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Naiki, Yoshiko. "Accountability and Legitimacy in Global Health and Safety Governance: The World Trade Organization, the SPS Committee, and International Standard-Setting Organizations". Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 6 (1 de dezembro de 2009): 1255–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009049.
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Following the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the application of the WTO’s Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (hereinafter ‘SPS Agreement), concerns over health and safety have become increasingly predominant in the international trade regime. While rulings under the WTO dispute settlement procedure, as in the case of European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) (hereinafter ‘EC-Hormones’) and European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products (hereinafter ‘EC-Biotech(GMOs)’), have received most of the attention, these rulings based upon the SPS Agreement are not the only governance arrangements available in the WTO. The SPS Agreement also provides a forum – the SPS Committee – for debate over the health and safety concerns among Member States. This article reviews how the work of the SPS Committee fits into the recent WTO accountability debate. It examines how the SPS Committee provides for an accountability mechanism between Member States, thereby facilitating participation and promoting transparency. Furthermore, it focuses on the role of international standards, established by international standard-setting organizations, and addresses debates over the legitimacy of international standard-setting processes. This article also examines how ‘international regime complexity’ (or ‘regime interactions’) between the WTO and international standard-setting organizations relates to the questions of legitimacy and accountability. Finally, it concludes with a look at the question of the accountability of the SPS Committee itself.
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Pochebut, L. G., S. D. Gurieva e V. A. Chiker. "Predictive model of socio-psychological factors of building confidence in the organization". Social Psychology and Society 9, n.º 1 (2018): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2018090103.
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The article presents the predictive model of socio-psychological factors of building confidence in the organization. In science still hasn’t determined the system factors of strengthening and maintaining trust. The article gives the classification of the basic conceptual approaches to the study of confidence in modern psychology: the psychological, socio-psychological, informational, subject-object. The main hypothesis is that the confidence of employees in the organization with balance the use of personas tactics interpersonal behavior. The study involved 149 people (40.5% of mane’s and 59. 5% women’s) aged from 25 to 45 years old, the staff of commercial organizations in St. Petersburg. Conducted testing and role playing game was obtained regression model predicting the confidence in the firm, identified the socio-psychological factors to enhance it (personal and group peculiarities, specific organizational culture), as the specific tactics achieve trust. The main conclusion is that establishing trust between people, based on their personal qualities, organizational culture and use of special tactics in business collaboration.
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Naumtseva, E. A., e W. A. Stroh. "Psychological Readiness for Organizational Change and its Socio-Psychological Predictors". Social Psychology and Society 11, n.º 4 (2020): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2020110411.
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Objectives. The study of socio-psychological predictors of employees’ readiness for changes (identification with the organization as a whole, identification with the unit, injective and descriptive norms) and the ratio of their contribution to the formation of employees’ readiness for changes. Background. Due to rapid technological development, the number of necessary changes within organizations is growing. A well-formed employees’ readiness for the upcoming changes is needed for the success of their implementation. It will affect the productivity of work processes. Study design. The study examined the level of readiness for organizational changes, the level of identification with the organization, with the unit, and subjective norms (injective and descriptive). Regression analysis was used to process the data. Socio-demographic characteristics differences were analyzed using the Mann—Whitney U-test and the Kruskel-Wallis N-test. Participants. The study sample included the state medical organization employees’ implementing electronic records and medical records (n = 308). Measurements. To evaluate variables, we used questionnaire “Readiness for Organizational Change” by D. Holt, questionnaire by B. Ashfort, F. Mael “Organizational Identification”, and scales for assessing perceived norms of M. Fishbein and A. Aizen. Results. It is established that identification with an organization, identification with a unit, an injective and descriptive norm are associated with a readiness to change. The strongest predictor of readiness for organizational change is the injective norm for change, the next most powerful predictor is the descriptive norm for change. A less significant contribution to readiness is identification with the organization as a whole. Identification with the working group (or unit) is associated with readiness to change negatively. The level of readiness for organizational changes among managers is significantly higher than among performers. Conclusions. Identification with the organization and unit, injective and descriptive norms make a significant contribution to the formation of employee readiness for change. Significant differences were found in the level of readiness for changes depending on the position: managers demonstrate a higher level compared to ordinary employees. The results of the study can be used by managers and management consultants to assess and build readiness for change.
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Nesmeianova, R. K. "The relationship between the socio-demographic characteristics of employees and their organizational identification and their perceived attractiveness of corporate culture". Social Psychology and Society 9, n.º 1 (2018): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2018090105.
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The article presents the results of comparing the interrelationships between the individual characteristics of employees (gender, age, education, position and seniority in the organization) with the types of organizational identification that they form, the level of need for it, and the degree of attractiveness of the corporate culture. The study involved 252 respondents (185 women, 67 men), all — representatives of commercial organizations. Data collection was carried out in one stage, a questionnaire was proposed, which included three methods. The resulting material was mathematically processed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Data are received that managers are less likely than performers to experience negative, ambiguous or neutral feelings towards their organization. The older the employees, the higher the level of their identification with it. The most senior employees are identified most with their company, as well as employees who have a long working record. Thus, a correlation was revealed between the socio-demographic characteristics of employees and the organizational variables under study.
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Wagner, Markus. "The Future of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Governance: SPS-Plus or SPS-Minus?" Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 3 (1 de junho de 2017): 445–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017018.
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Food safety plays an increasingly important role in today’s interdependent trading relations. The existing multilateral rules embodied in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures are increasingly being supplemented by a series of bilateral and multilateral agreements. Unlike debates surrounding intellectual property rights, the negotiations concerning SPS rules in preferential trade agreements are rarely analysed in a systematic and detailed manner. The article uses the SPS Chapter negotiated for purposes of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) as a model for the future of SPS governance and compares it to the existing disciplines under the SPS Agreement. While the future of the TPPA in its current iteration may be in doubt, the US has clearly posited its SPS Chapter as a blueprint for future SPS governance. While the SPS Chapter contains some procedural advances in SPS governance, its substantive rules – or lack thereof – are not only at odds with the existing SPS regime; they exhibit a flawed understanding of scientific enquiry and how to deal with the uncertainty inherent therein.
