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LEE, Sang Dong. "Medical knowledge of medieval physician on the cause of plague during 1347/8-1351: traditional understandings to poison theory". Korean Journal of Medical History 31, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2022): 363–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2022.31.363.
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This article sets its investigative goal on determining the medical knowledge of medieval physicians from 1347-8 to 1351 concerning the causes of plague. As the plague killed a third of Europe’s population, the contemporary witness at the time perceived God as the sender of this plague to punish the human society. However, physicians separated the religious and cultural explanation for the cause of this plague and instead seek the answer to this question elsewhere. Developing on traditional medical knowledges, physicians classified the possible range of the plague’s causes into two areas: universal cause and individual/particular causes. In addition, they also sought to explain the causes by employing the traditional miasma-humoral theory. Unlike the previous ones, however, the plague during 1347-8 to 1351 killed the patients indiscriminately and also incredibly viciously. This phenomenon could not be explained by merely using the traditional medical knowledge and this idiosyncrasy led the physicians employ the poison theory to explain the causes of plague more pragmatically.
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Trebilcock, Michael. "Between Institutions and Culture: The UNDP's Arab Human Development Reports, 2002-2005". Middle East Law and Governance 1, n.º 2 (2009): 210–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633708x396450.
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AbstractThe four Arab Human Development Reports, 2002-2005, sponsored by the United Nations Development Program and written by over one hundred Arab scholars based in the Middle East and elsewhere, have attracted more attention and controversy than any other official studies of development in recent years. The Reports are controversial in at least two respects: First, they adopt a conception of development as freedom that excludes all economic variables. Second, they emphasize three major themes, building a knowledge society; expansion of political freedoms; and women's empowerment, that challenge in fundamental ways central features of institutional regimes and cultural and religious traditions in Arab societies. This paper is critical of the espousal of a form of egalitarian liberal democracy as a benchmark for formulating reform strategies in Arab societies, particularly given the role and influence of path dependence in explaining the status quo. This form of universalistic utopianism tends to discount the dramatic differences in performance amongst various Arab societies on a wide range of economic, social, and political indicators and fails to exploit the potential value of these differences in identifying and exploiting openings for feasible reform strategies.
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Najman, Michał Tadeusz. "Criminal Law Response to Shamanism—Is Combating Immaterial Culture a Means to Civilisation Progress on the Example of Penal Code Regulations of the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo?" Religions 14, n.º 1 (22 de dezembro de 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14010023.
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The function of the law in shaping social values is exposed in the article. Thispaper considers whether certain practices penalised in the surveyed countries (carrying our rituals with the use of human remains) could be classified as intangible cultural heritage and, thus, whether these practices should be legally protected. The main conclusion of the analysis is the statement that criminal law as a response to shamanism is inconsistent with the basic principles of a democratic state oflaw, including the right to expression and self-determination. Assuming that described social phenomenon exists in a society, and at the same time, this practice does not threaten other members of this society and is commonly accepted, the legislator should avoid creating regulations that are inconsistent with the current axiological system in a given community. The elimination of certain practices should take place by creating civilisation awareness inside a community. Criminal law does not fulfil this function. On the contrary, it contributes to the deepening and consolidation of the existence of certain pathological phenomena, as well as to the disappearance of indigenous cultures.
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Li, Jiaxin. "From the Perspectives of Attitude System: A Corpus-based Study of The Time Machine". International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, n.º 4 (3 de abril de 2022): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.4.7.
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H.G.Wells’ The Time Machine is a famous scientific fiction, but it is rich in theme. It might be regarded as a political fable or a dystopia as well as one of the first works of science fiction. Since the publication of this novel, studies on The Time Machine have mainly focused on the aspects of its genre and narrative art, and only a few studies were conducted from the linguistic perspective. Through a corpus-based method, this paper focuses on how Wells expresses his concerns about social class division and the degradation of human society in The Time Machine. Under the guidance of Appraisal Theory, Attitude resources that are related to Wells will be classified and analyzed with some appropriate examples. The findings show that Wells employs more positive Attitude resources to glorify the civilized human society represented by the Eloi and express his concern about the degradation of human civilization. This research discusses Wells attitude in The Time Machine, which provides an alternative perspective on the analysis of this novel and proves the practicability of the Attitude System in the analysis of literature works.
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Ali, Faiza, e Jawad Syed. "‘Good Muslim women’ at work: An Islamic and postcolonial perspective on ethnic privilege". Journal of Management & Organization 24, n.º 5 (30 de abril de 2018): 679–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.22.
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AbstractWithin sparse studies available on ethnic privilege at work, the emphasis is dominantly on ethnic privileges available to white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant, heterosexual men and to a lesser extent white women. This paper presents and develops an Islamic and postcolonial perspective on ethnic privilege, which is unique not only due to contextual and cultural differences but also due to its postcolonial nature and composition. By postcolonial, the paper refers to cultural legacies of Arab colonialism and ideology in South Asia and elsewhere. Drawing on a qualitative study of Muslim female employees in Pakistan, the paper shows that religio-ethnic privilege represents postcolonial influences of a foreign (Arab-Salafi, ultra-orthodox Islamist) culture on a (non-Arab Muslim) society, and as such does not represent ethnic norms of a local mainstream society. The paper investigates the case of religio-ethnic privilege and female employment in Pakistan and examines how a foreign-influenced stereotype of female modesty is used to benchmark and preferentially treat ‘good Muslim women.’ The analysis shows that an Islamic and postcolonial lens may be needed to understand the nature and implications of religio-ethnic privilege at work in Muslim majority countries and societies.
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Sartini, Sartini, e Heddy Shri Ahimsa-Putra. "Preliminary Study on Worldviews". Jurnal Humaniora 29, n.º 3 (28 de outubro de 2017): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.29690.
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Worldviews are an important part of human life because they illustrate the ways people think and act. This article aims to review studies conducted by scholars, definitions of the term "worldview", and scientists' explorations of worldviews, and to examine how such categories may be applied to capture reality. This study concludes that worldviews have been the focus of intensive studies since the 1980s. Many scientists have defined the concept of "worldview" and attempted to explain its dynamics. Studies of worldviews can be grouped into several paradigms. Because of the extent of the study area, theoretically worldviews can be classified into several categories based on, for example, views of self and others, time, space, relationships, and causation. In reality, the worldview of a society can be seen in how members of the society live in relation to God, nature, people, and the environment. In examining the worldviews held in social reality, the specific categories mapped by scholars must be made congruent with the realities in the field, because sometimes these categories are interrelated and difficult to understand separately.
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Ahimsa-Putra, Heddy Shri, e Sartini Sartini. "Preliminary Study on Worldviews". Jurnal Humaniora 29, n.º 3 (28 de outubro de 2017): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v29i3.29690.
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Worldviews are an important part of human life because they illustrate the ways people think and act. This article aims to review studies conducted by scholars, definitions of the term "worldview", and scientists' explorations of worldviews, and to examine how such categories may be applied to capture reality. This study concludes that worldviews have been the focus of intensive studies since the 1980s. Many scientists have defined the concept of "worldview" and attempted to explain its dynamics. Studies of worldviews can be grouped into several paradigms. Because of the extent of the study area, theoretically worldviews can be classified into several categories based on, for example, views of self and others, time, space, relationships, and causation. In reality, the worldview of a society can be seen in how members of the society live in relation to God, nature, people, and the environment. In examining the worldviews held in social reality, the specific categories mapped by scholars must be made congruent with the realities in the field, because sometimes these categories are interrelated and difficult to understand separately.
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Lee, Hyeong Woo. "Race in North Korea's perspective: race as a typological entity". Paek-San Society 123 (31 de agosto de 2022): 181–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.52557/tpsh.2022.123.181.
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Human racial studies in North Korea have been introduced as early as the 1940s. These works have been consolidated to a coherent discipline in the interests of human studies in general. The initial term of human races in North Korea has focused attention on a rather biological aspect. The human races are classified in a morpho-typological sense; these are regarded as biologically diverse units, not arbitrary units. Currently, the term has not only been determined as biological forms, but also been regarded as socio-cultural units. The Northern scholars have deeply considered the racial process had occurred during a specific period of time determined by physical and social cultural traits. They argued the period had occurred after the introduction of modern humans(i.e. Homo sapiens). It is also socially defined as the period of a matriarchal and patriarchal society. At the same time, it can be correlated to the post-Paleolithic cultural period. Such a uniquely generated scheme is partly related to the classic physical anthropological theory and method under colonial influence and the unilinear model of social changes under Soviet influence.
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Turner, Simon. "'These Young Men Show No Respect for Local Customs'—Globalisation and Islamic Revival in Zanzibar". Journal of Religion in Africa 39, n.º 3 (2009): 237–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002242009x12447135279538.
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AbstractLike elsewhere in Africa, local forms of Islam are being challenged by a number of new reformist and revivalist forms of Islam, influenced to some degree by a global Islamic revival but shaped by particular local histories and politics. This has caused some friction, especially as the regime in place seeks to manipulate these tensions for political benefit. Central to this struggle are the young men who have studied Islam abroad and who challenge the established truths of the traditional religious authorities; these authorities in turn accuse 'the youth' of bringing foreign, 'Arab' ideas and politics to Zanzibar. However, the kind of Islamic revival taking place in Zanzibar is far from radical or violent, and it is not appropriate to pose the present situation in terms of global Salafism versus local Sufism. In fact, Islamic revivalists often coin their critique of the state in terms of human rights and good governance and provide an alternative modernity that simultaneously challenges and articulates secular, liberal forms of modernity. Islamic revival critiques what is perceived as society's moral disorder and the state's inability to deal with new global challenges. Hence the present paper explores how global trends in Islam—but also global discourses on human rights and good governance—influence the current modes of Islamic revival in Zanzibar. With a heavily restricted political field, Islam can be a means of critiquing society without getting involved in politics. However, the government and the traditional religious authorities perceive this revivalism as a threat to the status quo and attempt therefore to politicise the struggle, accusing Islamic movements of fundamentalism and terrorism. It is within this political environment that Islamic revival must navigate.
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Khan, Zeeshan, Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin, Saravanan Meyappan, Jamiah Manap e Ramalinggam Rajamanickam. "Prevalence, causes and impacts of human trafficking in Asian countries: A scoping review". F1000Research 11 (9 de setembro de 2022): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.124460.1.
