Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Structure nucléaire théorique"
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Gratchev, Ivan. "Étude expérimentale et théorique de la structure nucléaire des isotopes de sélénium riches en neutrons". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI078/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe present thesis manuscript includes the nuclear spectroscopy studies of 84−88Se. A more favourable fission reaction for their study is 235U(nth, f). The measurement was performed at the PF1B cold-neutron beam facility of the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble. The fission reaction has been used in conjunction with the EXILL Ge array to study excited states in the neutron-rich Se nuclei. Thanks to this spectroscopic study, a first level scheme of 88Se was established and new excited states were assigned to other selenium isotopes. Furthermore, the angular correlation studies were carried out to confirm the spin assignment of the first excited states in the 84-88Se nuclei. The theoretical calculations using the shell model (SM), the algebraic collective model (ACM) and the quasiparticle plus phonon model (QPM) were performed in order to interpret the nuclear structure and the shape of the nucleus of interest 88Se. According to these models, the nucleus 88Se is γ-unstable and can be interpreted as a transitional nucleus. The shell-model calculations using a 78Ni core and the ACM calculations reproduce the decay scheme of 88Se well. The QPM calculations show that the collectivity of second state 2+2 of 88Se is weak and that this state contains a strong quasiparticle component
Leprince, A. "Etude de la structure au-delà de la stabilité via la cassure du 15B". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00451526.
Texto completo da fonteSirockin, Finton. "Intégration de la modélisation moléculaire et de la résonance magnétique nucléaire dans la conception rationnelle de ligands". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13137.
Texto completo da fonteDesigning ligands that bind with high affnity to biological macromolecules' key regions in order to modify their activity is a key process in the design of pharmaceutical molecules. Structure-based ligand design combines structural information regarding the biological target and intermolecular interactions' physical principles. Structural genomics is aimed at fast structure determination of a large number of proteins, and consequently, a great number of protential therapeutic targets. Structure-based ligand design approaches will be of great help in this perspective. Rational ligand design and biological macromolecules' structure determination are two aspects studied in this thesis. The work presented here consists in the inclusion of solvation effects in the ranking of the molecular fragments' binding modes identified by the program MCSS. Taking the solvation into account led to a realistic ranking of the binding modes that has been validated by a NMR study performed independently at Sanofi-Synthélabo. An original clustering algorithm based on the van der Waals interactions between the fragments and the target has been developped and the whole procedure has been automatized and can be distributed on several comuters with one or more processors across a network. The method's robustness was successfully tested on an aminoglycoside/RNA complex. The NMR aspect of this work is approached through the theoretical study of the effect of disulfide bridges on proton chemical shift by quantum calculations in order to define somple equations that model the physical contributions influencing proton chemical shift. In a last part, the two axis developped here are used in the framework of an antibiotics/RNA complex to study the possible use of experimental chemical shift data to filter the binding modes identified by MCSS
Lasseri, Raphaël-David. "Distribution spatiale de fermions fortement corrélés en interaction forte : formalisme, méthodes et phénoménologie en structure nucléaire". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS248/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe atomic nucleus is intrinsically a complex system, composed of strongly correlated non-elementary fermions, sensitive to strong and electroweak interaction. The description of its internal structure is a major challenge of modern physics. In fact the complexity of the nucleon-nucleon interaction generates correlations which are responsible of the diversity of shapes that the nuclei can adopt. Indeed the nuclei can adopt either quasi-homogeneous shapes when nucleons are delocalized or shapes where spatially localized structure can emerge, namely nuclear clusters. This work is an extension of relativistic mean-fields approach (RMF), which allows an universal treatment of nuclear phenomenology. In a first time we will present the necessary formalism to construct such an approach starting with the fundamental interactions underlying nucleons dynamics within the nucleus. However this approach doesn't allow an accurate reproduction of experimental properties: a purely mean-field approach neglects to many correlations. Existing methods to treat both particle-hole (deformation), particle-particle (pairing) correlations will be discussed. First we will propose a new diagrammatic method, which take correlation into account in a perturbative way, the implementation of this approach using combinatory theory will be discussed. Then we will get back to a phenomenological treatment of particle-hole correlations, to focus on the impact of particle-particle. Formation of nucleonic pair will be discussed in the language of graph theory, allowing several formal simplifications and shed a different light on pairing. Pairing correlations will be at first treated using a relativistic Hartree-Bogolioubov approach. Nevertheless this formalism doesn't conserve particle number, and thus we will present a projective approach to restore it. The effect of this restoration will also be studied. Then to describe general nuclear deformation, several implementations and optimizations developed during this PhD will be presented. With this tools, clusterisation will be investigated as phenomenon emerging for certain class of correlations. Localization measure will be derived allowing a clearer understanding of cluster physics. The analysis of theses quantities makes possible a first unified description of cluster formation both for light nuclei (Neon) or for heavy alpha emitters (Polonium). Cluster emergence will be described as a quantum phase transition, an order parameter will be displayed and this formation will be characterized as a Mott transition. The influence of pairing correlations on cluster formation is studied and a detailed study of pairs spatial properties is performed for nuclei from several mass regions. Lastly a method allowing treatment of 4-body correlations (quartteting) is proposed to explain cluster emergence as alpha particle preformation
Achouri, N. L. "Etude de la radioactivité de $^{22}$Al et spectroscopie par diffusion élastique résonante". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00168474.