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WOUTERS, JAN, e DYLAN GERAETS. "Private food standards and the World Trade Organization: some legal considerations". World Trade Review 11, n.º 3 (julho de 2012): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000237.
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AbstractPrivate standards have increasingly become a contentious issue in the multilateral trading system. The ever increasing number of sector-specific standards developed by businesses, in particular in the food market, may have significant implications for developing countries in terms of market access. Some countries see private food standards as a particular form of non-tariff barriers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with non-tariff barriers in the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). This paper examines to what extent these agreements cover private standards, as they were originally intended to regulate standard-setting by public authorities. We find that there is an important difference between the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement in that the drafters of the latter realized the importance of the private sector in standard-setting. Finally, we discuss whether a ‘Code of Good Practice for the Preparation, Adoption and Application of Standards’, similar to that under the TBT Agreement, could be adopted under the SPS Agreement.
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Bazarov, T. Yu, e N. T. Karieva. "The Methodology for Identification of Confidence in the Organization". Social Psychology and Society 13, n.º 3 (2022): 134–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2022130309.
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Objective. Development and initial testing of a methodology for identifying beliefs about trust in an organization.Background. Today, the issue of increasing the efficiency of the organization and its competitiveness is becoming more and more urgent. One of the key factors influencing internal organizational processes is trust in the organization. In this regard, it is important to develop new tools that will help to identify ideas about trust in the organization and to study the nature of this phenomenon more deeply.Study design. The research was carried out using a socio-psychological survey.Participants. The study involved 200 respondents, of whom 78 are men and 122 women aged 18 to 50 years, with experience in various government and commercial organizations.Measurements. For data processing and analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, Mann-Whitney test and correlation analysis were used. The SPSS 15.0 software was used to process the data.Results. As a result of testing the methodology for psychometric indicators on the scale of “performance”, “decency” and “concern for others”, points were identified that did not work on their scale. It was decided to remove these items from the methodology. After removing items, the correlation of which with the scale was less than +0.1, the reliability indicator of the Performance scale became 0.682, the Decency scale — 0.638, and the Caring for others scale — 0.783, which indicates a sufficient level of reliability-consistency for personal questionnaires. The substantive validity of the questionnaire is achieved by drawing up question formulations in accordance with the theoretically identified characteristics of the three imperatives of trust in the organization in the concept of Robert Shaw. The validity of the gender questionnaire was confirmed by the presence of differences in the perception of the “caring for others” component of trust between men and women.Conclusions. The scales of the methodology developed by us have a high level of reliability and consistency. Statistical data indicate the advisability of reformulating some of the statements for further improving the tool, eliminating the secondary meanings of the paragraph. There was some evidence of the validity of the methodology by gender, indicating the ability of the instrument to differentiate objectively existing differences.
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Botterill, Linda Courtenay, e Carsten Daugbjerg. "Commensalistic institutions and value conflicts: the World Trade Organization and global private food standards". European Political Science Review 7, n.º 1 (17 de janeiro de 2014): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773913000295.
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An important outcome of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations was the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). This was set up to discipline the use of national food safety and animal and plant health regulations and to prevent their emergence as technical barriers to trade. The Agreement privileges free trade and scientific evidence, thus excluding many ethical considerations from the regulations that national governments can enact in relation to production methods in the agri-food chain. Autonomously from the SPS Agreement, a number of global private standard schemes have been developed that have incorporated values rejected by the SPS Agreement. This paper examines the relationship between the Agreement and the private standards and argues that this case highlights a gap in the institutional literature with respect to parallel institutions emergingautonomouslyfrom the primary institution to embody values excluded by the latter. We adopt the term commensalism for these previously undescribed relationships.
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Torres Rodríguez, Pamela. "Analysis of de Subsection 3.2.7 of the Annex to Regulation (EU) No. 488-2014 concerning the maximum cadmium content in chocolate and derived products under the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary rules". Revista Internacional de Derecho 2, n.º 1 (2021): 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37768/unw.rid.02.01.004.
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The requirement for maximum levels of cadmium in cocoa and derived products established in subsection 3.2.7 of the Annex to the European Union (EU) Regulation No. 488/2014 shall be in accordance with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) rules. Thus, through the dogmatic method it is analysed whether it is a SPS measure that affects international trade and if it complies with the basic principles of the SPS Agreement as if the measure: was issued under the sovereign right of the European Union (EU) Member States (MS) to adopt SPS measures, was adopted to protect human life or health, had scientific basis, and does not imply arbitrary or unjustified discrimination.
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Lovakov, A. V. "Negative Effects of Organizational Identification of the Worker: Role of the Workaholism". Social Psychology and Society 8, n.º 2 (2017): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2017080204.
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In the previous researches it is shown that the strong feeling of identification of the worker with the organization has a row of positive correlates both for the worker, and for the organization. However, in several recent researches the empirical evidence of presence at organizational identification of negative correlates are obtained. In this research communication of organizational identification and wellbeing of the worker is studied, namely, the assumption of a mediation role of workaholism is tested. The results received by means of the survey of 1783 employees of the large Russian organization showed that the level of organizational identification of the worker promotes increase for it in excessiveness and compulsiveness of work that in turn, promotes the increase of its emotional exhaustion and the work-family conflict. These results show a dual role of identification of the worker with the organization, empirically show presence at organizational identification of potential negative effects, and also explain one of mechanisms of their emergence.
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Kim, Hyung-Keun, Kyung-Jin Seo, Hyun Ho Choi, Sung Soo Kim, Hiun-Suk Chae, Ok-Ran Shin, Chang Hyuck Ahn e Young-Seok Cho. "Clinicopathological Characteristics of Serrated Polyposis Syndrome in Korea: Single Center Experience". Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/842876.
