Bibliografias temáticas / Substance (dravya)

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Substance (dravya)"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 31 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Substance (dravya)"

Saikh, Asmin. "A Comparative Philosophical analysis of Dravya with Special reference to Yogacara and Vaisesika School". RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, n.º 12 (14 de dezembro de 2022): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i12.021.

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Several Indian intellectual traditions, including Buddhism, Jainism, and the Brahmanical systems of Vedanta, Sankhya, and especially Vaisesika, regularly utilise the term “dravya” in their philosophical and religious texts. There have been disagreements on the precise definition of the term dravya, which is usually translated as “substance,” as well as its historical development and meanings. Even the translation of dravya as “substance” raises questions because dravya isn’t necessarily thought of in terms of immutability, but substance is understood to be an idea that is. The idea of dravya has extremely diverse meanings in Buddhist and Brahmaical intellectual traditions, although being used in both. According to Vaisesika, one of the Brahmaical schools, reality is made up of interactions between substances, and Dravya is a genuine substance that exists independently of any knowing subject. In contrast, substances are viewed as merely labels in Yogacara Buddhism, only existing in connection to a knowing subject. Each entity may be regarded from the point of view of nirvana as either a substance or merely an idea, depending on the particular circumstances.

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Dhanshree K. Handibag. "Studies in effect of in-vitro digestion of some of the Dravyas with respect to their Vipaka - A Research Article". Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 8, n.º 4 (25 de maio de 2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.4.5.

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Vipaka is a unique concept of Ayurveda. It is the post digestive effect of any ingested substance. These can be in either of the two forms: Ahara Dravya (food) or Aushadh Dravya (medicine). Once the digestion of these substances takes place in the gastro-intestinal tract, it is metabolized and transformed into an absorbable form which is called Vipaka. In general understanding Vipaka is the final bio-transformation of digested food/drug. The term “Vi” (of Vipak) is ‘Vishishta’ means specific or special, and “Paka” refers to digestion or the function of Agni (digestive power or biological power). Any substance when ingested, it is digested and metabolized by the action of different specific Agnis (biological fire) i.e., Jatharagni, Bhutagni, and Dhatwagni of the body. During the entire process, the ingested substance decomposes and re-synthesizes several times for further absorption and assimilation process. This can also be referred to life experiences. In this study we will discuss and concluded different Dravya and their Vipaka.

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Naik, Veena, e Subrahmanya P. "GUDUCHI: A BOON TO CURE JWARA". International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 9, n.º 10 (15 de outubro de 2021): 2490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj3109102021.

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Ayurveda is the science that talks about the longevity of life, maintenance of health and destroying the disease. Amongst diseases, Jwara (Fever) is the first to affect mankind which comes in tamas form at the time of birth and death. It is crucial among all diseases as it affects not only human beings but also all living creatures. Ayurveda explains about many Dravyas (substance) to reduce fever. Amongst them Guduchi [Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) Miers] of family Menispermaceae, is a climbing shrub found throughout tropical India. The plant is having its reference in most of the Ayurveda literature, which is indicated in Jwara, Vataraktha (Gout) Kushtha (skin Dis- eases), Prameha (diabetes)etc. Presently Ayurveda has come close to humans that it has become a human science. Through this paper an effort is made to know more about the Dravya Guduchi, with its mode of action on Jwara with relevance to Dravya Prabhava, Guna Prabhava and Dravya Guna Prabhava Keywords: Ayurveda, Guduchi, Jwara

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N Kini, Vyshnavi, e Swapna Bhat. "“A CRITICAL REVIEW ON MADHU”". International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 11, n.º 11 (15 de novembro de 2023): 2839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj2911112023.

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A naturally occurring sweet substance beautifully described as nectar, Madhu is one of the most auspicious and widely used Dravyas. Being a ‘Nitya Sevaniya Dravya’, i.e., advised for daily consumption, Madhu is a widely prescribed Anupana. Our classics, ranging from the oldest literary works up to the more recent era, have classified and described honey in detailed descriptions. This article attempts to bring all the available details in our classics together and present them in a well-structured manner for understanding the utility and importance of Madhu.

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Soman, Athira, Rekha Sakkari e Sneha Elsa Sam. "A LITERARY SURVEY OF AUSHADHA AND AHARA DRAVYA VARGAS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BRIHATTRAYI". International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 15, n.º 1 (29 de fevereiro de 2024): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.15125.