Texto completo da fonteLa première partie est consacrée à l'étude de la décroissance Β- particules retardées de 22Al. L'expérience décrite dans cette partie a été réalisée au GANIL sur la ligne LISE3 et a permis de mesurer avec une meilleure précision par rapport aux expériences précédentes, l'énergie des transitions Β-p, Β-2p et Β-Α et leurs rapports d'embranchement ainsi que le temps de vie de 22Al. Pour la première fois les coïncidences entre les particules chargées et les rayonnements Γ ont été mesurées permettant de reconstituer le schéma de décroissance de ce noyau. La comparaison entre les résultats expérimentaux, les calculs de modèle en couches effectués avec le code OXBASH et le noyau miroir 22F a permis de déterminer le spin, la parité et la masse de l'état fondamental de 22Al ainsi que de nouveaux niveaux dans 22Mg. La force de Gamow-Teller déterminée expérimentalement et celle calculée par le modèle en couches en utilisant un opérateur effectif sont en parfait accord à basse énergie d'excitation.
La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude de la méthode de la diffusion élastique en cinématique inverse comme outil pour la spectroscopie de noyaux exotiques. Plusieurs simulations ont été réalisées afin d'étudier la faisabilité d'une telle expérience et d'optimiser les paramètres expérimentaux pour obtenir la meilleure résolution en énergie. Des expériences réalisées au GANIL avec des faisceaux stables puis avec un faisceau radioactif ont montré que cette méthode est un outil puissant pour la spectroscopie des noyaux exotiques avec un faisceau radioactif dont les propriétés sont équivalentes à celles des faisceaux prochainement délivrés par SPIRAL.
Ayouz, Mehdi Adrien. "Étude théorique de la dynamique de systèmes quantiques à petit nombre de corps : structure et dynamique de formation de la molécule H3¯ dans l'espace". Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112361.
Texto completo da fonteThe H3¯ molecule, considered as the simplest negative triatomic molecular ion, is a benchmark system because it allows testing theoretical and numerical methods due to its weak particle mass, prior to be applied to heavier species. To study this molecule and describe its dynamics, we have determined the ground potential energy and permanent dipole moment surfaces. Using the potential energy surface we established the structure of this molecule and its isotopologues. We have developed a theory of radiative association (RA) of H2 + H¯ → H3¯ + hbar ω which could occur in cold and dense interstellar medium (ISM). The obtained permanent dipole moment surface allows us to calculate the formation rate of this molecule in this medium. It appears that the formation is possible for H¯ and para H2 collisions. An eventual observation of H3¯ would be a proof for the presence of H¯ in the interstellar medium. This ion is known to play a role in ISM chemistry especially in the formation process of negative ions. Finally a methodological and numerical developments have been also carried out in order to describe the dynamics of H3¯ in collectives coordinates and compute cross sections for exchange nuclei in its isotopologues
Roux, Antoine. "Emulation of PGCM calculations using the Eigenvector continuation method". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP114.
Texto completo da fonteAn atomic nucleus is a quantum system of interacting nucleons and constitutes a problem difficult to solve exactly. For this reason, a diversity of approximate resolution methods has been designed, and Projected Generator Coordinate Method (PGCM) is one of them. The strong point of PGCM is to construct a physically inspired small dimensional space, in which an approximate solution of the nuclear many-body problem is easily found. However the numerical cost of PGCM space computation make this method inadapted for sensibility analysis of nuclear observables with restect to parametrisation of the interaction model, this analysis requiring an huge number of PGCM computations. In order to make this type of study possible, this thesis explore the concept of PGCM emulator. In this work, a combination of PGCM with Eigenvector Continuation (EC) is constructed and studied. This combination (the PGCM-EC emulator) takes advantage of mathematical similarities between PGCM and EC, and above all of the decomposition of the hamiltonian as a linear combination of parameter-independent terms. The latter property is used to concentrate the heavier numerical cost in the computation of parameter-independent quantities (the elementary kernels), and open the feasability of massive PGCM emulations, the price being having first-handedly computed the costly elementary kernels. Limits of the emulator are also explored, by introducing the concept of over-training, which is exactly a consequence of the aproximativeness of a PGCM computation. Eventually this thesis demonstrates the possibility to emulate millions of PGCM computations with an error on collective spectroscopy less than 3%, and with a low numerical cost fraction of 1% of the million PGCM calculations cost
Bonnard, J. "Approches Monte-Carlo quantiques à chemins contraints pour le modèle en couches nucléaire". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00803317.
Texto completo da fonteEl, Feddi Mustapha. "Homogénéisation des équations de Maxwell dans les structures périodiques, rôle de la fréquence dans la loi de comportement". Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112360.
Texto completo da fonteWe present in this work a novel approach of homogenisation technique for Maxwell equations in periodic structures. The solution is supposed to be a sum of a macroscopic field (or a field with slow variations), and a microscopic field (or a perturbation field with high spatial frequency). We obtain a specific Maxwell problem in the basic cell, called the cell-problem whose solution, by a finite element method, allows to find the constitutive law of equivalent media. A study of cell-problem leads to three different situations of homogenisation: the static one, the dynamic one and the high frequency one. The situation of static case corresponds to the constitutive law given by classic homogenisation techniques, the dynamic situation provides a constitutive law depending on frequency, and the situation of high frequency leads to an appropriate behaviour. Ln some cases, the equivalent media is chiral: we see "cross-dependencies", the magnetic induction B depends not only on magnetic field H but on electric field E as well, and the electric induction D depends both on E and H, even with non-chiral components
Bastin, B. "Étude de la structure des noyaux riches en neutrons autour de la fermeture de couches N=28 par spectroscopie gamma en ligne". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00269886.
