principais dimensões relevantes a fim de compreender melhor seu papel, sua importância e sua aplicação no processo estratégico das empresas. Estratégias genéricas já eram conhecidas desde a década de 1960, mas a partir do livro de Michael E. Porter de 1980, Estratégia Competitiva, o tema ganhou grande impulso por meio de pesquisas, da literatura, do ensino e da prática. Constitui uma questão referente ao conteúdo e que importa ao processo estratégico das empresas na medida em que pode vir a possibilitar melhores decisões a fim de atingir seus objetivos e sua adequação ao ambiente de atuação em busca de um desempenho organizacional superior. Entretanto, os diversos aspectos relevantes acerca do tema encontram-se, de forma geral, dispersos na literatura da administração estratégica, carecendo de uma abordagem abrangente e estruturada que explore suas diversas dimensões de forma ampla e consolidada para compreender suas relações e sua amplitude para uma aplicação mais consciente e eficaz no processo estratégico das empresas. Para atingir seus objetivos, este estudo utiliza-se de uma pesquisa do tipo exploratória, de natureza qualitativa, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica. São estudados aspectos como a evolução do conceito, sua natureza e características principais, aplicações, tipologias mais proeminentes, riscos, requisitos à implementação, utilização de estratégias combinadas, generalização e contingencialidade, papel, importância e críticas ao conceito. Para aprofundar o estudo, complementá-lo e enriquecê-lo, é realizada uma pesquisa de campo por meio de um estudo de caso único e holístico a fim de investigar a aplicação do conceito em uma empresa da indústria brasileira de açúcar. Os resultados indicam que o conceito de estratégias competitivas genéricas surge na Nova América S.A. ? Agroenergia principalmente sob a forma de estratégia de diferenciação, desenvolvimento de mercados e desenvolvimento de produtos, e exerce no processo estratégico da empresa os papéis de direcionador organizacional e facilitador do processo de tomada de decisão estratégica. A Nova América S.A. ? Agroenergia, entretanto, aplica de maneira limitada o conceito de estratégias competitivas genéricas, basicamente na elaboração de alternativas estratégicas, mas este conceito assume importância em razão de contribuir para o posicionamento na indústria brasileira de açúcar e em fornecer alternativas de caminhos possíveis sobre como competir para um desempenho organizacional superior. A fundamentação teórica auxilia no esclarecimento da natureza, dos diferentes papéis desempenhados, das aplicações e da importância do conceito de estratégias competitivas genéricas para o processo estratégico das empresas. O estudo conclui que a abordagem do conceito não pode estar desvinculada de suas diferentes dimensões, relações e implicações para uma melhor compreensão do tema e sugere ainda a adequação das técnicas de identificação e classificação estratégica levantadas, analisadas e utilizadas nesta pesquisa. O enfoque abrangente e estruturado desta dissertação pode vir a ser utilizado como ponto de partida para estudos posteriores sobre o fenômeno das estratégias competitivas genéricas bem como servir de fonte de referência para empresas e seus altos administradores a fim de apoiar e aprimorar seu processo de tomada de decisão estratégica.<br>The proposal of this study is to contribute for the acknowledgment of the competitive generic strategies. So its aim is to analyze the nature of the competitive generic strategies into their main dimensions in order to understand better their role, their importance, and their application onto the strategic process of the organizations. Generic strategies have ever been known since the 1960?s, but from Michael E. Porter?s book in 1980, Competitive Strategy, this theme has been developed through researches, literature, teaching, and practice. It makes up an issue to the content and that matters to the strategic process of the organizations regarding the possibility of better decisions intended to reach their goals and their fitness to the present environment seeking a superior organizational performance. However, the various relevant features as to the theme are generally found throughout the strategic management literature, dependent of a larger and structured approach which explores its main dimensions in a broad and consolidated way, in order to understand its relations and width for a more conscious and effective application into the strategic process of the organizations. This study uses an exploratory research of qualitative nature to achieve its goals, by a bibliographic survey. Consequently, some aspects are studied such as concept evolution, its nature and main features, applications, more important typologies, risks, requisites for the implementation, use of combined strategies, generalization and contingency, role, importance and critics to the concept. To get a deeper study, complement and enrich it, this work was carried out in a field research through a unique and holistic case study, in order to investigate the concept application into a company of the Brazilian sugar industry. The results demonstrate that the concept of generic competitive strategies comes out in Nova América S.A. ? Agroenergia chiefly dressed of differentiation strategy, market development and product development, and has been exercising the roles of organizational leader and facilitator of strategic decision taking process, in the strategic process of the company. Nevertheless Nova América S.A. ? Agroenergia have limitedly applied the generic competitive strategies concept basically in the elaboration of the strategic alternatives, but this concept assumes importance for contributing to positioning in the Brazilian sugar industry, and in offering alternatives of feasible ways on how to compete to a superior organizational performance. The theoretical survey supports the enlightenment of the nature, of the different roles performed, of the applications and of the importance of the concept of generic competitive strategies for the strategic process of the organizations. This study concludes that the approach cannot be disassociated from its various dimensions, relations, and issues for a better understanding of the theme, and we still have the utility and fitness of the techniques of identification and found strategic classification, analyzed and applied into this research. So, the large and structured focus of this dissertation may come to be used as the beginning point for later studies on the phenomenon of the generic competitive strategies as well as source of references for companies and their top management team in order to support and improve their strategic decision taking process.