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Ayurveda gives immense importance in prevention of diseases along with maintainance of health. This life science recommends’ Dravya (Medicinal Substance/Drug) as the most important tool in treatment and considers it as one among the Chikitsa Chatushpaada (4 limbs for treatment). The Dravyas present in the universe can be considered as Ahara (Food) and Aushadha (Medicine). Ahara is the most essential component of life both in healthy as well as diseased state. Improper intake of Ahara can cause illness and the management of diseases can be done with the help of Aushadhis. To understand the wide distribution of Dravyas, all the Acharyas (Scholars) including Brihattrayis (The Greater Trio) has explained and classified both the Ahara and Aushadha Dravyas in an easy and understandable manner. Dravyaguna Vijnana (Ayurvedic Pharmacology) is a section of Ayurveda which mainly deals with Guna (properties), Karma (action) and Prayoga (Therapeutic effects) of various Dravyas and the general principles of Ayurvedic pharmacognosy and pharmacology is included in it for the better management of disease. One cannot treat a disease simply by knowing the Nama (Name) and Rupa (Morphology) of Aushadhas alone. A wise physician should take into account about the properties of Aushadha and Ahara Dravyas along with Roga-Rogi Pariksha Vidhi (Methods of Examination of Disease as well as the Patient) while giving medicine. So an Ajna Vaidya (Ignorant physician) who is not having proper knowledge of Dravyas can’t treat a patient successfully. In this review article, an approach is made to understand the grouping of drugs under different Vargas by the Brihattrayis based on various aspects.

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Umakant N. Rabb. "Assessment of density and specific gravity tests of some selected Ayurvedic medicinal plants". GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 26, n.º 3 (30 de março de 2024): 006–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2024.26.3.0076.

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The Guna(Static properties) in common terms known as properties or qualities. There are 41 Gunas in Ayurvedc classics. Among them the Gurvadi Gunas and Paradi Gunas are used in the various treatment measures. The Guru is known as heaviness. Gurutwa is correlated with Gravity in modern science. Parthiva and Apya Mahabhuta are responsible for this Guru Guna. The Guru drugs act as Brumhana(Nourishing as well as help to increase the mass of the tissues), Anuloman(Mild laxative). The exact opposite action of Guru drug is seen in Laghu Dravya. The Laghu drugs give Lightness to the body, as it is light in nature. The Akashiya, Vayavya, Agneya, Laghu Gunas are predominant in this drugs. These drugs act as Agnideepan(Appetizer), Strotoshodhan(Cleanses the channels). The more Parthiva Dravya, more the Guru can be considered. Less Parthiva Dravya more the Laghu can be considered. To assess the Parthivatwa by its correlation with Density and Specific gravity. Same can be considered for Jaliyatwa and Vayaviyatwa. Assessment of objective Parametric measures of Guru and Laghu Guna can be done by Density(Bulk), Specific Gravity(Liquid and solid). The Specific gravity, more formally known as relative density, is a measure of the density of a substance in comparison to the density of water. In this present research work there are 16 drugs for specific gravity for solids, 12 drugs for specific gravity for liquids, 20 drugs for Bulk density and the same 20 drugs for True density drugs have been selected.

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Rana, Anchal, e Ravneet Kaur Chahal. "A REVIEW ON KOSTHI WSR TO RASATARANGINI AND RASA RATNA SAMUCCHYA". Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion 11, n.º 4 (31 de agosto de 2023): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2321-6328.114180.

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Ayurveda the science of life gives importance to keep balance between nature and human relationship. From Vedic period to Samhita period there was less of metals/minerals in formulation, but from the period of Nagarjuna formulation of herbo-mineral drugs are used profusely. A careful survey of the original text on Rasashastra shows that the subject covers the entire field of inorganic pharmaceutical preparation like metallic, non-metallic and ongano-metallic compounds of Ayurvedic Materia medica. Shodhana and Marana of the substance are done with some special processes and thereafter can be used therapeutically. Kosthi is defined as for extraction of dravyas sattva and for the purpose of Dhalana, the special ovens used are called Kosthika. They can be correlated with Gas stove, Hot plate and Heating mantle in modern science. Kosthi are the special devices mentioned in Rasa Shastra to process the Rasa Dravya. They are mentioned in text of Rasa Shastra depicting its importance to other devices like Yantra, Musha, Puta. Kosthi are of different types like Angarkosthi, Patal Kosthi, Gara Kosthi, Musha Kosthi. Their description in Rasa grantha draws attention to know Kosthi in scientific way. Therefore, in the present paper an attempt to review the different Kosthi.