Texto completo da fonteEl, Mir Rayan. "Étude théorique et expérimentale de l'ionisation simple et double de molécules par impact d'électrons". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0157/document.
Texto completo da fonteA theoretical and experimental study on simple and double ionization of small molecules by electron impact is reported in the present work. Experiments of simple ionization of the three valence orbitals of ammonia with an incident energy of about 600 eV were performed in Orsay (ISMO). These experiments, named (e,2e), consist in the detection of the scattered and ejected electrons in coincidence. We compared the correspondent experiments to perturbative theories such as first Born approximation: 1CW (One Coulomb Wave) and 1DW (One Distorted Wave). In addition to the BBK model (for the acronym Brauner, Briggs and Klar). Our results show a reasonable agreement between the experiment and the theory concerning the distribution of the binary lobe. On the contrary, the recoil lobe was largely under-estimated. The application of the BBK model by taking into account the short range phases will be an interesting perspective for the description of simple ionization of ammonia molecule. In addition, we studied the ionization process of methane by electron impact. For the simple ionization of methane, we developed theoretical approaches in order to describe the angular distribution of double and triple differential cross sections. Our results were compared to experimental data performed in Afyon in Turkey. For the double ionization of methane, we performed experiments for the external shell 1t2 in Orsay (ISMO) by using the (e,3-1e), during which the scattered and one of the two ejected electrons are detected in coincidence. The theory which we applied is of first order and it could not describe completely the two lobes. Consequently, the development of a second order model sounds necessary
Bally, Benjamin. "Description des noyaux impairs à l'aide d'une méthode de fonctionnelle énergie de la densité à plusieurs états de référence". Phd thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023059.
Texto completo da fonteAstier, Alain. "Recherche expérimentale de noyaux exotiques en isospin et en spin à l'aide de guides d'ions et de multidétecteurs γ". Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10067.
Texto completo da fonteRossi, François-Noël. "Etude théorique des collisions non réactives entre atomes alcalins et molécules d'hydrogène ou de deuterium : Calcul et analyse des surfaces de potentiel, application aux transitions de structure fine du rubidium". Paris 13, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA132015.
Texto completo da fonteMoultaka, Gilbert. "Structure des quarks lourds et des bosons W+< et Zo, tests dans les collisions à très hautes énergies". Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20149.
Texto completo da fonteFidelak, Jérémy. "Etude théorique de l'équilibre conformationnel du PPAR-γ". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR13233.
Texto completo da fonteThe work done during the thesis focused on the study of molecular mechanisms of recognition and conformational changes induced by the ligand binding in the ligand binding pocket of nuclear receptor PPAR-gamma by numerical simulations. Structural organization and operation of nuclear receptors super-family are presented in the introduction part. We thus describe the methods that have been used for our calculations. We did molecular mechanics calculations, pKa calculations and interaction free energy calculations. Then we decribe the study of PPAR-gamma dynamic and ligand binding effect by normal modes and molecular dynamic simulations. A thermodynamical study has been carried out by a protocol called MM-PBSA (Molecular Mechanics, Poisson-Boltzmann, Surface Area) to identify residues with large contributions to free energy of binding. The calculated free energy of binding is decomposed into physical contributions (van der Waals, electrostatic and non polar). Calculations of these contributions for each residue in the ligand-receptor complex and coactivator-receptor complex bring us informations on these interactions and could help for example to new ligands design. The last part presents the first results concerning the study of PPAR/RXR dimer. This work permits as a whole a better comprehension of molecular mechanism of signalling by PPAR
Naberejnev, Dimitri. "Etude de l'influence des liaisons chimiques sur l'absorption et la diffusion des neutrons aux énergies des résonances". Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11077.
Texto completo da fonteCochet, B. "Interactions effectives et théorie de champs moyens: de la matière nucléaire aux noyaux". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00413527.
Texto completo da fonteBien que cette force ait, sous sa forme standard actuelle, un pouvoir prédictif reconnu, il apparaît aujourd'hui nécessaire d'enrichir sa paramétrisation afin d'améliorer la description des noyaux, en particulier des noyaux exotiques. Ceci peut notamment se faire en introduisant une dépendance en densité plus complexe que dans les paramétrisations standards.
L'ajustement des paramètres de cette force peut s'appuyer sur les approches microscopiques de type Brueckner-Hartree-Fock qui n'utilisent comme ingrédient que l'interaction nucléon-nucléon nue. La construction des paramètres de la force va désormais reposer sur des contraintes plus fondamentales. L'étude de la matière nucléaire nous conduit à inclure dans notre procédure d'ajustement une meilleure prise en compte des instabilités de spin et d'isospin, libérant en même temps le domaine d'évolution possible des paramètres de la force lors de leurs ajustements. L'ensemble de ces éléments permet de décrire les propriétés de la matière nucléaire et des noyaux en s'appuyant sur des bases plus solides.
Mabboux, Pierre-Yves. "Relaxation nucléaire dans les polymères conducteurs : application à l'étude de la conduction microscopique et développements théoriques". Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0172.
Texto completo da fonteHuguet, Rémi. "Descriptions de la matière nucléaire incluant la structure en quarks des hadrons". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00410091.