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Background/Aim.Serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) is a rare condition characterized by multiple serrated polyps throughout the colon and rectum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of SPS in Koreans.Methods.This retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed using information from the endoscopy, clinical records, and pathology database system of Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital. Consecutive patients satisfying the updated 2010 World Health Organization criteria for SPS between June 2011 and May 2014 were enrolled.Results.Of the 17,552 patients who underwent colonoscopies during the study period, 11 (0.06%) met the criteria for SPS. The mean age of these patients was 55.6 years. Ten patients (91%) were males. None had a family history of CRC or a first-degree relative with SPS. Seven patients (64%) had synchronous advanced adenoma. One patient had coexistence of SPS with CRC that was diagnosed at the initial colonoscopy. Five patients (45%) had more than 30 serrated polyps. One of the patients underwent surgery and 10 underwent endoscopic resection.Conclusion.The prevalence of SPS in this study cohort was comparable to that in Western populations. Considering the high risk of CRC, correct diagnosis and careful follow-up for SPS are necessary.
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Vorontsova, N. A. "SPS Measures as Hidden Barriers to International Trade within WTO and EAEU (theory and practice)". Moscow Journal of International Law, n.º 1 (25 de julho de 2020): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-1-66-78.
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INTRODUCTION. Since there are many threats in the modern world, states consider the essence of security in its various manifestations. A rather extensive understanding of security should be noted, as this concept applies to multiple directions of our life. So-called SPS measures are one of the vectors aimed at ensuring safety (protection) of human life and health. The scientific literature covers rather extensively SPS measures, taken by states, which include mandatory sanitary, veterinary and quarantine phytosanitary requirements and procedures. The novelty of the study is that SPS measures will be analyzed in terms of their use as hidden barriers to international trade, as well as how often they are used when a particular sanitary or phytosanitary measure imposed by a state or maintained in force by a member of an international organization restrains or can potentially restrain export of its goods.MATERIALS AND METHODS. In international trade certain issues of the contemplated problem are regulated by Article XX of GATT, as well as by the Special Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). Security measures reflected in the Article XXI of GATT-94 are not considered.RESEARCH RESULTS. Th author concluded that SPS measures construe hidden barriers to international trade. However, it is possible to establish "rules of the game", to agree on this problem in concluded agreements on the rules of application of SPS measures, minimizing the possibility of their unfair use. As for the EAEU law, it affects the development of international norms in the field under consideration.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The urgency of the issues dealt with in the article is based on the fact that every resident of any state in one way or another wants to be sure of the safety of all that he consumes and that the state or a number of states within the framework of an international organization are obliged to ensure this. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is no exception, it also faces similar tasks. The article analyzes the results of activities in the sphere of decision-making on SPS measures and the framework of the international organization of regional economic integration – the EAEU.
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Avrov, Yu M., G. L. Zelentsov e Yu A. Goryunov. "Organization of surgical care on ships of the river fleet". Kazan medical journal 67, n.º 3 (15 de maio de 1986): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj70093.
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Issues of surgical aid rendering and organization on ships of river fleet were seldom covered in periodical press before. That's why we decided to share our experience of work of ship medical stations (SPS) of the Central Basin Hospital of Verkhne-Volzhskiy river basin.
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Groshev, I. V., Yu A. Davydova e I. A. Krasnoslobodtseva. "Emotions in the Structure of Psychological 'Fabric' of Organizational Culture". Social Psychology and Society 6, n.º 3 (2015): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2015060309.
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The paper explores the role and significance of the emotional factor in the system of components of organizational culture. Along with the psychophysiological component the authors describe patterns of formation of emotions in organizational systems and state that manifestations of these emotions are determined by cultural conditions of the organization and by the type of its organizational culture. The authors also outline levels of emotions and degrees of their subjective management in individuals. A set of requirements is proposed for the system of emotional management within the organization which may be implemented in a broad range of personality manifestations. Finally, the authors review the ecological theory of emotions, the psychophysiological and sociocultural approaches, analyzing their main propositions concerning the nature and management of emotions as well as perspectives for raising the efficiency of activity in the organization with the assistance of the emotional factor. On these grounds the authors propose an activity-based model of emotions determined by the type of organizational structure.
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Wang, Dan, Jietang Zhao, Bing Hu, Jiaqi Li, Yaqi Qin, Linhuan Chen, Yonghua Qin e Guibing Hu. "Identification and expression profile analysis of the sucrose phosphate synthase gene family in Litchi chinensis Sonn." PeerJ 6 (15 de fevereiro de 2018): e4379. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4379.
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Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.1.14) is a key enzyme that regulates sucrose biosynthesis in plants. SPS is encoded by different gene families which display differential expression patterns and functional divergence. Genome-wide identification and expression analyses of SPS gene families have been performed in Arabidopsis, rice, and sugarcane, but a comprehensive analysis of the SPS gene family in Litchi chinensis Sonn. has not yet been reported. In the current study, four SPS gene (LcSPS1, LcSPS2, LcSPS3, and LcSPS4) were isolated from litchi. The genomic organization analysis indicated the four litchi SPS genes have very similar exon-intron structures. Phylogenetic tree showed LcSPS1-4 were grouped into different SPS families (LcSPS1 and LcSPS2 in A family, LcSPS3 in B family, and LcSPS4 in C family). LcSPS1 and LcSPS4 were strongly expressed in the flowers, while LcSPS3 most expressed in mature leaves. RT-qPCR results showed that LcSPS genes expressed differentially during aril development between cultivars with different hexose/sucrose ratios. A higher level of expression of LcSPS genes was detected in Wuheli, which accumulates higher sucrose in the aril at mature. The tissue- and developmental stage-specific expression of LcSPS1-4 genes uncovered in this study increase our understanding of the important roles played by these genes in litchi fruits.
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Bochaver, A. A., K. D. Khlomov, A. A. Koreev e A. V. Zhilinskaya. "How do adolescents hear their parents ‘ advice about the future?" Social Psychology and Society 10, n.º 2 (2019): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2019100212.
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The theme of designing the future corresponds to the age tasks of older adolescents, but becomes a source of tension in families long before the children finish school. When children reach adolescence, communication is rebuilt in families, and dialogue between children and parents is often difficult. The article discusses the features of what parental statements about the future of adolescents sound in the presentation of adolescents themselves. There are described 20 typical forms of statements about the future faced by modern adolescents from their relatives, that have a different focuses — on the child, on his/her family and on the social environment. Their advantages and disadvantages and possible psychological effects are analyzed; the representation of categories of statements in groups of adolescents of different age and sex and students in different organizations is compared. The necessity of organization of constructive discussions of the future between the teenager and his social environment is proved.
