Artigos de revistas: "Statut de dominance"

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Hermanussen, Michael, e Christiane Scheffler. "Stature signals status: The association of stature, status and perceived dominance – a thought experiment". Anthropologischer Anzeiger 73, n.º 4 (1 de novembro de 2016): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2016/0698.

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Haddam - Bouabdallah, Faiza. "The Linguistic Situation vs Education in Post-colonial Algeria". Revue plurilingue : Études des Langues, Littératures et Cultures 6, n.º 1 (29 de dezembro de 2022): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46325/ellic.v6i1.84.

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Algeria witnessed different changes through history that constructed its identity in terms of language and culture. These historical changes are characterised by the evolution of the Algerian linguistic situation during the colonisation and post-colonial era. However, Algeria has recently been in tune with Globalisation; therefore, the government tends to give more impetus to the global language besides Arabic and French. Moreover, English started to be recognised in Algerian society, especially among the young generation. Today, English is not leading the world only through worldwide speakers and the use of social networks, but its dominance reaches different domains, including education, business, politics, science and technology. This paper aims to describe the status of English in the Algerian linguistic panorama and how it has been injected into the educational system. It will also shed light on the awareness of the young generation towards the linguistic situation in Algeria in general and English in particular. This status enables English to gain power in globalised Algeria and draw its destiny towards being the first foreign language, especially with the remarkable decline of the French language nowadays. Résumé L'Algérie a connu différents changements à travers l'histoire qui ont construit son identité en termes de langue et de culture. Ces changements historiques se caractérisent par l'évolution de la situation linguistique en Algérie pendant la colonisation et l'ère post-coloniale. Cependant, l'Algérie s'est récemment mise au diapason de la mondialisation ; par conséquent, le gouvernement a tendance à donner plus d'importance à la langue mondiale en plus de l'arabe et du français. De plus, la langue Anglaise est de plus en plus reconnue dans la société algérienne, notamment parmi la jeune génération. Aujourd'hui, l'anglais ne domine pas le monde uniquement grâce à son utilisation dans le monde entier a travers les réseaux sociaux, mais sa domination atteint différents domaines, notamment l'éducation, les affaires, la politique, la science et la technologie. Cet article vise à décrire le statut de la langue Anglaise dans le panorama linguistique algérien et comment il a été injecté dans le système éducatif. Il permettra également la prise de conscience de la jeune génération vis-à-vis de la situation linguistique en Algérie en général et de l'anglais en particulier. Ce statut permettra de rehausser le statut de l’Algérie à l’échelle international et de reconsidérer la langue Anglaise comme étant la première langue étrangère, surtout après le remarquable régression de la langue française dans le pays récemment.

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Castonguay, Charles, e Calvin Veltman. "L'orientation linguistique des mariages mixtes dans la région de Montréal". Articles 21, n.º 3 (12 de abril de 2005): 225–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/055891ar.

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Le recensement de 1971 recèle de nombreux renseignements sur les phénomènes d'exogamie et de transfert linguistiques à Montréal. Par exemple, l'anglais domine comme langue d'usage dans les foyers mixtes au point de faire concurrence au français même dans les mariages entre le groupe français et le tiers groupe linguistique. Aussi, la dominance masculine dans les accommodements linguistiques déjà avancée par Carisse se trouve renversée, la rétention linguistique supérieure de la femme exogame paraissant découler de sa position prépondérante au foyer. Un indice de propension à l'exogamie ajusté selon la taille des groupes en présence montre le groupe anglais plus enclin aux mariages mixtes, suivi du groupe français et enfin du tiers groupe montréalais. Certaines ventilations permettent de préciser ces observations de base. On constate notamment que les conjoints exogames de langue maternelle anglaise qui se francisent sont souvent déjà d'origine française: leurs transferts de retour font ainsi figure de contre-courant d'importance secondaire dans le sillage du mouvement dominant vers l'anglais. De même, une inclination certaine à la rétroexogamie éclaire la propension plus forte du groupe anglais à l'exogamie, du fait de son hétérogénéité ethnique supérieure. La propension aux mariages anglais-français diminue à mesure que s'accroît le statut socio-économique du mari, alors que dans tous les types de foyers mixtes la tendance au comportement anglophone augmente sensiblement suivant le statut social.

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Bilge, Sirma. "« ... alors que nous, Québécois, nos femmes sont égales à nous et nous les aimons ainsi »". Sociologie et sociétés 42, n.º 1 (15 de junho de 2010): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043963ar.

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Resumé Cet article étudie la manière dont le discours de l’égalité-de-genre-et-des-libertés-sexuelles, qui a acquis un statut central dans les débats sur la citoyenneté et l’intégration en Occident, est amené à travailler la définition des frontières du « nous/non-nous » dans le contexte des récentes controverses autour des accommodements religieux au Québec. Alors que l’État-nation constitue le cadre le plus saillant dans lequel les frontières ethnoculturelles sont produites, le Québec, avec son ambigüité quant à la dominance ethnique et son projet irréalisé mais encore actuel de définition nationale et de souveraineté politique (sa séparation du Canada), s’avère un cas intéressant pour l’étude des processus de définition de frontières. L’examen des arguments relatifs à l’égalité de genre présents dans la couverture du débat sur les accommodements religieux proposée par la presse révèle des pratiques discursives de patrouille de frontières (boundary patrolling), comme le ravalement des conceptions minoritaires sur la féminité, la masculinité, le mariage et la sexualité au rang d’archaïsmes ou de pathologies. Non seulement ces pratiques discursives contribuent-elles à délégitimer les idéaux et les accommodements multiculturels, mais elles présentent le Québec, qui se qualifie lui-même de « tard-venu de la modernité », comme un promoteur de l’égalité de genre et des libertés sexuelles dont le statut exemplaire doit être protégé contre l’altérité religieuse.