Texto completo da fonteBecker, Pierre. "Développement d'une interaction nucléaire effective de nouvelle génération". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1153/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe nucleus may seem well known, but its microscopic description still isn't perfect. Describing accurately the nuclei along the nuclear chart remain complicated.Nowadays, the effective interactions are the best choice to achieve such a goal, and can be sorted in two categories: finite-range and zero-range. Skyrme interaction, the main subject of this report, belongs to the latter. Used since the 50s because of its simplicity, it is an expansion of gradients up to the 2th order. However, an international collaboration, UNEDF, showed recently that this interaction was too limited to describe all the nuclear constraints given by experimental datas. The conclusion was the necessity of Skyrme interaction extensions.This thesis is describing the process from the design of the interaction to its use in nuclei and in fitting procedures.First, we review the requirements and the construction of a general nuclear interactions, and the main interactions used in nuclear structure, both finite and zero range.We then show the behaviour of these interactions in a perfect model: the infinite nuclear matter. This is considered a preliminary test for every interaction aiming to describe nuclei, and the performances of our interactions are discussed, along the performances of the other models.The last part of the thesis is the adaptation of our extension for calculations of nuclei. Furthermore, the fitting procedure of our extended Skyrme interaction on both infinite nuclear matter and nuclei quantities is detailed. A resulting parametrisation is presented at the end of the thesis, aiming to describe more accurately the nuclear chart and the additional physic provided by the new terms
Tappero, Rémy. "Approche théorique des structures électroniques et magnétiques et des transitions de phases de systèmes à polarisation de spins (MnS et MnS2) : simulation des spectres de diffraction neutronique". Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU3006.
Texto completo da fonteChau, Huu-Tai Pierre. "Symétrie et géométrie du problème à N-corps : application à la physique nucléaire". Caen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CAEN2029.
Texto completo da fonteDrissi, Mehdi. "Renormalization invariance of many-body observables within pionless effective field theory". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS414/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe current paradigm to describe the nuclear interaction is within the frame of Chiral Effective Field Theory (ₓEFT) which organizes contributions to observables in a serie of decreasing importance. It happens that the leading contribution already requires to solve exactly the Schrödinger equation with a particular Hamiltonian. The same requirement is at play in pionless EFT which considers only nucleonic degrees of freedom. Such calculations are numerically intractable for A-body observables with A >> 10. One must design an additional expansion and truncation for many-body observables. In this thesis, non-perturbative approximations on the basis self-consistent Green’s function (SCGF) and on many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) are considered together with a pionless EFT. The goal of the present thesis is to investigate, in such framework, the renormalization invariance of many-body observables computed in A-body sectors with A >> 10. Hopefully the lessons learnt can be extended to ₓEFT. Analysis of numerical calculations realized with a state-of-the-art SCGF code reveals a critical numerical approximation leading to renormalization dependent observables. A necessary fix is proposed and must be implemented before any calculations based on SCGF and EFT in the future. This emphasizes the criticality of numerical approximations for any calculation within a pionless EFT. At the same time, renormalization invariance of observables computed within MBPT is studied formally, opening the path to formulate the renormalization of a wide range of many-body truncation schemes in the future
Schwarz, Benjamin. "Application de la théorie des formes alpha pour la caractérisation de la surface et des poches de macromolécules biologiques". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6196.
Texto completo da fonteOur study is concerned with structural bioinfomatics (aka computational biology), more specifically, we borrow models from the alpha-shape theory to represent and study molecules. Roughly, our aim is to provide new theoretical and practical tools to ease the study of structure-function relationship in biological molecules. We are more specifically interested in characterising the usual locations of a possible interaction at the surface of such molecules. In this context we propose a novel model, the dual surface, that constitutes a manifold polyhedral surface encoding the Accessible surface. This construction eases the the construction of continuous surface tracks at the surface of a molecule, and therefore allows notably, the construction of molecular surface patches. We adapted this model mainly to address three distinct problems : (a) the proposal of a novel index to describe the molecular surface landscape in terms of knobs and clefts, (b) the definition of surface descriptors that can be used to study interacting patches on a protein surface, (c) the detection and characterisation of cavities, pockets, clefts and crevices at the surface of macromolecules. Two software tools were developped based on these works and are now freely accessible to the scientific community : LC and Pck, respectively dedicated to the description of the molecular surface topography, and to the detection and characterisation of pockets in molecular structures
Mei, Pu. "Corrélations spatiales des particules dans l’Hélium-6 et dans l’Hélium-8". Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2066.
Texto completo da fonteIn a nuclear system, each nucleon is subject to nuclear forces exerted by the others, and the structure of states provides evidence of the nature of the interactions. On the other hand, the nuclear wave function is a measure of the probability of a particular geometry. As such, it provides an illustrative picture of the geometric structures inside the nucleus. Knowledge of the geometries of nuclear matter in specific quantum states helps understand nuclear structure and interactions, provides theoretical validation and allows prediction of experimental results. This thesis has its focus on the geometries of two and four identical particle systems, in particular those resulting from the short-range attractive nature of nuclear interactions. For two-particle systems coupled to an arbitrary angular momentum, distinct spatial and angular configurations are found regularly related to the quantum numbers, which is explained analytically. Application to the Borromean halo nucleus 6He with first the delta interaction and then the pairing interaction shows the coexistence of the di-neutron and the cigar-like configurations, with a predominance of the former over the latter. As for four-particle systems, 8He is studied as a prototype. The expression of the angular probability density is derived analytically for a general 0+ state. Configurations in terms of relative angles where the angular probability density peaks fall into two categories of geometries with specific symmetries, which can be considered as the generalization of the geometries of a two-particle system to those of a four-particle system
Truflandier, Lionel. "Détermination de paramètres RMN par la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité : application aux éléments 3d en RMN de l'état solide". Nante, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2083.