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Lysenko, Viсtoria. "To be liberated the Vaisheshika way, or the Vaisheshika attempt at a «Negative Soteriology» by the Indian school of philosophy". Философская мысль, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2021.12.37003.

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The article examines the original concept of the Vaisheshika school, criticized by other Indian philosophers, according to which Self (Atman), freed from the bonds of rebirth (saṃsāra), is a pure substance (dravya), devoid of consciousness, which is believed to be its impermanent quality (guna); the opponents compared the Vaisheshika's liberated Self with a stone or a log. The author proposes an explanation of the Vaisheshika liberation doctrine (soteriology) within the framework of its categoriology, in which consciousness and Atman belong to different categories, respectively, guna and dravya. Vaisheshika proclaims knowledge of the six categories to be the highest spiritual goal (nihshreyasa), which, in turn, comes from the pure Dharma (Merit). The reason why the Vaisheshikas felt obliged to add a pure Dharma as the final step towards liberation (which distinguishes Vaisheshika from other schools, emphasizing the soteriological value of knowledge) is explained by assuming the Dharma's capacity to overcome a dichotomy of merit-demerit (dharma-adharma) as the main factor responsible for the rebirth of an embodied ātman. The pure Dharma, due to all the positive karmic energy accumulated during countless reincarnations of the soul, arises at the very last moment in a person's life to purufy his/her true Atman from the law of karma and rebirth. Since nothing can be said about Atman's future, it is not a "liberation for", but a "liberation from", which can be called a "negative soteriology".

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Chintaliah, C. Shrilaxmi R., e Rajkumar Bobade. "A STUDY OF ROLE OF AAHARIYA DRAVYA ATASI (LINUM USITATISSIMUM LINN.) ON HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA". International Ayurvedic Medical Journal p5, n.º 6 (25 de setembro de 2021): 3082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj04p5062021.

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The presence of an abnormally large amount of cholesterol in the blood is called Hypercholesterolemia which has been developed due to a sedentary lifestyle. The liver is the main organ for producing cholesterol in the body. Staulya (Obesity) which is included in Ashtau-Nindhita-Purusha (8 physical deformities) by Acharya Charaka (Ch. Su.21) is the disease caused due to vitiated Meda. As cholesterol is formed by fatty tissue i.e. Meda ex- plained in Ayurvedic literature. So, both the entities can be correlated as they both have the same composition i.e. fatty tissue. The present study aimed to find out the role of Ahariya Dravya (dietary substance) Atasi (flax seeds) administered twice a day for 3 months duration on patients of Hypercholesterolemia and some factors of Staulya. After conducting the study, the observations and results were obtained. Keywords: Hypercholesterolemia, Staulya, obesity, Atasi, flax seeds

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George, Vineeth, e S. R. Moharer. "AN AYURVEDIC COMPREHENSION ON THE LIAISON AMIDST RASA (TASTE) AND KARMA (ACTION) OF A DRAVYA (SUBSTANCE)". International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy 7, n.º 1 (28 de janeiro de 2016): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.07127.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Substance (dravya)"

Vieira, Suzane de Alencar. "O drama azul = narrativas sobre o sofrimento das vitimas do evento radiologico do Cesio-137". [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279038.