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Lavoie, Marc E., Julie Champagne, Emma Glaser e Adrianna Mendrek. "Mémoire émotionnelle et activités électrocorticales en schizophrénie". Santé mentale au Québec 41, n.º 1 (5 de julho de 2016): 85–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036967ar.

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Contexte L’altération des fonctions émotionnelles ainsi que de la mémoire des personnes atteintes de schizophrénie est connue depuis plus d’un siècle. Toutefois, les structures cérébrales touchées ainsi que les stades de traitement affectés restent encore mal compris. Objectif Approfondir de quelles façons la valence et l’activation émotionnelle affectent la mémoire épisodique et l’activité cérébrale associée chez des patientes atteintes de schizophrénie. Hypothèse L’activité des régions frontales associées à certains types de stimuli émotifs sera généralement affectée dans la population clinique, et ce, en réponse aux stimuli à fortes activations émotionnelles. Participantes Seize patientes atteintes de schizophrénie dans une phase stable de leur maladie furent appariées à 17 participantes contrôles sur la base de l’âge, de la dominance manuelle et du statut socio-économique. Instrument et mesures L’EEG a été enregistré à partir de 60 électrodes fixées dans un casque en lycra élastique. Ces signaux ont été moyennés pour obtenir les composantes N200, P300, ainsi que la LPC afin de cibler les processus mnésiques et émotionnels. Résultats Pour la N200 et la P300 frontale, la magnitude de l’effet de mémoire observé chez les patientes schizophrènes est augmentée significativement dans l’hémisphère frontal droit en réponse aux stimuli à valences déplaisantes, alors que l’augmentation de cet effet s’effectue dans les deux hémisphères chez les participantes contrôles. Conclusion Une altération électrocorticale précoce reflétant la familiarité et la mémoire aux stimuli déplaisants est présente chez les patientes, alors que les processus tardifs de récollection consciente (LPC pariétale) ne seraient pas atteints.

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Hussein, Thakaa Muttib. "Dimension feminine in The Respectful Prostitute’s Jean- Paul Sartre and The Blind Prostitute’s Badr Shaker al-Sayyabe La dimension féminine dans La P….respectueuse de Jean-Paul Sartre et La Prostituée Aveugle de Badr Shaker al-Sayyabe". Journal of the College of languages, n.º 45 (2 de janeiro de 2022): 121–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2022.0.45.0121.

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Jean-Paul Sartre and Badr Shakir al-Sayyabe are among the most prominent writers that critiqued the destructive role of capitalism and the patriarchal power system in the period of the Post-World War II crisis. Divided into three chapters, the present study examines two of the most eminent literary works in the history of the Western and Eastern societies in the fifties of the last decade: Jean Paul Sartre’s play : The Respectful Prostitute and Badr Shaker al-Sayyabe’s poem: The Blind Prostitute. Chapter one discusses the position of the prostitute in a patriarchal societies. Chapter two linguistically analyzes the prostitute’s behavior with men and evaluates the nature of a relationship when based on profit and loss. Such a relationship exposes the male dominance system on this social level through stigmatizing, marginalizing and depriving of her family establishing rights. Chapter Three sheds light on the prostitute’s ego and the other. In the two works, the society double standard is presented in dealing with status of a woman, rather than a man, as a prostitute, something that leads to uncover the individuality of such a character. Thus, and in addition to justly picturing prostitution as a human setback in all the western and Eastern societies, Sartre and al – Sayyab succeed in visualizing humanity decay within the perspective of the preceding decades. Résumé Jean-Paul Sartre et Badr Shakir al-Sayyabe font partie des écrivains qui ont contribué à travers leurs œuvres à critiquer le système capitaliste et la société masculine dans la période de l'après-guerre. En lisant les deux ouvrages, nous avons choisi comme sujet commun de cette étude d'analyser le statut de prostituée dans les sociétés orientale et occidentale au cours des années 1950 du siècle dernier. L'étude est divisée en trois chapitres : Le premier chapitre est basé sur la présentation du statut de la prostituée dans les communautés masculines des deux auteurs. Le deuxième chapitre analyse linguistiquement le comportement de la prostituée envers les hommes et la nature de la relation basée sur le principe du profit ou de la perte. Cette relation met d'abord en évidence la domination du système masculin sur cette partie social, le problème de la stigmatisation sociale, de la marginalisation et de la privation de son droit d'avoir et de fonder une famille. Le troisième chapitre traite la position de la prostituée entre le moi et l'autre. Dans les deux œuvres, le point de vue de la société semble être un double standard dans la condamnation de la femme comme prostituée plutôt que comme homme. Ce mécanisme nous amène à retrouver l'identité de la prostituée. Nous arrivons à conclure que le succès de Sartre et d'al-Sayyabe en présentant cette profession comme un échec humain pour les sociétés orientales et occidentales et la décadence de l'homme ou de la femme et en les dépeignant avec une perspective qui correspond aux crises du siècle dernier.

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Aboubacar, Kolafane, Soumana Douma, Boubacar Moussa Mamoudou e Ramatou Sidikou Djermakoye Seyni. "Structure des populations naturelles de Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance, ligneux d’intérêt alimentaire, dans le Dallol Bosso, Niger". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 337 (26 de novembro de 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2018.337.a31630.