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Marks, Ricardo Luiz. "O impacto da agroindústria canavieira na região de Jaboticabal-SP /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89992.
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Orientador: Rogério Gomes<br>Banca: Maria Inez Espagnoli Geraldo Martins<br>Banca: Sebastião Neto Ribeiro Guedes<br>Resumo: A agroindústria canavieira tem sido, ao longo da história do Brasil, uma das atividades mais importantes da economia brasileira. A perspectiva da introdução do álcool carburante como commodity mundial e fonte de energia renovável coloca novamente o setor em evidência. No entanto, pelas suas características técnico-produtivas e extensão, o setor tem sido alvo de muitas críticas. Apesar disso, como as perspectivas para o setor são de crescimento, há impactos econômicos e sociais sobre as cidades onde essa agroindústria está instalada. No passado recente, algumas cidades se desenvolveram baseadas na agroindústria de cana de açúcar, como, por exemplo, Ribeirão Preto, Piracicaba, Araraquara, Sertãozinho e Jaboticabal. Examinar o crescimento dessa agroindústria e o crescimento de renda e a qualidade de vida é o objetivo deste trabalho. O enorme crescimento recente do plantio de cana no Estado de São Paulo, em detrimento de outras atividades agrícolas, justifica este trabalho, que se atém à região de Jaboticabal, uma das principais regiões canavieiras do Estado de São Paulo<br>Abstract: The Complex of Sugar Cane Agri-industry has been along of the Brazil history one of the more important activities in the Brazilian Economy. The perspective of introduction of Ethanol as a global commodity, it places this sector on evidence again. However, because of their technical and productive characteristics and extension, the sector has been target of several critics. Nevertheless, as the sector perspectives are for growth, it has social and economic impact over the cities where it was established this agri-industry. At the no longer past some cities developed based over the sugar cane agri-industry as, for example, Ribeirão Preto, Piracicaba, Araraquara, Sertãozinho and Jaboticabal. Analyze the growth of this agriindustry and growth of the income and quality of life is the target of this job. The recent huge growth on the sugar cane plantation in the São Paulo State over another agriculture options justifying this job that is based on one of the more important sugar cane regions of the São Paulo State, the Jaboticabal region<br>Mestre
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Regazzini, Leonardo Coviello. "A tributação no setor sucroenergético do estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-11022011-081843/.