Texto completo da fonteBesides Zeeman levels perturbation, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) applied to solid state allows the observation of numerous coupling interactions that are not accessible in liquid state. Despite sequential developments for high resolution measurements, interpretation of resonance spectra remains delicate. .
Duguet, Thomas. "Problème à N corps nucléaire et force effective dans les méthodes du champ moyen auto-cohérent". Paris 6, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001784.
Texto completo da fonteNour, Safouh. "Développements de la méthode MS-LSD vers le calcul de la structure électronique d'agrégats contenant des atomes lourds et des semiconducteurs". Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO19009.
Texto completo da fonteCHAU, Huu-Tai. "Symétrie et géométrie du problème à N-corps. Application à la physique nucléaire". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002252.
Texto completo da fonteMutschler, Aurélie. "Le noyau-bulle de 34Si : Un outil expérimental pour étudier l’interaction spin-orbite ?" Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112157/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe spin-orbit interaction is essential for the reproduction of magic numbers N=28 and 50 in theoretical nuclear models. Over the past few decades, the experimental study of exotic nuclei has highlighted an evolution of magic numbers far from stability. One can then wonder about the evolution of nuclear potentials themselves, and in particular the one of spin-orbit interaction. Historically, this interaction was included « by hand » in mean field models, whereas it naturally arises in relativistic mean field models. The description of the spin-orbit interaction happens to be very similar in those two kinds of models, but there remains a disagreement regarding its isospin dependance. Indeed, Hartree-Fock models exhibit a spin-orbit potential which strongly depends on isospin, contrary to relativistic mean field models.In 2009, a proton bubble was predicted in ³⁴Si by means of several different nuclear models. This effect consists in a central proton central density depletion. ³⁴Si would exhibit a quite exotic proton density, and very different from its neutron density. This nucleus would then constitute an ideal probe to test the behaviour of the spin-orbit potential in systems with strong proton-neutron asymmetry. The appearance of such an effect would originate from the depletion of proton 2s½ orbitals, as s orbitals are the only ones contributing to the central density.An experiment which was performed in September 2012 at NSCL (MSU, United States) highlighted for the first time a proton bubble in ³⁴Si. The spectroscopic strengths of states populated in the knockout reactions ³⁴Si(-1p)³³Al and ³⁴Si(-1n)³³Si reveal that the neutron structure of ³⁴Si is close to the one of a system without beyond-mean-field correlations, whereas its proton orbital is only weakly occupied : n(2s½) = 0,16(4).The reactions ³⁶S(-1p)³⁵P and ³⁶S(-1n)³⁵S were studied in similar experimental conditions. The change in occupancy n(2s½) measured between ³⁶S and ³⁴Si, as well as the variation in the neutron spin-orbit splitting 2p½-2p^3/2 measured in an earlier experiment, suggest that non-relativistic models exhibit the right isospin dependance. The theoretical part of this thesis showed however that the difference in behaviour of the spin-orbit interaction between relativistic and non-relativistic model is actually an artefact caused by the omission of the exchange term in relativistic mean field calculations. Indeed, including the Fock term in relativistic models enables to restore the isospin dependance observed in the non-relativistic case
Bastin, Beyhan. "Étude de la structure des noyaux riches en neutrons autour de la fermeture de couches N=28 par spectroscopie gamma en ligne". Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN2072.
Texto completo da fonteFor a few years now, a loss of magicity in neutron-rich nuclei near the neutron drip-line at N=28 has been suggested and observed. Deformation in these nuclei has been observed. The deformation was explained in S isotopes as being due to a moderate reduction of the N=28 shell closure together with a proton induced collectivity originating from the near degeneracy of the proton d3/2 and s1/2 orbitals. As a consequence, the observed deformation seems to result from a subtle interplay between neutron and proton excitations. Since the proton configuration in the Si isotopes is expected to be more stable due to the Z=14 sub-shell gap, 42Si was considered as a key nucleus in order to distinguish the different effects responsible for the structural changes observed at N=28. Even if it is at the limits of our technical possibilities, an in-beam gamma-spectroscopy experiment using two-step fragmentation and one or several nucleons knockout reaction mechanisms was performed at GANIL. The measurement of the energy of the first excited state in 42Si, combined with the observation of 40,42Si and the spectroscopy of 41,43P, has given evidence for the loss of magicity at N=28 far from stability. Modifications of the effective interaction used in modern shell model calculations have been completed following this investigation, increasing its predictive character. This study confirms the role of the tensor force and the density dependence of the spin-orbit interaction in the collapse of the N=28 shell closure
Qiang, Xu. "Contribution à l'étude de nouveaux types de systèmes magnétiques quasi monodimensionnels dans les fluorures de type usovite". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00628080.
Texto completo da fonteJonnet, Jérôme. "A contribution to the understanding of the High Burn-up Structure formation in nuclear fuels". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL002N/document.