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L’étude visait à caractériser la populationnaturelle d’un ligneux alimentaire, Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance (Chrysobalanaceae). Elle a été conduite dans le Dallol Bosso au sud-ouest du Niger. Les données provenaient de relevés floristiques dont le dispositif de sondage était de type systématique. Onze transects ont été installés, et 83 placettes de 50 m x 50 m ont été échantillonnées. La structure de la population a été renseignée par ladiversité floristique, la densité des arbres, le taux de régénération et la structure démographique des populations. Une classification ascendante hiérarchique de la matrice espèces-relevés a été réalisée afin d’identifier des groupes végétaux. À l’intérieur de chaque placette, ont été relevés le diamètre à 1,30 m pour les sujets de diamètre supérieur ou égal à 5 cm, et le nombre d’individus. Le coefficient générique reste faible et les familles et genres représentés par une seule espèce demeurent prépondérants. La flore recouvre 36 espèces ligneuses réparties en 30 genres relevant de 19 familles, pour lesquelles dominent les Fabaceae (27,8 %) et les Malvaceae (13,9 %). Trois groupes structuraux apparaissent, caractérisés par une dominance de N. macrophylla, dont la population tend à se régénérer. Les histogrammes de structure des populations font en effet apparaître des effectifs élevés dans les classes de petit diamètre. La densité moyenne de l’espèce est de 26,1 individus/ha, mais varie en fonction des groupes structuraux. L’observation de la régénération naturelle, dont le niveau élevé ne préjuge toutefois pas du devenir des plantules, montre que N. macrophylla se renouvelle essentiellement par semis (87,6 %), et faiblement par rejets de souche (11,1 %). Les résultats de cette étude permettent de mieux appréhender le statut de cette espèce, en faveur de la mise en place de stratégies de gestion durable.

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Parker, Timothy, e David Ligon. "Dominant male red junglefowl ( Gallus gallus ) test the dominance status of other males". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 53, n.º 1 (1 de dezembro de 2002): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-002-0544-5.

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Zumpe, Doris, e Richard P. Michael. "Dominance index: A simple measure of relative dominance status in primates". American Journal of Primatology 10, n.º 4 (1986): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350100402.

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Riella, Gil, e Roee Teper. "Probabilistic dominance and status quo bias". Games and Economic Behavior 87 (setembro de 2014): 288–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2014.04.010.

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Kuwabara, Ko, Siyu Yu, Alice J. Lee e Adam D. Galinsky. "Status Decreases Dominance in the West but Increases Dominance in the East". Psychological Science 27, n.º 2 (10 de dezembro de 2015): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797615612694.

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Kordsmeyer, Tobias L., Daniel Freund, Mark van Vugt e Lars Penke. "Honest Signals of Status: Facial and Bodily Dominance Are Related to Success in Physical but Not Nonphysical Competition". Evolutionary Psychology 17, n.º 3 (julho de 2019): 147470491986316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704919863164.

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Recent studies suggest that both facial and bodily dominance promote high status positions and predict status-seeking behaviors such as aggression and social dominance. An evolutionarily relevant context in which associations between these dominance signals and status outcomes may be prevalent are face-to-face status contests. The present study examined whether facial and bodily dominance predicted success in dyadic competitions (one physical discipline, arm wrestling, and three nonphysical disciplines) in men ( N = 125) in a controlled laboratory setting. Men’s bodies and faces were independently rated for physical dominance, and associations of these ratings with contest outcomes as well as mediating and moderating variables (such as physical strength, body height, trait dominance, baseline and reactive testosterone) were examined. Both facial and bodily dominance positively predicted success in the physical discipline, mediated by physical strength, but not in the three nonphysical disciplines. Our findings demonstrate that facial and bodily physical dominance may be honest signals for men’s formidability and hence status potential, at least in a physically competitive context.

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Vandeleest, Jessica J., Brianne A. Beisner, Darcy L. Hannibal, Amy C. Nathman, John P. Capitanio, Fushing Hsieh, Edward R. Atwill e Brenda McCowan. "Decoupling social status and status certainty effects on health in macaques: a network approach". PeerJ 4 (13 de setembro de 2016): e2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2394.

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BackgroundAlthough a wealth of literature points to the importance of social factors on health, a detailed understanding of the complex interplay between social and biological systems is lacking. Social status is one aspect of social life that is made up of multiple structural (humans: income, education; animals: mating system, dominance rank) and relational components (perceived social status, dominance interactions). In a nonhuman primate model we use novel network techniques to decouple two components of social status, dominance rank (a commonly used measure of social status in animal models) and dominance certainty (the relative certainty vs. ambiguity of an individual’s status), allowing for a more complex examination of how social status impacts health.MethodsBehavioral observations were conducted on three outdoor captive groups of rhesus macaques (N = 252 subjects). Subjects’ general physical health (diarrhea) was assessed twice weekly, and blood was drawn once to assess biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP)).ResultsDominance rank alone did not fully account for the complex way that social status exerted its effect on health. Instead, dominance certainty modified the impact of rank on biomarkers of inflammation. Specifically, high-ranked animals with more ambiguous status relationships had higher levels of inflammation than low-ranked animals, whereas little effect of rank was seen for animals with more certain status relationships. The impact of status on physical health was more straightforward: individuals with more ambiguous status relationships had more frequent diarrhea; there was marginal evidence that high-ranked animals had less frequent diarrhea.DiscussionSocial status has a complex and multi-faceted impact on individual health. Our work suggests an important role of uncertainty in one’s social status in status-health research. This work also suggests that in order to fully explore the mechanisms for how social life influences health, more complex metrics of social systems and their dynamics are needed.

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Rahal, Danny, Melissa R. Fales, Martie G. Haselton, George M. Slavich e Theodore F. Robles. "Cues of Social Status: Associations Between Attractiveness, Dominance, and Status". Evolutionary Psychology 19, n.º 4 (outubro de 2021): 147470492110561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14747049211056160.