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Historicamente importante para a economia brasileira, a cana-de-açúcar tem adquirido importância crescente desde o início dos anos 2000, resultante do crescimento da demanda mundial por combustíveis renováveis, como o álcool (que no Brasil é produzido a partir da canade- açúcar). Paralelamente verifica-se uma escalada da carga tributária brasileira durante os últimos 30 anos, com destaque nos anos após 1990. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar qualitativamente e quantitativamente os tributos incidentes sobre os principais bens finais do setor sucroenergético brasileiro, quais sejam açúcar e álcool. Para tanto, divide-se em duas partes. Primeiramente levanta as características desejáveis a um sistema tributário, e avalia a presença destas características nos tributos incidentes sobre o setor sucroenergético. Posteriormente, estima a partir da metodologia de recolhimento da cada tributo a carga tributária potencial incidente sobre o álcool hidratado carburante e sobre o açúcar cristal empacotado para varejo em todos os elos de suas cadeias no estado de São Paulo nos anos de 2000 e 2008. Os resultados apontam para uma carga tributária potencial de 23,04% do preço final do álcool hidratado e de 27,39% do preço final do açúcar cristal em 2008. Com o objetivo de mensurar a importância da isenção de alguns tributos às vendas externas, esta dissertação estima as diferenças em termos de carga tributária potencial entre o álcool exportado e aquele vendido ao mercado doméstico. O mesmo é feito para o açúcar. A diferença da carga tributária incidente sobre o álcool exportado pela usina e aquele vendido ao mercado doméstico é estimada em 15,65 pp. Para o açúcar essa diferença é de 21,25 pp. Por último, com o objetivo de verificar a evolução da carga tributária incidente sobre o setor, esta dissertação estima a carga tributária incidente sobre o setor no ano 2000, que foi de 40,08% para o álcool hidratado e de 25,91% para o açúcar. Observa-se um aumento da carga incidente sobre o açúcar e redução da carga incidente sobre o álcool.<br>Historically important for the Brazilian economy, the sugar cane has acquired increasing importance since the early 2000s, resulting of growth of world demand for renewable fuels. Simultaneously one can observe an escalation of the Brazilian tax burden over the past 30 years, especially since 1990s. This dissertation aims to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the major taxes on final goods of Brazilian sugar-ethanol industry, namely sugar and ethanol. For this purpose, its divided into two parts. The first one lists the desirable characteristics of a perfect tax system, and evaluates the presence of these characteristics in the taxes levied on the sugar-ethanol sector. Subsequently, estimates - based on the methodology of payment of each tax - the potential tax burden levied on hydrated ethanol and crystal sugar in all links of their chains in the state of Sao Paulo for the years 2000 and 2008. The results point to a potential tax burden of 23.04% of the final price of hydrated ethanol and 27.39% of the final price of crystal sugar. With the aim of measuring the importance of the exemption of some taxes on foreign sales, this thesis estimates the difference in potential tax burden between ethanol exported and sold to the domestic market. The same is done for sugar. The difference of the tax burden on ethanol exported by the plant and ethanol sold to the domestic market is estimated at 15.65 pp. For sugar this difference is 21.25 pp. Finally, to verify the evolution of the tax burden on the industry, this paper estimates the tax burden on the sector in 2000, what were 40.08% for ethanol and 25.91% for sugar. There is an increasing burden on the sugar and reduce the burden on alcohol.
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Camargo, Adriana Lourenço. "A INDÚSTRIA CANAVIEIRA E AS NOVAS RELAÇÕES DE TRABALHO DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2009. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2601.
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Previous issue date: 2009-08-14<br>This work approached itself reflections about sustainability, development of the cane in Brazil and in the State of Goiás and the applicable legislation to the sugar cane worker. Having in mind the workers liberation cases relapses of the cane that were submitted to the works forced or analogous to the work slave. With population growth to food production to meet increased population demands. In this context the culture of the sugar-cane expanded dizzily for the whole country with intention of not only providing the national necessities. In this productive process of the sugar-cane there emerge the labor relations resulted from the sugar cane enterprise with his cutting employees of cane. From the point of view of the sustainable, that relation of work, the current legislation referring to a rural sugar cane worker and the social reality of the sugar cane healthy sector, in this study, boarded. In this composition analyzes-itself the efficacy of the applicability of the collective convention of the sugar cane sector, through the descriptive study of the sugar cane expansion and the relation of work with the cutters of cane.<br>Este trabalho abordou reflexões sobre expansão de lavouras de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e no estado de Goiás e a legislação aplicável ao trabalhador canavieiro. Tendo em vista as reincidências de casos de libertação de trabalhadores da cana que foram submetidos à trabalhos forçados ou análogos à trabalho escravo. Com o crescimento da população a produção de alimentos cresceu para suprir a demanda populacional. Dentro deste contexto a cultura da cana de açúcar expandiu vertiginosamente por todo o país com intuito de não só suprir as necessidades nacionais. Neste processo produtivo da cana de açúcar afloram as relações trabalhistas advindas da empresa canavieira com seus empregados cortadores de cana. Do ponto de vista da sustentabilidade, aquela relação de trabalho, a legislação atual referente ao trabalhador rural canavieiro e a realidade social do setor canavieiro são, neste estudo, abordadas. Nesta composição analisa-se a eficácia da aplicabilidade da convenção coletiva do setor canavieiro, através do estudo descritivo da expansão canavieira e a relação de trabalho com os cortadores de cana.
