Teses / dissertações: "Statutes – australia"

1

Lewis, Sarah Jayne. "Ethics and the professional status of radiography in Australia : a qualitative comparison of Australian and United Kingdom radiographers". Thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medical Radiation Sciences, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1108.

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2

Devers, Deanna University of Ballarat. "Effects of commuting status upon community involvement of professionals in rural North West Victoria". University of Ballarat, 2006. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/12763.

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Because mobility is associated with rural social decline, this two-phase cross sectional study investigates whether social patterns in small, rural Australian towns are affected by commuting. Quantitative data, which was gathered via a mail-out questionnaire (response = 54 per cent) that was issued to 1,040 occupationally diverse professionals who worked in fourteen towns throughout north-western Victoria, was analysed to determine whether commuting and non-commuting professionals differed significantly in their community involvement. To explain why certain relationships emerged from survey analysis, face-toface interviews were subsequently undertaken with 24 questionnaire respondents. The key finding of this study is that there is a significant relationship between commuting status and the retention of rural professionals. A significantly greater proportion of noncommuters than commuters remain working in the one location for longer than five years. This finding has important implications for the sustainability of rural areas.
Doctor of Philosophy

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3

Devers, Deanna. "Effects of commuting status upon community involvement of professionals in rural North West Victoria". Thesis, University of Ballarat, 2006. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/58705.

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Because mobility is associated with rural social decline, this two-phase cross sectional study investigates whether social patterns in small, rural Australian towns are affected by commuting. Quantitative data, which was gathered via a mail-out questionnaire (response = 54 per cent) that was issued to 1,040 occupationally diverse professionals who worked in fourteen towns throughout north-western Victoria, was analysed to determine whether commuting and non-commuting professionals differed significantly in their community involvement. To explain why certain relationships emerged from survey analysis, face-toface interviews were subsequently undertaken with 24 questionnaire respondents. The key finding of this study is that there is a significant relationship between commuting status and the retention of rural professionals. A significantly greater proportion of noncommuters than commuters remain working in the one location for longer than five years. This finding has important implications for the sustainability of rural areas.
Doctor of Philosophy

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4

Devers, Deanna. "Effects of commuting status upon community involvement of professionals in rural North West Victoria". University of Ballarat, 2006. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14599.

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Because mobility is associated with rural social decline, this two-phase cross sectional study investigates whether social patterns in small, rural Australian towns are affected by commuting. Quantitative data, which was gathered via a mail-out questionnaire (response = 54 per cent) that was issued to 1,040 occupationally diverse professionals who worked in fourteen towns throughout north-western Victoria, was analysed to determine whether commuting and non-commuting professionals differed significantly in their community involvement. To explain why certain relationships emerged from survey analysis, face-toface interviews were subsequently undertaken with 24 questionnaire respondents. The key finding of this study is that there is a significant relationship between commuting status and the retention of rural professionals. A significantly greater proportion of noncommuters than commuters remain working in the one location for longer than five years. This finding has important implications for the sustainability of rural areas.
Doctor of Philosophy

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5

Dorsett, Shaunnagh Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Thinking jurisdictionally: a genealogy of native title". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23963.

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In Mabo v. State of Queensland (No. 2) (1992) 175 C.L.R. 1, the majority of the High Court held that ???native title??? had survived the acquisition of sovereignty over the Australian continent and is ???recognised??? by the common law. However, all the judgments failed to articulate clearly either the nature of native title as a legal form, and the relationship of that legal form to the common law, or what is meant by ???recognition???. Twelve years later the High Court has still not provided a satisfactory understanding of any of these matters. The central problem investigated by this thesis is the nature of that relationship and of the legal interest of native title. It is contended that this relationship can be understood and ordered as a matter of jurisdiction. This thesis seeks to recuperate a substantive concept of jurisdiction, and specifically of a particular jurisdiction, that of the common law, and to demonstrate how the interest of native title results from the jurisdictional relationship between common law and indigenous law. Part I is a genealogy of native title, drawn out through a history of ideas about common law jurisdiction. It is an account of the legal practice of jurisdiction, through a conceptual elaboration of a particular jurisdiction: the common law. This part traces the history of the common law from its origins in a pluralistic, fragmented, jurisdictional landscape, to its current position as the ???law of the land???. It considers the traditional mechanisms and techniques through which the common law has ordered its relationships with other jurisdictions, and how it has appropriated matters traditionally within the purview of other jurisdictions, accommodating them within the common law as ???custom???. The thesis demonstrates that the same gestures and practices can be seen in modern native title decisions, and contends that the ordering which underpins both native title, and the Australian legal system, is jurisdictional. Part II examines the practice of jurisdiction through an examination of three technologies of jurisdiction, all of which contributed to the construction of the legal entity of native title as an act of jurisdiction: mapping, accommodation and categorisation.

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6

Walsh, Anna. "The Legal Status of Prenatal Life in Australia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14310.

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This thesis is a doctrinal analysis of the legislation and case law in Australia regulating destruction of the fetus in the contexts of third party crimes against the pregnant woman, abortion, and conscientious objection by doctors to participating in abortion. Its aim is to consider whether there is a consistent position in Australian law regarding the legal status of the fetus and when its destruction is lawful. This thesis examines the dichotomy present in the criminal law's characterisation of the pregnant woman and the fetus as one entity when the fetus is destroyed through an assault on the pregnant woman, and separate entities where the child is destroyed when it is capable of being born alive. It also considers the dichotomy present in negligence laws that have developed a maternal duty of care to the unborn, yet respects the competent pregnant woman's refusal of medical treatment where such refusal may cause indirect harm to the fetus. Finally, this thesis examines and critiques the regulation of abortion in Australia. In analysing abortion laws, this thesis highlights the disparate approach taken by each jurisdiction as to what factors are relevant to justifying abortion. It also examines when a doctor is obliged to participate in abortion, notwithstanding any conscientious objection, and considers what this says about the values embedded in these laws. Ethical relativism in the law is fundamental in a society where social practices require destruction of the fetus. This thesis concludes that in Australian law, the legal status of the fetus is relative and subject to change depending on the context of its destruction, as well as factors intrinsic to it. Despite the apparent confusion in our laws regarding what the fetus is and when it is lawful to destroy it, all jurisdictions share a commitment to deny the fetus legal personhood and maintain its relative status so that laws can permit its destruction where the lawmaker sees fit.

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7

Walker, Agnes Emilia. "Modelling the links between socioeconomic status and health in Australia : a dynamic microsimulation approach /". View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20060127.120857/index.html.

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8

White, Leonie. "The role and status of book editors in Australia". Thesis, White, Leonie (1986) The role and status of book editors in Australia. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1986. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41536/.

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9

Luker, Trish, e LukerT@law anu edu au. "THE RHETORIC OF RECONCILIATION: EVIDENCE AND JUDICIAL SUBJECTIVITY IN CUBILLO v COMMONWEALTH". La Trobe University. School of Law, 2006. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20080305.105209.

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In August 2000, Justice O�Loughlin of the Federal Court of Australia handed down the decision in Cubillo v Commonwealth in which Lorna Cubillo and Peter Gunner took action against the Commonwealth Government, arguing that it was vicariously liable for their removal from their families and communities as children and subsequent detentions in the Northern Territory during the 1940s and 1950s. The case is the landmark decision in relation to legal action taken by members of the Stolen Generations. Using the decision in Cubillo as a key site of contestation, my thesis provides a critique of legal positivism as the dominant jurisprudential discourse operating within the Anglo-Australian legal system. I argue that the function of legal positivism as the principal paradigm and source of authority for the decision serves to ensure that the debate concerning reconciliation in Australia operates rhetorically to maintain whiteness at the centre of political and discursive power. Specifically concerned with the performative function of legal discourse, the thesis is an interrogation of the interface of law and language, of rhetoric, and the semiotics of legal discourse. The dominant theory of evidence law is a rationalist and empiricist epistemology in which oral testimony and documentary evidence are regarded as mediating the relationship between proof and truth. I argue that by attributing primacy to principles of rationality, objectivity and narrative coherence, and by privileging that which is visually represented, the decision serves an ideological purpose which diminishes the significance of race in the construction of knowledge. Legal positivism identifies the knowing subject and the object of knowledge as discrete entities. However, I argue that in Cubillo, Justice O�Loughlin inscribes himself into the text of the judgment and in doing so, reveals the way in which textual and corporeal specificities undermine the pretence of objective judgment and therefore the source of judicial authority.

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10

au, warren raye@vcp monash edu, e Warren Raye. "An investigation into the status of porcine circovirus in Australia". Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050705.135219.

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This thesis reports for the first time the detection of porcine circovirus virus (PCV) in the Australian pig herd. PCV DNA was detected in the tissues of pigs from several Australian states using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, the primers for which were based on the sequence of PCV1 and PCV2 strains detected in North America and Europe. PCV type 1 or 2 was detected in 80 of 367 (21.7%) pigs tested. In the 80 positives, both PCV1 and PCV2 were detected in 14 samples. Virus was detected in pigs from all states from which samples were obtained: Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland. The complete genomes of 13 strains of Australian PCV were sequenced. Analysis of the data indicated there was extremely high homology between the Australian strains of PCV1 and PCV2 and previously published sequences of PCV1 and PCV2 strains from North America and Europe.There were no consistent differences between the genome of the Australian strains and strains in North America and Europe. The widespread occurrence of PCV in the tissues of pigs was confirmed by a small scale serological study of the Western Australian pig herd using an immunofluorescence assay, which did not discriminate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2. This assay detected PCV antibody in 11 of 14 pig herds in Western Australia, with a prevalence rate in positive herds varying from 25 to 47%, but it was unable to differentiate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2. A PCV2-specific recombinant viral capsid protein was produced in insect cells with a baculovirus expression system and this was used to develop a PCV2-specific ELISA and a Western immunoblotting assay. These assays were applied to samples from a national pig serum bank and detected PCV2 antibody in 33% of 3933 serum samples. The highest seroprevalence to the recombinant PCV2 capsid antigen was detected in the samples from Victoria where there was a 51.3% seroprevalence rate, and the lowest in Western Australia where there was an 11.4% seroprevalence rate. An in situ hybridisation (ISH) technique was developed for the detection of PCV in tissues of infected pigs and infected cell cultures. A monoclonal antibody specific for the capsid protein of PCV2 was also produced and has application for the development of immunocytochemical procedures for the detection of PCV2 in tissues and cell cultures. The high prevalence of PCV in the Australian pig herd and the absence of reports of PMWS suggested that the Australian strains of PMWS detected may have been of low virulence. To examine the pathogenicity of Australian strains, two animal experiments were conducted where the type species of PCV1 present in persistently-infected PK15 pig kidney cells and an Australian PCV2 strain were cultured in vitro in cell cultures and inoculated into weaner pigs. As expected, the PCV1 replicated well in pigs but did not result in the induction of clinical signs or lesions in the inoculated pigs. The inoculation into weaner pigs of cell culture replicated PCV2 with an apparent virus titre of 103 virus particles/mL resulted in infection of only some of the inoculated pigs and it was concluded that the PCV2 inoculum contained insufficient virus to infect all pigs into which it was inoculated. The PCV2 did not induce any disease syndrome and could not be visualised in tissue sections of infected pigs using immunohistochemical techniques. In conclusion, techniques were developed for the detection of PCV in the Australian pig herd. PCV of both genetic types were detected at prevalence rates similar to those reported in other countries where PMWS has occurred, and the widespread occurrence of PCV was confirmed by serological assays. The PCV strains present were genetically indistinguishable from those present in North America and Europe. The reason for the absence of PMWS in Australia is most likely not due to differences in the characteristics of the PCV strains present.