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Hierarchies naturally emerge in social species, and judgments of status in these hierarchies have consequences for social relationships and health. Although judgments of social status are shaped by appearance, the physical cues that inform judgments of status remain unclear. The transition to college presents an opportunity to examine judgments of social status in a newly developing social hierarchy. We examined whether appearances—as measured by raters’ judgments of photographs and videos—provide information about undergraduate students’ social status at their university and in society in Study 1. Exploratory analyses investigated whether associations differed by participants’ sex. Eighty-one first-year undergraduate students ( Mage = 18.20, SD = 0.50; 64.2% female) provided photographs and videos and reported their social status relative to university peers and relative to other people in society. As hypothesized, when participants were judged to be more attractive and dominant they were also judged to have higher status. These associations were replicated in two additional samples of raters who evaluated smiling and neutral photographs from the Chicago Faces Database in Study 2. Multilevel models also revealed that college students with higher self-reported university social status were judged to have higher status, attractiveness, and dominance, although judgments were not related to self-reported society social status. Findings highlight that there is agreement between self-reports of university status and observer-perceptions of status based solely on photographs and videos, and suggest that appearance may shape newly developing social hierarchies, such as those that emerge during the transition to college.

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Martin, J. S., N. Staes, A. Weiss, J. M. G. Stevens e A. V. Jaeggi. "Facial width-to-height ratio is associated with agonistic and affiliative dominance in bonobos ( Pan paniscus )". Biology Letters 15, n.º 8 (agosto de 2019): 20190232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0232.

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Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is associated with social dominance in human and non-human primates, which may reflect the effects of testosterone on facial morphology and behaviour. Given that testosterone facilitates status-seeking motivation, the association between fWHR and behaviour should be contingent on the relative costs and benefits of particular dominance strategies across species and socioecological contexts. We tested this hypothesis in bonobos ( Pan paniscus ), who exhibit female dominance and rely on both affiliation and aggression to achieve status. We measured fWHR from facial photographs, affiliative dominance with Assertiveness personality scores and agonistic dominance with behavioural data. Consistent with our hypothesis, agonistic and affiliative dominance predicted fWHR in both sexes independent of age and body weight, supporting the role of status-seeking motivation in producing the link between fWHR and socioecologically relevant dominance behaviour across primates.

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Mueller, Ulrich. "Aggressiveness and dominance". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, n.º 3 (junho de 1998): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98451227.

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Aggressiveness is a vital component of dominating behavior. We must distinguish adaptive from nonadaptive aggression and must control for skills, intelligence, appropriate context variables, and – most important – whether the aggression displayed was actually suitable for improving a subject's social status. If we do, we may find a consistent positive correlation between adaptive aggressiveness and testosterone.

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Liu, Conghui, Kuan Lu, Guoliang Yu e Chuansheng Chen. "Implicit Association between Authentic Pride and Prestige Compared to Hubristic Pride and Dominance". Psychological Reports 111, n.º 2 (outubro de 2012): 424–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/07.09.17.pr0.111.5.424-442.

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Tracy and Robins proposed that pride has authentic and hubristic facets. Cheng, Tracy, and Henrich reported these two facets were based on prestige and dominance, respectively. Nine experiments were conducted in the current study to examine the implicit associations between words related to authentic and hubristic pride and those related to prestige and dominance. Implicit language association between authentic pride and high prestige status was strong, but that between hubristic pride and high dominance status was weak, suggesting that the authentic pride words might automatically convey a strong signal of high prestige status, whereas hubristic pride words might convey a weak signal of high dominance status.

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Giles, Sarah L., Pat Harris, Sean A. Rands e Christine J. Nicol. "Foraging efficiency, social status and body condition in group-living horses and ponies". PeerJ 8 (9 de novembro de 2020): e10305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10305.

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Individual animals experience different costs and benefits associated with group living, which may impact on their foraging efficiency in ways not yet well specified. This study investigated associations between social dominance, body condition and interruptions to foraging behaviour in a cross-sectional study of 116 domestic horses and ponies, kept in 20 discrete herds. Social dominance was measured for each individual alongside observations of winter foraging behaviour. During bouts of foraging, the duration, frequency and category (vigilance, movement, social displacements given and received, scratching and startle responses) of interruptions were recorded, with total interruption time taken as a proxy measure of foraging efficiency. Total foraging time was not influenced by body condition or social dominance. Body condition was associated with social dominance, but more strongly associated with foraging efficiency. Specifically, lower body condition was associated with greater vigilance. This demonstrates that factors other than social dominance can result in stable differences in winter body condition.

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Cheng, Joey T., Jessica L. Tracy e Joseph Henrich. "Dominance is necessary to explain human status hierarchies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n.º 22 (24 de maio de 2021): e2103870118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103870118.

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Hogue, Mary, e Janice D. Yoder. "Dominance and Instrumentality Linked to Status, not Gender". Psychology of Women Quarterly 26, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2002): 383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036168430202600404.

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MORRISON, KIMBERLY RIOS, e NATHANAEL J. FAST. "PERCEIVED INTERGROUP THREAT AND THE STATUS-DOMINANCE RELATIONSHIP." Academy of Management Proceedings 2007, n.º 1 (agosto de 2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2007.26526162.

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Carney, Dana R. "The nonverbal expression of power, status, and dominance". Current Opinion in Psychology 33 (junho de 2020): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.12.004.

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Liker, András, e Zoltán Barta. "Male Badge Size Predicts Dominance Against Females in House Sparrows". Condor 103, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2001): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.1.151.

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Abstract We investigated dominance relationships and the use of male badge size as a status signal in a mixed-sex flock of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). Specifically, we tested whether females differ from males in their fighting behavior or dominance status, and whether badge size predicts dominance and fighting success of males in male-female fights. We found that both sexes were involved frequently in aggressive encounters, and the mean dominance rank of males did not differ from the mean rank of females. Badge size was the only significant predictor of the dominance rank of males, and was a good predictor of their aggressiveness measured as the proportion of fights initiated. On the other hand, female dominance rank was correlated with body weight. In male-female fights, both the proportion of female-initiated aggressive interactions and the proportion of fights won by females decreased with increasing size of the opponent's badge. Large-badged males dominated more females in dyadic interactions than smaller-badged males. These correlational results suggest that male badge size may be used as a signal of dominance status between male and female House Sparrows in winter flocks.