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Mariotoni, Marili Arruda. "O desenvolvimento tecnologico do setor sucroalcooleiro no Estado de São Paulo (1975-1985)." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264180.
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Orientador: Andre Tosi Furtado<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:06:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2004<br>Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento tecnológico das usinas de açúcar e álcool do Estado de São Paulo. Primeiramente, faz-se uma abordagem dos fatores mais gerais que explicam a formação, expansão e consolidação da agroindústria canavieira no Estado de São Paulo. Assim, busca-se atingir o objetivo de discutir a modernização tecnológica das usinas paulistas em relação aos principais centros produtores internacionais, principalmente visando os sistemas de preparo e extração de caldo de cana. No início da década de 1970, as usinas paulistas utilizavam uma tecnologia ultrapassada em relação aos outros produtores açucareiros do mercado internacional. Diante dessa situação, a Copersucar implementou um Programa de Modernização visando a elevar a produtividade das usinas paulistas para níveis internacionais definidos pelas usinas dos países que apresentavam tecnologias mais avançadas, principalmente África do Sul, Austrália e Havaí. Isso foi possível através de um programa pelo qual a Copersucar selecionou e implantou as tecnologias mais desenvolvidas e mais apropriadas ao parque sucroalcooleiro nacional. Os estudos realizados permitem concluir que o dinamismo do setor sucroalcooleiro, implementado pela Copersucar, possibilitou a consolidação dos objetivos do Programa de Modernização das usinas de açúcar e álcool no Estado de São Paulo. Isso ocorreu devido à superação dos gargalos tecnológicos com o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, o que propiciou uma elevação dos níveis de produtividade das usinas paulistas aos patamares das usinas internacionais que utilizavam tecnologias mais desenvolvidas<br>Abstract: This work presents the technological development of the sugarcane and alcohol industrial sector in the State of Sao Paulo. It is emphasized the most important points of the technological modernization of the plants regarding the main international producers centers. The sugarcane businessman from the State Sao Paulo realized that if they did not improved the quality of the product and they continued to produce sugar with an outdated technology, they would be eliminated of the world market. Ahead of this situation, Copersucar - The Brazilian Sugarcane Research Institute implemented a Modemization Prograrn aiming to elevate the productivity of the plants from Sao Paulo into international levels defined by the plants of the countries that introduced more advanced technologies, mostly Southern Africa, Australia and Hawaii. That was possible through a Program by which Copersucar selected and implanted the most developed and appropriated technologies to the Brazilian sugarcane industrial park. The studies done allow us to the conclusion that the dynamic of the sugar cane industry, summed to the Copersucar efforts gave the consolidation of the Sugar Cane Industries Modernization Program at the State of Sao Paulo. That allowed to overcome the technologies limitations compared with the development of new technologies, what gave higher levels of productivity to the State of Sao Paulo sugar cane industries at a similar level of the international industry, which used more modems technologies<br>Mestrado<br>Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos<br>Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Marinho, Gisele Souza Parmezzani [UNESP]. "Apresentação de uma indústria sucroalcooleira sob os conceitos de microrrede de energia elétrica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87162.
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marinho_gsp_me_ilha.pdf: 1619719 bytes, checksum: 5c730f6b0eeb54a1540528e6af35faaa (MD5)<br>No mundo de hoje, conforme aumenta o interesse sobre fontes renováveis de energia, muitas pesquisas envolvem a busca de uma configuração eficiente para melhorar a distribuição desta energia e locá-las de uma maneira otimizada. A microrrede apresenta-se como uma alternativa para isto já que consiste em um sistema de energia de pequeno porte contendo vários consumidores e unidades geradoras distribuídas, possivelmente utilizando-se de diferentes fontes de energia, podendo ser considerada como um sistema independente operado através da interligação com o sistema principal de energia e que pode ser desconectada deste sistema sem maiores impactos, de acordo com a situação. Diante desta descrição as indústrias sucroalcooleiras também podem ser inseridas como um exemplo típico de microrrede permitindo assim uma diferente visão sobre como estas indústrias são afetadas pelo sistema principal de energia, mas, principalmente, como elas o afeta. Neste trabalho será visto alguns conceitos pertencentes à microrrede e alguns estudos que estão sendo realizados nesta área apresentando ferramentas que poderão comprovar que a indústria sucroalcooleira pode ser definida como uma microrrede<br>Nowadays, with the interest increasing about sources that use renewable energy, many researches involve the search for an efficient configuration to improve the distribution of this energy and locate them with an optimized way. The microgrid is small power system that consists of several consumer’s loads and small size distributed generation resources, possibly using different energy sources, and can be considered an independent system operated by interconnecting to the power distribution system and could be disconnected from this system without major impacts according to situation. In view of this description, the sugar-ethanol industries can also be inserted as a typical example of microgrid allowing a different view of how these industries are affected by the main system power, but especially how they affects it. In this study will be seen some concepts belonging to microgrid and some studies that are being done in this area, presenting tools that can demonstrate that the sugar-ethanol industry can be defined as a microgrid
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Rydén, Linda. "The EU common agricultural policy and its effects on trade." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-21403.