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Background: In Asian countries, human trafficking is often encountered as forced labor, forced marriage, sex trafficking, men, women, and children exploitation. This review points out how human trafficking activities are prevalent in Asian countries and also reveals different causes that are the basis of increasingly human trafficking in Asian countries such as poverty, unemployment, political uncertainty, war, natural disaster, corruption and weak policies. Human trafficking also creates huge health, physical, psychological and social implications on individuals and the overall society. Methods: The purpose of this study is to collect evidence on human trafficking in Asian countries. A scoping review methodology was used to systematically search online databases including Sage Journals Online, Wiley Online, Hein Online, Taylor & Francis Online, Web of Science, and Scopus literature to amalgamate information on this issue. For the purposes of this article, 64 studies met the inclusion criteria after searching and screening a total number of 1,278 studies. Results: The findings of this study were classified under three categories: prevalence of human trafficking in Asia, causes of human trafficking in Asia (poverty and unemployment, environmental and manmade disaster, weak policies and corruption), and impacts of human trafficking including social, health, physical, psychological impacts. Conclusion: Keeping in mind the prevalence and impacts of human trafficking, the author also recommends some meaningful and practical steps for policymakers and researchers to effectively tackle human trafficking in Asian countries.
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Khan, Zeeshan, Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin, Saravanan Meyappan, Jamiah Manap e Ramalinggam Rajamanickam. "Prevalence, causes and impacts of human trafficking in Asian countries: A scoping review". F1000Research 11 (3 de novembro de 2022): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.124460.2.
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Background: In Asian countries, human trafficking is often encountered as forced labor, forced marriage, sex trafficking, men, women, and children exploitation. This review points out how human trafficking activities are prevalent in Asian countries and also reveals different causes that are the basis of increasingly human trafficking in Asian countries such as poverty, unemployment, political uncertainty, war, natural disaster, corruption and weak policies. Human trafficking also creates huge health, physical, psychological and social implications on individuals and the overall society. Methods: The purpose of this study is to collect evidence on human trafficking in Asian countries. A scoping review methodology was used to systematically search online databases including Sage Journals Online, Wiley Online, Hein Online, Taylor & Francis Online, Web of Science, and Scopus literature to amalgamate information on this issue. For the purposes of this article, 64 studies met the inclusion criteria after searching and screening a total number of 1,278 studies. Results: The findings of this study were classified under three categories: prevalence of human trafficking in Asia, causes of human trafficking in Asia (poverty and unemployment, environmental and manmade disaster, weak policies and corruption), and impacts of human trafficking including social, health, physical, psychological impacts. Conclusion: Keeping in mind the prevalence and impacts of human trafficking, the author also recommends some meaningful and practical steps for policymakers and researchers to effectively tackle human trafficking in Asian countries.
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Laakso, Maria. "Nuorten lokerointi ja kehittyminen Salla Simukan nuortendystopiaromaaneissa Jäljellä ja Toisaalla". Sananjalka 60, n.º 60. (17 de dezembro de 2018): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30673/sja.70037.
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Coming of age and classification of adolescents In Salla Simukka’s YA-dystopias Jäljellä and Toisaalla
Finnish YA-author Salla Simukka takes a current societal problem into the center of her novel pair Jäljellä (Left Over, not translated, 2012) and Toisaalla (Elsewhere, not translated, 2012). These novels criticize the current system, where even young children are forced to choose specialized studies and make decisions that affect their whole future. This is a consequence on a modern western information society, where branches of knowledge are differentiated. These theme Simukka’s novels handle with the methods off dystopic fiction.
Both novels depict a dystopic world, where adolescents are classified into groups based on their personality and their talents. Both novels depict a world very much like our own, but the time of the story lies in the near future. As usual to the dystopic fiction the author pics up some existing progressions from the reality and then extends those conditions into a future, and this way the flaws of the current conditions are revealed. In my article I claim, that Simukka’s novels take under critical consideration the whole Western concept of coming of age. Especially crucial is the idea of growth as being something controllable. In western cultures the growing up of an individual is standardized and regulated by institutions and fields of science such us daycare, school, medicine, and psychology. In Simukka’s novels this idea is exaggerated but still recognizable.
The motif of classifications or sorting the adolescents has lately been popular in YA-fantasy and YA-dystopia. Simukka’s novels borrow from two bestsellers: J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter -series (1997–2007), and Veronica Roth’s Divergent-series (2011–2013). These examples seem to prove, that the idea of adolescents of being sorted or being classified is important in contemporary genre fiction targeting young audiences. Sorting or classification as motifs seem to be connected to the contemporary understanding of youth and growing up.
In this article I consider the classification motif in Simukka’s novel. I consentrate especially to the connections between the motif and the wider theme of growing up. I examine the motif beside the Western ideas of growth and coming of age. Besides that I also study the different genre frames Simukka’s novels use to discuss of growing up in contemporary society. These genre traditions include dystopic fiction, YA-literature and fairytale. In this article I propose, that the classification motif allegorizes the demands set to adolescents in contemporary society but also appeals to the young readers as a fantasy of belonging to the group.
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Kosche, Michał. "Permissibility of Death Penalty as a Hermeneutic Dilemma". Verbum Vitae 37, n.º 2 (26 de junho de 2020): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vv.5550.
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The notion of moral fairness of application of capital punishment is stretched between two poles of opposite interpretative meanings. On the one hand, there is an imperative related to maintaining the social order and good that justifies in some specific cases killing an individual for the good of the community; on the other hand, there is the message of the Gospel about holiness of each human life. In this regard, at the attempt to investigate the fairness of death penalty, a certain hermeneutic tension related to the overlapping of rights and obligations both with regard to the criminal and society that needs to be protected against him or her. The starting point of this article is an outlook on death penalty with due regard of a ‘hermeneutic charge’ contained both in the duty to protect common good and each individual’s life. Next, the ‘genuine paradox’ was analysed that emerges in a situation where the right to live and the right to protect overlap. All the considerations are concluded with a question whether the recent abolitionist interpretation of the Catechism of the Catholic Church should be classified as the continuity hermeneutic or rather the discontinuity hermeneutic.
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T, Sheeba, e Praveen Sam D. "Literary Interpretations based on the studies on Occasional Verses of the Medieval Period". International Research Journal of Tamil 3, n.º 3 (23 de julho de 2021): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21311.
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Poets recreate their innermost feelings in the minds of the readers through their poems. In addition, the vast majority of occasional verses sung on poets’ own emotions. They are therefore classified as autobiographical poems. In these songs, poets not only write about the beauty of nature but also about their experiences of life and the literary world. Literature composed of pleasure, humour, carefree contentment, and the emotions of fear, sadness, anxiety, pain, rivalry, jealousy, frustration, and struggle are largely discussed in the occasional verses of medieval literature. The role of literature in the sociological and psychological analysis of the everyday life problems of poets becomes an integral part of their themes. How do the problems that this society affect the soul of an individual? In it, one can learn from the literature of the time. The success of the creators is that they create the best literature related to human life. Further, the uniqueness and personality of a poet are known by the excellence of his or her conceptual style. This article studies the verses that have been excluded from the history of Tamil literature, and known as the "Occasional Verses Collection (Single Anthology)".
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Zhang, Wenlong. "Music Genre Classification Based on Deep Learning". Mobile Information Systems 2022 (21 de agosto de 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2376888.
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Human music life can be traced back to ancient times. The music art of human society is rich and colorful, which makes the music classification unable to classify efficiently and accurately. Moreover, the classification has become a daunting task. On this basis, this paper studies the method of deep learning for processing music classification. Not only is the design structure of music signal channel classified, but also all connected neural networks associated with the music are investigated to design an appropriate network model. According to different music sequence measurements, the feature sequence mechanism of music design feedback optimization is also investigated. The type probabilities of different calculated orbits are measured by softmax activation function, and the function value of cross loss is obtained. Finally, an Adam optimization algorithm is used as the optimization algorithm of the proposed network model. Subsequently, an independent adaptive learning planning rate is designed. By adjusting the network parameters, the first- and second-order estimates of the calculated gradient are classified. The experimental outcomes prove that the anticipated method can meritoriously increase the correctness of music classification and is helpful for music channel classification. Moreover, we also observed that the number of neurons in the network has also a significant impact over the training and testing errors.
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Oliveira, Maria do Socorro Pombo de, Nelson Hamerschlak, Carlos Chiattone e Paula Loureiro. "HTLV-I infection and adult T-cell leukemia in Brazil: an overview". Sao Paulo Medical Journal 114, n.º 3 (junho de 1996): 1177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801996000300007.
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Human T-cell lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic factor for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). HTLV-I infection can also lead to other diseases, such as HTLV -I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), uveitis, arthropathy and infectious dermatitis. Studies of the infectious mode of transmission of HTLV-I and risk factors for HTLV-I-related diseases have been conducted in several countries, and differences in the prevalence, age patterns, ethnic groups and clinical presentation of the related diseases have been described worldwide. Based on the geographical characteristics of Brazil and data from the literature, we have summarized the distribution of seroprevalence in blood donors in different states around the country, as well as the incidence of ATL in regards to the endemic foci. ATL in Brazil has the same characteristics as those described elsewhere, but is reported more frequently at a younger age. In order to better evaluate ATL in Brazil, a registry has been established at the several hematologic centers under the sponsorship of the Instituto Nacional de Cancer and the Brazilian Society of Hematology and Hemotherapy, for the purpose of recording all cases originally diagnosed in Brazil.
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Trechsel, Lilian Julia, Clara Léonie Diebold, Anne Barbara Zimmermann e Manuel Fischer. "Students between science and society: why students’ learning experiences in transformative spaces are vital to higher education institutions". International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 24, n.º 9 (25 de janeiro de 2023): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-09-2021-0407.
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Purpose This study aims to explore how the boundary between science and society can be addressed to support the transformation of higher education towards sustainable development (HESD) in the sense of the whole institution approach. It analyses students’ learning experiences in self-led sustainability projects conducted outside formal curricula to highlight their potential contribution to HESD. The students’ projects are conceived as learning spaces in “sustainability-oriented ecologies of learning” (Wals, 2020) in which five learning dimensions can be examined. Design/methodology/approach Using an iterative, grounded-theory-inspired qualitative approach and sensitising concepts, 13 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted exploring students’ learning experiences. Interviews were categorised in MAXQDA and analysed against a literature review. Findings Results revealed that students’ experiences of non-formal learning in self-led projects triggered deep learning and change agency. Trust, social cohesion, empowerment and self-efficacy were both results and conditions of learning. Students’ learnings are classified according to higher education institutions’ (HEIs) sustainability agendas, providing systematised insights for HEIs regarding their accommodative, reformative or transformative (Sterling, 2021) path to sustainable development. Originality/value The education for sustainable development (ESD) debate focuses mainly on ESD competences in formal settings. Few studies explore students’ learnings where formal and non-formal learning meet. This article investigates a space where students interact with different actors from society while remaining rooted in their HEIs. When acting as “change agents” in this hybrid context, students can also become “boundary agents” helping their HEIs move the sustainability agenda forward towards a whole institution approach. Learning from students’ learnings is thus proposed as a lever for transformation.