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Lee, Ju-Hyun, e Ha-Cheol Sung. "Morphological characteristics convey social status signals in captive tree sparrows (Passer montanus)". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 3 (29 de março de 2023): e0283625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283625.

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In social animals that form flocks, individuals compete or cooperate to gain access to shared resources. In particular, group-foraging individuals frequently engage in aggressive interactions with conspecifics, including threat displays and physical attacks, in order to acquire food resources. Here, we investigated social interactions in flocks of captive tree sparrows (Passer montanus) to observe the formation of dominance hierarchies. We also examined correlations between social status and morphological traits to identify which physical traits act as indicators of dominance. To do so, we recorded aggressive behaviours (attacks and threats) of tree sparrows caught in two distinct regions in the Republic of Korea (Gwangju and Gurye). After merging the two groups, we examined dominance structures using David’s scores for one month, and we recorded 1,051 aggressive interactions at a feeder in a group of 19 individuals. Using the number of aggressions and attack and threat behaviours, we tested whether morphological traits and sex influenced dominance structures. Aggressions were significantly more frequent in males than in females. However, no significant difference was observed the frequency of between- and within-sex aggression. In addition, differences in the frequency of aggression behaviours were observed between capture-site groups. Dominance structure was significantly correlated with certain morphological traits; specifically, the frequency of attacking behaviours was correlated with bill-nose length, and the frequency of threat displays was correlated with sex and badge size. These results suggest that social signals are closely related to morphological traits that are used to form dominance hierarchies in tree sparrow flocks.

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Macdonald, David W., Manuel Berdoy e Pete Smith. "Stability of Social Status in Wild Rats: Age and the Role of Settled Dominance". Behaviour 132, n.º 3-4 (1995): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853995x00694.

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AbstractOne way of understanding the evolution of social dominance is to establish which factors determine an animal's ability to dominate conspecifics. The dynamics of dominance between 20 adult male wild rats were investigated in a multi-generational, free-breeding colony in a large outdoor enclosure. Dominance relations between the adult males were stable and organised in a near-linear hierarchy. Dyadic interactions not fitting the social hierarchy, as well as challenges by subordinates and overt aggression by dominants were rare (< 5%) and principally occurred between animals of similar social rank. The correlates of social status within the colony show, for the first time in adult small mammals, that despite the significant role of body weight on the probability of winning contests, age was the most reliable indicator of adult dominance, with the higher ranking males being older but not necessarily heavier. Age also explained the outcome of 85% of agonistic encounters between dyads, compared with 65% for weights. The proximate mechanisms of age-related dominance fit better the 'previous outcome' hypothesis than the alternative 'fighting skill' or 'site dominance' hypotheses. The stability of dominance relations and the role of age, which in stable groups is equivalent with time spent in the colony, suggest that rats remain dominant over individuals that they have beaten in the past, long after initial body weight asymmetries have disappeared. The functional significance of the acceptance of subordinate social status is consistent with the fact that dominant individuals generally could not monopolize food resources or mates.

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Kokkoris, Ioannis. "The Development of the Concept of Collective Dominance in the ECMR. From its Inception to its Current Status". World Competition 30, Issue 3 (1 de setembro de 2007): 419–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2007027.

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This article analyses how the concept of collective dominance is applied in the case law of the European Control Merger Regulation and how the assessment criteria have been developed through this case law precedence. In spite of the extensive development of the notion of collective dominance accompanied by the improvement of the checklist of the criteria on which the European Commission founds its assessment of collective dominance, legal uncertainty still remains. The CFI judgment in the Airtours case constitutes a clear indication that legal uncertainty is not likely to fade. In the aftermath of Airtours, reforms were adopted that included the adoption of the SIEC test as a more efficient tool in assessing collective mergers. The Airtours judgment outlined three criteria for the assessment of collective dominance, namely transparency, retaliation and countervailing power by customers and competitors. The IMPALA judgment, the first annulment of a clearance decision, implies a lower threshold for collective dominance than the Airtours judgment set. This article will present an extensive account of the development of the concept of collective dominance under the ECMR. It will assess the factors that make a market conducive to collective dominance and determine the criteria that need to be applied by authorities in the assessment of mergers leading to collective dominance.

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Fast, Nathanael J., e Yoo Kyoung Kim. "Dominance versus cooperativeness: Status construal as a determinant of status acquisition strategy". Academy of Management Proceedings 2014, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2014): 14828. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.14828abstract.

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Townsend, John Marshall. "Male dominance hierarchies and women's intrasexual competition". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, n.º 2 (abril de 1999): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x9947181x.

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In their competition for higher-status men, women with higher socioeconomic status use indirect forms of aggression (ridicule and gossip) to derogate lower-status female competitors and the men who date them. Women's greater tendency to excuse their aggression is arguably a cultural enhancement of an evolutionarily based sex difference and not solely a cultural construction imposed by patriarchy.

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Abril-de-Abreu, Rodrigo, Ana S. Cruz e Rui F. Oliveira. "Social dominance modulates eavesdropping in zebrafish". Royal Society Open Science 2, n.º 8 (agosto de 2015): 150220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150220.

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Group living animals may eavesdrop on signalling interactions between conspecifics and integrate it with their own past social experience in order to optimize the use of relevant information from others. However, little is known about this interplay between public (eavesdropped) and private social information. To investigate it, we first manipulated the dominance status of bystander zebrafish. Next, we either allowed or prevented bystanders from observing a fight. Finally, we assessed their behaviour towards the winners and losers of the interaction, using a custom-made video-tracking system and directional analysis. We found that only dominant bystanders who had seen the fight revealed a significant increase in directional focus (a measure of attention) towards the losers of the fights. Furthermore, our results indicate that information about the fighters' acquired status was collected from the signalling interaction itself and not from post-interaction status cues, which implies the existence of individual recognition in zebrafish. Thus, we show for the first time that zebrafish, a highly social model organism, eavesdrop on conspecific agonistic interactions and that this process is modulated by the eavesdroppers' dominance status. We suggest that this type of integration of public and private information may be ubiquitous in social learning processes.