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11

Raye, Warren. "An investigation into the status of porcine circovirus in Australia". Raye, Warren (2004) An investigation into the status of porcine circovirus in Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/273/.

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This thesis reports for the first time the detection of porcine circovirus virus (PCV) in the Australian pig herd. PCV DNA was detected in the tissues of pigs from several Australian states using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, the primers for which were based on the sequence of PCV1 and PCV2 strains detected in North America and Europe. PCV type 1 or 2 was detected in 80 of 367 (21.7%) pigs tested. In the 80 positives, both PCV1 and PCV2 were detected in 14 samples. Virus was detected in pigs from all states from which samples were obtained: Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland. The complete genomes of 13 strains of Australian PCV were sequenced. Analysis of the data indicated there was extremely high homology between the Australian strains of PCV1 and PCV2 and previously published sequences of PCV1 and PCV2 strains from North America and Europe.There were no consistent differences between the genome of the Australian strains and strains in North America and Europe. The widespread occurrence of PCV in the tissues of pigs was confirmed by a small scale serological study of the Western Australian pig herd using an immunofluorescence assay, which did not discriminate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2. This assay detected PCV antibody in 11 of 14 pig herds in Western Australia, with a prevalence rate in positive herds varying from 25 to 47%, but it was unable to differentiate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2. A PCV2-specific recombinant viral capsid protein was produced in insect cells with a baculovirus expression system and this was used to develop a PCV2-specific ELISA and a Western immunoblotting assay. These assays were applied to samples from a national pig serum bank and detected PCV2 antibody in 33% of 3933 serum samples. The highest seroprevalence to the recombinant PCV2 capsid antigen was detected in the samples from Victoria where there was a 51.3% seroprevalence rate, and the lowest in Western Australia where there was an 11.4% seroprevalence rate. An in situ hybridisation (ISH) technique was developed for the detection of PCV in tissues of infected pigs and infected cell cultures. A monoclonal antibody specific for the capsid protein of PCV2 was also produced and has application for the development of immunocytochemical procedures for the detection of PCV2 in tissues and cell cultures. The high prevalence of PCV in the Australian pig herd and the absence of reports of PMWS suggested that the Australian strains of PMWS detected may have been of low virulence. To examine the pathogenicity of Australian strains, two animal experiments were conducted where the type species of PCV1 present in persistently-infected PK15 pig kidney cells and an Australian PCV2 strain were cultured in vitro in cell cultures and inoculated into weaner pigs. As expected, the PCV1 replicated well in pigs but did not result in the induction of clinical signs or lesions in the inoculated pigs. The inoculation into weaner pigs of cell culture replicated PCV2 with an apparent virus titre of 103 virus particles/mL resulted in infection of only some of the inoculated pigs and it was concluded that the PCV2 inoculum contained insufficient virus to infect all pigs into which it was inoculated. The PCV2 did not induce any disease syndrome and could not be visualised in tissue sections of infected pigs using immunohistochemical techniques. In conclusion, techniques were developed for the detection of PCV in the Australian pig herd. PCV of both genetic types were detected at prevalence rates similar to those reported in other countries where PMWS has occurred, and the widespread occurrence of PCV was confirmed by serological assays. The PCV strains present were genetically indistinguishable from those present in North America and Europe. The reason for the absence of PMWS in Australia is most likely not due to differences in the characteristics of the PCV strains present.

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12

Macharper, Anthony G. "Survival from cancer and socio-economic status in South Australia /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MPM/09mpmm149.pdf.

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13

Sutcliffe, Karen. "The conservation status of aquatic insects in South-Western Australia /". Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040430.153605.

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14

Raye, Warren Sean. "An investigation into the status of porcine circovirus in Australia". Thesis, Raye, Warren Sean (2004) An investigation into the status of porcine circovirus in Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/273/.

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This thesis reports for the first time the detection of porcine circovirus virus (PCV) in the Australian pig herd. PCV DNA was detected in the tissues of pigs from several Australian states using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, the primers for which were based on the sequence of PCV1 and PCV2 strains detected in North America and Europe. PCV type 1 or 2 was detected in 80 of 367 (21.7%) pigs tested. In the 80 positives, both PCV1 and PCV2 were detected in 14 samples. Virus was detected in pigs from all states from which samples were obtained: Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland. The complete genomes of 13 strains of Australian PCV were sequenced. Analysis of the data indicated there was extremely high homology between the Australian strains of PCV1 and PCV2 and previously published sequences of PCV1 and PCV2 strains from North America and Europe.There were no consistent differences between the genome of the Australian strains and strains in North America and Europe. The widespread occurrence of PCV in the tissues of pigs was confirmed by a small scale serological study of the Western Australian pig herd using an immunofluorescence assay, which did not discriminate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2. This assay detected PCV antibody in 11 of 14 pig herds in Western Australia, with a prevalence rate in positive herds varying from 25 to 47%, but it was unable to differentiate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2. A PCV2-specific recombinant viral capsid protein was produced in insect cells with a baculovirus expression system and this was used to develop a PCV2-specific ELISA and a Western immunoblotting assay. These assays were applied to samples from a national pig serum bank and detected PCV2 antibody in 33% of 3933 serum samples. The highest seroprevalence to the recombinant PCV2 capsid antigen was detected in the samples from Victoria where there was a 51.3% seroprevalence rate, and the lowest in Western Australia where there was an 11.4% seroprevalence rate. An in situ hybridisation (ISH) technique was developed for the detection of PCV in tissues of infected pigs and infected cell cultures. A monoclonal antibody specific for the capsid protein of PCV2 was also produced and has application for the development of immunocytochemical procedures for the detection of PCV2 in tissues and cell cultures. The high prevalence of PCV in the Australian pig herd and the absence of reports of PMWS suggested that the Australian strains of PMWS detected may have been of low virulence. To examine the pathogenicity of Australian strains, two animal experiments were conducted where the type species of PCV1 present in persistently-infected PK15 pig kidney cells and an Australian PCV2 strain were cultured in vitro in cell cultures and inoculated into weaner pigs. As expected, the PCV1 replicated well in pigs but did not result in the induction of clinical signs or lesions in the inoculated pigs. The inoculation into weaner pigs of cell culture replicated PCV2 with an apparent virus titre of 103 virus particles/mL resulted in infection of only some of the inoculated pigs and it was concluded that the PCV2 inoculum contained insufficient virus to infect all pigs into which it was inoculated. The PCV2 did not induce any disease syndrome and could not be visualised in tissue sections of infected pigs using immunohistochemical techniques. In conclusion, techniques were developed for the detection of PCV in the Australian pig herd. PCV of both genetic types were detected at prevalence rates similar to those reported in other countries where PMWS has occurred, and the widespread occurrence of PCV was confirmed by serological assays. The PCV strains present were genetically indistinguishable from those present in North America and Europe. The reason for the absence of PMWS in Australia is most likely not due to differences in the characteristics of the PCV strains present.

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15

Raye, Warren Sean. "An investigation into the status of porcine circovirus in Australia /". Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050705.135219.

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16

Sutcliffe, Karen Elizabeth. "The conservation status of aquatic insects in south-western Australia". Thesis, Sutcliffe, Karen Elizabeth (2003) The conservation status of aquatic insects in south-western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/327/.

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Freshwater ecosystems in south-western Australia have been extensively altered over the last two centuries as a result of human activities. The effect this has had on aquatic fauna, particularly invertebrates, is largely unknown because of inadequate knowledge of the pre-existing fauna. Future changes in the composition of aquatic fauna will also go undetected unless current distributions of existing species are well documented. This thesis addresses the problem by investigating the current distributions and conservation status of aquatic insects in south-western Australia from three orders: Odonata, Plecoptera and Trichoptera. Extensive distributional data was collected by identifying larval specimens from a large number of samples collected throughout the south-west as part of an Australia-wide macroinvertebrate bioassessment project. In addition, a database created from a species-level biological study of the wheatbelt region of Western Australia was utilised, and previously published records of occurrence for species within the south-west were compiled. These results were then used to assess the conservation status of each species using the IUCN red list criteria. Environmental parameters measured at time of sampling were also examined using logistic regression to determine which factors are important in influencing the distributions of aquatic insects in south-western Australia. The conservation value of sites based on Odonata, Plecoptera and Trichoptera compositions was also determined and the degree of protection provided for sites of high conservation value investigated. The high rainfall forested region of the south-west was found to be important for a large number of species, including the majority of those found to be rare and/or restricted. Overall, 37% of species were found to be threatened, with the Trichoptera containing both the greatest number and highest proportion of threatened species. Logistic regression results generally agreed with the distributions obtained for each species, with rainfall and other parameters indicative of streams in the headwaters of forested catchments being positively associated with species found to be restricted to the high rainfall region. Two parameters known to be affected by human disturbance in the south-west, conductivity and nutrient concentrations, were found to be important in determining the occurrence of many species and this could have important consequences for aquatic insect conservation. Widespread species occurring within the low rainfall region of the south-west did not show as many significant relationships to measured environmental parameters, possibly due to their greater ecological tolerances and adaptations which allow them to persist in a low rainfall environment. The implications of results are discussed, and recommendations for the conservation and management of aquatic insects in south-western Australia are given.

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17

Sutcliffe, Karen Elizabeth. "The conservation status of aquatic insects in south-western Australia". Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040430.153605.

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Freshwater ecosystems in south-western Australia have been extensively altered over the last two centuries as a result of human activities. The effect this has had on aquatic fauna, particularly invertebrates, is largely unknown because of inadequate knowledge of the pre-existing fauna. Future changes in the composition of aquatic fauna will also go undetected unless current distributions of existing species are well documented. This thesis addresses the problem by investigating the current distributions and conservation status of aquatic insects in south-western Australia from three orders: Odonata, Plecoptera and Trichoptera. Extensive distributional data was collected by identifying larval specimens from a large number of samples collected throughout the south-west as part of an Australia-wide macroinvertebrate bioassessment project. In addition, a database created from a species-level biological study of the wheatbelt region of Western Australia was utilised, and previously published records of occurrence for species within the south-west were compiled. These results were then used to assess the conservation status of each species using the IUCN red list criteria. Environmental parameters measured at time of sampling were also examined using logistic regression to determine which factors are important in influencing the distributions of aquatic insects in south-western Australia. The conservation value of sites based on Odonata, Plecoptera and Trichoptera compositions was also determined and the degree of protection provided for sites of high conservation value investigated.The high rainfall forested region of the south-west was found to be important for a large number of species, including the majority of those found to be rare and/or restricted. Overall, 37% of species were found to be threatened, with the Trichoptera containing both the greatest number and highest proportion of threatened species. Logistic regression results generally agreed with the distributions obtained for each species, with rainfall and other parameters indicative of streams in the headwaters of forested catchments being positively associated with species found to be restricted to the high rainfall region. Two parameters known to be affected by human disturbance in the south-west, conductivity and nutrient concentrations, were found to be important in determining the occurrence of many species and this could have important consequences for aquatic insect conservation. Widespread species occurring within the low rainfall region of the south-west did not show as many significant relationships to measured environmental parameters, possibly due to their greater ecological tolerances and adaptations which allow them to persist in a low rainfall environment. The implications of results are discussed, and recommendations for the conservation and management of aquatic insects in south-western Australia are given.