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Karpov, A. B., e T. Y. Bazarov. "Effect of Managers Competencies on Employee Engagement". Social Psychology and Society 15, n.º 1 (10 de abril de 2024): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2024150107.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective.</strong> Analysis of the connection between the level of development of managerial competencies of a manager and the involvement in the work of both himself and his subordinates. <br><strong>Background.</strong> Most managers of modern organizations pay considerable attention to managing employee engagement when working with personnel. One of the key factors influencing employee engagement is the immediate supervisor. It is important to determine the manager’s competencies, through the development of which it is possible to increase the involvement of employees at different levels in the organization. <br><strong>Study design.</strong> The work examined the relationship between the involvement of employees at different levels in the organization and the level of development of the competencies of their managers; and differences between executive and employee engagement. The presence and degree of relationships were determined using correlation analysis, and differences were determined by assessing the reliability of differences in mean values. <br><strong>Participants.</strong> Employees of the organization: 768 people (24,2% men, 75,8% women): 146 (19%) managers and 622 (81%) employees. <br><strong>Measurements.</strong> Methodology for assessing the competencies of managers “360 degrees” based on a corporate model of 8 management competencies; Anonymous engagement questionnaire Kicentric – Russian version. <br><strong>Results.</strong> The manager’s competencies “Understanding the Business”, “Result Orientation”, “Interaction” and “Development of Subordinates” contribute to the involvement of subordinates. “Leadership”, “Initiative”, “Business Understanding”, “Interaction” are also interconnected with the leader’s own involvement. “Planning” is an inverse relationship. It has been established that there are differences in the involvement of managers and employees. <br><strong>С</strong><strong>onclusions.</strong> There is a relationship between the involvement of employees and the manager with the level of development of his competencies: some competencies of managers are associated with high involvement of him and his employees, some with low. A connection was found between the levels of involvement of the manager and employees. Differences in some parameters of engagement between managers and employees were revealed.</p>
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Ermolaeva, M. V., e D. V. Lubovsky. "Psychological Capital of the Organization in the Context of Resource and Socio-Psychological Approaches". Social Psychology and Society 11, n.º 4 (2020): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2020110405.
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Objective. Analysis of the possibilities to supply the parameters of psychological capital with the collectivistic orientation parameter; to analyze the concept of collectivistic orientation. Background. The transfer of the term “human capital” from economics to psychology required specification and differentiation. The concepts of socio-psychological capital, cognitive social capital, and psychological capital emphasize different facets of the “human factor”, which can be considered as a resource in the broad sense of the word. The interpretations of socio-psychological capital and cognitive social capital are substantially similar. Researchers of cognitive social capital consider it in four aspects (resource, network, economic, and socio-psychological). In this study, the focus is on resource and socio-psychological aspects; the resource approach understands social capital as a combination of real and potential resources of people, the socio-psychological approach studies the content of social capital. At the same time, the analysis of modern approaches to the study of psychological capital indicates the need to include in its structure the parameter of collectivistic orientation, proposed in the scientific school of A.V. Petrovsky. Methodology. Positive organizational psychology, method of comparative analysis. Conclusions. In modern social Sciences, the psychological capital of personnel is considered as a system of personal resources, which include self-efficacy, optimism, vision of the future (goal setting) and resilience. Psychological capital is associated with the psychological well-being of staff and the effectiveness of professional activities. The positive relationship between psychological capital and tolerance to uncertainty is revealed. The analysis of ideas about psychological capital in the organizational context has shown that it is appropriate to add to its components a collectivistic focus on interaction with people and the ability to accept goals set from outside as their own. This addition opens up new perspectives for research on psychological capital as an important factor in the development of an organization.
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Zhiganov, Nikita I., Konstantin S. Vinokurov, Ruslan S. Salimgareev, Valeriia F. Tereshchenkova, Yakov E. Dunaevsky, Mikhail A. Belozersky e Elena N. Elpidina. "The Set of Serine Peptidases of the Tenebrio molitor Beetle: Transcriptomic Analysis on Different Developmental Stages". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, n.º 11 (25 de maio de 2024): 5743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115743.
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Serine peptidases (SPs) of the chymotrypsin S1A subfamily are an extensive group of enzymes found in all animal organisms, including insects. Here, we provide analysis of SPs in the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor transcriptomes and genomes datasets and profile their expression patterns at various stages of ontogeny. A total of 269 SPs were identified, including 137 with conserved catalytic triad residues, while 125 others lacking conservation were proposed as non-active serine peptidase homologs (SPHs). Seven deduced sequences exhibit a complex domain organization with two or three peptidase units (domains), predicted both as active or non-active. The largest group of 84 SPs and 102 SPHs had no regulatory domains in the propeptide, and the majority of them were expressed only in the feeding life stages, larvae and adults, presumably playing an important role in digestion. The remaining 53 SPs and 23 SPHs had different regulatory domains, showed constitutive or upregulated expression at eggs or/and pupae stages, participating in regulation of various physiological processes. The majority of polypeptidases were mainly expressed at the pupal and adult stages. The data obtained expand our knowledge on SPs/SPHs and provide the basis for further studies of the functions of proteins from the S1A subfamily in T. molitor.
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Khlomov, K. D., A. A. Bochaver e A. A. Koreev. "Coping Strategies of Adolescents and Educational Environment". Social Psychology and Society 11, n.º 2 (2020): 180–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2020110211.