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The common agricultural policy (CAP) is a much discussed policy in the European Union (EU). It allocates great sums to the European agricultural sector every year and has been accused of being trade distorting and outdated. This thesis takes a closer look at what protectionist measures the CAP has used. The policy’s effects on trade will be assessed employing the sugar industry as a reference case. Sugar is heavily protected and is one of the most distorted sectors in agriculture. The CAP effects on trade in the sugar industry for ten countries in and outside the EU from 1991 to 2011 are estimated using a gravity model. This particular type of estimation has, to the author’s knowledge, not been performed for the sugar industry before, which makes the study unique. The results of the empirical testing indicates that trade diversion occurs if one country is a member of the CAP and its trading partner is not. When both trading partners are outside the CAP cooperation, they are estimated to have a higher trade volume. This result indicates that the CAP decreases trade. Current economic theory, in particular the North-South model of trade developed by Krugman (1979), suggests that protectionism of non-competitive sectors should be abolished and funds should instead be directed to innovation and new technology. The CAP is in this sense not adapted to modern economic thought.
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Piacente, Fabricio José 1976. "Inovação e trajetorias tecnologicas : o caso dos dois sistemas para extração de sacarose no Brasil." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285982.
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Orientador: Pedro Ramos<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:54:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2010<br>Resumo: O projeto aqui apresentado tem por tema a análise da evolução dos dois sistemas de extração de sacarose de cana-de-açúcar que têm sido utilizados na produção de açúcar e álcool no Brasil: o sistema de moendas e o de difusão. O primeiro é um sistema de separação física e de ampla utilização no mundo e no Brasil desde o período colonial. O sistema de difusão é um processo químico, desenvolvido no século XIX para extrair açúcar da beterraba e que foi adaptado e desde então vendo sendo empregado também no processamento da cana, em outros centros açucareiros do mundo. O objetivo desta tese é identificar e discutir as trajetórias desses dois sistemas, tendo como foco seus desenvolvimentos pela indústria ofertante de equipamentos para a fabricação de derivados da cana. Buscar compreender quais foram os fatores que levaram à utilização quase que exclusiva do sistema de moenda no Brasil até meados de 1980 e por que depois desse período, o sistema de extração por difusão vem sendo adotado por algumas firmas.<br>Abstract: Not informed<br>Doutorado<br>Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente<br>Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico
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Yamada, Mamoru Carlos. "Especificação de experimentos, modelos e interfaces padrões para o apoio ao planejamento da produção no setor sucroalcooleiro, via simulação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-10022017-160258/.