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Rezvantalab, Zeinab. "Analyse symbolique de la relation homme-femme dans le roman Agave de Hawa Djabali". International Journal of Francophone Studies 24, n.º 3 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfs_00042_4.
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We cannot deny the role of women in the development of French-speaking Maghreb literature. Their presence is all the more intense as they have often evoked through their works what they did not have the right or the courage to address elsewhere, either sensitive issues such as the status of women, or the relationship between men and women in a society dominated by patriarchal traditions. Hawa Djabali, in her novel Agave, far from being trapped by clichés or trying in vain to prove the superiority of one over the other, draws with the help of metaphorical images and a particular treatment of the space‐time, the relationship between a man and a woman, and describes their quest for identity, to present at the end a mode of peaceful coexistence leading to the personal and social fulfillment of both genders. This article aims to analyse and dissect these literary images, to retrace the symbolic and psychological journey pursued by the author in this romantic creation. This article shows that this study on the evolution of the romantic relationship within a couple is presented above all as a questioning of oneself, and offers the opportunity for an introspective reflection on the human, and encourages secondly, to set aside stereotypes and to break the chains of hold.
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Mulyono, Ambar, e Pandu Purwandaru. "Creative strategies in utilizing glass and fabric waste". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1114, n.º 1 (1 de dezembro de 2022): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012075.
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Abstract Glass and fabric are two commodities that significantly contribute to waste generation. However, there are people that able to utilize both types of waste and provide significant economic benefits as well, that meaningful in supporting the green economy activities. This article is an analysis of how the creative use of glass and fabric waste exists in our society, especially in small and medium enterprise (SMEs) activities. Through field studies, investigations into the activities of small craftsmen who utilize glass and fabric waste, as well as from literature data and interviews, can be identified and classified the types of methods, processing techniques and skills of local human resources. From the results of the study, it was found that there were several types of utilization of fabric and glass waste that varied from simple to complex in their processing systems. These findings provide information and recommendations for the application of appropriate models to communities, industries and institutions that are concerned on controlling glass and fabric waste.
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Kango, Andries, Dian Adi Perdana e Sriyuni Regita Biya. "Developing Ethics for 'Santri' Empowerment: The Case of the Pesantren al-Falah of Gorontalo, Indonesia". Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat: Media Pemikiran dan Dakwah Pembangunan 5, n.º 1 (16 de junho de 2021): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jpm.2021.051-02.
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The failure of community empowerment often forgets the ethics of change-makers as an essential instrument in program implementation. This assumption is existed because of weak human development resources in an educational institution in terms of shaping character. Pesantren or Islamic Boarding School offers another alternative to transforming santri or student ethics effectively when taking action in society. This article aims to explore the strategy of developing student ethics in the process of social transformation. The research data was generated through observation method at Al-Falah Islamic boarding school in Gorontalo, in-depth interviews with caregivers, teacher councils, students, and documentation related to development to shape students' character. Al-Falah Islamic boarding school has responded to modernity issues and implemented them into learning practices. This pesantren chooses three strategies (sentimental, rational, and takziyah) to develop the ethical quality of students. The fundamental Islamic values or ahklakul karimah (ethical values) is chosen because it can be primary guidelines for change-makers in developing community empowerment activities. In line with this, this research suggests that this strategy can be implemented in pesantren and in different contexts elsewhere. However, because limitation of the research, the ethical values are impossible to test in various aspects, so it is necessary to consider updated survey studies to prove the suitability of ethics and the achievement of community empowerment programs.
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Rajeshreddy V., S. G. S., e Lokesh V. Patil. "Causality assessment and the severity of the adverse drug reactions in tertiary care hospital: a pharmacovigilance study". International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, n.º 12 (23 de novembro de 2017): 2800. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20175073.
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Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) constitute a major clinical problem in terms of human suffering and increased health care costs. To study the adverse drug reactions reported in a tertiary care hospital and study of causality assessment and severity of adverse drug reaction (ADR) cases reported.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted as part of pharmacovigilance program over 12months between September 2015 and August 2016. Adverse drug reactions reported from hospital were filled into Suspected ADR - CDSCO forms and submitted to pharmacovigilance unit. Causal relationship was assessed and categorized by Naranjo’s algorithm and WHO - UMC causality scale. The severity of each ADR was assessed using Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale.Results: Total 120 cases were reported over 12 months. Among them, 66% were in males and 55% were in females. The majority of ADRs were due to antimicrobial agents (40.78%) followed by haematinics (12%) and anti-epileptics (10%). Maximum number of patients (30.25%) reported with dermatological manifestations. Highest number of ADRs was reported from the department of medicine (45%). As per Naranjo’s scale, 54% reports were assessed as probable and 46% classified as possible. Majority of cases were mild to moderate in severity.Conclusions: The pattern of ADRs reported in our hospital is similar with the pattern of studies conducted in other hospitals elsewhere. This study provides a database of ADRs due to commonly used drugs in our hospital, which will help clinicians for their optimum and safe use. Hence effective pharmacovigilance is required for the use of these drugs and their safety assessment.
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Luo, Chang, e Xiangyi Li. "Assessment of Ecosystem Service Supply, Demand, and Balance of Urban Green Spaces in a Typical Mountainous City: A Case Study on Chongqing, China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 20 (19 de outubro de 2021): 11002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182011002.
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Objective measurement of the supply–demand of ecosystem services (ESs) has received increasing attention from recent studies. It reflects the relationship between green spaces and human society. However, these studies rarely assess the mountainous cities. To fill this gap, this study takes a typical mountainous city as a research case to reveal the supply–demand relationship of ecosystem services, then development and management strategies are proposed for different districts according to their spatial differentiation characteristics. Results shows that: (1) there are differences of ESs supply between each district, and supply from Banan District is significantly higher than others. (2) The demands for ES also vary widely, which are higher in the core urban areas. (3) There are different degrees of imbalance between supply and demand in each district. We classified green spaces into four types based on their supply–demand characteristics, and optimization strategies are proposed. We found that most of the districts are lack of ES supply while there is a relatively high demand for ES in Chongqing, and the balance of supply and demand between different districts varies greatly. Our study indicates that targeted urban green spaces strategies for different districts must be considered to adequately optimize ES in mountainous cities.
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Maubach, Franka. "Świadek historii. Swobodne wspominanie a krytyka źródła historycznego – o ambiwalencji metody w zachodnioniemieckiej oral history około roku 1980". Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej 3 (30 de outubro de 2013): 39–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26774/wrhm.41.
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Only recently has the contemporary witness become the subject of academic study. The emerging scholarship views this figure as belonging to a specific historical period, namely the post-Holocaust era. Today, the narrations of the contemporary witness are commonly understood as constructs, as stories developed synchronously in the course of the interview. The article takes a closer look at the formative period of the German Oral History studies around 1980, a field deeply informed by post-dictatorial sensibilities. It locates the figure of the contemporary witness, the interviewer and the interview methods employed within the historical context in which they emerged. Moreover, if we consider other Oral History approaches developed elsewhere and compare the German approach to Fritz Schütze’s narrative interview method for the social sciences, it can be identified as a genuinely historical, diachronically operating approach.
By letting the interviewees talk about their memories uninterrupted, they were encouraged to reflect on their lives as a whole. A the same time, pioneers of the field such as Lutz Niethammer and Alexander von Plato developed ways to verify the narrations’ plausibility and thus to evaluate the reliability of the interview as istorical source. This combination of empathy and skepticism, of unconditional interest in a person’s full life-story and its critical verification became the hallmark of German Oral history Studies, not least because emerged in a post-dictatorial society. Rather than studying memories as mere constructions of the past, they developed a methodology aimed at enabling historians to get access to the actual past experiences which they believed are contained in the retrospective testimonies of individual human beings.
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Barba, Lida, e Nibaldo Rodríguez. "Hybrid Models Based on Singular Values and Autoregressive Methods for Multistep Ahead Forecasting of Traffic Accidents". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2030647.
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The traffic accidents occurrence urges the intervention of researchers and society; the human losses and material damage could be abated with scientific studies focused on supporting prevention plans. In this paper prediction strategies based on singular values and autoregressive models are evaluated for multistep ahead traffic accidents forecasting. Three time series of injured people in traffic accidents collected in Santiago de Chile from 2000:1 to 2014:12 were used, which were previously classified by causes related to the behavior of drivers, passengers, or pedestrians and causes not related to the behavior as road deficiencies, mechanical failures, and undetermined causes. A simplified form of Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), combined with the autoregressive linear (AR) method, and a conventional Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are proposed. Additionally, equivalent models that combine Hankel Singular Value Decomposition (HSVD), AR, and ANN are evaluated. The comparative analysis shows that the hybrid models SSA-AR and SSA-ANN reach the highest accuracy with an averageMAPEof 1.5% and 1.9%, respectively, from 1- to 14-step ahead prediction. However, it was discovered that HSVD-AR shows a higher accuracy in the farthest horizons, from 12- to 14-step ahead prediction, which reaches an averageMAPEof 2.2%.
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Andriyani, Noni, e Wilda Srihastuty Handayani Piliang. "Kritik Sastra Ekologis terhadap Novel-novel Terbaru Indonesia". GERAM 7, n.º 1 (20 de junho de 2019): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/geram.2019.vol7(1).2877.
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Environmental literary works appear as a form of literary sensitivity to society and the environment which has specific environmental tendencies. Studies using the theory of ecological literature began in around 2008 and above with a very limited number. Therefore, the development of studies of literary works with this theory is very necessary. The creation of public opinion about the importance of protecting the environment to reduce the impact of global warming is very necessary. Later, through several novels, authors have done it. However, not all messages in the novel are clearly conveyed so that they still need ecological literary criticism to understand them. Based on this, the problem raised in this study is "What is the ecological literary criticism of Indonesia's latest novels?". Data collection and data analysis is done by descriptive and content analysis methods. Data are classified and analyzed with ecological literary concepts according to Garrard including (1) pollution; (2) wilderness; (3) disaster; (4) housing / residence; (5) animals; and (6) earth. The research findings and discussion show that Indonesia's latest novels are friendly with their environment, want to describe as much detail as possible about the universe, worship nature, and are always interested in natural changes. Ecological literary concepts are contained in Indonesia's latest novels to describe the natural situation as well as to criticize human treatment of nature. Indonesia's latest novels teach that an attitude of compassion for nature gives rise to desire and behavior to protect and preserve nature as well as possible.