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Objective of the study is to investigate the specifics of coping strategies among the adolescents and the dynamics of their level of optimism in the context of the educational environment. Background. The task of life trajectory designing in a transitive society, high social variability and uncertainty, combined with a high level of pressure from parents and society, is becoming increasingly stressful. Study design. The survey was conducted in educational organizations divided into three groups depending on the position in the rating Of the Moscow Department of education (low, medium, high rating) and the strategy of employees working with the school climate (dealing with the consequences of difficult situations, a mixed strategy, emphasis on prevention). Participants. The study involved 646 adolescents. Measurements. The «Ways of Coping Checklist» by T.L. Krukova and E.V. Kuftyak (2007) and «Life Orientation Test» by T.O. Gordeeva et al. (2010) were used. Results. The results show a number of significant differences in preferred coping strategies. In the third group of schools, strategies such as «problem-solving planning», «positive reappraisal», «taking responsibility», and «self-control» are more often used. In educational organizations of the first group — «confrontation» (among younger adolescent). The optimism of participants from younger to older adolescents increases regardless of the group of the educational organization. Conclusions. Adolescents in different educational environments behave differently in stressful situations, and their preferred behaviors and repertoire differ. It can be assumed that different educational organizations have a different environmental response to adolescent coping behavior, which contributes to the development of different adaptive skills. These results should be taken into account in practical work with both individual adolescents and educational staff.
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Poli, Sara. "Continuity and Change in the EU Regulatory Framework on GMOs, after the WTO Dispute on ‘Biotech Products’". Legal Issues of Economic Integration 37, Issue 2 (1 de maio de 2010): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2010010.
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This article assesses to what extent the EU regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has changed after the release of the Panel’s decision on the biotech dispute and the impact that the Community’s way of implementing the biotech reports has on the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). The author contends that currently in the EU regulatory framework on GMOs there are both elements of change and continuity with respect to the situation pre-dating the World Trade Organization (WTO) biotech dispute. She further argues that in implementing the biotech reports the EU may have weakened the function of the SPS Agreement as a sword against trade restrictive measures, which are not supported by scientific evidence. Yet, if we take the view that the SPS Agreement should be intended to bite only vis-à-vis purely protectionist measures, the EU’s handling of the biotech dispute does not really defeat this purpose of the SPS Agreement.
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Bonneuil, Christophe, e Les Levidow. "How does the World Trade Organization know? The mobilization and staging of scientific expertise in the GMO trade dispute". Social Studies of Science 42, n.º 1 (16 de janeiro de 2012): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312711430151.
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement procedure is a key arena for establishing global legal norms for what counts as relevant knowledge. As a high-profile case, the WTO trade dispute on GMOs mobilized scientific expertise in somewhat novel ways. Early on, the Panel put the dispute under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement through a new legal ontology; it classified transgenes as potential pests and limited all environmental issues to the ‘plant and animal health’ category. The selection of scientific experts sought a multi-party consensus through a fast adversarial process, reflecting a specific legal epistemology. For the SPS framing, focusing on the defendant’s regulatory procedures, the Panel staged scientific expertise in specific ways that set up how experts were questioned, the answers they would give, their specific role in the legal arena, and the way their statements would complement the Panel’s findings. In these ways, the dispute settlement procedure co-produced legal and scientific expertise within the Panel’s SPS framework. Moreover, the Panel operated a procedural turn in WTO jurisprudence by representing its findings as a purely legal-administrative judgement on whether the EC’s regulatory procedures violated the SPS Agreement, while keeping implicit its own judgements on substantive risk issues. As this case illustrates, the WTO settlement procedure mobilizes scientific expertise for sophisticated, multiple aims: it recruits a source of credibility from the scientific arena, thus reinforcing the standard narrative of ‘science-based trade discipline’, while also constructing new scientific expertise for the main task – namely, challenging trade restrictions for being unduly cautious.
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Mararitsa, L. V., T. A. Kinunen, S. D. Gurieva, T. G. Yanicheva e E. A. Yumkina. "Adaptation of the Perception of Organizational Policy Scale (POPS) M. Kacmar and D. Carlson: Analysis of Internal Structure". Social Psychology and Society 15, n.º 1 (10 de abril de 2024): 190–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2024150111.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>The first stage in adapting the Organizational Policy Perception Scale (POPS) by M. Kacmar and D. Carlson in a Russian-speaking sample: analysis of the internal structure and reliability of the questionnaire. <br><strong>Background.</strong> The political nature of the organization is obvious. There are practically no tools that allow you to assess how “politicized” organization is. We need to measure to what extent people are targets of intrigues and informal influence or of unfair distribution of resources in the organization. Can they express their opinion without negative consequences or get a transparent and fair career path? All these questions is of great importance for both the individual and the organization. The best-known tool for studying the subjective assessment of organizational politics is the Organizational Policy Perception Scale (POPS) by M. Kacmar and D. Carlson. This scale was not adapted to the Russian-speaking sample. <br><strong>Study design.</strong> The study was carried out in the form of a survey of two samples of people using the “Perceptions of Organizational Politics” (POPS) scale by M. Kacmar and D. Carlson, which was translated into Russian. <br><strong>Participants.</strong> The study was conducted on two samples: 407 (52% women) and 575 (100% women) subjects. <br><strong>Measurements.</strong> To process and analyze the data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and correlation analysis, and a criterion for comparing mean values were used in the Rstudio statistic environment. <br><strong>Results.</strong> In the first sample, it was shown that the scale has good indicators of reliability and model data fit. And, as a result of the exploratory analysis, it was suggested that the exclusion of reverse questions from the scale would improve the internal structure of the questionnaire, the model data fit. It was shown in the analysis of second independent sample data. Scale reliability scores were found to be high, 0,91-0,93 (Cronbach's alpha). <br><strong>Conclusions.</strong> As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, we were able to confirm the original three-factor model of the questionnaire. Adaptation of the POPS methodology on a Russian-speaking sample will allow us to study the organizational culture and perception of the organization by the employee in Russian companies.</p>
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Volkova, N. V., V. A. Chiker e L. G. Pochebut. "Consolidation of the social capital among different generational cohorts: organizational and subcultural facets". Social Psychology and Society 10, n.º 2 (2019): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2019100210.