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Craib, Ian. "Masculinity and Male Dominance". Sociological Review 35, n.º 4 (novembro de 1987): 721–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1987.tb00563.x.

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The problems with established sociological and socio-psychological conceptions of masculinity are discussed, and it is argued that object-relations theory can provide a clearer understanding of masculinity. An ideal type of the development of masculinity is built up in contrast to similar ideal types of human development and the development of femininity as portrayed by recent feminist writers. The status of the ideal type is then discussed, drawing out its implications for the relationship between psychoanalysis and sociological analysis, and for the nature of social change.

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Stroebe, Katherine, Bernard A. Nijstad e Charlotte K. Hemelrijk. "Female Dominance in Human Groups". Social Psychological and Personality Science 8, n.º 2 (29 de setembro de 2016): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550616664956.

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Compared to men, women less often attain high-level positions and generally have lower status in society. In smaller groups, the relative influence of men and women depends on gender composition, but research is inconclusive regarding the relation between gender composition and female influence. Studies of nonhuman primates show that when females are in the minority they become more dominant over males, but only when conflict levels are high, because under these conditions men fight among each other. Similarly, here we show, in two studies with mixed gender groups ( N = 90 and N = 56), that women were more dominant in groups with a high percentage of men and high levels of conflict. This depends on gender differences in aggressive behavior, inducing more aggressive behavior in women eliminated this increase in female dominance. Our work reveals that status relations between the genders among nonhuman primates can generalize to humans.

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Hébert, Paule, e Cyrille Barrette. "Experimental demonstration that scent marking can predict dominance in the woodchuck, Marmota monax". Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, n.º 3 (1 de março de 1989): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-082.

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Scent marking is known to be related to dominance in mammals. Here we ask whether the isolated scent from the oral glands of woodchucks (Marmota monax) can advertise dominance. The scent of an individual was presented to a conspecific before the two met and could establish a dominance–subordination relationship. For all 19 dyads that would later express aggressive dominance, the individual pre-encounter rate of scent marking was the same no matter the sex, composition of the dyad, or the future status of the individual. However, when they were presented with scent marks of a conspecific (before meeting the marker), future subordinates marked the scent of future dominants more than vice versa (Mann–Whitney U-test, Z = 2.246, [Formula: see text]). The status of members of dyads was accurately predicted from the pre-encounter marking performance in 14 of the 19 dyads (χ2 = 3.368; 0.10 > p > 0.05). This suggests that scent, by itself, conveys information on the dyadic dominance status of an individual relative to the receiver of the olfactory signal.

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May, H. Y., e A. J. Mercier. "Responses of crayfish to a reflective environment depend on dominance status". Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, n.º 8 (agosto de 2006): 1104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-098.

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Previous work has shown that the reflection from aquarium walls can modify several aspects of crayfish behaviour, but only if the crayfish are socialized. Such socialization is known to generate a dominance hierarchy composed of dominant and subordinate animals. The present study was conducted to determine whether or not behavioural responses to reflection depend on dominance status. Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) were maintained in pairs for 2 weeks to establish dominance ranks and were subsequently observed in an aquarium in which half of the walls were lined with mirrors and the other half were lined with nonreflective plastic. Dominant crayfish spent more time on the reflective side of the aquarium than on the nonreflective side, and they spent more time in reflective corners than in nonreflective corners. Dominant crayfish also turned more frequently on the reflective side and crossed the tank more frequently toward reflective walls. Such differences in behaviour were not observed for subordinate crayfish or for crayfish that had been isolated for 2 weeks. Subordinate crayfish exhibited more reverse walking on the reflective side of the aquarium than on the nonreflective side, but crayfish in the other groups did not. Thus, responses of crayfish to reflection depend on dominance status.

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Rosa, Izhani, Erin Kaseda e Alexandra Kirsch. "A-259 Interpersonal Dominance Predicts Treatment Resistance in Adolescents Without, But Not With, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 37, n.º 6 (17 de agosto de 2022): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acac060.259.

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Abstract Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with interpersonal challenges in adolescents. Greater interpersonal dominance has been found to predict poorer therapeutic alliance in adolescents, but previous work has not examined a potential moderating impact of ADHD. The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between dominance and treatment resistance as measured by the Personality Assessment Inventory-Adolescent (PAI-A) in a mixed clinical sample. Method: Data were collected from 144 adolescents referred for neuropsychological evaluation (M=15.27 years, Range=12-19, 41.0% female, 47.9% diagnosed with ADHD). ADHD diagnosis was determined through neuropsychological clinical evaluation of behavior, mood, and cognitive functioning across settings. Exploratory moderation analysis was conducted to examine if interpersonal dominance predicts treatment rejection and to see if the relationship is moderated by ADHD status. Results: Controlling for ADHD status, the main effect of dominance was significant, such that higher interpersonal dominance was associated with greater treatment rejection (t=2.38, p=.019). No main effect for the relationship between ADHD status and treatment rejection when controlling for dominance was observed. In participants without ADHD, dominance significantly predicted treatment rejection (t=2.38, p=.019), but the effect was no longer significant in adolescents with ADHD. Conclusion: Based on self-report of personality, interpersonal dominance is related to treatment rejection in adolescents without ADHD, but not adolescents with ADHD. Symptoms of ADHD such as impulsivity and behavioral disinhibition may impact responses related to interpersonal functioning and thus ratings for adolescents with ADHD may not reflect the same constructs important for treatment considerations.