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18

Young, Erina J. "Health and disease status of sea turtles in Western Australia". Thesis, Young, Erina J (2022) Health and disease status of sea turtles in Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2022. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/66116/.

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The current state of sea turtle health in the Indian Ocean is largely unknown, especially for the endemic flatback turtle (Natator depressus) which is listed as ‘vulnerable’ in Western Australia (WA) and ‘data deficient’ globally. Anecdotally, the causes of illness, injury, and death in Western Australian turtles are comparable to those in other parts of Australia and the world (e.g., spirorchiidiasis, fibropapillomatosis, and marine debris interaction) but scientific studies to validate these reports are particularly limited in this region. To address these knowledge gaps, causes of both live and dead turtle strandings in WA were investigated through an array of veterinary diagnostic techniques including necropsy, clinical pathology, diagnostic imaging, histopathology, parasitology, microbiology, toxicology, and molecular analyses. Health assessments were conducted on live animals to determine baseline levels of health and disease for specific populations, predominately nesting and foraging flatback turtles. Through these health and disease investigations, baselines were developed, along with the discovery of new diseases in flatback turtles including a novel haemoparasite, Haemocystidium spp., occurring specifically in the foraging life stage; a potentially emerging zoonotic bacterium, Streptococcus iniae associated with a multi-species mass mortality event involving post-hatchlings; as well as spirorchiidiasis, previously unreported in this species. Other unusual and emerging diseases were also reported in sea turtles in this study, including microsporidial myopathy, salt gland adenitis, gout, and pseudogout. In this study, natural disease-related causes of mortality occurred more frequently than direct anthropogenic causes, with parasitoses the most frequently occurring natural disease. Spirorchiidiaisis was the most common cause of mortality (32.0%) with a prevalence of 93.2% in turtles susceptible to the disease (i.e., excluding the post-hatchling life stage). The next most common cause of mortality was unknown (17.3%), followed by trauma (13.3%), endoparasitosis (10.7%), infectious disease (6.7%), and pneumonia (6.7%), with the remaining mortality categories each accounting for less than 5% of cases (including systemic inflammation, osmoregulatory disorder, gastrointestinal impaction, gastrointestinal foreign body, fibropapillomatosis, and metabolic disorder). We developed the first flatback turtle reference intervals (RIs) in Reference Value Advisor (RefVal v2.1) following the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines. We found flatback turtle RIs were generally similar to other published sea turtle RIs and reference values (RVs) but detected significant differences in our study for the various boundary conditions including life stage (nesting or foraging), as well for measurement methodology (field or laboratory tests), justifying the establishment of separate RIs/RVs for nesting and foraging flatbacks, and for field and laboratory techniques. This study was the first sea turtle health and disease investigation in WA and the eastern Indian Ocean to offer broader insights into sea turtle health and disease status on a regional scale. These essential baselines provided a number of crucial functions which include serving as a reference point for future studies to monitor changes in population health and disease levels. Specifically, these baseline data will be useful for future comparative studies of the same population where changes are an indication of a changing environment. The blood RIs can be used for disease diagnosis, monitoring progress and assessing prognosis of clinical flatback turtle cases in rehabilitation. Considering that diseases in the marine environment are predicted to rise with increasing anthropogenic pressures, detection of new and emerging diseases is of significance to the global knowledge of sea turtle diseases; and for understanding and mitigating disease threats to sea turtle populations. Finally, this study provided a framework to integrate health into future conservation management decisions to ensure the long-term survival of sea turtles.

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19

Williams, Llewellyn Joy. "Indigenous Australia in media: A portrait of health". Thesis, Indigenous Heath Studies, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5707.

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The television media is a powerful tool in forming and influencing the general public on various issues and opinions. It has the potential to change and create a positive or negative effect on the peoples view of the world and the environment they live in. When positively viewed media can create an environment conducive to change. However, negative views will have the far reached outcomes unprecedented in many cases and time. The negative view can be a problem when the media, in particular television starts to create a negative portrayal of a particular group. The purpose of this Thesis is to investigate whether television reporting of Indigenous issues and peoples have an effect on their quality of life and in particular health. The methodology used in this Thesis is of a qualitative nature, which consisted of a series of interviews and literature reviews. The findings indicate that media, and in particular television have a negative view of Indigenous issues and portray the Indigenous people negatively. Such negative portrayals have adverse effects on the quality of life, in particular health, of Indigenous people and their communities. It is recommended that necessary Code of Practice to be developed by the relevant government agencies in partnership with the Indigenous communities, to make sure that the programmes are free from misused information on disadvantaged groups and in particular Indigenous peoples. Furthermore an Affirmative Action for employment of the Indigenous workers in media will go a long way to improve the current portrayals of the Indigenous Australians.

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20

Tettey, Kwasi O'Boorh. "Racioethnic and migration status influence on job satisfaction: Evidence from Australia". Thesis, Tettey, Kwasi O'Boorh (2015) Racioethnic and migration status influence on job satisfaction: Evidence from Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/27278/.

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The Australian labor market is characterized by a culturally diverse workforce. This in large part stems from the high representation of migrants in the workforce. In fact, the representation of migrants is reportedly higher than in most immigrant nations, including the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (US). Nonetheless, in some of these countries, in particular the US, it appears there is an ongoing interest to ascertain whether or not there are discrepancies in the job satisfaction of workers from various cultural backgrounds. As a result, literature comparing the satisfaction of minorities with Whites is readily available, albeit conflicting. However, in Australia, this information is limited. The present research was therefore designed to provide some knowledge in this area. Specifically, the research was undertaken to primarily establish if, within the Australian workforce, there are differences in job satisfaction levels on the basis of racioethnicity and migration status. It was also designed to ascertain if there are disparities on these bases in relation to life satisfaction. Further, the research was designed to assess the importance that is placed on job satisfaction facets by members of different racioethnic groups and with varying migration status. It also tested the possibility that people from different racioethnic backgrounds and with varied personality characteristics experience job satisfaction differently. In addition, the research examined disparities in perceived discrimination and its influence on the job satisfaction of people from different races and ethnicities. Altogether, nine research questions were addressed. As part of addressing these questions, three main theories underlying job satisfaction, namely the motivation-hygiene theory, the job characteristics model, and the internal dispositional theory were tested. Using a survey questionnaire and interviews, data was collected from 413 participants—consisting of 388 survey respondents and 25 interviewees—and then analyzed using SPSS and NVivo. Consistent with the conclusions from overseas studies, it was found that race and ethnicity tend to predict both job and life satisfaction differently. In general, there were significant differences in job satisfaction levels between Whites and people from minority races. Some significant differences were also found between ethnic groups. However, no such differences were observed between people with different migration status, although those born in Australia reported slightly higher levels of satisfaction. Also, in general, there were discrepancies in the job facets from which Whites and people from minority races derive satisfaction; there were discrepancies in the context of migration status and ethnicity as well. However, members of most racial and ethnic groups agreed that interpersonal relationships, communication, and work-life balance were important in terms of job satisfaction. In contrast, pay and promotion were considered less relevant. Perceived discrimination was found to be considerably higher among minorities than Whites. It reduced job satisfaction levels and seemed to affect the satisfaction of members of some groups more than others. With regard to personality traits, there was little evidence to suggest that they influenced the job satisfaction levels of people from various racioethnic groups differently. Similarly, there was little evidence to suggest that people from different races as well as those with different migration status significantly vary in life satisfaction levels. However, slightly higher levels of satisfaction were recorded for Whites and people born in Australia compared with minorities and people born overseas. In addition, a larger proportion of members of ‘underprivileged ethnicities’ reported higher than expected levels of satisfaction and were more likely than their ‘Western ethnicities’ counterparts to be satisfied with their life in Australia. People born overseas, it was observed, were also more likely to be satisfied with life than those born in Australia. The findings are interpreted with the support of relevant theories and data from the interviews. Conclusions and policy implications of the findings are presented, along with suggestions for further research.

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21

Madzokere, Eugene T. "The Current Status, Evolution and Spread of Arboviruses Circulating in Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/417227.