Texto completo da fonteAn increase of the discharge burn-up of UO2 nuclear fuels in the light water reactors results in the appearance of a change of microscopic structure, called HBS. Although well characterised experimentally, important points on the mechanisms of its formation remain to be cleared up. In order to answer these questions, a study of the contribution of the dislocation-type defects was conducted. In a first part, a calculation method of the stress field associated with periodic configurations of dislocations was developed. The method was applied to the cases of edge dislocation pile-up and wall, for which an explicit expression of the internal stress potential was obtained. Through the study of other examples of dislocation configurations, it was highlighted that this method also allows the calculation of any periodic dislocation configuration. In a second part, the evolution of interstitial-type dislocation loops was studied in UO2 fuel samples doped with 10% in mass of alpha emitters. The experimental loop size distributions were obtained for these samples stored during 4 and 7 years at room temperature. Kinetic equations are proposed in order to study the influence of the re-solution process of interstitials from a loop back to the matrix due to an impact with the recoil atom 234U, as well as the coalescence of two interstitial loops that can diffuse by a volume mechanism. The application of the model shows that the two processes must be considered in the study of the evolution of radiation damage
Lesinski, Thomas. "Contraintes microscopiques et au-delà du champ moyen pour une nouvelle génération de fonctionnelles de la densité nucléaires". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00413766.
Texto completo da fonteDedes, Nonell Irene. "Stochastic approach to the problem of predictive power in the theoretical modeling of the mean-field". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAE017/document.
Texto completo da fonteResults of our study of the theoretical modelling capacities focussing on the nuclear phenomenological mean-field approaches are presented. It is expected that a realistic theory should be capable of predicting satisfactorily the results of the experiments to come, i.e., having what is called a good predictive power. To study the predictive power of a theoretical model, we had to take into account not only the errors of the experimental data but also the uncertainties originating from approximations of the theoretical formalism and the existence of parametric correlations. One of the central techniques in the parameter adjustment is the solution of what is called the Inverse Problem. Parametric correlations usually induce ill-posedness of the inverse problem; they need to be studied and the model regularised. We have tested two types of realistic phenomenological Hamiltonians showing how to eliminate the parametric correlations theoretically and in practice. We calculate the level confidence intervals, the uncertainty distributions of model predictions and have shown how to improve theory’s prediction capacities and stability
Nana, Wendpanga Serge Auguste. "Etudes expérimentales et numériques du comportement des dalles épaisses en béton armé sous chargement de cisaillement et interaction cisaillement/effet de membrane : Application aux bâtiments nucléaires". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI108/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis study, based on experiments and numerical modeling, aims at a better understanding of the shear behavior of reinforced concrete slabs. An experimental campaign was carried out on full-scale thick slabs typical of nuclear power plant slabs. These slabs without shear reinforcement are subjected to a quasi-static shear loading. The tests are carried out by varying different parameters that can influence the shear behavior: the concrete compressive strength, the slab depth, the bottom longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratio, the concrete aggregate size, the loading plate length. The influence on shear behavior of compression or tension membrane forces has also been analyzed. The results of tests are then compared with the predictions of the calculation codes. These results first of all helped to answer the differences between the Eurocode 2 and the French National Annex concerning the prediction of the shear capacity of reinforced concrete slabs. The level of accuracy given by other shear dimensioning standards was also assessed: The American standard ACI 318-14, the AFCEN ETC-C 2010 code used for nuclear buildings, the fib-Model 2010 and the Critical Shear Crack Theory. Next, we evaluate the possibilities of a non-linear finite element analysis (EF) to reproduce the phenomenon of shear in slabs. An elastoplastic concrete model with damage was used and combined with a quasi-static analysis using an explicit resolution scheme. Appropriate nonlinear behavior laws of concrete with post-peak behaviors associated with an energy criterion were considered. The good agreement between the proposed model and the experimental results in terms of shear strength and failure modes allowed validating the proposed modeling. A parametric study was conducted based on the numerical proposed model with the same mechanical properties of concrete. Simplified laws allowing estimating the shear capacities according to the different parameters studied are proposed
Lefebvre, Laurent. "Étude de la pré-formation de particules α dans les noyaux de 40Ca et d'40Ar par cassure nucléaire". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00875639.
Texto completo da fonteTheeten, Marc. "Semi-microscopic and microscopic three-body models of nuclei and hypernuclei". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210268.
Texto completo da fonteEn effet, 6He se caractérise comme un système à trois corps, formé d'un coeur (une particule alpha) et de deux neutrons de valence faiblement liés. Le noyau de 12C peut s'étudier comme un système lié formé de trois particules alphas, tandis que 9Be peut être décrit comme la liaison de deux particules alphas et d'un neutron.
Dans les exemples précédents, les particules alphas sont des amas de nucléons. Elles possèdent donc une structure interne dont il faut tenir compte en raison du principe de Pauli.
Les modèles les plus réalistes pour décrire les structures à trois corps sont les modèles "microscopiques". Ces modèles prennent en compte explicitement tous les nucléons et respectent exactement le principe d'antisymétrisation de Pauli. Cependant, l'application de ces modèles est fortement limitée en pratique, car ils exigent de trop nombreux et trop longs calculs.
Par conséquent, pour simplifier considérablement les calculs et permettre l'étude des structures à trois corps, des modèles moins détaillés, de type "semi-microscopiques", sont également développés. Dans ces modèles, on représente les amas de nucléons comme de simples particules ponctuelles. Dans ce cas, la modélisation consiste à construire les potentiels effectifs entre les amas, puis à les employer dans les modèles à trois corps.