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Alward, Beau A., Vibhav A. Laud, Christopher J. Skalnik, Ryan A. York, Scott A. Juntti e Russell D. Fernald. "Modular genetic control of social status in a cichlid fish". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n.º 45 (26 de outubro de 2020): 28167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008925117.

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Social hierarchies are ubiquitous in social species and profoundly influence physiology and behavior. Androgens like testosterone have been strongly linked to social status, yet the molecular mechanisms regulating social status are not known. The African cichlid fishAstatotilapia burtoniis a powerful model species for elucidating the role of androgens in social status given their rich social hierarchy and genetic tractability. DominantA. burtonimales possess large testes and bright coloration and perform aggressive and reproductive behaviors while nondominant males do not. Social status inA. burtoniis in flux, however, as males alter their status depending on the social environment. Due to a teleost-specific whole-genome duplication,A. burtonipossess two androgen receptor (AR) paralogs,ARαandARβ, providing a unique opportunity to disentangle the role of gene duplication in the evolution of social systems. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to generate AR mutantA. burtoniand performed a suite of experiments to interrogate the mechanistic basis of social dominance. We find thatARβ,but notARα, is required for testes growth and bright coloration, whileARα, but notARβ, is required for the performance of reproductive behavior and aggressive displays. Both receptors are required to reduce flees from females and either AR is sufficient for attacking males. Thus, social status inA. burtoniis inordinately dissociable and under the modular control of two AR paralogs. This type of nonredundancy may be important in facilitating social plasticity inA. burtoniand other species whose social status relies on social experience.

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付, 可可. "Prestige or Dominance, Who Has Greater Influence?—Research on the Dominance-Prestige Theory of Social Status". Advances in Psychology 12, n.º 01 (2022): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ap.2022.121005.

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Kubinyi, Enikő, e Lisa J. Wallis. "Dominance in dogs as rated by owners corresponds to ethologically valid markers of dominance". PeerJ 7 (9 de maio de 2019): e6838. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6838.

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Dominance is well defined in ethology, debated in psychology, and is often unclear among the dog owning public and in the press. However, to date, no study has examined how owners perceive dominance in dogs, and what different behaviours and personality types are used to describe dominant and subordinate individuals. A questionnaire study was launched to investigate the external validity of owner-derived estimates of dominance in dog dyads sharing the same household (N = 1,151). According to the owners, dogs rated as dominant (87%) have priority access to resources (resting place, food, and rewards), undertake certain tasks (defend and lead the group, bark more), display dominance (win fights, lick the other’s mouth less, and mark over the other’s urine), share certain personality traits (smarter, more aggressive and impulsive), and are older than their partner dog (all p < 0.0001). An age-related hypothesis has been suggested to explain dominance in dogs; but we found that dog age did not explain the occurrence of dominance related behaviours over the owners’ estimate of dominance status. Results suggest that owner-derived reports of dominance ranks of dogs living in multi-dog households correspond to ethologically valid behavioural markers of dominance. Size and physical condition were unrelated to the perceived dominance. Surprisingly, in mixed-sex dyads, females were more frequently rated as dominant than males, which might correspond to a higher proportion of neutered females in this subgroup. For future studies that wish to allocate dominance status using owner report, we offer a novel survey.

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Fugère, Vincent, Hernán Ortega e Rüdiger Krahe. "Electrical signalling of dominance in a wild population of electric fish". Biology Letters 7, n.º 2 (27 de outubro de 2010): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0804.

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Animals often use signals to communicate their dominance status and avoid the costs of combat. We investigated whether the frequency of the electric organ discharge (EOD) of the weakly electric fish, Sternarchorhynchus sp., signals the dominance status of individuals. We correlated EOD frequency with body size and found a strong positive relationship. We then performed a competition experiment in which we found that higher frequency individuals were dominant over lower frequency ones. Finally, we conducted an electrical playback experiment and found that subjects more readily approached and attacked the stimulus electrodes when they played low-frequency signals than high-frequency ones. We propose that EOD frequency communicates dominance status in this gymnotiform species.

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Kern, Julie M., Seirian Sumner e Andrew N. Radford. "Sentinel dominance status influences forager use of social information". Behavioral Ecology 27, n.º 4 (2016): 1053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv240.

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Rudin, Fabian S., Joseph L. Tomkins e Leigh W. Simmons. "Changes in dominance status erode personality and behavioral syndromes". Behavioral Ecology 28, n.º 1 (11 de outubro de 2016): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arw151.

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Barnard, C. J., e N. Luo. "Acquisition of dominance status affects maze learning in mice". Behavioural Processes 60, n.º 1 (outubro de 2002): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00121-3.

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Kojola, Ilpo. "Mother's dominance status and differential investment in reindeer calves". Animal Behaviour 38, n.º 2 (agosto de 1989): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(89)80080-6.

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Jones, Carolyn E., e Marie-H. Monfils. "Dominance status predicts social fear transmission in laboratory rats". Animal Cognition 19, n.º 6 (13 de julho de 2016): 1051–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-016-1013-2.

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Santiago-Moreno, J., A. Gómez-Brunet, A. Toledano-Díaz, A. Pulido-Pastor e A. López-Sebastián. "Social dominance and breeding activity in Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) maintained in captivity". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, n.º 3 (2007): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd06122.

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The relationship between ovulatory activity and social dominance was determined in 10 Spanish ibex females by recording their plasma progesterone and plasma cortisol levels. In a second experiment, the influence of dominance status on the establishment of pregnancy after introduction to males during late anoestrous (late October) was evaluated in another nine females. Dominance hierarchies were established in both groups by noting agonistic interactions between the individual females. Six high-ranking females of the 10 ibexes without male contact showed ovulatory activity with 1–3 progesterone cycles. The first progesterone cycle appeared in December (18 December ± 4 days). Dominance status correlated with age (R = 0.86, P < 0.01), bodyweight (R = 0.96, P < 0.001) and the number of progesterone cycles (R = 0.82, P < 0.01). Cortisol differences were associated with differences in reproductive function rather than social status per se. Introduction to males during late anoestrous brought forward the initiation of ovulatory activity (14 November ± 5 days) and resulted in three pregnancies in females with higher dominance ranks. The results suggest that social interactions are important in the control of ovulatory activity in the Spanish ibex.