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Fabiano, Verónica, Pablo Mandó, Manglio Rizzo, Carolina Ponce, Federico Coló, Martín Loza, Jose Loza et al. "Breast Cancer in Young Women Presents With More Aggressive Pathologic Characteristics: Retrospective Analysis From an Argentine National Database". JCO Global Oncology, n.º 6 (setembro de 2020): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00228.
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PURPOSE Multiple studies have reported that breast cancer in young patients is associated with aggressive characteristics, and it is suggested that prognosis is worse independently of pathologic variables. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of the Breast Cancer Registry of the Argentinian Society of Mastology, including public and private centers. Patients ≤ 40 years of age at diagnosis were classified as “young,” and patients ≤ 35 years of age at diagnosis were classified as “very young.” Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to detect differences between groups. RESULTS Patients ≤ 40 years of age comprised 10.40% (739/7,105) of the participants, with an average age of 35.61 ± 4.04 years. Multivariate analysis showed that human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive tumor phenotype (odds ratio [OR], 1.82), nodal involvement (OR, 1.69), histologic grade (grade 3 OR, 1.41), and tumor size (T2 OR, 1.37; T3-T4, 1.47) were independently associated with younger age at diagnosis. Patients ≤ 35 years of age (n = 286), compared with patients 36 to 40 years of age, had a higher proportion of HER2 tumors (24.58% v 16.94%; P = .021), absence of progesterone receptor expression (29.85% v 22.95%; P = .043), and stage 3 cancer (29.34% v 18.52%; P < .001). Fewer breast-conserving surgeries (75.37% v 62.89%; P < .001) and more adjuvant chemotherapy (59.04% v 36.66%; P < 0.001) were reported in patients ≤ 40 years of age. CONCLUSION In the population studied, breast cancer in young women was associated with aggressive pathologic features and locally advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Moreover, tumor characteristics in very young patients with breast cancer nested in the population ≤ 40 years of age showed differences in important prognostic factors. More high-quality evidence is needed to improve treatment strategies in these patients.
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Tozatto-Maio, Karina, Margareth Afonso Torres, Neifi Hassan Saloum Degaide, Juliana Fernandes Cardoso, Fernanda Volt, Ana Cristina Silva Pinto, Danielli Oliveira et al. "Human Leukocyte Antigen Matched Unrelated Donors for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease According to Geographic Origin: Results of International Donor Searches". Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13 de novembro de 2019): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-124592.
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Background: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the only available curative therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD), remains hampered by the lack of histocompatible stem cell donors. Most patients will not have a suitable human leukocyte antigen(HLA) matched sibling donor. In addition, SCD affects ethnic groups that are underrepresented in stem cell donor registries worldwide. Objective: to assess the probability of having a potential allelic HLA matched unrelated donor(MUD) for HLA-A,B and DRB1 loci (6/6) in international donor registries for patients with SCD. Methods: 185 patients with SCD were included, 116 from Brazil, of whom 23 underwent HSCT, and 69 patients who underwent HSCT in centers reporting to the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). All patients had HLA typing available at intermediate or high resolution. For intermediate resolution, using the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) code, we assigned alleles based on allele frequencies.We performed HLA haplotype estimation using the HaploStats website, which describes HLA haplotype frequency from the NMDP registry for the following ethnic groups: Caucasian, African-American, Asian, Hispanic and Native American. Because Hispanic is not a primary ethnicity, we did not consider this group in our analyses. Based on haplotype frequency of each ethnic group, we defined the most likely ethnicity for each estimated haplotype; those with frequency >1:1000 in all ethnic groups were named common. Unrelated donor search was done using the World Marrow Donor Association (WMDA) algorithm, which is based on haplotype matching. A potential allelic donor was defined as a full match high resolution 6/6 donor. Because it is described that testing at least 5 potential allelic donors simultaneously increases the chances of having a real donor, we assessed the probability of finding at least 1 and at least 5 potential allelic donors. Patients who received HSCT from MUD were excluded from donor searches (n=10).Comparisons of probabilities of having potential allelic donors between Brazilian and EBMT cohorts were performed by chi-square. Results: In the Brazilian cohort, from 181 HLA haplotypes, 45% were classified as African-American, 18% common, 12% Caucasian, 9% Amerindian and 16% could not be classified. In the EBMT cohort, from 116 HLA haplotypes, 70% were classified as African-American, 8% common, 6% Caucasian, 3% Amerindian and 13% were not classified. Although Brazilians showed greater genetic admixture, chances of finding at least one potential allelic MUD were 47% in both groups (p-value not significant) and chances of having at least 5 potential allelic MUD were 24% for Brazilians and 15% for EBMT (p-value not significant). Overall, most potential allelic MUD were found in the NMDP registry, followed by the Brazilian registry (REDOME) and by the German registry (ZKMD); for the Brazilian cohort, most potential allelic MUD were found in REDOME. Discussion: Migration from Africa to Brazil started at the colonial period, and interethnic admixture have been occurring since then, explaining the higher diversity observed in the Brazilian cohort. Despite differences in ethnic composition, chances of having at least one potential allelic MUD are identical, probably because carrying at least one African or Amerindian haplotype decreases the chances of a full HLA matching. Although we demonstrated higher probabilities of finding a potential allelic MUD in SCD than previous studies, the chances are still low, therefore further strategies are required to increase donor representativeness for SCD. In this setting, alternative sources, such as haploidentical HSCT and cord blood, should be considered. Also, our study might help to predict the probabilities of finding a MUD for patients with SCD. This is important because given that HSCT in SCD has better results if performed at earlier age, knowing which patients are less likely to find a MUD might influence therapy management. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Withanage, Sohani Vihanga, e Komal Habib. "Life Cycle Assessment and Material Flow Analysis: Two Under-Utilized Tools for Informing E-Waste Management". Sustainability 13, n.º 14 (16 de julho de 2021): 7939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147939.
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The unprecedented technological development and economic growth over the past two decades has resulted in streams of rapidly growing electronic waste (e-waste) around the world. As the potential source of secondary raw materials including precious and critical materials, e-waste has recently gained significant attention across the board, ranging from governments and industry, to academia and civil society organizations. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the last decade of e-waste literature followed by an in-depth analysis of the application of material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA), i.e., two less commonly used strategic tools to guide the relevant stakeholders in efficient management of e-waste. Through a keyword search on two main online search databases, Scopus and Web of Science, 1835 peer-reviewed publications were selected and subjected to a bibliographic network analysis to identify and visualize major research themes across the selected literature. The selected 1835 studies were classified into ten different categories based on research area, such as environmental and human health impacts, recycling and recovery technologies, associated social aspects, etc. With this selected literature in mind, the review process revealed the two least explored research areas over the past decade: MFA and LCA with 33 and 31 studies, respectively. A further in-depth analysis was conducted for these two areas regarding their application to various systems with numerous scopes and different stages of e-waste life cycle. The study provides a detailed discussion regarding their applicability, and highlights challenges and opportunities for further research.
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Purushotham, G., e Joel Hemanth. "Effect of Weight Percentage on Mechanical Properties of Fused Silica Particulate Reinforced Nickel Alloy (M 35-1) Composite, with Influence of Chills". Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (julho de 2014): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.245.
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History is often marked by the materials and technology that reflect human capability and understanding. Many a times scales begins with the stone age, which led to the bronze, iron, steel, aluminium and alloy ages as improvements in refining, smelting took place. Science made all these possible to move towards finding more advanced materials.Therefore in the present research work, an investigation has been carried out to fabricate and evaluate the microstructure, strength, micro hardness of chilled composites consisting of nickel matrix and fused SiO2particles as the reinforcement (size 40-150 μm) in the matrix. The reinforcement being added ranges from 3 to 9 wt. % in steps of 3%. The resulting composites cast in moulds containing metallic chill blocks (MS, SiC & Cu) were tested for their microstructure and mechanical properties. The main objective of the present research is to obtain fine grain Ni/SiO2chilled sound composite having very good mechanical properties. A detail of melting and composite preparation is described elsewhere by number of researchers. After melting the matrix material in an induction furnace at around 1600 °C in an inert atmosphere, coated fused SiO2particles preheated to 500 °C were introduced evenly into the molten metal alloy by means of special feeding attachments. The moulds for the plate type of castings 150*20*20 mm (American Foundrymen Society standard) were prepared using silica sand with 5% bentonite as binder and 5% moisture and finally they were dried in an air furnace at a temperature of 1580 °C, which was cooled from one end by a chill block set in the mould. After solidification the specimens of chill end were tested for various mechanical and microstructural studies. Keywords: Metal matrix composite, Mechanical properties, Nickel alloy, Fused silica, Chills.
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Fei, Na, Candice Choo-Kang, Sirimon Reutrakul, Stephanie J. Crowley, Dale Rae, Kweku Bedu-Addo, Jacob Plange-Rhule et al. "Gut microbiota alterations in response to sleep length among African-origin adults". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 9 (8 de setembro de 2021): e0255323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255323.
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Sleep disorders are increasingly being characterized in modern society as contributing to a host of serious medical problems, including obesity and metabolic syndrome. Changes to the microbial community in the human gut have been reportedly associated with many of these cardiometabolic outcomes. In this study, we investigated the impact of sleep length on the gut microbiota in a large cohort of 655 participants of African descent, aged 25–45, from Ghana, South Africa (SA), Jamaica, and the United States (US). The sleep duration was self-reported via a questionnaire. Participants were classified into 3 sleep groups: short (<7hrs), normal (7-<9hrs), and long (≥9hrs). Forty-seven percent of US participants were classified as short sleepers and 88% of SA participants as long sleepers. Gut microbial composition analysis (16S rRNA gene sequencing) revealed that bacterial alpha diversity negatively correlated with sleep length (p<0.05). Furthermore, sleep length significantly contributed to the inter-individual beta diversity dissimilarity in gut microbial composition (p<0.01). Participants with both short and long-sleep durations exhibited significantly higher abundances of several taxonomic features, compared to normal sleep duration participants. The predicted relative proportion of two genes involved in the butyrate synthesis via lysine pathway were enriched in short sleep duration participants. Finally, co-occurrence relationships revealed by network analysis showed unique interactions among the short, normal and long duration sleepers. These results suggest that sleep length in humans may alter gut microbiota by driving population shifts of the whole microbiota and also specific changes in Exact Sequence Variants abundance, which may have implications for chronic inflammation associated diseases. The current findings suggest a possible relationship between disrupted sleep patterns and the composition of the gut microbiota. Prospective investigations in larger and more prolonged sleep researches and causally experimental studies are needed to confirm these findings, investigate the underlying mechanism and determine whether improving microbial homeostasis may buffer against sleep-related health decline in humans.