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Orientador: Maria Suely Kofes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T10:07:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_SuzanedeAlencar_M.pdf: 4109616 bytes, checksum: 0662160c4ec5d38e8dc1eb096936a322 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Esta pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem dramática sobre o evento radiológico do Césio-137. O evento, desencadeado na cidade de Goiânia no ano 1987, não se encerra com o fim da contaminação radiológica e se estende a um processo judicial, médico-científico e narrativo de identificação e reconhecimento de novas vítimas. A produção da etnografia é acompanhada por um exercício de experimentação teórico-conceitual em torno das noções de drama e evento. Para compreender os processos pelos quais o evento é configurado como um drama, analiso narrativas como romances, artes plásticas, fotografias, jornais, documentários, filmes, bibliografia acadêmica e relatos provocados pela pesquisa de campo. As narrativas politizam o discurso de vitimização e a experiência de sofrimento. A forma dramática de narrativas e símbolos canaliza emoções e promove o engajamento emocional dos sujeitos no processo. Além de agenciar a relação entre narrativa e evento, o drama revelou-se como um espaço político que instrumentaliza o modelo narrativo e a linguagem do sofrimento para incitar o reconhecimento das vítimas. O drama ocupa um lugar central na dinâmica do evento radiológico ao estender seus limites, modular sua intensidade e atualizá-lo a cada nova narrativa. A etnografia, enquanto uma narrativa sobre o evento, incorpora e atualiza o drama como marco da análise e da descrição do tema e é também absorvida no processo dramático.
Resumo: Esta pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem dramática sobre o evento radiológico do Césio-137. O evento, desencadeado na cidade de Goiânia no ano 1987, não se encerra com o fim da contaminação radiológica e se estende a um processo judicial, médico-científico e narrativo de identificação e reconhecimento de novas vítimas. A produção da etnografia é acompanhada por um exercício de experimentação teórico-conceitual em torno das noções de drama e evento. Para compreender os processos pelos quais o evento é configurado como um drama, analiso narrativas como romances, artes plásticas, fotografias, jornais, documentários, filmes, bibliografia acadêmica e relatos provocados pela pesquisa de campo. As narrativas politizam o discurso de vitimização e a experiência de sofrimento. A forma dramática de narrativas e símbolos canaliza emoções e promove o engajamento emocional dos sujeitos no processo. Além de agenciar a relação entre narrativa e evento, o drama revelou-se como um espaço político que instrumentaliza o modelo narrativo e a linguagem do sofrimento para incitar o reconhecimento das vítimas. O drama ocupa um lugar central na dinâmica do evento radiológico ao estender seus limites, modular sua intensidade e atualizá-lo a cada nova narrativa. A etnografia, enquanto uma narrativa sobre o evento, incorpora e atualiza o drama como marco da análise e da descrição do tema e é também absorvida no processo dramático
Abstract: This research presents a dramatic approach to the Cesium-137 Radiological Event. The event, which started on Goiania in 1987, did not stop with the end of radiological contamination and continues in a judicial, scientific and narrative process of identification and recognition of new victims. The ethnography's output follows a theoretical experiment with the notions of drama and event. In order to better understand the pattern of this event, I analyzed narratives such as romances, arts, photographs, news, documentaries, films, academic bibliography and stories that emerged from the research field. I argue that the narratives politicize the discourses of victimization and the suffering experience. The dramatic form of narratives and symbols concentrates on emotions and promotes the emotional commitment of the subjects on the trial. The drama articulates the relationship between the narratives and the event and creates a tactful space that arouses the recognition of victims through the narrative form and the suffering language. The drama occupies a central place on the dynamics of radiological event, as it extends its limits, inflects its intensity and updates the event. As a narrative of the event, the ethnography incorporates and brings up to date the drama as an analysis landmark and the description of the theme as it is absorbed by a dramatic process.
Abstract: This research presents a dramatic approach to the Cesium-137 Radiological Event. The event, which started on Goiania in 1987, did not stop with the end of radiological contamination and continues in a judicial, scientific and narrative process of identification and recognition of new victims. The ethnography's output follows a theoretical experiment with the notions of drama and event. In order to better understand the pattern of this event, I analyzed narratives such as romances, arts, photographs, news, documentaries, films, academic bibliography and stories that emerged from the research field. I argue that the narratives politicize the discourses of victimization and the suffering experience. The dramatic form of narratives and symbols concentrates on emotions and promotes the emotional commitment of the subjects on the trial. The drama articulates the relationship between the narratives and the event and creates a tactful space that arouses the recognition of victims through the narrative form and the suffering language. The drama occupies a central place on the dynamics of radiological event, as it extends its limits, inflects its intensity and updates the event. As a narrative of the event, the ethnography incorporates and brings up to date the drama as an analysis landmark and the description of the theme as it is absorbed by a dramatic process
Mestrado
Mestre em Antropologia Social

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Livros sobre o assunto "Substance (dravya)"

Kumārī, Suśīlā. Vaiśeshika darśana meṃ nitya dravya-nirūpaṇa. Dillī: Vidyānidhi Prakāśana, 2020.