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The aim of this article is to consider the consolidation of social capital in two Russian state organizations under the context of different generational cohorts, namely, Baby Boomers, Generation X and Y, and the features of their organizational behavior. Consolidation of social capital is based on the integrated semantic area that could include the estimation of organizational culture, employees’ commitment to company goals and values as well as strong organizational identification. Extensively, consolidation of social capital is determined by organizational, generational and subcultural peculiarities of staff. Altogether, 250 employees participated in this study and filled in three questionnaires to estimate organizational culture, commitment and four dimensions of identification. The data collected in two sample groups (90 and 160 people) in St. Petersburg and Petrozavodsk respectively demonstrated the significant differences among generational cohorts both in the organization and between them. The most hardships in the consolidation of social capital undergo generation X whose formative years had been within Perestroika span and strong social changes in Russia. All that is reflected at their level of organizational identification and contradictions while perceiving current and preferred organizational cultures.
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Pochebut, L. G., V. A. Chiker, I. V. Kuznetsova, S. D. Gurieva, D. S. Beznosov, N. V. Volkova e T. G. Yanicheva. "Psychological Diagnostics of Organizational Social Capital". Social Psychology and Society 13, n.º 3 (2022): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2022130305.
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The objective of this article is to develop and validate the scale for measuring organizational social capital consolidation (OSCC).Background. The problem of methodological support for the study of the social capital of an organization is relevant, since there are no reliable and proven methods of its research in social psychology to date. In accordance with the concept proposed by us, a methodology for diagnosing the main components of the organization’s social capital has been developed, its reliability and validity have been verified.Study design. The study comprises a three-phase process. In the first phase, the OSCC scale was developed. In the second phase, five socio-psychological studies were conducted by using OSCC scale in various organizations. The third phase includes the analysis of psychodiagnostics capabilities of the developed scale, its reliability, and validity.Participants. A total of 382 employees from 23 to 46 years old working for St. Petersburg organizations participated in the study. The average age was 35 years old. Males accounted for 40,6% of the sample, while females — 59,4%.Methods. The study applies the confirmatory factor analysis, the analysis of internal consistency and correlation analysis.Results. OSCC scale has construct validity and is reliable across the samples. The scale consists of four components: trust, commitment to targets and organizational values, following behavioral norms, and support of organizational reputation. Each component, anchored on a 5-point scale, includes four items.Conclusion. The OSCC scale is valid and reliable for measuring the main components of organizational social capital and estimating its consolidation.
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Lipatov, S. A. "Use of various strategies of mixed methods research in organizational culture diagnosis". Social Psychology and Society 9, n.º 3 (2018): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2018090307.
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Differences between quantitative and qualitative methods at various levels are described. The advantages and disadvantages of these groups of methods are analyzed in relation to the process of studying the culture of the organization, it is concluded that the separate use of only one class of methods in the diagnosis of organizational culture can lead to the construction of an inadequate picture. The emergence of a strategy of “mixed methods” is quite natural phenomenon. However, the joint use of different methods in one study involves solving a number of methodological problems of their interrelation. We consider a variant of the theoretical justification that guides such studies, proposed by J. Green and her colleagues, based on which three strategies for mixing quantitative and qualitative methods in diagnosing the culture of an organization are described: triangulation, addition, and development. It is supposed that these strategies can be combined in the process of an organizational culture diagnosis in order to obtain a more complete, reliable and most relevant result.
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XIA, G., R. ASSMANN, R. A. FONSECA, C. HUANG, W. MORI, L. O. SILVA, J. VIEIRA, F. ZIMMERMANN e P. MUGGLI. "A proposed demonstration of an experiment of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration based on CERN SPS". Journal of Plasma Physics 78, n.º 4 (7 de fevereiro de 2012): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377812000086.
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AbstractThe proton bunch-driven plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) has been proposed as an approach to accelerate an electron beam to the TeV energy regime in a single plasma section. An experimental program has been recently proposed to demonstrate the capability of proton-driven PWFA by using existing proton beams from the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) accelerator complex. At present, a spare Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) tunnel, having a length of 600 m, could be used for this purpose. The layout of the experiment is introduced. Particle-in-cell simulation results based on realistic SPS beam parameters are presented. Simulations show that working in a self-modulation regime, the wakefield driven by an SPS beam can accelerate an externally injected ~10 MeV electrons to ~2 GeV in a 10-m plasma, with a plasma density of 7 × 1014 cm−3.
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Kireeva, Irina. "Sanitary and Phytosanitary Issues for the Customs Union of Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan in Relation to Trade with Other CIS Countries and the EU, with Special Reference to Food of Non-an". Journal of World Trade 49, Issue 5 (1 de outubro de 2015): 805–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2015032.
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This article examines the regulatory impact of SPS measures applied by the Members of the Eurasian Customs Union (CU) on trade with other countries, first, by looking at Russia’s SPS legislative regime before and after its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the degree of compliance with the principles of the WTO’s SPS Agreement. This includes references to some laws and regulations of the subjects of the Russian Federation (such as Republics, Oblast, Krai) as well as the Federal legislation applicable to the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Second, it analyses the adoption of SPS measures by the CU in relation to trade within the CU and with other countries, taking into account background provided in a related article by the same authors. Russia is a key for understanding the issues of trade regulation because Russia’s case for joining WTO was made on the basis of the CU. For this reason, the adoption of SPS measures by Kazakhstan (in accession negotiations) and by the Kyrgyz Republic (WTO Member since 1998 and candidate for membership of CU) are discussed and compared. The article concludes with a discussion of the key issues about SPS measures and trade in the CU that were raised in the introduction. It is intended that this will provide the legal/regulatory background for economic analysis of trade in food and other agricultural products within the CU and between the CU and third countries.
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Long, Andrew G., Justin J. Kastner e Raymond Kassatly. "Is Food Security a New Tariff? Explaining Changes in Sanitary and Phytosanitary Regulations by World Trade Organization Members". Global Economy Journal 13, n.º 1 (abril de 2013): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2012-0025.