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Et. al., Suleiman Mohammed Saeed. "Socio-Economic Effects of HIV/AIDS on Households with People Living With HIV/AIDS in Northern Nigeria". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, n.º 3 (11 de abril de 2021): 5406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.2188.
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The purpose of this paper is to review the socio-economic effects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) on households with People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Northern Nigeria. The pandemic is devastating and constitutes a serious threat to the socio-economic development of infected, affected, and society at large. This study was qualitative in nature, thus it utilized in-depth interviews to pull together information from the 39 key informants as its method. It is observed that HIV/AIDS occurrence rate has led to poor health, loss of jobs, and a high rate of labour reduction in all sectors, and this has contributed to the tremendous decline of the economy. This study discovered that increased expenses of households with PLWHA on financing funerals, healthcare, and other medical expenditures with decreased investment. Children emerging as head of the households and tasks of caring for orphans are increasingly inconsistent with many other studies. The pandemic has been a serious threat to the social and economic interests and survival of the households with PLWHA and their members. Many lives are lost due to the pandemic. The worst affected group is young people in their productive ages and by implication affects the socio-economic development of PLWHA, their households, and society at large. Thus, households with PLWHA experience numerous forms of stigma and prejudice together with human rights abuse that is detrimental to the total well-being of PLWHA. The dimensions of the stigma can be classified as internalized, community, and social-based. The patterns of managing the challenges of HIV/AIDS-related stigma adopted from the experience of households with PLWHA adopted include isolation, non-disclosure, and loss of follow-up as well as migration. The paper suggested that the government should come up with policies that can take care and support the socio-economic activities of households with PLWHA and also need to introduce policies and procedures for the reduction of stigma and discrimination against households with PLWHA and its members living with the epidemic. Households with PLWHA need to be assisted with medication subsidies to reduce medical expenses and stress on the households’ capitals among other recommendations.
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Zhang, Lan, Liming Zhang e Changwei Huang. "Defectors in bad circumstances possessing higher reputation can promote cooperation". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 32, n.º 4 (abril de 2022): 043114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084901.
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In nature and human society, social relationships and behavior patterns are usually unpredictable. In any interaction, individuals will constantly have to deal with prior uncertainty. The concept of “reputation” can provide some information to mitigate such uncertainty. In previous studies, researchers have considered that only cooperators are able to maintain a high reputation; no matter the circumstances of a defector, they are classified as a faithless individual. In reality, however, some individuals will be forced to defect to protect themselves against exploitation. Therefore, it makes sense that defectors in bad circumstances could also obtain higher reputations, and cooperators can maintain higher reputations in comfortable circumstances. In this work, the reputations of individuals are calculated using the fraction of their neighbors who have the same strategy. In this way, some defectors in a population may obtain higher reputations than some cooperators. We introduce this reputation rule using heterogeneous investments in public goods games. Our numerical simulation results indicate that this reputation rule and heterogeneous investments can better stimulate cooperation. Additionally, stronger investment heterogeneity can further increase the level of cooperation. To explain this phenomenon, dynamical evolution is observed in Monte Carlo simulations. We also investigated the effects of the noise intensity of the irrational population and the original proportion of cooperation in the population. The robustness of this cooperation model was also considered with respect to the network structure and total investment, and we found that the conclusions remained the same.
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Yusa, I. Gede. "Identification And Analysis Of The Rights Of Indigenous Peoples In The Study Of Constitutional Law". Constitutional Review 2, n.º 1 (27 de agosto de 2016): 001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/consrev211.
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The Resolution of the UN General Assembly in 2000 has mandated to discuss indigenous issues related to economic and social development, culture, environment, education, health and human rights. In national law, the recognition of the existence of traditional people with customary rights can be found in Article 18 B paragraph (2) and Article 28 paragraph (3) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia of 1945. This study discusses the rights that grow and thrive in indigenous communities in Bali which are associated with the life of society and state. Also the responsiveness or recognition of Indonesia to the presence of the state constitution means the rights of indigenous peoples has grown and developed in Bali and empowerment efforts need to be done for the rights of indigenous peoples has grown and developed in Bali to be able to be a force in the life of society and state. Studies on the identification of the rights of the traditional lifestyle that are recognized in the community as well as prospective empowered in the state of life in Indonesia can be classified as a normative legal research conducted on the relevant legal materials. Legal materials and supporting information that has been gathered up with regard to research on the identification and analysis of the rights of traditional communities in Indonesian Studies State Laws (A Study of Traditional Balinese Community) Firstly the description and interpretation was carried out, or interpretation of the normative propositions found to be further systematized in accordance with discussion on the subject matter of this study. The results of this analysis are three techniques to evaluate and analyze its content according to the given arguments and conclusions of law to get a top issue in this study. States have an obligation to give recognition to indigenous peoples based on the constitution. Responsiveness or the constitutional recognition of the existence of the rights of indigenous peoples has grown and developed in Bali are envisaged in the constitution, namely Article 18B paragraph (2) and Article 28 paragraph (3) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia of 1945. The constitutional mandate must be obeyed by state officials to regulate the recognition and respect for indigenous peoples in some form of legislation. While the empowerment of local people has been recognized by constitution, yet much remain to be done. The rights of indigenous peoples which has grown and developed in Bali should be legally enforced in the life of society and state.
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Hartono, Imam Budi, Lin Yola e Chotib Chotib. "ANOMALY OF LOW SPREAD OF COVID-19 IN SLUM SETTLEMENTS OF DEPOK VILLAGE". Sosiohumaniora 24, n.º 1 (6 de março de 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v24i1.37841.
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Two residents of Depok City, West Java, were confirmed as the first Covid-19 patients in Indonesia on March 2, 2020. This global pandemic has wreaked havoc on many facets of human life, especially slum environment in Depok City. Slum settlements are associated with dense populations, small streets, and disorganized housing structures, and all of which contribute to the high spread of Covid-19. In Depok Village, which is classified as a slum settlement, the number of Covid-19 case is lower than in Mekarsari Village, which is neither slum nor tend to be luxury. This study uses qualitative methods and research sources are from field observations and comparisons with previous studies which are contradictory. The theory used as a guide for this writing is Ekistics, Doxiadis. According to the findings of this study, the low number of COVID-19 cases in slum settlements can be reduced, one of the factors is the impact of improved environmental infrastructure. The Covid-19 Alert Village performance, the social community and public health also play critical roles in assisting people in their efforts to avoid the spread of Covid-19. The active participation of all members of society is the most important factor in preventing Covid-19 spread and transmission. The findings of this case study are not intended to generalize the phenomena that occur in the community, but this is an effort to evaluate and introspect on programs and policies that will be, are being, and have been performed by the local government in collaboration with the community.
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Willems, Thomas, Maarten L. De Mol, Aleksandar De Bruycker, Sofie L. De Maeseneire e Wim K. Soetaert. "Alkaloids from Marine Fungi: Promising Antimicrobials". Antibiotics 9, n.º 6 (18 de junho de 2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060340.
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Resistance of pathogenic microorganisms against antimicrobials is a major threat to contemporary human society. It necessitates a perpetual influx of novel antimicrobial compounds. More specifically, Gram− pathogens emerged as the most exigent danger. In our continuing quest to search for novel antimicrobial molecules, alkaloids from marine fungi show great promise. However, current reports of such newly discovered alkaloids are often limited to cytotoxicity studies and, moreover, neglect to discuss the enigma of their biosynthesis. Yet, the latter is often a prerequisite to make them available through sufficiently efficient processes. This review aims to summarize novel alkaloids with promising antimicrobial properties discovered in the past five years and produced by marine fungi. Several discovery strategies are summarized, and knowledge gaps in biochemical production routes are identified. Finally, links between the structure of the newly discovered molecules and their activity are proposed. Since 2015, a total of 35 new antimicrobial alkaloids from marine fungi were identified, of which 22 showed an antibacterial activity against Gram− microorganisms. Eight of them can be classified as narrow-spectrum Gram− antibiotics. Despite this promising ratio of novel alkaloids active against Gram− microorganisms, the number of newly discovered antimicrobial alkaloids is low, due to the narrow spectrum of discovery protocols that are used and the fact that antimicrobial properties of newly discovered alkaloids are barely characterized. Alternatives are proposed in this review. In conclusion, this review summarizes novel findings on antimicrobial alkaloids from marine fungi, shows their potential as promising therapeutic candidates, and hints on how to further improve this potential.
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Ditrich, Tamara. "The Ethical Foundations of Buddhist Cognitive Models". Asian Studies 10, n.º 1 (19 de janeiro de 2022): 371–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2022.10.1.371-398.
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While issues related to greed and fear are ubiquitous in everyday life, they become particularly evident in crises such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, when societal responses are frequently based on either fear of the disease or craving for the reestablishment of pre-pandemic “normal” life. In this context, a question can be posed whether it is possible to approach and understand these phenomena in other ways, and consequently respond in a different manner. In search for alternative approaches to the problem of human greed and fear, this article investigates their conceptualisations from the perspective of the Theravāda Abhidhamma, an important formulation of ancient Indian Buddhist philosophy. The Abhidhamma analyses and expounds the processes of cognition, using a multivalent and complex structure, comprised of interrelated and interdependent components (dhamma), which are involved in the ever-changing flow of mental and physical phenomena. This article proposes that the entirety of the structural cognitive model of the Abhidhamma is founded on, and permeated by ethics. The components involved in cognitive processes are classified in three ways, as ethical, unethical, or indeterminate; greed and fear are presented as components of unethical mental states, which in turn may lead to actions that are harmful to oneself and society. This Abhidhammic analysis of cognition provides a model, in which a different conceptualisation of greed and fear is presented; it identifies those components and conditions for cognition which allow for an ethical (kusala) stance and consequently ethical actions. The article thus propounds that the knowledge of cognitive models of ancient India can be relevant to the search for new approaches to contemporary ethical challenges, and may contribute to a different understanding of, and responses to, greed and fear.