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Baitz, Jon Robin. The substance of fire, and other plays. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1993.

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Baitz, Jon Robin. The substance of fire, and other plays. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1993.

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Baitz, Jon Robin. The substance of fire & The film society: Two plays. Garden City, N.Y: Fireside Theatre, 1991.

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Baitz, Jon Robin. The substance of fire ; &, The film society: Two plays. Garden City, New York: Fireside Theatre, 1991.

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Baitz, Jon Robin. The substance of fire & The film society: Two plays. Garden City, N.Y: Fireside Theatre, 1991.

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Baitz, Jon Robin. The substance of fire & The film society: Two plays. Garden City, N.Y: Fireside Theatre, 1991.

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Baitz, Jon Robin. The substance of fire & The film society: Two plays. Garden City, N.Y: Fireside Theatre, 1991.

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Baitz, Jon Robin. The substance of fire & the film society: 2 plays by Jon Robin Baitz. Garden City, New York: Fireside Theatre, 1991.

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James, Reynolds, e Zoe Zontou. Addiction and performance. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Substance (dravya)"

Galpin, Shelley Anne. "Style over Substance? Adapting Literature and History in the Period Drama". In Teenage Audiences and British Period Drama, 167–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58319-3_7.

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Padial-Guerchoux, Anita. "Elemental Substances and their Drama in the Mayan Imagination as Perceived in Popol Vuh". In The Elemental Passions of the Soul Poetics of the Elements in the Human Condition: Part 3, 477–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2335-5_24.

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Shida, Taisei. "On the source of the Mīmāṃsā theory of sound (śabda) as a substance (dravya)". In Transmission and Tradition, 173–205. Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.3919370.11.

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"Three. Moral Substance and Ambiguity". In The Death and Life of Drama, 43–57. University of Texas Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.7560/705326-004.

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Matthew, H. C. G. "The Midlothian Campaign". In Gladstone 1809-1898, 293–312. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198204053.003.0012.

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Abstract The Midlothian Campaign of 1878-80 was the culmination of a political drama which broadened gradually and sometimes hesitantly from the relatively limited issue of ‘the Bulgarian Horrors’ in 1876 to the wholesale condemnation of innovative Toryism. A former Prime Minister leading a great popular crusade was a new phenomenon in European politics, and before examining the substance of the objections to Beaconsfieldism, some comment on the nature of the campaign is necessary.

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"Addressing the Needs and Goals of Phase Five: Substance Use Disorder". In The Drama Therapy Decision Tree, 2nd Edition, 341–58. Intellect, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/9781789389531_13.

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Calderón Villarino, Ángela. "La ‘idea de la familia’ como configuración Saúl ante Samuel de Juan Benet". In Constelaciones familiares en la narrativa iberoamericana moderna. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-833-0/002.

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Spanish writer Juan Benet defines Saúl ante Samuel (1980), a work conversing with the genre of the family novel as a national allegory, as a literary-theoretical text that presents ‘exclusively literary substance’. How does this relate to the overarching literary genre? The link between the text as a theoretical essay and as a family novel is provided by the conception of ‘an idea as a constellation of stars’, that Walter Benjamin presents in the prologue to The Origin of German Tragic Drama (1928). With the help of Walter Benjamin’s conceptualization, it is shown to what extent the constellations of this literary family provide a historical-philosophical idea of the history of Spain.

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McLaughlin, Robert L. "Opening Doors". In Stephen Sondheim and the Reinvention of the American Musical. University Press of Mississippi, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496808554.003.0002.

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This chapter examines Sondheim’s musicals from West Side Story to Company. West Side Story and Gypsy mark both an apotheosis of the Rodgers and Hammerstein aesthetic and an introduction of postmodern styles and ideas into the musical. West Side Story is concerned with the operations of power and the reproduction of ideology. Gypsy presents a theatricalization of the American Dream, turning it into a series of images without substance. In Forum a trickster protagonist generates multiple, clashing realities. Anyone Can Whistle examines the problem of identity construction. Company dispenses with plot and thus examines narrative as a structure of knowledge and identity. The play’s drama is generated by the tension between its own cyclical structure and the goal-driven linear narrative implied by marriage.