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Este trabalho propõe a especificação e a criação de experimentos, modelos e interfaces padrões para o apoio ao processo de planejamento da produção de um sistema produtivo sucroalcooleiro, via simulação. Os modelos abrangem os setores agrícola e industrial das usinas sucroalcooleiras, da colheita da matéria-prima até a fabricação do açúcar e do álcool. A modelagem do sistema, utilizando softwares comerciais de simulação com flexibilidade de recursos para customização, visa a geração de um ambiente de simulação para análises de desempenho e sensibilidade. Os modelos padrões que compõem este ambiente de simulação permitem que sejam realizadas simulações em 3 diferentes escopos, desde a usina, passando pelos setores agrícola e industrial, e chegando ao nível dos processos de corte/carregamento, recepção de matéria-prima, extração, tratamento de caldo, fabricação de açúcar, fabricação de álcool e geração de vapor. A interação do usuário com o ambiente, por meio de interfaces amigáveis, tem como função fornecer ao planejador uma opção de ferramenta de trabalho simples e de fácil aplicação, que possibilita a obtenção de informações úteis sobre o comportamento e das inter-relações entre as principais variáveis que influenciam o desempenho do sistema, permitindo a escolha das opções mais adequadas na busca de melhorias.<br>This work proposes the specification and generation of standard experiments, models and interfaces for supporting to the process of production planning in the sugar cane industry, through simulation. Models embrace the agricultural and industrial sections of sugar cane plants, since the cane harvesting until the sugar and alcohol production. The system modelling, using commercial simulation softwares with flexibility of customization resources, seeks the generation of a simulation environment for performance and sensibility analyses. Standard models that compose this simulation environment allow simulations to be accomplished in 3 different scopes, from the plant, passing by the agricultural and industrial sections, and arriving at the level of the processes: cutting/loading, raw material reception, extraction, juice treatment, sugar production, alcohol production and stream generation. The user\'s interaction with the simulation environment through friendly interfaces, has the function of supplying the planner with an ease-to-use tool option, that makes possible the obtaining of useful information about the behavior and the interrelations among the principal variables that influence the system performance, allowing the choice of the most appropriate options in the search of improvements.
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Панченко, Віталій Олександрович, Виталий Александрович Панченко, Vitalii Oleksandrovych Panchenko та Н. О. Павловська. "Розширення типорозмірного ряду насосів для цукрової промисловості типу СКО". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31435.
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Гайдай, О. М. "Червоноярузький бурякоцукровий завод Харитоненків: історія становлення та розвитку". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/63663.
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Актуальність обраної теми пов’язана з тим, що цукрова промисловість Російської імперії була однією з провідних галузей сільського
господарства, рівень розвитку якої значною мірою визначав економіку
держави загалом та її експортний потенціал зокрема.
Мета дослідження: на базі широкого кола різноманітних джерел,
періодики, статистичних матеріалів, наукової літератури дослідити на
прикладі Червоноярузького бурякоцукрового заводу Харитоненків історію становлення та розвитку цукрової промисловості як складової
частини аграрної історії.
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Kerr, Bradley Gray. "Sustaining and rapid response engineering in the reservoir sampling and pressure group of the commercial products and support organization at Schlumberger Sugar Land Technology Center." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4995.
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This record of study investigates twelve months of engineering industry
experience, a required internship of the Doctor of Engineering degree program at Texas
A&M University. The internship company was Schlumberger Limited. The record of
study begins with a brief introduction to the company. Three projects undertaken by the
intern during the internship are discussed. The projects show how a wide variety of
knowledge, both technical and practical, is required to solve engineering problems.
Issues facing newly graduated engineers in industry are discussed. Issues facing newly
graduated engineers exposed to industry for the first time are quite different than a
traditional engineering curriculum has prepared them to encounter. Industry today is
demanding a well-educated engineer capable of tackling technical problems in several
areas as well as engineers with the ability to easily communicate and interact with others
and develop leadership potential. Academia, industry, and society all have a highly
influential role in developing engineers. The engineer must consider the interaction of
technology and society when searching for a solution to optimize the benefit to all. The study further investigates academic challenges as well as the declining number of
engineers, international competition, industry responsibility, and observations made
during the internship period. Research has shown that in the next few year as the Baby
Boomer generation of approximately 77 million people begin to retire, the next
generation of approximately 44 million will have difficulty keeping up with technical
and scientific demands. Industry demand for science and engineering graduates is
beginning to overwhelm academiaâÂÂs ability to respond and produce. Few U.S.
undergraduates are continuing education in graduate schools. This leaves a large student
population base to be filled by international students. U.S. citizens accounted for only
35-percent of the total number of doctoral degree recipients in science and engineering
during the 2005 academic year. Observations made during the internship period will be
used to make recommendations to both industry and academia to help align industry
demands and academic abilities in order to produce engineering graduates that are ready
to accept the vastly different challenges encountered in industry.
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Compton, Cynthia Woolley. "The Making of the Ahupuaa of Laie into a Gathering Place and Plantation: The Creation of an Alternative Space to Capitalism." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1151.pdf.