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Zidane, Youcef J. T., e Bjorn Andersen. "The top 10 universal delay factors in construction projects". International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 11, n.º 3 (2 de julho de 2018): 650–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-05-2017-0052.
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Purpose Projects often face delays and unnecessary use of time due to various factors and reasons, and hence suffer from unfavourable consequences. The purpose of this paper is to identify the universal delay factors from an intensive literature review, complemented by delay factors in major Norwegian construction projects based on empirical data. Design/methodology/approach The study in which this paper is based includes an intensive literature review, and semi-quantitative open survey questionnaires. This paper addresses frequency and type of delay factors in construction projects, in Norway based on the survey, and worldwide based on the previous studies. Findings From the study, the causes of delays facing the Norwegian construction industry are: poor planning and scheduling; slow/poor decision-making process; internal administrative procedures and bureaucracy within project organisations; resources shortage (human resources, machinery, equipment); poor communication and coordination between parties; slow quality inspection process of the completed work; design changes during construction/change orders; sponsor/owner/client lack of commitment and/or clear demands (goals and objectives); late/slow/incomplete/improper design; office issues; and users’ issues. And the top 10 universal delay factors are: design changes during construction/change orders; delays in payment of contractor(s); poor planning and scheduling; poor site management and supervision; incomplete or improper design; inadequate contractor experience/building methods and approaches; contractor’s financial difficulties; sponsor/owner/client’s financial difficulties; resources shortage (human resources, machinery, equipment); and poor labour productivity and shortage of skills. Research limitations/implications When it comes to the identification of delay factors in major Norwegian projects, the research is based on a sample of 202 respondents from an open survey questionnaire. It should be noted that analysing a large population of respondents that have been asked open questions can be challenging due to the vague findings it might lead to. Also, when it comes to the identification of the universal delay factors, there were different methods used by different authors, within different context. Similar future studies in Norway based on qualitative and quantitative methods will give better verification for the findings. Practical implications This paper has documented the critical delay factors/causes in Norway. The results of this study will help project managers, in Norway and elsewhere, to be aware and know about the potential causes of delay in their construction projects, which will help to identify the possible risks in the early phases of the project. Another practical implication is to make project managers and policy makers conscious that delays are quite universal, making it necessary to identify them as a first step. Social implications The identification of delays factors and causes can permit projects to implement mitigation actions to avoid delays, thus allowing delivering schools, hospitals and other necessary infrastructure on schedule or ahead of schedule to society. Originality/value This paper highlights most (almost all) of the studies in the literature, including to the study done in Norway, concerning the delay factors in construction projects and large construction projects in general. This wide review of relevant literature will save time other academicians from having to conduct similar studies. This study will assist both academic and professional experts providing more insight about the delay causes in large-scale construction projects.
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Anohina, Victoria V. "Transdisciplinary Status of the Ecological Modernization Theory and Its Role in the Development of Environmental Paradigm". Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 64, n.º 5 (1 de novembro de 2021): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2021-64-5-112-127.
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The article examines the specificity of transdisciplinary orientations in modern scientific knowledge and reveals the multidimensionality of transdisciplinarity as a phenomenon of post-nonclassical science. Since transdisciplinarity is largely formed as a response to the challenge of increasing complexity and uncertainty of the future transformations in the “nature – man – society” system, the most appropriate area of transdisciplinary research today is environmental knowledge. In the example of the Ecological Modernization Theory (EMT), we investigate the interdisciplinary structure and transdisciplinary status of contemporary social ecology. The aim of the article is to analyze the various modes of transdisciplinarity in the structure of the ecological modernization theory and to identify its role in the dynamics of modern environmentalism. The epistemological status of EMT is explicated through philosophical and methodological reflection on the alternative discourses of sustainability as well as by using the principles of a systematic approach, methods of comparative analysis and semantic interpretation. The idea of sustainable development and the values of environmentalism are considered important factors in the formation of concepts and categories of this theory, its initial postulates and principles. The article substantiates the synthetic character of this theory, which meets the requirements of the post-non-classical type of scientific rationality. A conclusion is substantiated that EMT can be classified as a post-normal science. As a result of the analysis, it is argued that environmental philosophy has a special understanding of the goals of social development, principles of justice, social harmony, and human well-being. The reinterpretation of these concepts is a basis for adoption of novel theoretical schemes and methodological orientations in the system of modern socio-environmental studies.
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P. Fry, Douglas, e Patrik Söderberg. "Myths about hunter-gatherers redux: nomadic forager war and peace". Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 6, n.º 4 (7 de outubro de 2014): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-06-2014-0127.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critique several studies that claim to show that nomadic foragers engage in high levels of inter-group aggression. This is done through exploring four myths: nomadic foragers are warlike; there was a high rate of war mortality in the Pleistocene; the nomadic forager data support the “chimpanzee model” of lethal raiding psychology; and contact and state influence inevitably decrease aggression in nomadic forager societies. Design/methodology/approach – Using exact criteria, a sample of 21 nomadic forager societies is derived from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. This sampling method minimizes the chance of sampling bias, a shortcoming that has plagued previous studies. Only the highest quality ethnographic data, those classified as Primary Authority Sources, are used, which results in data on 148 cases of lethal aggression. The specifics of the lethal aggression cases are then discussed vis-à-vis the four myths to demonstrate the disjuncture between the data and the myths. Findings – All four myths are found to be out of step with actual data on nomadic forager war and peace. Overall, the default interaction pattern of nomadic foragers is to get along with neighbors rather than make war against them. The findings contradict both assertions that there was a high level of war mortality among nomadic foragers of the Pleistocene and the chimpanzee model's proposal that human males have a tendency or predisposition to form coalitions and make lethal attacks on members of neighboring groups. Research limitations/implications – Consideration of nomadic forager war and peace should be contextualized in terms of social organization, contact history (including ethnocide, displacement, and other factors), and the current situation faced by extant forager populations. As in other contexts, the introduction of alcohol at contact or subsequently has increased nomadic forager aggression. Practical implications – Propositions as to the aggressiveness of nomadic foragers should be viewed with skepticism because they are contradicted by data and a contextual view of nomadic forager social organization and ethnohistory. Social implications – The debate over nomadic forager war and peace is connected to larger debates in modern society about the nature of human nature and has real-world implications regarding foreign policy and political approaches toward war and peace. Originality/value – A critique of sampling, methodology, and theory is provided in this area.
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Gao, Shuqing, Lingnan He, Yue Chen, Dan Li e Kaisheng Lai. "Public Perception of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Care: Content Analysis of Social Media". Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, n.º 7 (13 de julho de 2020): e16649. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16649.
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Background High-quality medical resources are in high demand worldwide, and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical care may help alleviate the crisis related to this shortage. The development of the medical AI industry depends to a certain extent on whether industry experts have a comprehensive understanding of the public’s views on medical AI. Currently, the opinions of the general public on this matter remain unclear. Objective The purpose of this study is to explore the public perception of AI in medical care through a content analysis of social media data, including specific topics that the public is concerned about; public attitudes toward AI in medical care and the reasons for them; and public opinion on whether AI can replace human doctors. Methods Through an application programming interface, we collected a data set from the Sina Weibo platform comprising more than 16 million users throughout China by crawling all public posts from January to December 2017. Based on this data set, we identified 2315 posts related to AI in medical care and classified them through content analysis. Results Among the 2315 identified posts, we found three types of AI topics discussed on the platform: (1) technology and application (n=987, 42.63%), (2) industry development (n=706, 30.50%), and (3) impact on society (n=622, 26.87%). Out of 956 posts where public attitudes were expressed, 59.4% (n=568), 34.4% (n=329), and 6.2% (n=59) of the posts expressed positive, neutral, and negative attitudes, respectively. The immaturity of AI technology (27/59, 46%) and a distrust of related companies (n=15, 25%) were the two main reasons for the negative attitudes. Across 200 posts that mentioned public attitudes toward replacing human doctors with AI, 47.5% (n=95) and 32.5% (n=65) of the posts expressed that AI would completely or partially replace human doctors, respectively. In comparison, 20.0% (n=40) of the posts expressed that AI would not replace human doctors. Conclusions Our findings indicate that people are most concerned about AI technology and applications. Generally, the majority of people held positive attitudes and believed that AI doctors would completely or partially replace human ones. Compared with previous studies on medical doctors, the general public has a more positive attitude toward medical AI. Lack of trust in AI and the absence of the humanistic care factor are essential reasons why some people still have a negative attitude toward medical AI. We suggest that practitioners may need to pay more attention to promoting the credibility of technology companies and meeting patients’ emotional needs instead of focusing merely on technical issues.
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Jevtić, Branislav. "Predrag Manojlović: National mission of a sports visionary: Contribution to management of Olympic development". Fizicka kultura 75, n.º 1 (2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fizkul2101007j.
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In the period from 2001 to 2009, a conscious effort was taken in Serbia on many occasions aimed at determining the ways of development of as many factors of the national sports system (NSS) and its associated environment as possible. The term "national mission of a sports visionary" in the title of this editorial indicates that the changes occurred thanks to the individual person. Using ex-post consideration of available material and through inductive reasoning, while striving to realize the vision of Predrag Manojlović, a scholar of progress and development in this field, the paper aimed at reaching conclusions about the professional and scientific foundation of changes in the NSS and the National Olympic Committee (NOC). In order to avoid a subjective approach to inferencing, the analyzed documents were compared with the results presented in periodicals of the same period in terms of their meaning, terminology, timeliness, action plans, etc. The results of this qualitative analysis should also be understood as a contribution to Olympic studies, namely to the subfield of thereof - Management of Olympic Development. While reflecting on Manojlović's work, numerous examples of good practice models have been identified, which, through analysis of their wider meaning, have been classified into clusters of an innovative approach to sports organization and management: (1) NOC and its development, (2) an Athlete, (3) NSS and its development, (4) Sports coach, (5) Sponsors and donors, (6) the Republic of Serbia, (7) the Society of the Republic of Serbia, (8) Human resources for sports of the 21st century, (9) Multisport competitions, (10) Olympic studies and competencies of a leader of Olympic development, (11) International cooperation and the agenda of sports developments in Europe. The singularity of Manojlović, as a leader, stems from his open-mindedness. As a leader of Olympic development, his qualities were especially spirituality, morality, education, intelligence, comradery. He was dedicated to his task and aspired for achieving excellence, he was also brave, innovative, resolute, fair, discerning, reasonable, and principled. In the area of his work, Predrag Manojlović was ''Aretes'' - a true Olympian, an exceptional man, and his achievements in the field of sports stand out in many ways.