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Heaton, Caroline. "Only Northerners Need Apply? Northern Broadsides and No-nonsense Shakespeare". In Shakespeare in the North, 151–67. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474435925.003.0007.

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Caroline Heaton shows how, following its formation in 1992, the Northern Broadsides has been a regular source of Northern-infused energetic productions of works by Shakespeare, in the shape of Barrie Rutter’s company. Rutter, part of the post-war generation of working-class drama students who wanted more than walk-on parts or character roles, pioneered a kind of quickfire Shakespeare performance arguably closer to the original than the RSC, with the focus on substance rather than show. All of Northern Broadsides’ shows are in broad Yorkshire dialect regardless of the play or character, so the language does not sound ‘authentic’ in any historical sense, but Heaton makes a strong case for seeing and hearing Northern Shakespeare as the real thing, or as real as theatre gets.

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Leebron*, David W. "Implementation of the Uruguay Round Results in the United States". In Implementing the Uruguay Round, 175–242. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198262367.003.0006.

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Abstract The Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations constitutes one of the most ambitious efforts at international lawmaking and institution building since the establishment of the United Nations, and it is at least arguably the only one of such efforts that was fully and promptly implemented by the United States. In this context, it is hardly surprising that the implementation of the results by the United States was both controversial and complex. Between the 1979 completion of the Tokyo Round and the completion of the Uruguay Round, international trade agreements had moved from obscurity to front page news and political drama in the United States. Not only was the substance of the agreements attacked, but also the procedure for their implementation in the United States.

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Jugl, Sebastian, Aimalohi Okpeku, Brianna Costales, Earl Morris, Golnoosh Alipour-Harris, Juan Hincapie-Castillo, Nichole Stetten et al. "A Mapping Literature Review of Medical Cannabis Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Evidence in Approved Conditions in the United States, from 2016 to 2019". In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.25.

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Background: Medical cannabis is available to patients by physician order in two-thirds of the United States (U.S.) as of 2020, but remains classified as an illicit substance by federal law. States that permit medical cannabis ordered by a physician typically require a diagnosed medical condition that is considered qualifying by respective state law. Objectives: To identify and map the most recently (2016-2019) published clinical and scientific literature across approved conditions for medical cannabis, and to evaluate the quality of identified recent systematic reviews. Methods: Literature search was conducted from five databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov), with expansion and update from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s (NASEM) comprehensive evidence review through 2016 of the health effects of cannabis on several conditions. Following consultation with experts and stakeholders, 11 conditions were identified for evidence evaluation: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autism, cancer, chronic pain, Crohn’s disease, epilepsy, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The following exclusion criteria were imposed: preclinical focus, non-English language, abstracts only, editorials/commentary, case studies/series, and non-U.S. study setting. Data extracted from studies included: study design type, outcome, intervention, sample size, study setting, and reported effect size. Studies classified as systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis were graded using the AMSTAR-2 tool by two raters to evaluate the quality of evidence, with additional raters to resolve cases of evidence grade disagreement. Results: A total of 438 studies were included after screening. Five completed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified, and an additional 11 trials were ongoing, and 1 terminated. Cancer, chronic pain, and epilepsy were the most researched topic areas, representing more than two-thirds of all reviewed studies. The quality of evidence assessment for each condition suggests that few high-quality systematic reviews are available for most conditions, with the exceptions of MS, epilepsy, and chronic pain. In those areas, findings on chronic pain are mostly in alignment with the previous literature, suggesting that cannabis or cannabinoids are potentially beneficial in treating chronic neuropathic pain. In epilepsy, findings suggest that cannabidiol is potentially effective in reducing seizures in pediatric patients with drug-resistant Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes. In MS, recent high-quality systematic reviews did not include new RCTs, and are therefore not substantially expanding the evidence base. In sum, the most recent clinical evidence suggests that for most of the conditions assessed, we identified few studies of substantial rigor and quality to contribute to the evidence base. However, there are some conditions for which significant evidence suggests that select dosage forms and routes of administration likely have favorable risk-benefit ratios (i.e., epilepsy and chronic pain), with the higher quality of evidence for epilepsy driven by FDA-approved formulations for cannabis-based seizure treatments. Conclusion: The body of evidence for medical cannabis requires more rigorous evaluation before consideration as a treatment option for many conditions and evidence necessary to inform policy and treatment guidelines is currently insufficient for many conditions.

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