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Arboviruses circulating in Australia are of clinical importance as they cause painful, often chronic musculoskeletal arthritic or fatal dengue disease. They include Ross River virus (RRV), Barmah Forest virus (BFV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV). This dissertation assessed the seroprevalence, diversity, evolution, spread and strategies for controlling infection caused by these arboviruses. The overall aim of research presented in this dissertation was to improve public health responses such as nationwide surveillance, diagnosis, and infection control. Research undertaken in chapter 2 achieved this through systematic review and statistical synthesis of human seroprevalence data for RRV, BFV and DENV. I have shown that many factors influence the reporting of human seroprevalences for these three arboviruses. Among these factors is the choice of assay method, timeframe, and sampling strategy. I have also presented findings showing that the spatiotemporal range and median seroprevalences reported for DENV and RRV are wider and higher than those for BFV. This indicates that the risk of exposure to DENV and RRV is significantly higher and extends overseas, however this risk relates to the distribution of the transmitting vectors. My analysis highlighted that DENV presents the highest risk of exposure but its incidence in Australia is declining due to successful implementation of Wolbachia-DENV control programs which have restricted the distribution of Aedes aegypti. Most serosurveys reviewed reported a positive association between age and seroprevalence, and increasing seroprevalence with gender. However, studies reporting gender-seroprevalence data did not do statistical analysis to show the significance of outcomes. This dissertation therefore recommends streamlining, standardization and statistical synthesis of serosurveys data to better quantify risk of exposure, identify risk factors, at-risk groups/populations, associations between seroprevalence and risk factors and at-risk groups/populations. In chapter 3, I characterised the phylogenetic relationship among 193 RRV near whole genomes sourced from multiple hosts, nationwide and the Pacific, in-between 1959-2018. Eight-six of these genomes were generated in this dissertation. My assessment revealed that the four RRV genotypes display high levels of intra-genomic diversity, as I was able to characterise the virus into eight additional sublineages within genotypes G1 (n = 2), G3 (n = 5) and G4 (n = 1). This characterisation brings the total number of known RRV sublineages to 13. Only three of these sublineages (G3D, G4A and G4B) contain viruses that have circulated in Australia within the last decade. The last sampling of genotype 1 and 2 (G1 and G2) viruses was in 1976 and 1995 from Queensland and Western Australia. These viruses may no longer be in circulation within Australia. Sublineages G4A and G4B the most dominant circulating variants of RRV in recent times but they are spatially restricted to Eastern and Western Australia. My phylogenetic analysis suggests that a human traveller likely introduced RRV into the PICTs from northern rather than eastern Australia causing the explosive 1979-80 epidemic. This hypothesis builds upon the one postulated by authors of previous studies who used genomic datasets for RRV isolates sampled from a few locations and not nationwide as I did. Future studies are required to determine differences between RRV sublineages, factors driving lineage replacement, and understand the role of positively selected codon site to RRV evolution. For chapter 4, I studied the evolution, dissemination and phylogenetic relation between 87 BFV near whole genomes sourced nationwide and from Papua New Guinea from three hosts; humans, mosquitoes and a macropod, during 1974-2018. Fifty-four of these genomes were generated in this dissertation and were sampled throughout Australia. Despite the addition of these new genomes to the BFV phylogeny, results obtained indicate that BFV still consists of three genotypes with most new genomes generated from isolates sampled from northern, eastern, and Western Australia grouping in genotype G3. This dissertation reconstructed the most plausible and statistically supported dissemination pathways for BFV and identified the PNG as the most likely source of the virus. The impacts of nucleotide variation within repeat sequence elements and positive selection with the nsP1 Mtase-Gtase domain on virus replication and host range need to be investigated further. For Chapter 4 and 5, I showed that BFV and RRV have a synonymous codon usage bias toward A or C at the 3rd codon position; an abundance of CA and UG, and suppression of CG and UA dinucleotides; display coincidental and antagonistic synonymous codon usage bias with their respective mosquito and vertebrate hosts. In chapter 7, I also showed that amino acid coevolution and compositional biases are prevalent within protein coding regions belonging to RRV and BFV. I found translational selection to be the most influential evolutionary force driving RRV codon usage patterns (chapter 5). Mutational pressure was a close second. I also identified host motifs associated with RRV and BFV coevolving sites. Altogether these results indicate that many factors drive RRV and BFV evolution, among them virus and host related influences. Investigation of the clinical relevance of these findings (chapters 4, 5, and 7) is required. In chapters 6 of this dissertation, I identified five drugs [Anidulafungin (an antifungal), Fondaparinux (an anticoagulant), Rifabutin (an antibiotic), Deslanoside (a cardiac glycoside), and Temsirolimus (an antineoplastic agent)] that bind with high affinity, potency and efficiency to the RRV, BFV and CHIKV capsid. Their role as capsid inhibitors and potential treatments for RRV, BFV and CHIKV infection needs validating through functional and preclinical studies. In chapter 8, I proposed a strategy for generating integrated species distribution modelling frameworks to improve prediction of mosquito-vector habitat shifts in the future. Such modelling frameworks do not currently exist and so their generation and evaluation as an additional component to existing vector and arbovirus surveillance initiatives in Australia is required. This dissertation has addressed its research aims and hypothesis. It has demonstrated that robust nationwide surveillance, review and synthesis of seroprevalence, genomic, host, and environmental data for RRV, BFV and DENV enhances the understanding and management of arbovirus epidemics, virus characterisation and discovery, and infection control in Australia. This research has also shown that some of the factors driving alphavirus evolution, can be exploited for vaccine development. In addition, this dissertation has also presented five approved medicines with potential for repurposing as anti-alphaviral treatments. More broadly, this dissertation has generated new strategies and concepts for improving arbovirus surveillance and infection control in Australia.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Institute for Glycomics
Griffith Health
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Clayden, Judith M. "Contested power, identity and status : an historical case study of library paraprofessionals in Australia". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/201.

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After an initial Interrogation of the theory of professions and historical writing, this study examined three major phases in the development of professional and paraprofesslonal library occupations in Australia. The early professionalising phase from the 1930s onwards where the Australian Institute of Librarians took control of education for librarianship was analysed In detail. Issues crucial to the understanding of subsequent development included the inequalities of library provision and funding, publicised by the Munn-Pitt Report of 1935 and reiterated by a series of later international consultants; conflict and contestation between librarians from different areas of the library and information sector; a lack of occupational status and measures undertaken to imrrove that status In the face of an Increasing femlnisation of the workforce. In a move to improve the status of librarians, the senior university librarians who dominated the Association's educational processes decided graduate qualifications would be essential. Although the Institute and later Library Association of Australia had evinced little interest In the education of 'non professional' or 'subprofesslonal' library workers, staff shortages In a time of higher funding levels resulted In the Victorian Branch of the Association sponsoring the first library technicians' course in 1970. As similar courses became available, the Association acted to ensure portabllity of qualifications and to enforce uniform educational standards.

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Walker, Agnes Emilia, e Agnes Walker@anu edu au. "Modelling the links between socioeconomic status and health in Australia: a dynamic microsimulation approach". The Australian National University. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060127.120857.

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This thesis concerns the modelling of individuals health over the life course, within the framework set by the now substantial international literature on the relationship between socioeconomic status and health. The focus is on people with long term illnesses and related disabilities, on inequalities in health by socioeconomic status (SES) and on the impact of health on employment.¶ The main tool of analysis is a dynamic microsimulation model of the Australian population which tracks the demographic, socioeconomic and financial characteristics of individuals and their families over the life course. Its original form, developed at the National Centre for Socioeconomic Modelling, University of Canberra, is based on a one per cent representative sample of the Australian population (around 150,000 individuals), with a series of life course events simulated for individuals and their families up to 2050 - such as births, deaths, migration, taxes, education, labour force participation, earned income, wealth accumulation and government transfers. The model is written in the C programming language and was initially used on a UNIX system. The dramatic increases in the speed and memory size of PCs over the past five years has led to a PC version now being available.¶ Despite their relatively short existence and long development phases, dynamic microsimulation models are now used in many developed countries for example, the USA, UK, Canada, France, Sweden, Norway and Italy. In recognition of their ability to analyse distributional and financial issues in considerably greater depth than what is possible with traditional methods, their use by government for policy analysis is rapidly increasing.¶ In this thesis two new modules were added to the original Australian dynamic microsimulation model namely: a Health_SES module and a Health State Transitions module. The former makes the study of health inequalities across socioeconomic groups possible. The latter provides a link between health status and the ability of individuals to carry out every day activities as the severity of their ill-health increases with age. A major advantage of adding these new modules to an existing main model is that it allows much more comprehensive studies over the life courses of individuals than the alternative would allow that is the building of two stand-alone models developed exclusively for health-SES and health state transition types of applications.¶ The main data sources used to construct the two new modules were an extract from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfares Mortality database covering the 1995-97 period, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998 survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers. The analysis of the mortality data was handled using EXCEL, and that of the much larger Disability survey unit record dataset - over 40,000 individuals and 100s of variables using the SAS programming language.¶ While most of the methodologies used in constructing the new modules are in line with what became the norm for dynamic microsimulation model development, the thesis contains several innovations. The main ones are: a quantitative assessment of the suitability of different types of SES indicators for studies of health inequalities; the modelling of the progression of peoples health from illness-free status to mild and severe disability; the development of a methodology for estimating health state transition probabilities from cross-sectional data (in the absence of longitudinal data); and the linking of health status to individuals ability to stay in the labour force.¶ As with most models, there are a number of limitations. These are discussed in the thesis, together with areas of possible future improvements.¶ The thesis also presents two novel and topical though at this stage illustrative applications of the enhanced dynamic microsimulation model. The first simulates the impact of a narrowing in health inequalities in Australia as health is lifted nationally to the level currently enjoyed by the most affluent 20% of the population. The findings are that, if such a policy change were implemented, close to half a million fewer Australians would be disabled, around 180,000 life years would be saved, health care costs would be around A$1 billion lower per year and the government could save close to A$700 million on the Disability Support Pension.¶ The second application quantifies the likely impacts of longer working lives in future, which may arise from changes such as: more favourable labour market conditions; government incentives to remain in the labour force longer (eg the lifting of the pension age); and general improvements in health. This application estimates the probability that Australians aged 65-70 would work more than 15 hours per week, had such changes eventuated. The decision to retire is modelled as a function of each individuals own health, socioeconomic status, age, sex and family composition. The impacts are simulated in a world in which current patterns of health by age, sex and SES remain unchanged over time the Base case; and a world replicating the narrower health inequalities scenario of the first application. Under the Base case an additional 450,000 persons aged 65-70 years were estimated to remain in the workforce - with the related earnings totalling up to $20 billion in 1998 ($35 billion in 2018) and savings by government on the age pension of around $2 billion ($4 billion in 2018). Under the narrower health inequalities scenario the numbers working, their earnings and the related savings on the age pension were estimated to be around 7% higher. Much of the original research carried out for this thesis has appeared, or is yet to appear, in refereed publications.¶

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Vogl, Anthea Fay. "Refugee status determination, narrative and the oral hearing in Australia and Canada". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58301.

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In processes of refugee status determination, the applicant’s first person testimony plays a critical role. The applicant’s own testimony is often the only evidence available to support the claim being made. This thesis examines the presentation and assessment of refugee applicants’ oral testimony before the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) and the Australian Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT). In addressing the conduct of the oral hearing, a central event within refugee status determination processes, it focuses on the critical role played by the form of refugee applicants’ oral testimony. Its central question is how does the form of refugee testimony shape assessments of refugee applicants’ evidence as credible and thus, influence who may access protection and on what terms. These questions are explored through the close reading of 14 refugee applicants’ oral hearings, which took place in Australia and Canada between 2012 and 2014. In analysing the hearings, this thesis argues that the law’s requirement for evidence that is plausible and credible within refugee status determination involves an expectation that applicants present evidence in a compelling narrative form. Using the frameworks of ‘law and literature’ and narrative theory, with attention to questions of temporality, causation and plot, this thesis demonstrates that a demand for narrative structured the oral hearings. The demand encompassed expectations that applicants present evidence marked by linearity; direct and explicable causal connections; and some sense of both ‘plot’ and closure. The hearings woven through this thesis trace how decision-makers articulated such demands and explore the extent to which the demand for narrative represents the State’s requirement that refugees to narrate themselves as particular kinds of subjects, whose complex histories and experiences of fear or harm resolve in the decision to seek refugee status.
Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate

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Phillips, Kristen. "Immigration detention, containment fantasies and the gendering of political status in Australia". Curtin University of Technology, School of Communication and Cultural Studies, Faculty of Media Culture and Creative Arts, 2009. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=129031.

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This thesis is about border politics, in more than one sense. It looks at the recent period of anxiety about the control of Australian national borders (approximately, from the late 1990s until the 2007 Federal election), and attempts to understand how certain assumptions about women as potential reproductive bodies permeated biopolitical discourses in Australian national culture during this period. I employ the term ‘containment’ in order to make sense of this cultural moment. With reference to the work of theorists of modernity such as Michel Foucault and Zygmunt Bauman, I argue that containment is a key discourse in modern cultures—a way of thinking and speaking about confinement, control, management and order. It structures how we think about the management of populations and is a central part of the justification for the confinement of problem populations by modern political authorities. As such, then, it describes the ways in which the use of immigration detention for unlawful non-citizen asylum seekers has been thought about and accepted as reasonable in Australian national culture.
However, a discourse of containment has also been central to the thinking about gendered bodies in modernity, in particular to assumptions about the control of women’s bodies. The assumptions about the containment of women in the modern gender order are directly linked to ideas about political status, citizenship and sovereignty in modern nation-states. Drawing on Giorgio Agamben’s notion of ‘bare life’—the life that is excluded from the protections of citizenship and thus left unprotected from violence—I attempt to make sense of the connections between the immigration detention camp as a site where the modern state exerts control over the life of the nation, and that modern state’s attempts to control reproductive and reproducing bodies. The reducing of certain people to the status of bare life is, then, a gendered process. Women and men are stripped of political status in different ways because they are assumed to have, or potentially have, different kinds of political status.
I therefore consider how ideas about women as reproductive bodies were integral to the discourse and practices of containment which underpinned the use of immigration detention in Australia. These ideas were important at a number of levels. Firstly, ideas about women as reproductive bodies infused the thinking about national borders, border control and the management of national reproduction. Secondly, a racially inflected discourse about ‘women and children’ was of central importance in shaping the ways in which male and female asylum seekers in immigration detention were treated. In the techniques used to control and manage gendered asylum-seeking bodies, key modern assumptions about women as reproductive bodies, the family, sovereignty and violence are revealed. Furthermore, I argue that many popular culture texts which attempt to make sense of, or critique, Australian national border politics have reinforced the same gendered ideas about containment, the same naturalised assumptions about the reproduction of the nation, which underpinned exclusionist border politics and the use of immigration detention. Examining the intersection of gendered and national discourses of containment in national border politics reveals the gendered violence which infuses the modern social order.