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Belaganahalli, M., S. Maan e P. P. C. Mertens. "Caractérisation génétique des virus Tilligerry et Mitchell River". Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, n.º 2-4 (1 de fevereiro de 2009): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10060.
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Viruses that are normally safely contained within their host species can emerge due to intense livestock farming, trade, travel, climate change and encroachment of human activities into new environments. The unexpected emergence of bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype species of the genus Orbivirus, in economically important livestock species (sheep and cattle) across the whole of Europe (since 1998), indicates that other orbiviruses represent a potential further threat to animal and human populations in Europe and elsewhere. The genus Orbivirus is the largest within the family Reoviridae, containing 22 virus species, as well as 14 unclassified orbiviruses, some of which may represent additional or novel species. The orbiviruses are transmitted primarily by arthropod vectors (e.g. Culicoides, mosquitoes or ticks). Viral genome sequence data provide a basis for virus taxonomy and diagnostic test development, and make it possible to address fundamental questions concerning virus biology, pathogenesis, virulence and evolution, that can be further explored in mutation and reverse genetics studies. Genome sequences also provide criteria for the classification of novel isolates within individual Orbivirus species, as well as the identification of different serotypes, topotypes, reassortants and even closely related but distinct virus lineages. Full-length genome characterization of Tilligerry virus (TILV), a member of the Eubenangee virus species, and Mitchell River virus (MRV), a member of the Warrego virus species, have revealed highly conserved 5’ and 3’ terminal hexanucleotide sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of orbivirus T2 ‘sub-core-shell’ protein sequences reinforce the hypothesis that this protein is an important evolutionary marker for these viruses. The T2 protein shows high levels of amino acid (AA) sequence identity (> 91%) within a single Orbivirus species / serogroup, which can be used for species identification. The T2-protein gene has therefore been given priority in sequencing studies. The T2 protein of TILV is closely related to that of Eubenangee virus (~91% identity), confirming that they are both members of the same Eubenangee virus species. Although TILV is reported to be related to BTV in serological assays, the TILV T2 protein shows only 68-70% AA identity to BTV. This supports its current classification within a different serogroup (Eubenangee). Warrego virus and MRV are currently classified as two distinct members (different serotypes) within the Warrego virus species. However, they show only about 79% AA identity in their T2 protein (based on partial sequences). It is therefore considered likely that they could be reclassified as members of distinct Orbivirus species. The taxonomic classification of MRV will be reviewed after generating full length sequences for the entire genomes of both viruses. The taxonomic status of each of these viruses will also be tested further by co-infections and attempts to create reassortants between them (only viruses belonging to the same species can reassort their genome segments). TILV and MRV are the first viruses from their respective serogroups / virus species to be genetically fully characterized, and will provide a basis for the further characterization / identification of additional viruses within each group / species. These data will assist in the development of specific diagnostic assays and potentially in control of emerging diseases. The sequences generated will also help to evaluate current diagnostic [reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)] tests for BTV, African horse sickness virus, epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus, etc., in silico, by identifying any possibility of cross reactivity.
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Miller, K. J. "Structural integrity—whose responsibility?" Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 217, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2003): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146442070321700102.
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Structural Integrity (SI) as a single distinct subject has now come of age. It has grown, sometimes painfully, through the activities of many different engineering and scientific disciplines, numerous professional institutions, separate industrial organizations, several university engineering departments and national and international societies. An accelerated impetus has been derived from severe engineering problems and accidents, some of which are briefly reviewed. In the UK and elsewhere the numerous but separate disciplines initially involved in SI have each made valuable contributions. Engineers and scientists attempted to solve practical problems, but without accurate knowledge of the applied stress levels. They were followed by metallurgists, who focused attention on a materials microstructure. Design engineers and manufacturers were unable to incorporate defects of the order of grain size, or less, into their calculations. All were eventually assisted by two important developments. First came the rapid advances in two-and three-dimensional finite element analyses of stress distributions in complex-shaped geometries, and second, the study of cracks by elastic and then elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. When combined, these computer-assisted developments focused attention on the all-important synergistic parameter a. En-route to this improved state of affairs several alternative approaches were investigated to quantify the SI of structures, components and materials, many of these alternatives effectively delaying progress for many years, at great cost. Although the UK has made numerous positive contributions to SI investigations, sometimes due to unfortunate although avoidable accidents, of which many recent incidents are well-documented, future pitfalls and false trails have to be avoided wherever and whenever possible. To achieve this, individual discipline approaches now need to be better integrated at national and international levels. The increasing complexity of engineering components and structures intended to work at higher temperatures, in more aggressive environments, and with greater efficiency, will demand a higher degree of synthesis of effort. Society will demand nothing less Failures due to inappropriate and/or incorrect SI assessments leading to increasing costs to the nation in terms of human, animal and plant life, environmental damage to land sea and air, disruption to societal activities, not to mention the associated Government-sourced budget losses, need to be dramatically reduced. By looking at some industry-university collaborations in SI studies, it is hoped that the issues raised in this lecture will help in plotting the way forward and answering the question ‘Structural Integrity-whose responsibility?’
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Pusposari, Luthfiya Fathi, Umamah Umamah e Chania Dwi. "PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT BERORIENTASI KEMANDIRIAN (STUDI PADA MASYARAKAT PESISIR KECAMATAN CAMPLONG KABUPATEN SAMPANG)". J-PIPS (Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial) 2, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jpips.v2i1.6838.
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<p>The aims of this study are (1) Describe the type of business and empowerment strategies are carried out on a group of craftsmen in the District of Camplong; (2) Describe efforts to achieve self-sufficiency in the economy in a group of craftsmen in the District of Camplong; and (3) Describe the obstacles faced in the community empowerment program to achieve economic independence in the group of craftsmen in the District of Camplong. This study used a qualitative approach various case studies. The collection of data are observation, interviews, and documentation. Data were analyzed by classified and reduction data, withdrawal the conclution. Results of this research show, First: Strategies undertaken MDW in community development programs in the District of Camplong includes 7 steps. The type of business of the group of which are: 1) Pastries An-Nur village Dharma in Camplong; 2). Mukenah Gallery 99 in Tambaan villages; 3). Crackers Taddan in Taddan village; 4). Pastry Taddan in Taddan village; 5). Haji cap Ala Arabia in Taddan village; 6). Batik Mandangin in village Mandangin Island; and 7). Shoes in sejati village; Second: The efforts made by MDW to achieve economic independence in the group of craftsmen in the District of Camplong are: 1). Assistance to craftsmen / auxiliaries; 2). Changing the mindset of the community of workers / laborers to be a creator of employment / self-employment; 3). Facilitate group of craftsmen with the help of venture capital in the form of raw materials in accordance with their respective efforts; 4). Providing training for members of groups of craftsmen organized by the government or universities; 5). Building a partnership with a modern market in Sampang; Third: Obstacles encountered in community development programs in the district Camplong are: 1). Mindset and attitude of traditional society; 2). Weak human resources and low work ethic; 3). Limited funding / capital; 4). Uncertified IRT and the limited marketing / network</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>independence and community empowerment</p>
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Lacroix, M., F. Donati e F. Varin. "Pharmacokinetics of Mivacurium Isomers and Their Metabolites in Healthy Volunteers after Intravenous Bolus Administration". Anesthesiology 86, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 1997): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199702000-00008.
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Background Previous studies report the pharmacokinetics of mivacurium isomers after an infusion using venous blood sampling. Although the extent of the mivacurium arterial-venous gradient is not known, the sampling site is likely to influence mivacurium pharmacokinetic parameters because the drug is rapidly metabolized as it traverses the circulation. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the pharmacokinetics of mivacurium isomers in healthy persons after intravenous bolus administration using intensive arterial blood sampling, and (2) to characterize the formation and elimination of mivacurium metabolites in human plasma. Methods Eight persons classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 or 2 who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery under balanced anesthesia received 0.15 mg/kg mivacurium chloride as an intravenous bolus. Arterial blood samples were collected every 10 s during the first 2 min and at frequent intervals for 4 h thereafter. Plasma concentrations of mivacurium isomers and their metabolites were determined by two stereoselective high-performance liquid chromatographic methods coupled with fluorometric detection and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters. Results Mean elimination half-lives of the trans-trans, cis-trans, and cis-cis isomers were 2.4, 2, and 28.5 min, respectively, with corresponding mean plasma clearances of 29.2, 45.7, and 6.7 ml.min 1.kg-1. The volumes of distribution at steady state of the trans-trans, cis-trans, and cis-cis isomers were 0.047, 0.054, and 0.189 l/kg, respectively. Plasma concentrations of monoester and alcohol metabolites peaked 25 s (median) after mivacurium injection, with half-lives in the range of 90 min, except for the cis alcohol metabolite, which was only negligibly and transiently formed. Conclusions Substantial hydrolysis of mivacurium isomers by cholinesterases was confirmed by the rapid appearance of mivacurium metabolites in plasma. The intensive arterial sampling proved to be critical for the trans-trans and cis-trans isomers because the area under the curve between 0 and 2 min accounted for 75% and 86% of the total, respectively.
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Oud, Manon S., Ludmila Volozonoka, Roos M. Smits, Lisenka E. L. M. Vissers, Liliana Ramos e Joris A. Veltman. "A systematic review and standardized clinical validity assessment of male infertility genes". Human Reproduction 34, n.º 5 (13 de março de 2019): 932–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez022.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Which genes are confidently linked to human monogenic male infertility? SUMMARY ANSWER Our systematic literature search and clinical validity assessment reveals that a total of 78 genes are currently confidently linked to 92 human male infertility phenotypes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The discovery of novel male infertility genes is rapidly accelerating with the availability of next-generating sequencing methods, but the quality of evidence for gene–disease relationships varies greatly. In order to improve genetic research, diagnostics and counseling, there is a need for an evidence-based overview of the currently known genes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We performed a systematic literature search and evidence assessment for all publications in Pubmed until December 2018 covering genetic causes of male infertility and/or defective male genitourinary development. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Two independent reviewers conducted the literature search and included papers on the monogenic causes of human male infertility and excluded papers on genetic association or risk factors, karyotype anomalies and/or copy number variations affecting multiple genes. Next, the quality and the extent of all evidence supporting selected genes was weighed by a standardized scoring method and used to determine the clinical validity of each gene–disease relationship as expressed by the following six categories: no evidence, limited, moderate, strong, definitive or unable to classify. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE From a total of 23 526 records, we included 1337 publications about monogenic causes of male infertility leading to a list of 521 gene–disease relationships. The clinical validity of these gene–disease relationships varied widely and ranged from definitive (n = 38) to strong (n = 22), moderate (n = 32), limited (n = 93) or no evidence (n = 160). A total of 176 gene–disease relationships could not be classified because our scoring method was not suitable. LARGE SCALE DATA Not applicable. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our literature search was limited to Pubmed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The comprehensive overview will aid researchers and clinicians in the field to establish gene lists for diagnostic screening using validated gene–disease criteria and help to identify gaps in our knowledge of male infertility. For future studies, the authors discuss the relevant and important international guidelines regarding research related to gene discovery and provide specific recommendations for the field of male infertility. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by a VICI grant from The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (918-15-667 to J.A.V.), the Royal Society, and Wolfson Foundation (WM160091 to J.A.V.) as well as an investigator award in science from the Wellcome Trust (209451 to J.A.V.). PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER None.