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Rodrigues, Laura Poggi. "Evolução histórica da concentração da indústria de refino de açúcar na região Centro-Sul do Brasil e análise da sua estrutura de equilíbrio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-06012006-141809/.
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O presente trabalho teve, por objetivo, caracterizar a indústria de refino de açúcar no Brasil e identificar o modelo de comportamento da concentração de mercado da referida indústria para a região Centro-Sul do Brasil. Procurou-se analisar a influência dos distintos níveis de competição via preço e barreiras à entrada sobre a sua estrutura de mercado. Também foram analisadas a influência de fatores exógenos, como intervenção do governo, organização setorial e estratégias empresariais, na determinação da concentração de mercado do setor; o valor das barreiras à entrada para uma indústria média, baseada na análise da escala mínima eficiente de produção. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo teórico desenvolvido por Sutton (1991), que é o modelo do jogo de dois estágios para indústrias intensivas em sunk cost exógenos. Compararamse os resultados com os encontrados pelo autor para a Europa, o Japão, os Estados Unidos e Taiwan. Para tanto, definiu-se o mercado relevante como a região Centro-Sul do Brasil e calcularam-se a razão de concentração da referida indústria e a razão entre tamanho de mercado e nível de sunk cost exógeno. O valor encontrado para 2001 (σ/S igual a 0,8407%) é condizente com os dos países analisados por Sutton, que evidenciam o alto índice de custos irrecuperáveis e a existência de barreiras à entrada e explicam a estrutura de mercado encontrada. Verificou-se que a indústria de refino de açúcar no Brasil, inicialmente, foi construída por pequenos e médios grupos comerciais, com intensa atividade regional, sendo o setor regionalmente concentrado. Durante a fase de intervenção, destaca-se o forte caráter concentrado da indústria, apresentando na década de 1980, o CR4 da indústria de cerca de 80%. Nas décadas de 1990 e 2000, houve o crescimento e o surgimento de marcas menores, ao mesmo tempo em que a marca líder (União) teve reduzida sua importância no total das vendas do setor. Um dos elementos que explicam o forte caráter concentrado da indústria são as barreiras à entrada no setor: assim como as indústrias de açúcar refinado dos países analisados, a indústria de açúcar refinado do Brasil apresenta, de acordo com dados calculados para o ano 2003, alta barreira à entrada, em relação ao tamanho do mercado. No entanto, se, por um lado, a indústria apresenta elevados índices de concentração, por outro, acredita-se que os produtores de açúcar refinado não possam se utilizar desse poder de mercado junto aos consumidores. Os preços internos sofrem grande influência do mercado internacional, além da forte pressão do varejo supermercadista, também concentrado. Verificou-se que os preços descendentes ao longo do tempo são positivamente relacionados com a evolução da estrutura de mercado do período analisado.<br>The aim of the present work was to evaluate the refined sugar industryin Brazil and to identify its market behavior in the central region in Southern Brazil Accordingly, this study analyzed the influence of distinct levels of competition concerning price and entrance barriers on the market structure. Some exogenous factors, such as public regulation, sectorial organization, and strategies to set up costs, were also verified to determine the market sectors concentration. the theoretical model of two-stage game for industries intensive in exogenous sunk cost described by Sutton (1991) was used to determine the value of the set up costs for a single plant of minimum efficient scale (m.e.s). Data of the present study were compared to those reported by Sutton (1991), whose study focused on Europe, Japan, United States and Taiwan. The present work, however, focused on the central region in Southern Brazil. The ratio of the market concentration of the sugar-refining industry, as well as the ratio of its market size and exogenous sunk cost was calculated. The value of σ/S found for 2001 was 0.8407%, consistent with the values found for the countries analyzed by Sutton; furthermore, this result evidences the high index of set up costs and existence of barriers of entrance, suggesting that that the industry of refining sugar in Brazil was initiated with small and average commercial groups, with a regionally-concentrated sector. During the regulated period the industry was highly concentrated (by the 1980s the CR4 was about 80%). In the 1990s, there was a great entrance of new brands and consequently a decline in the leader brand (União). One of the reasons that such industry is highly concentrated is the huge sunk cost. Like the refined sugar industry analyzed in other countries, the Brazilian refined sugar industry presented, in 2003, high exogenous sunk cost in relation to the size market.