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McKillop, Dianne R. "Principles in public reasoning about criminal justice : victim vulnerability, trust, and offender status". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1035.

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It is popularly assumed that the public is highly punitive toward criminal offenders and that its reasoning about criminal offences is emotionally and morally based. This assumption has been challenged by social scientists who cite influences of news media and methodological flaws in empirical studies as contributing causes. Public sentiment is a basis for law and the increasing responsiveness of legislator to what is perceived to be public opinion on crime means that accurate information on enduring principles in the public's intuitive reasoning about criminal justice is vital. An initial exploratory study (N = 34) presented members of the public with descriptions of emotionally and morally provocative offences, morally indignant reactions and the assignment of punishments that were disproportionate to the objective harm caused by the offences indicated aspects of offences and associated reasoning principles that were worthy of further, experimental investigation. Important principles appeared to be breach of trust by an offender in a position of trust and the vulnerability of victims. A second study (N = 348) examined the influence of these two variables in a 3 x 3 (offender position of trust x victim vulnerability) between-subjects experiment. Findings confirmed that victim vulnerability exacerbates the public's condemnation of offences in a more prosaic offence. However the results also showed that an offender who occupied a highly trusted position in society was not more highly condemned than offenders in less trusted positions. In addition to the finding that the highly trusted offender was perceived to be significantly less in need of a punishment aimed at individual deterrence, this finding led to a hypothesis that his high status may have protected him from public sanction. It was also concluded that the type of trust whose violation the participants of the initial study strongly condemned may have been the trust that is inherent in relationships, rather than in social positions. Survey research (N1 = 192, N2 = 237) provided an empirical basis for unconfounded representations of status and trust in further investigations. Doctors, lawyers and police officers were selected as exemplars of various levels of trust and status. A subsequent experimental study (N = 122) manipulated offenders' trust and status, and the existence of a professional relationship between the offender and victim in a 3 x 2 between-subject design. Results indicated that the existence of a professional trust relationship interacted with the status and position of trust of an offender in their effect on public condemnation. The high status of an offender became a liability in terms of condemnation when that offender also had a professional relationship with his victim, but only when the offender occupied a trusted position in society. The same study indicated that, in an offence where no professional relationship with the victim existed, high status offered a significant degree of protection from a punishment aimed at general deterrence. It was concluded that, although concerns for victim vulnerability are ubiquitous in the public's reasoning about criminal justice, trust is a principle that is applied complexly and which interacts with offender status and offender-victim relationship. The public's responses to criminal offences are both more complex and more rational than is widely believed. The variability found in the data collected for this series of studies indicated that criminal justice researchers must be cautious in assuming consensus in public evaluations of offences and its reasoning about deserved punishment.

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Anderson, Jane Elizabeth Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "The production of indigenous knowledge in intellectual property law". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20491.

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The thesis is an exploration of how indigenous knowledge has emerged as a subject within Australian intellectual property law. It uses the context of copyright law to illustrate this development. The work presents an analysis of the political, social and cultural intersections that influence legal possibilities and effect practical expectations of the law in this area. The dilemma of protecting indigenous knowledge resonates with tensions that characterise intellectual property as a whole. The metaphysical dimensions of intellectual property have always been insecure but these difficulties come to the fore with the identification of boundaries and markers that establish property in indigenous subject matter. While intellectual property law is always managing difference, the politics of law are more transparent when managing indigenous concerns. Rather than assume the naturalness of the category of indigenous knowledge within law, this work interrogates the politics of its construction precisely as a ???special??? category. Employing a multidisciplinary methodology, engaging theories of governmental rationality that draws upon the scholarship of Michel Foucault to appreciate strategies of managing and directing knowledge, the thesis considers how the politics of law is infused by cultural, political, bureaucratic and individual factors. Key elements in Australia that have pushed the law to consider expressions of indigenous knowledge in intellectual property can be located in changing political environments, governmental intervention through strategic reports, cultural sensitivity articulated in case law and innovative instances of individual agency. The intersection of these elements reveals a dynamic that exerts influence in the shape the law takes.

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Jaku, Danielle Georgia. "Responsible families a critical appraisal of the federal government's reforms /". Master's thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/620.

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Thesis (LLM)--Macquarie University. Division of Law.
Bibliography: leaves 192-208.
Introduction -- The perceived problems and the new reforms -- The framework for children's matters in Australia -- Families and functions - regulating the Australian family -- Reorganising the gender hierarchy -- Men's movements, misconceptions and misidentifying the real issues -- Problems with "shared parenting": an ideal or a (rebuttable) presumption? -- Mediation not litigation -- Conclusion -- Bibliography.
In this thesis, I critically appraise the latest reforms of the Australian family law system and assess the underlying philosophy of these measures. I specifically analyse the introduction of shared parenting and mandatory family dispute resolution. My starting point is that legislative changes alone cannot be used as a means of social change. Legal models cannot function correctly if they reflect an ideal rather than social reality, and in light of the current reforms, the Australian family law system risks such a fate. The system, which presumes that parents share parental responsibility upon separation (and therefore during the intact family), does not represent social truth. It appears to make an assumption that shared parenting is the societal practice, but I believe the law is really being used to impose such an ideal. If the reforms are to be successful, I argue that substantial social and economic structural change is required, in order to break down the dichotomy between men's and women's roles, which continue to define the male role as economic and public and the female responsibility as care-giving and private. This is particularly important if the Government is genuine about its aim to make parenting gender neutral in practice and not just in theory.
The thesis demonstrates that the reform measures are a response to the perceived rather than real problems identified in the family law system, and that they are largely issues raised under the influence of fathers' rights groups. The response of the Government to remedy the system is therefore flawed as it is based on misconceived notions about the family law system. It incorrectly identifies judicial discretion as a fundamental cause of the problems and tries to replace it with a more rules-based approach to determining children's matters. I suggest that the real problems can be found in the continuance of deeply entrenched customs and gendered role constructions, and the remedies lie in their overhaul. The social culture that makes the mother the primary caregiver and allocates to the father diminished parental responsibility from the time the child is born needs to be transformed. A suitable legal response to the current impasse would be to begin by educating the public about the way the system works and provide counselling to families on how to structure their united life well before they reach the breakdown point. Assisting families while they are still functional, as opposed to when they are dysfunctional, would arguably make a large difference in how the family law system is understood. Moreover, it would be able to facilitate ongoing communication for separating couples and, most importantly, thereby uphold the best interests of the child.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Jourdain, Chloe. "Expedited processing of asylum seekers: The future of refugee status determination in Australia?" Thesis, Jourdain, Chloe (2013) Expedited processing of asylum seekers: The future of refugee status determination in Australia? Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2013. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/21864/.

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2013 marks another year wrought with debate on asylum seekers and whether they are in fact refugees, fuelled by a growing number of boat arrivals and significant cost to the Australian government. The major political parties in Australia have been focused on how to ‘stop the boats’ and finding alternative ways to process claims for refugee status. Media reports since August 2012 have referred to an enhanced screening process whereby asylum seekers arriving by boat have not been given access to Australia’s refugee status determination procedures, returned to their country without sufficient assessment of any claim for asylum. The Liberal-National Coalition indicated that they will introduce expedited processing of asylum seekers, modelled on the Detained Fast Track Processes in the United Kingdom. The expedited processing of asylum seekers is one alternative to standard refugee status determination procedures. This thesis examines whether Australia can meet its international protection obligations under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees if expedited processing procedures are introduced with the appropriate procedural safeguards. An over view of the expedited procedures in practice in the UK and the US is followed by a comparative analysis and assessment of whether procedures in the US and the UK meet international protection obligations and contain the appropriate procedural safeguards. Finally I have developed recommendations for Australia based on my analysis of the expedited procedures in the US and the UK. If expedited processing is to be implemented in Australia it should complement our current system, not replace it, and any proposal must contain comprehensive procedural safeguards.

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Ning, Bolun. "Comparative Study of Emissions Trading Status-Quo in China, Australia and Other Countries". Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365431.

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Market-based approaches, particularly the emissions trading schemes, are broadly utilised by the developed world in order to reduce the greenhouse gases emissions, which are the main course of global climate change. All the existing schemes and schemes to be introduced play an important role in one country’s national climate change policies. China, as the largest contributor to the greenhouse gases emissions in the world, has also shown its intention to introduce an emissions trading scheme. However, there is no national regulatory framework or policy for carbon trading market in China. Thus, successful experience from the existing schemes and the good intentions in proposed ones are worthwhile for China to learn. This project seeks to review and undertake comparative analyses of emissions trading schemes and sustainable energy policies between China and other countries, particularly in the context of international treaties and initiatives on climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Both published literature and some survey information are collected and critically analysed, and recommendations on both effective emissions trading schemes and sustainable energy policies are developed for China to implement the national initiatives and strategies in relation to the climate change adaptation and mitigation. Through comparative study, how emissions trading scheme, one of the market-based approaches, can mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions will be illustrated. Therefore, the establishment of a national carbon market will be proved as an efficient approach for China to curb greenhouse gas emissions and reduce energy intensity.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Truscott, Keith. ""More than three "Rs" in the classroom" : a case study in Aboriginal tertiary business education". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2011. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/925.