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Scholars at the intersection of agricultural trade policy and health regulation have speculated that some governments, under the pretext of health protection, have adopted food safety and plant and animal health regulations to shield domestic farmers from foreign competition. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between trade protection for agriculture and the number of trade-restricting sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) regulatory notifications issued by World Trade Organization (WTO) members. We construct an empirical model to determine the influence of agricultural protectionism, agricultural interest groups, consumer sentiment, and institutional capacity on changes to a government’s SPS rules. The findings suggest that governments’ adoption of trade-restricting sanitary and phytosanitary regulations are influenced by agricultural protectionism, even after controlling for consumer awareness and institutional capacity. The evidence suggests that health related trade policies are substituting for more traditional forms of agricultural protectionism.
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Horn, Henrik, Petros C. Mavroidis e Erik N. Wijkström. "In the Shadow of the DSU: Addressing Specific Trade Concerns in the WTO SPS and TBT Committees". Journal of World Trade 47, Issue 4 (1 de agosto de 2013): 729–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2013024.
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The article argues that focusing only on disputes formally raised in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement system underestimates the extent of trade conflict resolution within the WTO. Both the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committees address a significant number of 'specific trade concerns' (STCs) that in the overwhelming majority of cases do not become formal disputes. The STCs address differences between Members concerning the conformity of national measures in the SPS and TBT areas with these agreements. It appears as if Committee work on STCs significantly helps defuse potential trade frictions concerning national policies in the covered areas.
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Bukharina, A. Y. "Personal development plan (PDP) in practice and technology of introducing mentoring in organizations". Social Psychology and Society 9, n.º 1 (2018): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2018090111.
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The article details the methods and practices of introducing mentoring in the organization. The definition and distinction of such concepts as “mentoring”, “mentoring”, “coaching” is given. The approaches to the introduction of mentoring as a system and mentoring as an element of the company’s corporate culture have been worked out and described. The article presents detailed step-by-step method for creating and implementing personal development plans (PDPs) and mentor plans as key practical elements for the implementation of mentoring. Also, there is depicted vividly the main mistakes, pitfalls and ways to avoid them in the implementation of similar projects. This article should be interesting for practicing psychologists, HR, organizational development and internal communications specialists, as well as managers of different levels.
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Wongkaew, Thitirat. "Treatment of SPS Technical Co-Operation under ASEANs RTAs: Toward an Empowerment of Human Dignity?" Journal of World Trade 52, Issue 2 (1 de abril de 2018): 281–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2018013.
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This article aims to review technical co-operation provisions related to sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) matters in the ASEAN Member States’ regional trade agreements (RTAs). Such provisions could be used not only to deepen commitments under the World Trade Organization, but also promote capacity building and accelerate the granting of SPS technical assistance at national and regional levels, especially when their scope of application gives sufficient room for implementation and enables close collaboration between ASEAN and other actors such as the international standard-setting bodies. From the ‘policy-oriented jurisprudence’ perspective, the article sheds some light on understated potentials of such provisions to promote human dignity. Based on an empirical analysis, it also highlights different features of the provisions likely to ensure that SPS decision-making processes yield appropriate results, pursuing both ‘special interests’ of ASEAN such as the enhancement of policy quality and credibility and ‘common interests’ of the international community in the agri-food trade field.
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Sandford, Iain. "Hormonal Imbalance? Balancing Free Trade and the Need for SPS Measures after the Decision in Hormones". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1999): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i2.6032.
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The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations to ensure that measures taken to protect humans and animals from foodborne risks, and to protect plants, animals and people from the risks of pests and diseases (SPS measures) were imposed only where they were justified. As such, the Agreement implicitly struck a balance between the freedom of World Trade Organization (WTO) Members to impose such legitimate measures and the objective of minimising trade disruptions. This article explores how this implicit balance was tested in the first SPS case to come before the WTO's new dispute settlement system European Communities Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones). This article examines the reasoning of both the Panel and Appellate Body considering the case and concludes that the final decision of the Appellate Body moved the balance too far in favour of Members' right to impose trade restrictive SPS measures.
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Black, Robert, e Irina Kireeva. "Sanitary and Phytosanitary Legislation in the Russian Federation: A General Overview in Light of the WTO SPS Agreement and EU Principles of Food Safety". Review of Central and East European Law 35, n.º 3 (2010): 225–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157303510x12650378240313.
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AbstractThis article introduces the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and the European Union's policies and legislation that exemplify these rules. This forms the basis for examining primary Russian SPS legislation governing border controls and its relationship with legislative provisions on human, animal, and plant health and food safety. Specific Russsian primary federal laws (federal'nye zakony) covering veterinary medicine, plant health, food quality/safety, pesticides and agrochemicals, and technical regulations are compared with corresponding international conventions, norms, and standards and relevant legislation in the EU. Finally, general remarks are made about the Russian Federation's secondary legislation in the SPS area. Instances of non-compliance with international norms, found by the authors, may contribute to trade difficulties with other countries and likely will need to be addressed as part of Russia's negotiations to join the WTO and, also, to remove some of the difficulties in trade with the EU.
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Jiang, S. X., W. Xiong e N. Shahidi. "A138 SERRATED POLYPOSIS SYNDROME IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A SEQUELAE OF CHRONIC DISEASE ACTIVITY OR NEW WHO PHENOTYPE?" Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 6, Supplement_1 (1 de março de 2023): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwac036.138.