Dans ce travail, nous avons développé les modèles "semi-microscopiques à trois corps". Les potentiels effectifs entre amas sont directement déduits des forces entre nucléons (selon la RGM à 2 corps). Ces potentiels sont "non-locaux", et dépendent des énergies des amas qui interagissent. Ils permettent de simuler le principe de Pauli et les échanges de nucléons entre les amas. La dépendance en l'énergie se révèle être un inconvénient dans les modèles à trois corps. Les potentiels effectifs sont par conséquent transformés en de nouveaux potentiels (non-locaux) indépendants de l'énergie, bien adaptés aux modèles à trois corps. Les modèles "semi-microscopiques" sont beaucoup plus simples et plus rapides que les modèles "microscopiques". Ils fournissent les fonctions d'onde des états liés à trois corps des noyaux légers et hypernoyaux. Cela permet d'une part de comprendre les propriétés spectroscopiques nucléaires, et d'autre part, cela ouvre la voie pour de futurs modèles de réactions nucléaires impliquant les structures à trois corps.
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Several atomic nuclei and hypernuclei can be modelled as three-body structures: e.g. two-neutron halo nuclei, such as 6He, and other nuclei, such as 12C and 9Be.
Indeed 6He can be represented as a three-body system, made up of a core (an alpha particle) and two weakly bound valence neutrons. The 12C nucleus can be studied as a bound system formed by three alpha particles, while the 9Be nucleus can be described as the binding of two alpha particles and one neutron.
In these typical examples, the alpha particles are clusters of nucleons. They have an internal structure that must be taken into account because of the Pauli principle.
The most realistic models are the "microscopic models". In these models, all the nucleons are taken into account, and the Pauli antisymmetrisation principle is fully respected. However, the application of the "microscopic models" is limited in practice, because they require too many laborious calculations.
Therefore, in order to greatly simplify the calculations, "semi-microscopic models" are developed. In those models, the clusters of nucleons are treated as ("structureless") pointlike particles. The models then consist in determining the effective potentials between the clusters, and in using them in three-body models.
In the present work, we have developed "semi-microscopic models". The effective potentials between the clusters are directly obtained from the interactions between nucleons (according to the two-cluster RGM). These potentials are "nonlocal", and depend on the energy of the interacting clusters. The non-locality is a direct consequence of the Pauli principle and the exchanges of nucleons between the clusters. The energy-dependence of the potentials turns out to be a drawback in three-body models. Therefore, the effective potentials are transformed into energy-independent potentials, which can be used in three-body models. The "semi-microscopic models" are much simpler and faster than the "microscopic models". They provide the three-body bound-state wave functions (i.e. the spectroscopic properties and the structure) of light nuclei and hypernuclei. Such wave functions are also the basic ingredient that will be used in future reactions models.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bormann, denis. "Contribution à l'étude de la corrélation structure-propriétés dans certains solides carbonés intercalés". Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20118.
Texto completo da fonteFernandez, Nicolas. "Etude des interactions gaz - surface par DFT". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4715.
Texto completo da fonteThe work herein presented deals with the reactivity of surfaces and the gas–surface interaction. This work is connected to different fields of applied science and more specifically to the field of nuclear materials for fusion devices like the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER).Numerical simulations at the atomic scale can provide an in depth understanding of the mechanisms at the origin of experimental observations. More specifically, our skills are about electronic structure calculations and chemical properties modelling; most of the work we produced has been conducted within the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) and statistical thermodynamics. While made of six chapters, the manuscript can be cast in three main parts. The first one is dedicated to the methods used throughout this thesis. The second is devoted to the formation of beryllium carbide from deposited beryllium atoms on graphite surfaces; the reliability of the DFT results was benchmarked and the main steps of the beryllium carbide formation were determined. The third part explores the interaction between hydrogen and metallic tungsten. The formation of vacancies in the material, its impact on the solubility and diffusion of hydrogen in tungsten were investigated, and the results were compared with experiment; an excellent agreement was found
Rybak, Karolina. "Predictive power of nuclear mean-field theories for exotic-nuclei problem". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00864240.
Texto completo da fonteCoste-Delclaux, Mireille. "Modélisation du phénomène d'autoprotection dans le code de transport multigroupe APOLLO2". Paris, CNAM, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CNAM0516.
Texto completo da fonteThis document describes the improvements carried out for modelling the shelf-shielding phenomenon in the multigroup transport code APOLLO2. They concern the space and energy treatment of the slowing-down equation, the setting-up of quadrature formulas to calculate reaction rates, the setting-up of a method that treats directly a resonant mixture and the development of a "sub-group" method. We validate these improvements either in an elementary or in a global way. Now, we obtain, more accurate multigroup reaction rates and we are able to carry out a reference self-shielding calculation on a very fine multigroup mesh. To end, we draw a conclusion and give some prospects on the remaining work
Landron, Sylvain. "Etude ab initio de la structure électronique des oxydes de cobalt NaxCoO2". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/273/.