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This was an investigation of factors that assisted Australian Aboriginal students complete or incomplete a business course at a University in Perth between 2000 and 2010. The concept of resilience and related factors of inclusion and exclusion from the participants’ past were assumed clues by the researcher. The investigation involved four inquiries. First, the researcher reviewed recent statistics of Aboriginal population, education and employment. A short history of Aboriginal education in Western Australian was also made. Both reviews indicated Aboriginal people endured relative exclusion and a lower status than the mainstream population in areas of education and employment. Second, the researcher assumed that a shared interdependency existed between distinct “ethnic groups” (Barth, 1969) in terms of “levels of engagement at the cultural boundaries”. The cultural boundaries consisted of four layers, namely observable behaviour and material artefacts, institutions, values and worldviews (Barney, 1973; P. D. Milnes & Grant, 1999b). At these “cultural boundaries” that the researcher explored, there were more than three “Rs” (i.e. reading, writing and arithmetic) concerns active in the classroom, namely the silent “R”, resilience. Third, the researcher built upon the theoretical work of Francis’ (1981) ‘teach to the difference’, Nakata’s (1997) idea of ‘cultural interface’ and Milnes’ (2008) concept of ‘meeting place’. The researcher then adapted a new research model called ‘engagement at the cultural boundaries’. Fourth, the researcher conducted a large case study on four samples. A short life-history interview was made of each sample: 1) a pilot study of a previous business graduate; 2) Aboriginal graduates (n=17); 3) Aboriginal non-graduates (n=13); 4) teaching and administrative staff (n=6). Then the pilot study and three groups of stakeholders were rated with a ‘resilience score’ in terms of their engagement at social and economic boundaries based on their personal, public, training and economic identities. The researcher concluded that overall ten factors of resilience had assisted the Aboriginal students complete or incomplete the tertiary business course. These ten factors were: a strong self-reference point, sense of community, structured living, strong support network, stakeholders identifying with struggles, significant role models, strong status and a single mindedness to complete the task at hand, skills in crisis management, and a previous history of successful engagement at the cultural boundaries. Besides the pilot study, the students who completed the tertiary business course had a high resilience score based on previously, strong inclusive engagements at the two key cultural boundaries, the social and economic boundaries. Those students who did not complete the tertiary business course still had a high resilience score, but showed less experiences and examples of inclusive engagement at the overall cultural boundaries prior to and for the duration of the tertiary business course. Teachers of Aboriginal students would do well to discern that Aboriginal students do have a high resilience score overall despite their publicly acknowledged low status and historic loss of economic power. Teachers and key stakeholders in Aboriginal tertiary education also would do well to recognise that some of the ten factors of resilience in Aboriginal tertiary students, especially those resilience factors linked to training and economic identity, require more focus and strengthening. The challenge for all stakeholders of tertiary education is to develop all factors of resilience so that Aboriginal students can experience more inclusion as the latter engage at the tertiary cultural boundary.

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au, Ahunter@echidna id, e Ann Patricia Hunter. "A different kind of subject: Aboriginal legal status and colonial law in Western Australia, 1829 -1861". Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070427.125700.

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A different kind of subject: Aboriginal legal status and colonial law in Western Australia, 1829-1861. This thesis is an examination of the nature and application of the policy regarding the legal status and rights of Aboriginal people in Western Australia from 1829 to 1861. It describes the extent of the debates and the role of British law that arose after conflict between Aboriginal people and settlers in the context of political and economic contests between settlers and government on land issues. While the British government continually maintained that the legal basis for annexation was settlement, by the mid 1830s Stirling regarded it as an invasion, but was neither prepared to accept that Aboriginal people had to consent to the imposition of British law upon them, nor to formally recognise their rights as the original owners of the land. Instead, Stirlings government applied an archaic form of outlawry to Aboriginal people who resisted the invasion. This was despite proposals for agreements in the 1830s. During the early 1840s there was a temporary legal pluralism in Western Australia where Indigenous laws were officially recognised. However, by the mid 1840s the administration of British law in Western Australia was increasingly dictated by settler interests and mounting settler-magistrate pressure to modify the legal position of Aboriginal people which resulted in the development of colonial law to construct a landless subject status with minimal rights based on their value as a useful labour force for the pastoral economy. This separate legal status deliberately departed from equality principles and corresponded with the diminished status of Indigenous laws and the abandonment of legal pluralism in settled districts, during a period of rapid pastoral expansion in the 1850s. This entrenched discriminatory practice in colonial law would be the prelude to the protectionist and discriminatory legislation of the early twentieth century which formalised inequality of legal status.

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Greenfield, Julianne. "Consuming passions in the court of faded dreams: 'high conflict' in children's cases in the Family Court of Australia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20353.

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This thesis examines the construct of 'high conflict' as it is currently applied to children's cases in the Family Court. Underpinned primarily by psychological understandings of separation and post-separation conflict, notions of 'high conflict' have been the dominant framework used to understand and work with difficult cases involving parenting after separation in the Family Court of Australia. However, from a social work perspective, many 'lenses' were available with which to view post-separation conflict: the social, the legal, the psychological and the overlapping categories of the socio-legal and the psycho-social. These have been used to critically interrogate the concept of 'high conflict'. This mixed methods study was designed to investigate whether 'high conflict' can be predicted, so that these cases may be able to be more effectively managed by the Family Court. Consistent with a mixed methods approach, the research has moved through various phases. Firstly a large group (one-hundred-and-sixty) of parent litigants in children's cases was selected and surveyed, and the legal matter tracked through the Court in order to ascertain the ease or difficulty of settlement. Matters that took over twelve months to settle were designated 'high conflict'. The 'high conflict' litigants were compared with litigants whose matters settled relatively quickly, on a large number of variables collected from the survey, to see if they differed in significant ways from each other. Secondly all litigants in the cohort were interviewed about their settlement behaviour to see if there were differences between 'settlers' and 'non-settlers' in their understandings of the settlement (or lack of it) which might provide insights into 'high conflict'. Thirdly, a sub-sample often litigants whose cases were marked by long duration or marked intensity were interviewed in-depth to explore their post-separation experiences including litigation. The interviews were analysed thematically to see if common themes, understandings or meanings emerged. Finally, a sub-sample of cases for which both parents had responded to the survey was analysed, using some of the variables of interest which had emerged from the previous investigations. The distinguishing feature of this latter investigation was that data from both parties was available. From the large body of data which was generated, the following findings were made: In relation to the initial survey data, which was analysed quantitatively to yield correlates of cases that took over twelve months to settle, knowing these correlates was of little assistance for prediction. The follow-up in-depth data from the large sample of parent litigants proved to have explanatory value but not predictive value. Some common themes and meanings emerged from the experiences of individuals in the small sample who were interviewed in depth, accentuating the complexity of the phenomenon being studied. The predictive capacity of these themes was evaluated and critiqued. The data from the parent-dyads was found to have explanatory value and arguably some predictive value, but above all highlighted the complexity of post-separation disputes about children. This research has demonstrated the problematic nature of the construct of 'high conflict'. The ultimate conclusion, that one must move beyond categorical and dichotomous ways of thinking when researching this field, is a somewhat surprising and radical one, which issues its own challenge to researchers and practitioners in this field.

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Adhikari, Pramod Kumar Politics Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Socioeconomic attainments and birthplace variations in Australia". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Politics, 1996. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38641.

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Australia is home for immigrants from more than a hundred countries and in total almost a quarter of all Australians are overseas-born. A high proportion of immigrants in a society raises question about socioeconomic equality. The purpose of the thesis is to study the differences in socioeconomic attainments between immigrants and native-born workers. Using data collected from the Issues in Multicultural Australia Survey, conducted in 1988, and the ABS Census of Population and Housing, 1986 and 1991, the study finds that human capital variables such as education, language proficiency and experience largely explain the socioeconomic attainments of Australian-born workers. Among immigrant workers, however, these human capital variables have little or no effect on status attainments. The data also show that the lower socioeconomic status of immigrants may not be due only to the lower investment in human capital. Even second generation NESB immigrants are unable to obtain comparable rewards compared to longer established Australians with similar education and skills. The study indicates that there may be barriers in the Australian labour market operating against NESB immigrants. The study concludes that there are birthplace variations in workers??? socioeconomic attainments. When employers can hire Australian-born workers from a large pool of unemployed workers, immigrant workers will be excluded from employment. Immigrant workers will only be hired if the rewards for these workers are lower compared to Australian-born workers. In situations of high unemployment, especially, immigrant workers will find it difficult to be treated equally in the labour market.

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Hyun, Karice Kyonga. "Exploration of inequities in prevention and outcomes of cardiovascular disease in Australia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18249.

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The prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD), in particular, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), constitute a major economic and social burden globally and nationally. Furthermore, CVD continues to be the leading cause of death and affects patients as well as the healthcare system markedly. Despite the guidelines and policies available to reduce this burden, previous studies suggest that evidence-practice gaps in CVD care and management still exists; therefore, a greater understanding of inequities in healthcare and access to services is needed in order to close these gaps in CVD management. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that, across the globe, there are numerous social factors that are associated with health inequities. These inequities reportedly affect outcomes and impose problems for the individuals as well as the healthcare system. In Australia, inequity in the delivery of care has been documented in various chronic disease areas. Populations for whom inequity has been documented include women, those with lower socioeconomic status (SES) and limited English proficiency. Overall, there are a few studies, especially in Australia, describing how these subpopulations are managed in regard to the prevention and the treatment of CVD in primary healthcare, hospital and post-discharge. Therefore, the specific aims of this thesis are to [1] determine the effect of gender on the primary prevention of CVD, the receipt of CVD risk factor assessment and prescription of guideline-recommended medications in Australian primary healthcare; [2] determine the effect of socioeconomic status on ACS patients on the receipt of in-hospital care and clinical outcomes, including major adverse cardiovascular events or death; [3] determine if English proficiency of ACS patients admitted to Australian hospitals has an effect on the receipt of in-hospital care and major adverse cardiovascular events and death in hospital and from admission to follow-up; [4] identify the factors that contribute to household economic hardship following an ACS presentation, on the assumption that this may contribute to the lack of adherence to the appropriate care at post-discharge. For this thesis, two systematic reviews will be performed and the specific aims will be addressed by analysing three Australian datasets. First, the TORPEDO study (N=53,085) which extracted 53,085 patient data at baseline from 40 general practices and 20 Aboriginal community controlled health services. Second, the CONCORDANCE registry which is an ongoing registry which collected over 10,000 patients with suspected or confirmed ACS since 2009 from 42 public hospitals nationwide. Third, the SNAPSHOT ACS which was an observational audit that collected data on 4,387 patients with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of ACS admitted to 286 Australian and NZ hospitals between 14-27 May 2012. For Aim 1, a systematic review was performed to find the pooled effect of gender difference in the assessment of CVD risk factors. Further, TORPEDO data were used to compare the likelihood of primary prevention of CVD by evaluating the risk factor assessment, and further, for those at high-risk of CVD, prescription of medications at primary healthcare services between women and men. For Aim 2, the receipt of individual guideline-recommended medications in patients with ACS compared between the low and the high individual or area-level SES groups was explored through a systematic review. Moreover, CONCORDANCE dataset was used to compare in-hospital care (the receipt of coronary angiogram, revascularisation, a combination of the guideline-recommended medications and referral to cardiac rehabilitation) and clinical outcomes (major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) and death) between four socioeconomic groups determined by their area of residence. For Aim 3, SNAPSHOT ACS data were used to compare limited English proficient and English proficient patients in regards to their in-hospital care, including the length of stay and the receipt of coronary angiogram, revascularisation, guideline-recommended medications, referral to cardiac rehabilitation smoking cessation advice, dietary advice and physical activity advice, and clinical outcomes, including MACE (myocardial infarction/heart failure/stroke) and death. For Aim 4, SNAPSHOT ACS health economic data were used to examine the factors associated with greater likelihood of experiencing economic hardship following their acute presentation. In terms of results, there was inequitable care for primary prevention of CVD but comparable care and clinical outcomes were observed during the acute presentation to Australian hospitals. For Aim 1, although the pooled international results showed no gender disparity in the assessment of CVD risk, in Australian primary healthcare, women were disadvantaged in receiving weaker primary prevention of CVD than men. In Australia, women had 12% lower odds of being assessed for CVD risk factors (odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.88 (0.81, 0.96)). Among patients with CVD or at high CVD risk, women aged 35-54 years were less likely to be prescribed the recommended medications for CVD management (0.63 (0.52, 0.77)), whereas women aged ≥65 years were more likely to be prescribed the medications (1.34 (1.17, 1.54)) compared to their male counterparts. For Aim 2 and Aim 3, the pooled international studies presented the difference in the prescription of guideline-recommended discharge medications, including beta blocker, statin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), between the lowest and the highest SES groups to patients with ACS in hospital. In Australian hospitals, equitable care was provided to patients with ACS despite their SES or English proficiency during an acute presentation. The likelihood of receiving coronary angiogram, revascularisation, four or more of the five guideline-recommended medication and referral to cardiac rehabilitation were similar across the SES groups. The group with the lowest SES status were found to have higher odds of MACE, driven by the odds of heart failure, however, no significant difference in the odds of short-term and long-term death was found between the groups. Similarly, patients’ proficiency in English did not affect the length of stay, and receipt of coronary angiogram, revascularisation, guideline-recommended medications, referral to cardiac rehabilitation and advice on smoking cessation, diet and physical activity. Further, the likelihood of short-term and long-term MACE and/or death were comparable. For Aim 4, post-discharge, more than 50% of patients who survived ACS reported having experienced economic hardship. Those who were more likely to experience household economic hardship included patients who were younger (18-59 vs ≥80 years: 1.89 (0.77, 4.63)), with no private health insurance (2.04 (1.37, 3.03)), with pensioner concession card (1.80 (1.03, 3.18)) and in low socioeconomic group (lowest vs. highest: 1.77 (0.91, 3.45)). Gender was not associated with experiencing hardship. Overall, this thesis suggests that, in Australia, inequities exist in primary healthcare regarding the prevention and care of CVD between genders, where women are disadvantaged compared to men, but equitable acute care is provided to patients who have presented to a hospital due to ACS, regardless of their SES or English proficiency. Post discharge, patients with low SES are more likely to experience economic hardship which may lead to further inequity in long-term secondary prevention. Although it is an encouraging affirmation that ACS patient care in hospital is not affected by patients’ SES or English proficiency, system-wide solutions are needed to resolve the issue of inequity in primary prevention of CVD and reduce the economic burden of managing ACS to, therefore, reduce the risk of a secondary event.