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Rodprayoon, Nachayapat. "Communication Via Self-disclosure Behavior of Micro-influencers on Social Media in Thailand". Modern Applied Science 14, n.º 2 (27 de janeiro de 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v14n2p49.
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Technology and human way of life have changed through eras and time, just like business operations that require marketing in order to develop to have their spaces in the consumers’ minds. It can be seen that with the time passes, marketing communication tools also change. Currently, it is unavoidable to rely on internet technology to help in the marketing process through the use marketing communication tools called “Marketing Communication”, done through social media. The website has created a model of society, allowing consumers to search for information on their own based on the direct experiences of those who have used that products, influential people in ideas or influencers, which play a huge role in the distribution of news and information. Therefore, various agencies/ organizations are persuading these influencers to participate in activities, organized to help. The influencer will publish information and create word-of-mouth online. As the importance of the behavior of the group of people that are classified as micro-influencers have increased rapidly, information dissemination through micro-influencers has become an important tool in communication that marketers rely on by using consumers to communicate with consumers. Therefore, there are studies of forms of identity disclosure, level of disclosure, social capital, and social support of self-disclosure behavior of individuals, who are micro-influencer. It is beneficial to entrepreneurs, including marketers to study about aforementioned topics in order to plan communication to consumers by choosing to use consumers as messengers in order to make that communication most effective. The research was conducted in-depth interviews with 30 micro-influencers on social media via Facebook, between 24-38 years old, with 500 - 10,000 followers. The research found that Social support is the main reason that micro-influencers have revealed themselves on social media via Facebook. Meanwhile, it is also a way to learn about self-disclosure forms on social networks of influential people at the micro level or micro-influencers on order to be used as a tool for marketing communication in the current marketing world, especially the form of marketing communication in Thailand through social media.
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Beaulieu, Emilie, Alex Zheng, Fahra Rajabali, Frances J. MacDougall e Ian Pike. "548 The Economics of Burn Injuries Among Children Aged 0–4 Years". Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (março de 2020): S114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.176.
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Abstract Introduction Children under the age of five years are particularly vulnerable to scalds and contact burns and have the highest rate of hospitalization and mortality from burns. Studies of costs associated with pediatric burns have included a limited number of patients and focused on inpatient and complication costs, limiting our understanding of the full economic burden of pediatric burns, including costs incurred through outpatient care and caregivers’ productivity loss. This study aimed to develop a societal costing model for burn injuries among children aged 0 to 4 years. Methods Children aged 0 to 4 years identified through the local Burn Registry with a burn injury between January 1, 2014 and March 15, 2018 were included in this study. Patients with inhalation injury, electrical, chemical and friction burns were excluded. An incidence-based cost-of-illness analysis with a human capital approach was used to quantify the cost of partial and full-thickness burns according to the percentage of total body surface area (%TBSA) involved. The cost of a burn injury was assessed from a societal perspective through the following cost categories: emergency department visits, inpatient, outpatient dressing changes, outpatient burnbaths, day surgeries, clinic visits and caregiver productivity losses. A list of resource items for each category were extracted from patient chart review, the local Burn Registry, and the local Hospital Finance Database, and assigned unit prices. Costs were discounted to a present value in 2017 dollars at 1.5% per annum. Results Burn injuries were observed for 342 children, of which 249 (73%) had their burn severity classified (%TBSA and partial/full thickness) and were included in this study. Burn severity categories (1–5%, 6–10%, 11–20%, and >20%) were developed based on the differential distribution of the costs allocated to each burn incident. The majority of children (60.8%) suffered from a 1–5% burn. A 1–5%, 6–10%, 11–20%, and >20% burn respectively cost an average of $2,229, $8,653, $13,663, and $98,634 to society. Costs incurred by the 1–5% burns were related mostly to emergency department visits and dressing changes, while costs incurred by the >20% were related mostly to inpatient and clinic visits (garments) costs. Conclusions This costing approach raises awareness about the important, yet preventable economic burden that pediatric burn injuries place on society. Applicability of Research to Practice This evidence may persuade policymakers and clinicians to invest in pediatric burns prevention programs in order to decrease pediatric burns costs allowing for the allocation of funds towards other clinical initiatives. This costing model may also facilitate cost-effectiveness analyses of burn prevention programs in the coming years.
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Toltay, F. "Protest Scenes in the Poetry of Muhammed Salih". Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 126, n.º 4 (15 de dezembro de 2022): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-4/2664-0686.10.
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This article examines the appearance of protest elements in the poetry of Muhammed Salih, an Uzbek poet, a representative of the «Metaphorist school» in Soviet Uzbek literature and the founder of protest and emigration poetry. In order to clarify this issue from all angles, the poet's protest poems were classified into two macrogroups: Soviet Union period (anti-Sovietism) and post-Soviet period protest (post-anti-Sovietism). The protest motif in the poet Salih's poetry can be noted as a new facet of the research work in the context of this article for the first time in the literature of Kazakhstan. In the first part of the article, the problem of nationalism (Turkism) and anti-Sovietism, which have become the main theme in M. Salih's work in the last forty years, was comprehensively analyzed. By using several literary methods, the characteristics of anti-Soviet protest, longing for independence and the achievement of sovereignty in the poet's poems were determined. The object and subject of the leitmotif «awakening» were studied in such poems as «Mother's Word», «Mouse in the Cage», «Awakening» written in this period. Focusing on the physics and metaphysics of the poems, the influence of the literature of the modernists before him was discussed. Special attention was paid to the beauty of allegory and metaphor in his poems and the peculiarity of writing, the meaning hidden in the surface of his poetry. The use of symbols and motifs characteristic of the classicist literature in the poet's poems was studied. In the second part of the article, the feature of protest poetry in the post-Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan was studied. On the basis of M. Salih's poetry, the expression of critical ideas and values such as independence, civil society, freedom of speech, and human rights were analyzed. The process of development of emigration literature in modern Uzbek literature was differentiated based on the poet's poems such as «Strange tree», «Love of the enemy of the people for the homeland», «Prayer of the exiled exile». The characteristics of Salih's poetic nature were comprehensively demonstrated. The influence of the poet's political and literary life in emigration was analyzed in a comparative and synergistic aspect. In M. Salih's protest poetry, the themes of Turkish unity and independence of Turkestan, which are of special importance, are partially connected with his nationalist (Turkish) poems. In the framework of such studies, an analytical forecast was made for the development of protest literature in modern Uzbek literature, the topics and issues raised, poetic power, and influence in the formation of civil society. The article focuses on the manifestations of protests during the Soviet Union and the post-Soviet period in M. Salih's works, and his poems are studied from several angles. His struggle for justice and his contribution to world knowledge were also taken into consideration.
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Stundžienė, Bronė. "The Folksong Narrative of the Family: Ritual Exposures and the Meaning of Shifting Contexts". Tautosakos darbai 51 (27 de junho de 2016): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2016.28888.
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The article aims at outlining the framework of the family narrative based on folksongs perceived as profound texts of the ritual culture. The interpretation supported by hermeneutic assumptions seeks to reveal the aspects of the family life that are important to the poetic folksong discourse, as well as to establish the grounds for the reconstruction of the family narrative. The interest for the historical family patterns and the search for their possible reflections in folksongs was encouraged by the contemporary crisis experienced by the family institution. The “reading” of the songs was not a literal one, but rather, to paraphrase Gadamer, similar to a hermeneutic investigation, guided by the expectation of the universal meaning deduced from the total of singularities. The better understanding of the historic development of the family, its shifting structures and purposes required deeper knowledge of the linguistic kinship terms characterized by the ancient Indo-European roots, and the familiarity with the family rituals inseparable from the customary law still valid in the 16th century. It also involved noting changes in these phenomena that in turn affected the shifting notion of the family. This historically based information enabled the author to decipher the rather widely scattered ambiguous family reflections in the folksongs in a sufficiently objective way. The available linguistic research of the origins and spread of the Lithuanian kinship terms prompted paying attention to the rather numerous and revealing indications preserved by folksongs, testifying to their living memory of the extended family structure existing in Lithuania several centuries ago. The subsequent probing of the ritual memory of the Lithuanian folksongs involved placing it against the increasingly broader theoretically reconstructed ritual pattern. Recent studies of the Slavic family culture enabled establishing numerous ritual parallels with the Lithuanian (and the Baltic) one, as reflected in the folksongs. Although priority of the family issues in the folksongs was evident even before, the deeper look into the family theme allowed determining the role of the marriage not only as the supreme transition point of the human life, but also as an important change of the social status, which in the ritual culture involved the whole family, kin and even broader society. Such situation lasted in Lithuania much longer than elsewhere in Europe, since even at the turn of the 19th century the essentially illiterate oral Lithuanian culture sanctioned transferring the relevant experiences by means of the repeated rituals. The current interpretation was somewhat hindered by the thick accumulation of the cultural contexts concentrated in the folksong discourse, and even more cluttered by reflections of their change. However, the analysis enabled concluding that for the old folksongs only one family theme was truly relevant, namely, the establishing of the new family, which involved crucially important extension of the proximity of blood by marrying offspring of two families and acquiring new members in turn related as in-laws. Actually, the difference between the blood and the in-law relationship is the main thing to deal with for the whole briefly surveyed folksong narrative of the family. So far, the author of the article pays more attention to the family organization based on the proximity of blood, selecting the relevant information from the dissemination of the wedding ritual in the folksongs. Therefore, this article essentially presents investigation of only one part of the folksong family narrative. Further, the process of integration into the in-law family and the relevant symbolic constellations await examination.