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Sacchi, Gabriel Dibbern. "Flotação por ar dissolvido aplicado à separação de microalgas cultivadas em fotobiorreator, alimentado com vinhaça pré-tratada físico-quimicamente, com vistas à exploração de seu potencial bioenergético." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-10052016-112512/.
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Apesar de ser considerado um combustível sustentável, o etanol, produzido a partir da cana de açúcar, deixa um passivo de grandes proporções durante seu processo produtivo, a vinhaça, que vem sendo depositada nas próprias lavouras de cana de açúcar. É gerada na proporção de 12 litros para cada litro de etanol produzido em média, sendo rica em diversos nutrientes, os quais podem ser aproveitados para diversos fins como, por exemplo, meio de cultivo para microalgas. A presente pesquisa avaliou em uma primeira etapa a clarificação da vinhaça por um processo de coagulação com auxílio de um polímero catiônico, seguida de uma etapa de microfiltração tangencial em filtro de fibras ocas, o que permitiu uma redução superior a 77% para a cor aparente, de 99% para a turbidez e de 20% para a DQO, facilitando a utilização deste efluente para o cultivo de microalgas. Numa segunda etapa, foi avaliado o cultivo da microalga Chlorella vulgaris, em escala de bancada e operação em batelada, em meio preparado a partir da diluição da vinhaça em água de poço profundo, obtendo um aumento na biomassa produzida, determinado em termos de clorofila-a, em concentrações de vinhaça inferiores a 7,5% utilizando inóculo da ordem de 106 indivíduos. Tais dados permitiram a realização de ensaios de cultivo em escala contínua, com fotobiorreatores em escala piloto, gerando assim a biomassa utilizada nas próximas fases do estudo, que avaliaram a separação da biomassa gerada pelo processo de flotação por ar dissolvido. Os ensaios inicialmente realizados em escala de bancada e operados em batelada permitiram identificar as condições ótimas de operação, as quais foram então avaliadas em um flotador operando em fluxo contínuo. Tal flotador permitiu a obtenção de um lodo com teor de sólidos superior a 2%, o qual foi submetido à um processo final de desaguamento por centrifugação. Os ensaios de desaguamento, permitiram verificar que a utilização do mesmo polímero utilizado na etapa de clarificação permite a obtenção de um lodo mais estável, quando comparado com a não utilização de produto químico, na dosagem de polímero catiônico de 6 g.kg-1. A conclusão deste trabalho permitiu verificar a possibilidade de utilização da vinhaça como meio de cultivo de microalgas, reduzindo assim um dos impactos causados pela produção de etanol. Além disso foi possível verificar o potencial da FAD, para o espessamento de biomassa produzido em fotobiorreatores.<br>Considered a sustainable fuel, ethanol produced from sugar cane, leaves a major liability during its production process, which has been deposited in the own sugar cane fields. The vinasse is generated, on average, in the proportion of 12 liters per liter of produced ethanol, is rich in different nutrients, which can be used for many purposes, such as the microalgae cultivation. This study evaluated in the first step the vinasse clarification by coagulation with cationic polymer, followed by crossflow microfiltration on a hollow fibers filter, which enable a reduction over 77% for apparent color, 99%for turbidity and 20% for COD, facilitating the use of this effluent for microalgae cultivation. In a second step, was evaluated the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in bench scale and batch operation, in a medium prepared from the vinasse dilution in water from a deep well, getting an increase in the biomass production, measure in terms of chlorophyll-a, for a vinasse concentration below 7.5%, and an inoculum of approximately 106 individuals. These data allowed the microalgae cultivation in a continuous flow pilot-scale photobioreactor, which produced biomass that was used in the next stages of the study, for the evaluation of the biomass separation by dissolved air flotation. The first DAF tests carried out in bench scale and batch operation allowed to identify the optimum operation conditions, which were then evaluated in a continuous flow pilot scale dissolved air flotation unit (DAF). The DAF unit produced a sludge with a solid content greater than 2%, which was submitted to a final dewatering by centrifuge. The dewatering tests allowed to check that the use of the same polymer used for the clarification step, permit to obtain a more stable sludge when compared with the sludge without chemical add, and in the best cationic polymer dosage of 6 g.kg-1. The conclusion of this work has shown the possibility of use vinasse as a grow medium for microalgae cultivation, reducing one of impacts caused by ethanol production. In addition, it was possible to observe the potential of FAD, for biomass thickening, produced in photobioreactors.