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Allen, Simon. "Fishery-impacted bottlenose dolphins of north-western Australia: Bycatch patterns, genetic status and abundance". Thesis, Allen, Simon (2015) Fishery-impacted bottlenose dolphins of north-western Australia: Bycatch patterns, genetic status and abundance. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/27047/.

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The incidental capture of cetaceans in fisheries threatens several species with extinction and represents a global conservation challenge. In order to assess the impacts of bycatch on dolphins in a north-western Australian trawl fishery, I (i) examined bycatch reported in skippers’ logbooks and independent observer data; (ii) applied genetic methods to estimate dolphin population structure and connectivity; and (iii) conducted an aerial survey to estimate dolphin abundance across the fishery, simultaneously undertaking boat-based photo-identification to infer fidelity to the fishery. From 2003-2009, between 180 and 366 dolphins were caught across all management areas, depths and seasons. Independent observers reported more than double the dolphin bycatch reported in skippers’ logbooks. Significant predictors of dolphin bycatch were fishing vessel, time-of-day and whether nets included Bycatch Reduction Devices (BRDs). Genetic evidence showed one panmictic population of trawler-associated common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), but isolation from all adjacent, coastal populations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (T. aduncus). Abundance was estimated at 2,000-3,000 T. truncatus across 25,880 km2. While the lack of correction factors for availability bias mean this is likely an underestimate, it is lower than previously thought. Trawler-associated individuals were photographically and genetically matched over periods of days to years. Recent skippers’ logbook data suggest dolphin bycatch rates have increased since the BRDs were introduced. These results indicate that (i) only a considerable reduction in trawling effort is likely to reduce dolphin bycatch; (ii) the impacted population does not recruit from the adjacent coastal populations; and (iii) the number of dolphins interacting with trawlers is fewer than expected. The chronic bycatch of this protected species may affect the dolphin population’s conservation status. As a consequence, the classification of acceptable limits of bycatch requires revision in light of these first estimates of the abundance and fidelity of bottlenose dolphins interacting with the Pilbara Trawl Fishery.

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Davidson, Kamila. "Early identification of childhood overweight and obesity: The wicked problem in Australia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/206180/1/Kamila_Davidson_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigated how to improve early identification of childhood overweight and obesity in Australia. In a series of three studies, this research applied behavioural change theory to examine determinants to assessing children’s weight status in primary health care. The recommendations provided in this thesis aim to affect policy and practice so that children can be better supported in maintaining and improving their health and wellbeing.

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Hudson, Emily. "Australia’s Rabies Status: Risk and Mitigation of a Potential Incursion". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21313.

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Australia is currently free of canine rabies. However, the communities in the Northern Peninsula Area (NPA), Queensland are at an unknown risk of an incursion because of proximity to rabies infected islands of Indonesia and the presence of large populations of free-roaming dogs capable of maintaining rabies. This thesis used a risk assessment to quantify the risk of rabies entry from Indonesia and estimated an annual probability of 8.3x10-5 that at least one rabies-infected dog could cause rabies transmission. This probability is low but not negligible considering the devastating impacts of rabies on animal and human health. This thesis also collected information on how rabies would spread and what control strategies would best contain a potential outbreak in the NPA. Information on the NPA dog population size and dynamics, which was previously lacking, was collected via sight-resight surveys and dog-owner questionnaires. Similarly, a novel simulation study was developed to analyse GPS data and identified three roaming patterns within the population. The population demographics and the heterogeneous roaming patterns were incorporated into an agent-based rabies-spread model and revealed that dogs that extensively roamed caused large, fast-spreading epidemics compared to dogs that mainly stayed at home. Further, targeted reactive and pre-emptive vaccination of far roaming dogs versus stay-at-home dogs were more effective in reducing simulated outbreak sizes and durations. Overall, this thesis equips decision-makers with actionable information in which pre- and post-border biosecurity policies can be developed or updated. Furthermore, the information in this thesis can be used to direct further studies for both risk mitigation activities or cost-benefit analyses for vaccination strategies. With such information, our ability to reduce the risk of rabies incursions, control rabies outbreaks and improve animal and human welfare is greatly enhanced.

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McAuley, Rory B. "Investigation of the fishery biology and population status of the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus, Nardo 1827) in Western Australian waters". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/280.

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The sandbar shark (Carchrarhinus plumbeus) is a commercially important shark species to fisheries around the world but is known to be highly susceptible to over·fishing. During the late 1990s, changes in the targeting practices of Western Australian demersal gillnet fishing vessels, and an expansion of targeted demersal longlining in the north of the State, caused a rapid escalation in C. plumbeus catches. This study therefore aimed to collect the biological and fishery data necessary to assess the impacts of increasing exploitation of the species and to develop biologically appropriate techniques for assessing the sustainability of these fishery developments.

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Malbon, Justin Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Indigenous rights under the Australian constitution : a reconciliation perspective". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19044.

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This thesis examines the possibilities for building a reconciliatory jurisprudence for the protection of indigenous rights under the Australian Constitution. The thesis first examines what could be meant by the term ???reconciliation??? in a legal context and argues that it requires (1) acknowledgement of and atonement for past wrongdoing, (2) the provision of recompense, and (3) the establishment of legal and constitutional structures designed to ensure that similar wrongs are not repeated in the future. The thesis focuses on the last of these three requirements. It is further argued that developing a reconciliatory jurisprudence first requires the courts to free themselves from the dominant paradigm of strict positivism so that they are liberated to pay due regard to questions of morality. Given this framework, the thesis then sets out to examine the purpose and scope of the race power (section 51(xxvi)) of the Australian Constitution, with particular regard to the case of Kartinyeri v Commonwealth in which the High Court directly considered the power. The thesis concludes that the majority of the Court had not, for various reasons, properly considered the nature of the power. An appropriate ruling, it is argued, should find that the power does not enable Parliament to discriminate adversely against racial minorities. The thesis then proceeds to consider whether there are implied terms under the Constitution that protect fundamental rights. It is argued that these rights are indeed protected because the Constitution is based upon the rule of law. In addition constitutional provisions are to be interpreted subject to the presumption that its terms are not to be understood as undermining fundamental rights unless a constitutional provision expressly states otherwise. The thesis also considers whether there is an implied right to equality under the Constitution. The conclusion drawn is that such a right exists and that it is both procedural and substantive in nature.

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Hunter, Ann Patricia. "A different kind of 'subject' : Aboriginal legal status and colonial law in Western Australia, 1829-1861 /". Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070427.125700.

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Uren, Hannah Velure. "What Does it Mean to be Green in Australia? Status, Identity, and Pro-environmental Engagement". Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/80869.

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The gap between environmental attitudes and behaviour prompts consideration of social structural barriers to pro-environmental action. A mixed methods exploratory sequential design was used to understand the relationship between environmental identity and social status of pro-environmental behaviours. Environmental public-identity was found to be a part of a higher order construct of environmental identity, which predicted engagement in pro-environmental behaviour. High status pro-environmental behaviours were costly, effortful, and visible, replicating the status quo.

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Kariyawasam, Haputhanthri Kankanamge Tharanga Niroshini. "Taxonomy, distribution and pest status of Plutella species (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Australia and New Zealand". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/116545/1/Tharanga%20Niroshini_Kariyawasam%20Haputhanthri%20Kankanamge_Thesis.pdf.

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Plutella xylostella L. is a global pest of cruciferous crops. A new, closely-related Australian taxon, P. australiana, was identified in 2013, with significant potential impacts on market access and on introduction of biological control agents in Australia. Cytochrome oxidase 1 'barcode' sequencing and comparison of the genitalia of adults collected from 3 states in Australia (including Tasmania) and New Zealand identified significant morphological similarity between the two taxa, and two features that can be used to differentiate adult females of the two taxa. Larval collections identified two host plants of P. australiana of potential commercial importance.

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Winter, Kristy A. "Preliminary sex and stature estimation of the humerus for a contemporary Australian sub-population". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/134065/1/Kristy_Winter_Thesis.pdf.

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Biological profiles (ancestry, sex, age and stature) of skeletal remains assist with the identification of missing persons. Standards for estimating the sex and/or stature for the humerus of an Australian population are yet to be developed. This research aims to develop sex and stature estimation equations for the humerus specifically for a Queensland population. Samples consisted of humeral PMCT Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) datasets from a contemporary Caucasian Australian adult sub-population, aged between 17-90 years, obtained from the Brisbane Mortuary and QUT's Medical Engineering Research Facility from 2016 – 2018. Threshold based segmentation was conducted to form 3D models of the humeri, which was then measured according to the five standardised measurements of the humeri. This thesis presents the results of the preliminary sex and stature estimation equations developed from this research and their utility to contemporary missing persons casework.

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Lee, Yi-Chen. "Trends in demographic, health behaviour factors, and self-perceived weight status : influences on obesity in Australia from 1995 to 2005". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/29883/1/Yi-Chen_Lee_Thesis.pdf.