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Drews, Carlos. "The Concept and Definition of Dominance in Animal Behaviour". Behaviour 125, n.º 3-4 (1993): 283–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00290.

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AbstractThe concept of dominance has contributed greatly to our understanding of social structure in animals. Over the past three decades, however, a variety of concepts and definitions of dominance have been introduced, leading to an ongoing debate about the usefulness and meaning of the concept. Criticisms aimed at one definition of dominance do not necessarilly apply to other definitions. Existing definitions can be structural or functional, refer to roles or to agonistic behaviour, regard dominance as a property of individuals or as an attribute of dyadic encounters, concentrate on aggression or on the lack of it, and be based either on theoretical constructs or on observable behaviour. Thirteen definitions of dominance are reviewed, and their usefulness assessed with respect to their descriptive value. The predictive and explanatory values of definitions are specific to the questions asked in each particular study and are not considered as criteria to judge the usefulness of the dominance concept. By virtue of its high descriptive value, the original definition of dominance by SCHJELDERUPP-EBBE (1922, Z.Psychol. 88: 226-252) emerged as the basis to formulate a structural definition with wide applicability and which reflects the essence of the concept: Dominance is an attribute of the pattern of repeated, agonistic interactions between two individuals, characterized by a consistent outcome in favour of the same dyad member and a default yielding response of its opponent rather than escalation. The status of the consistent winner is dominant and that of the loser subordinate. Dominance status refers to dyads while dominance rank, high or low, refers to the position in a hierarchy and, thus, depends on group composition. Dominance is a relative measure and not an absolute property of individuals. The discussion includes reference to the heritability of dominance, application of dominance to groups rather than individuals, and the role of individual recognition and memory during agonistic encounters.

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Moors, Agnes, e Jan De Houwer. "Automatic Processing of Dominance and Submissiveness". Experimental Psychology 52, n.º 4 (janeiro de 2005): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.296.

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Abstract. We investigated whether people are able to detect in a relatively automatic manner the dominant or submissive status of persons engaged in social interactions. We used a nonaffective variant of the affective Simon paradigm of De Houwer and Eelen (1998 ) in which participants responded by saying either “dominant” or “submissive” depending on the right or left spatial position of a target person who was engaged as either the dominant or the submissive agent in a social interaction. We observed that responses were facilitated when the status connotation of the target person and the correct response corresponded. These results provide new information about the automatic nature of information related to emotion-antecedent appraisals.

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Larson, Earl T., e Cliff H. Summers. "Serotonin reverses dominant social status". Behavioural Brain Research 121, n.º 1-2 (junho de 2001): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00393-4.

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Vargas-Salfate, Salvador, Dario Paez, James H. Liu, Felicia Pratto e Homero Gil de Zúñiga. "A Comparison of Social Dominance Theory and System Justification: The Role of Social Status in 19 Nations". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, n.º 7 (15 de março de 2018): 1060–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757455.

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This study tests specific competing hypotheses from social dominance theory/realistic conflict theory (RCT) versus system justification theory about the role of social status. In particular, it examines whether system justification belief and effects are stronger among people with low socioeconomic status, and in less socially developed and unequal nations than among better-off people and countries. A cross-national survey was carried out in 19 nations from the Americas, Western and Eastern Europe, Asia, and Oceania using representative online samples ( N = 14,936, 50.15% women, Mage = 41.61 years). At the individual level, system justification beliefs, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, national identification, sociopolitical conservatism, sex, age, and social status were measured. At the national level, the human development index and the Gini index were used. Multilevel analyses performed indicated that results fit better with the social dominance/RCT approach, as system justification was higher in high-status and developed nations; further, associations between legitimizing ideologies and system justification were stronger among high-status people.

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Košarac, Biserka. "Dominant work strategies of Eastern Sarajevo residents". Socioloski godisnjak, n.º 7 (2012): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socgod1207077k.

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This paper is based on empirical observations analyzed by the dominant work and socio-economic strategies of the population of East Sarajevo. Determinants that influence the profiling of these strategies are work and socioeconomic strategies of families in which the respondents come from, their socioprofessional status and position in the labor market. The data shows that the most common strategy among respondents with formal employment and the strategy of substitution is in agriculture. Least prevalent strategy is entrepreneurial.

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Simmons, Aneika L., e Elizabeth E. Umphress. "The selection of leaders and social dominance orientation". Journal of Management Development 34, n.º 10 (12 de outubro de 2015): 1211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-11-2014-0149.

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Purpose – Individuals who are high in social dominance orientation (SDO) tend to endorse the belief that members of traditionally considered high-status groups should dominate members of traditionally considered low-status groups within society. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how SDO influences the selection of an individual who is a member of a traditionally considered low-status group for a leadership position as opposed to a non-leadership position. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology included undergraduate business students who were investigated in a laboratory setting. Findings – Results indicate that individuals who are high in SDO are more likely to discriminate against the most qualified candidate who is a traditionally considered low-status group member when compared to those low in SDO, and job position moderated this outcome. This effect was stronger when selecting the traditionally considered low-status group member candidate for a leadership role as opposed to a non-leadership position. Originality/value – To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first investigation to examine both leadership and selection using social dominance theory as a theoretical framework. Further, this is the first empirical analysis to determine that the influence of SDO is stronger when an individual high in SDO is selecting a traditionally considered low-status group member for a leadership position as opposed to a non-leadership position.

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