Texto completo da fonte(The NaxCoO2 Cobalt oxides are compounds with many interesting properties. In this work we were particularly interested in two compounds of the family: firstly, the Na0. 3CoO2-1. 3H2O which presents a superconducting phase, secondly the x=0. 5 system which presents an insulator to metal phase transition at 52 K and a rich phase diagram as a function of temperature and magnetic field. Using ab initio calculations molecular spectroscopy methods applied on fragments embedded in an appropriate bath, we presented the determination of simple models as well as the evaluation of the effective interactions for these two interesting compounds. We also studied the cobalt 3d-shell splitting under the trigonal distortion observed in these compounds. This analysis led to reasons for which some results, like the ones issued of ligands field theory and some issued of density functional calculations, yield an orbital splitting in disagreement with experimental results
Santini, Guillaume. "Vers la prédiction de la structure tridimensionnelle des épingles à cheveux d' ADN et d' ARN comportant un appariement dans la boucle à partir de la théorie de l'élasticité et de la mécanique moléculaire". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066355.
Texto completo da fonteVerrière, Marc. "Description de la dynamique de la fission dans le formalisme de la méthode de la coordonnée génératrice dépendante du temps". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS113/document.
Texto completo da fonteNuclear fission, where an atomic nucleus separates into two fragments while emitting a large amount of energy, is at the core of many applications in society (energy production) and national security (deterrence, non-proliferation). It is also a key ingredient of the mechanisms of formation of elements in the universe. Yet, nearly 80 years after its experimental discovery its theoretical description in terms of the basic constituents of the nucleus (protons and neutrons) and their interaction remains a challenge. In this thesis, we describe the fission process as follows. In a first step, we use large supercomputers to compute the deformation properties of the nucleus based on our knowledge of nuclear forces. In a second step, we simulate the time evolution of the system from its ground state up to the fragments separation with a fully quantum-mechanical approach called the time-dependent generator coordinate method (TDGCM). While results are in good qualitative agreement with experimental data, the implementation of the TDGCM so far had been greatly simplified using what is known as the Gaussian overlap approximation (GOA). We also developed the formalism and a numerical implementation of the exact TDGCM - without the GOA. This will allow the first systematic validation of that approximation and an assessment of the resulting theoretical uncertainties. The second chapter presents the description of the neutron induced fission process using the TDGCM+GOA. The third one introduces the developments carried out in this thesis allowing the description of the fission process with the TDGCM without the GOA. The last chapter shows the first results obtained with this approach
Malveau, Cédric. "Microscopie RMN en phases liquide et solide par gradients de champ radiofréquenceApplication au PolyEthylène haute densité : structure du matériau et diffusion de solvant". Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10062.
Texto completo da fonteYañez, Vico Carlos. "Hydrodynamic stability theory of double ablation front structures in inertial confinement fusion". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14612/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe Rayleigh-Taylor instability is a major issue in inertial confinement fusion capable to prevent appropriate target implosions. In the direct-drive approach, the energy deposited by directed laser irradiation ablates off the external shell of the capsule (ablator) into a low-density expanding plasma. This induces a high pressure around the ablating target surface (ablation region) that accelerates the capsule radially inwards. This situation, a low density fluid pushing and accelerating a higher density one, is the standard situation for the development of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, and therefore a potential source of target compression degradation. For moderate-Z materials, the hydrodynamic structure of the ablation region is made up of two ablation fronts (double ablation front) due to the increasing importance of radiation effects. This thesis develops for the first time a linear stability theory of double ablation fronts for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion targets
Dorado, Boris. "Etude des propriétés de transport atomique dans le dioxyde d'uranium par le calcul de structure électronique : influence des fortes corrélations". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22068/document.
Texto completo da fonteUranium dioxide UO2 is the standard nuclear fuel used in pressurized water reactors. During in-reactoroperation, the fission of uranium atoms yields a wide variery of fission products (FP) which create numerouspoint defects while slowing down in the material. Point defects and FP govern in turn the evolution of the fuelphysical properties under irradiation. In this study, we use electronic structure calculations in order to betterunderstand the fuel behavior under irradiation. In particular, we investigate point defect behavior, as well as thestability of three volatile FP: iodine, krypton and xenon. In order to take into account the strong correlations ofuranium 5f electrons in UO2, we use the DFT+U approximation, based on the density functional theory. Thisapproximation, however, creates numerous metastable states which trap the system and induce discrepanciesin the results reported in the literature. To solve this issue and to ensure the ground state is systematicallyapproached as much as possible, we use a method based on electronic occupancy control of the correlated orbitals.We show that the DFT+U approximation, when used with electronic occupancy control, can describe accuratelypoint defect and fission product behavior in UO2 and provide quantitative information regarding point defecttransport properties in the oxide fuel
Dubois, Mathieu. "Simulations de microscopie à effet tunnel : application à la surface (100) du silicium et aux molécules physisorbées". Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-159.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDans un premier temps, ce modèle sera mis en application à l'étude des différentes reconstructions de la surface (100) du silicium. Les résultats théoriques reproduisent relativement bien les données expérimentales obtenues à 5\,K et permettent de comprendre la dépendance en tensions des images et de conclure que la surface est toujours semi-conductrice à basse température. Ces résultats mettent également en avant l'importance des interactions pointe-surface. Dans un deuxième temps, le modèle est utilisé pour étudier une classe de molécules, les thiénylènevinylènes, physisorbées sur la surface (100) du silicium. Nous proposons alors l'origine suivante pour la contribution principale au courant tunnel: cette contribution ne proviendrait pas de la mise en résonance de l'état HOMO de la molécule avec le niveau de Fermi de la pointe mais plutôt de l'abaissement, par la présence de la molécule, de la barrière tunnel entre la pointe et la surface, faisant ainsi ressortir, là où elle repose, les caractéristiques du silicium