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Overweight and obesity are two of the most important emerging public health issues in our time and regarded by the World Health Organisation [WHO] (1998) as a worldwide epidemic. The prevalence of obesity in the USA is the highest in the world, and Australian obesity rates fall into second place. Currently, about 60% of Australian adults are overweight (BMI „d 25kg/m2). The socio-demographic factors associated with overweight and/or obesity have been well demonstrated, but many of the existing studies only examined these relationships at one point of time, and did not examine whether significant relationships changed over time. Furthermore, only limited previous research has examined the issue of the relationship between perception of weight status and actual weight status, as well as factors that may impact on people¡¦s perception of their body weight status. Aims: The aims of the proposed research are to analyse the discrepancy between perceptions of weight status and actual weight status in Australian adults; to examine if there are trends in perceptions of weight status in adults between 1995 to 2004/5; and to propose a range of health promotion strategies and furth er research that may be useful in managing physical activity, healthy diet, and weight reduction. Hypotheses: Four alternate hypotheses are examined by the research: (1) there are associations between independent variables (e.g. socio -demographic factors, physical activity and dietary habits) and overweight and/or obesity; (2) there are associations between the same independent variables and the perception of overweight; (3) there are associations between the same independent variables and the discrepancy between weight status and perception of weight status; and (4) there are trends in overweight and/or obesity, perception of overweight, and the discrepancy in Australian adults from 1995 to 2004/5. Conceptual Framework and Methods: A conceptual framework is developed that shows the associations identified among socio -demographic factors, physical activity and dietary habits with actual weight status, as well as examining perception of weight status. The three latest National Health Survey data bases (1995 , 2001 and 2004/5) were used as the primary data sources. A total of 74,114 Australian adults aged 20 years and over were recruited from these databases. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses (One -Way ANOVA tests, unpaired t-tests and Pearson chi-square tests), and multinomial logistic regression modelling were used to analyse the data. Findings: This research reveals that gender, main language spoken at home, occupation status, household structure, private health insurance status, and exercise are related to the discrepancy between actual weight status and perception of weight status, but only gender and exercise are related to the discrepancy across the three time point s. The current research provides more knowledge about perception of weight status independently. Factors which affect perception of overweight are gender, age, language spoken at home, private health insurance status, and diet ary habits. The study also finds that many factors that impact overweight and/or obesity also have an effect on perception of overweight, such as age, language spoken at home, household structure, and exercise. However, some factors (i.e. private health insurance status and milk consumption) only impact on perception of overweight. Furthermore, factors that are rel ated to people’s overweight are not totally related to people’s underestimation of their body weight status in the study results. Thus, there are unknown factors which can affect people’s underestimation of their body weight status. Conclusions: Health promotion and education activities should provide education about population health education and promotion and education for particular at risk sub -groups. Further research should take the form of a longitudinal study design ed to examine the causal relationship between overweight and/or obesity and underestimation of body weight status, it should also place more attention on the relationships between overweight and/or obesity and dietary habits, with a more comprehensive representation of SES. Moreover, further research that deals with identification of characteristics about perception of weight status, in particular the underestimation of body weight status should be undertaken.

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46

Lee, Yi-Chen. "Trends in demographic, health behaviour factors, and self-perceived weight status : influences on obesity in Australia from 1995 to 2005". Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/29883/.

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Overweight and obesity are two of the most important emerging public health issues in our time and regarded by the World Health Organisation [WHO] (1998) as a worldwide epidemic. The prevalence of obesity in the USA is the highest in the world, and Australian obesity rates fall into second place. Currently, about 60% of Australian adults are overweight (BMI „d 25kg/m2). The socio-demographic factors associated with overweight and/or obesity have been well demonstrated, but many of the existing studies only examined these relationships at one point of time, and did not examine whether significant relationships changed over time. Furthermore, only limited previous research has examined the issue of the relationship between perception of weight status and actual weight status, as well as factors that may impact on people¡¦s perception of their body weight status. Aims: The aims of the proposed research are to analyse the discrepancy between perceptions of weight status and actual weight status in Australian adults; to examine if there are trends in perceptions of weight status in adults between 1995 to 2004/5; and to propose a range of health promotion strategies and furth er research that may be useful in managing physical activity, healthy diet, and weight reduction. Hypotheses: Four alternate hypotheses are examined by the research: (1) there are associations between independent variables (e.g. socio -demographic factors, physical activity and dietary habits) and overweight and/or obesity; (2) there are associations between the same independent variables and the perception of overweight; (3) there are associations between the same independent variables and the discrepancy between weight status and perception of weight status; and (4) there are trends in overweight and/or obesity, perception of overweight, and the discrepancy in Australian adults from 1995 to 2004/5. Conceptual Framework and Methods: A conceptual framework is developed that shows the associations identified among socio -demographic factors, physical activity and dietary habits with actual weight status, as well as examining perception of weight status. The three latest National Health Survey data bases (1995 , 2001 and 2004/5) were used as the primary data sources. A total of 74,114 Australian adults aged 20 years and over were recruited from these databases. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses (One -Way ANOVA tests, unpaired t-tests and Pearson chi-square tests), and multinomial logistic regression modelling were used to analyse the data. Findings: This research reveals that gender, main language spoken at home, occupation status, household structure, private health insurance status, and exercise are related to the discrepancy between actual weight status and perception of weight status, but only gender and exercise are related to the discrepancy across the three time point s. The current research provides more knowledge about perception of weight status independently. Factors which affect perception of overweight are gender, age, language spoken at home, private health insurance status, and diet ary habits. The study also finds that many factors that impact overweight and/or obesity also have an effect on perception of overweight, such as age, language spoken at home, household structure, and exercise. However, some factors (i.e. private health insurance status and milk consumption) only impact on perception of overweight. Furthermore, factors that are rel ated to people’s overweight are not totally related to people’s underestimation of their body weight status in the study results. Thus, there are unknown factors which can affect people’s underestimation of their body weight status. Conclusions: Health promotion and education activities should provide education about population health education and promotion and education for particular at risk sub -groups. Further research should take the form of a longitudinal study design ed to examine the causal relationship between overweight and/or obesity and underestimation of body weight status, it should also place more attention on the relationships between overweight and/or obesity and dietary habits, with a more comprehensive representation of SES. Moreover, further research that deals with identification of characteristics about perception of weight status, in particular the underestimation of body weight status should be undertaken.

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Frances, Katie. "Nothing changes : dangerous childhoods and the 'unprotecting' of children in Western Australia". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/165.

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The problem under investigation in this project is the apparent continuity in the social, cultural and historical acceptance of dominant claims to truth which position children as variously vulnerable, dependent and passive social actors-in-waiting: constructions which produce limitations in the conditions of possibility for their 'protection'. My aim has been to consider critically whether these fundamental and taken-for-granted assumptions have been discursively (re)produced in a select few of Western Australia's child protection policies. The central disciplinary discourses through which the problem is examined are: 'familialisation', 'futurity" 'within the child's best interests', and 'participation'. To uncover the implications of these assumptions I have approached the investigation from within a child- centred framework, wherein I seek to focus at all times on how conceptualisations of the social categories 'child' and 'children', and their location within the structural space of 'childhood', are (re )presented, positioned and understood within these key discursive sites. The purpose of taking a child-centred approach is to investigate the extent to which discourses about children and childhood constrain, or, expand, conditions of possibility for the continuation, or amelioration, of deleterious, disrespectful and/or unfair representations of them. In order to achieve this aim, I have applied a critical discourse analysis to the chosen policies, engaging, with postmodern debates located within understandings of discourse and its relationship to power, knowledge and identity. This analysis has also been supported and augmented by the 'new' social studies of childhood, studies which expand, both theoretically and empirically, social, historical, and cultural understandings of children and childhoods, and age categories and relations. The findings, explicated in the analyses Chapters, Five to Eight, and discussed in Chapter Nine, support the assumptions residing within the problem: children are constrained by the very discourses which not only produce particular constructions of them but are productive of a system of power relationships, and institutional and societal structures and conditions which, together, reinforce their assigned inferior and subordinate social status in a differentiated and separate world of childhood.

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Sherriffs, Natalie J. "Risk factors for coronary heart disease and mediation by socio-economic status : An analysis of the 1995 National Health Survey". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2002. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/748.

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As the leading cause of death and disease in Australia, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) places a significant burden on society. There are many lifestyle factors that are known to increase the risk of CHD. This study looks at both risk factors and protective factors of CHD. Research also shows CHD prevalence to be predicted by socio-economic status (SES) variables. This study aims to identify the extent to which risk and protective factors predict CHD prevalence in an Australian National survey and whether the association between risk factors and CHD is confounded by SES variables. This study used data from the 1995 National Health Survey (NHS/1995) to evaluate known risk factors as well as the mediating effect of SES factors. Risk factors included regular cigarette smoking, physical activity and alcohol consumption. SES variables are education, income, occupation, and an index of socio-economic disadvantage based on residence. Two dependent variables for CHO used in the analysis are the first health condition reported in medical consultation and the reported use of Heart Disease I Blood Pressure (HD/BP) medications. The results indicated that ex-smokers were more likely to report CHD than those who had never smoked and those who were current smokers. Those who engaged in regular exercise were less likely to report CHD. There were no conclusive results for alcohol consumption. While income and SEIFA index, a measure of SES of residential areas, are associated with CHD prevalence, these associations are independent of the risk and protective factor associations. There is no evidence from this study that SES variables confound the effects of known risk and protective factors. The implications of these results are discussed.

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Sevo, Goran. "A multidimensional assessment of health and functional status in older Aboriginal Australians from Katherine and Lajamanu, Northern Territory /". View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20051021.144853/index.html.

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Calvey, Jo. "Women's experiences of the workers' compensation system in Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2002. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/731.

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This was a phenomenological study undertaken to understand women's experience of the workers' compensation system. Eleven women were interviewed. They ranged in age from twenty-five to sixty-five years and represented diverse socio-economic and educational backgrounds. All women were from a non-indigenous background. The initial question to women was "Can you tell me what it is like to be involved in the workers' compensation system?" The narratives were analysed and interpreted using Hycner's (1985) phenomenological guidelines. Five core themes were found: negative versus positive/neutral experiences, the workplaces response and role in the process, women's experiences of payouts and tribunals, reasons why women may not claim workers' compensation, and the impact of the process on each women and their family(s). Acker's theory of 'gendered institutions' was used to understand why "many apparently gender-neutral processes are sites of gender production" (Acker, 1992b, p. 249). The experiences of the eleven women suggested that the workers' compensation system in Queensland is gendered; 'The women indicated that the workers compensation process was a disincentive to making a claim. WorkCover was viewed as siding with the employer, bureaucratic in nature and lacking values associated with empathy, sympathy and caring. Recommendations for improvements to the workers' compensation included: establish legal obligations and enforcement of occupational health and safety responsibilities to injured or ill workers; adoption of occupational health and safety values by employers; change the attitudes of employers (recognising women as breadwinners and workers are not disposable); a single case manager to advocate for injured or ill workers; recognition of mental and emotional consequences of an injury or illness provision of rehabilitation that recognises mental and emotional factors as well as the importance of family participation; greater involvement of employers and employees in the rehabilitation process; and finally, improved service delivery which involves consistency, ethics, clarity, (regarding the WorkCover process for injured workers and employers), accountability and involvement of all parties. The knowledge embedded in the interviews, expressed through core stories and themes, was essential to making women's voices visible and providing an insight into service delivery based on women's experiences and needs.

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