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Abstract Background Serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) is a growing health concern with up to 1 in 125 universal screening program participants meeting diagnostic criteria. Conversely, SPS in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rarely described in the literature, despite the predisposition for serrated epithelial change and serrated polyps in this population. Purpose To describe a case of World Health Organization (WHO) criterion I SPS in a patient with IBD, and discuss the existing literature on this rare occurrence. Method Case report and review of the literature. Result(s) Case Report A 53-year-old female with ulcerative colitis (UC; Phenotype: Left-sided; Duration of disease: 40 years; Medical therapy: sulfasalazine) undergoing regular endoscopic surveillance was recently found to have multiple serrated-class lesions including 6 in the sigmoid colon ranging between 8-30mm in size; this included 3 sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) between 20-30mm removed by piecemeal cold snare resection without complication and 2 residual large SSLs for staged endoscopic resection. No endoscopic disease activity was appreciated (Mayo 0), with histopathology of the sigmoid colon and rectum demonstrating chronic inactive colitis. Literature Review From 2008 to 2021, there are eleven reported cases of SPS in IBD. Six patients had UC and most were in remission for several decades at the time of SPS diagnosis. Most SPS cases met WHO criteria and fit within described phenotypes. While the case above meets WHO criterion I for SPS, the presence of large distal lesions is atypical, raising the question of whether chronic disease activity contributed to the development of these serrated lesions, given the known predisposition for serrated epithelial change and serrated lesions in patients with colonic IBD. Image Conclusion(s) SPS in patients with IBD is rare. Questions remain about the role of chronic disease activity contributing to the formation of serrated lesions, its clinical relevance, and optimal management strategy. Please acknowledge all funding agencies by checking the applicable boxes below None Disclosure of Interest None Declared
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Manalu, Velicia Theoartha, Sinta Dewi Rosadi e Prita Amalia. "IMPLEMENTATION REGIONALIZATION PRINCIPLE BASED ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY (SPS) AGREEMENT ACCORDING TO VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES (VCLT) OF 1969". Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 10, n.º 2 (24 de agosto de 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v10i2.44710.
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<em>The practice of the regionalization principle in Article 6 Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement is still conflicted. This is because of several cases regarding the members misinterpretation of international guidelines in the regionalization principle, such as India – Agricultural Products and Russia – Pigs (EU). Recently, Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (Covid-19) has been considered to affect animal trade. Such conditions prompt the World Trade Organization (WTO) to recommend the Members to take SPS Measures to protect their domestic market. However, the trade would be inhibited in case the country-wide ban approach is applied. Therefore, this paper discusses the possible SPS measures under the regionalization principle to promote the trade during the pandemic according to WTO decisions from previous cases in line with the VCLT of 1969. The research result shows that the Covid-19 is an obstacle to international trade and makes humans and animals vulnerable to this virus. Consequently, many animal trades have been banned to prevent its spread. To deal with this condition, Indonesia could apply the regionalization principle in Article 6 SPS Agreement. Moreover, the government should update the quarantine law by pointing out the regionalization principle, unlike the zone system rules only applied to animals susceptible to Food Mouth Disease</em>
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Wongkaew, Thitirat. "A New Haven Look at ASEANs Promotion of Transparency in Agri-food Trade". Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 5 (1 de outubro de 2016): 885–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016036.
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In a region where agriculture is the ‘backbone’ of national economies, where an annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth is estimated at over 5% and where potential consumers represent one fifth of the world population, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) tend to be employed not only for public health protection purposes, but also for advantaging national industries. To minimize abusive uses of such measures, it is necessary to have a clear picture of applicable SPS requirements and regulations. From a policy-oriented perspective, the paper examines ASEAN’s contributions to the promotion of transparency in agri-food trade under the World Trade Organization (WTO) regime and clarifies problems likely to cause regulatory protectionism. Considering the current trend of cooperation, it also reviews SPS-related transparency provisions in free trade agreements (FTAs), before suggesting that ASEAN’s decision-makers have a closer look at the Japanese FTA model for inspiration, with a view to establishing provisions having non-discriminatory effects on third parties in their future agreements.
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Mehravar, Ahdieh, Nasrin Mokhtari Lakeh, Abdolhossien Emami Sigaroudi e Saman Maroufizadeh. "Nurses' Compliance with Standard Precautions Based on Health Belief Model in Emergency Departments". Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery 32, n.º 2 (19 de março de 2022): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jhnm.32.2.2188.
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Introduction: Nurses' compliance with standard precautions is a viable tool for decreasing health hazards in health centers. Objective: This study aimed to identify factors affecting compliance with standard precautions (SPs) of infection control based on the health belief model (HBM) among emergency department nurses employed in the educational-therapeutic centers affiliated with Guilan University Medical Sciences in Rasht City, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 252 nurses working in the emergency departments of hospitals in Rasht City. The study samples were recruited using the convenience sampling method from September to October 2020. Nurses completed questionnaires, including demographics data, HBM constructs, knowledge, and compliance with standard precautions. A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify factors related to compliance with SPs. Results: The mean ±SD age of the nurses was 32.77±7.05 years, and the majority of them were females (88.9%). Their mean ±SD score for compliance with SPs was 63.2 ±16.0 (out of 100). The multivariable analysis results showed that the knowledge (β=0.47, 95%CI; 0.30-0.64, P=0.001), perceived benefits (β =0.19, 95%CI; 0.03-0.36, P=0.022) and perceived susceptibility (β =0.25, 95%CI; 0.13-0.36, P=0.001) constructs of HBM were positively correlated with the compliance with SPs. Furthermore, the level of education was significantly related to the compliance with SPs (β =9.51, 95%CI; 0.02-18.99, P=0.049). The final model accounted for 39.8% of the variance in compliance with SPs. Conclusion: Results indicated improvement in activity and safety level of the healthcare workers and also an increase in the overall level of compliance among nurses through education, regular training, and use of encouragement and punishment policies. It is suggested to follow the World Health Organization protocols. Also, the support management could have a better effect on perceived benefits and cues to action.
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VILLALTA PUIG, GONZALO, e ERIC D. DALKE. "Nature and Enforceability of WTO-plus SPS and TBT Provisions in Canada's PTAs: From NAFTA to CETA". World Trade Review 15, n.º 1 (19 de outubro de 2015): 51–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000464.
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AbstractSafety standards can function as non-tariff barriers to trade. Canada is a large exporter of goods and so it has an interest in the regulation of safety standards, both at the multilateral level through its membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and, most especially, at the bilateral and regional level through its Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Canada has signed PTAs with provisions that go beyond the obligations of WTO Members under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. This article analyses the nature and enforceability of WTO-plus provisions on sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) as well as product standards (TBT) in Canada's PTAs, from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico, and the United States to the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union. First, it finds that the inclusion of WTO-plus SPS and TBT provisions in Canada's PTAs is a relatively recent practice that is still in development. Only about half of Canada's PTAs contain WTO-plus SPS and TBT provisions and, those treaties that do, commonly concern institutions for regulatory cooperation and information exchange arrangements, without much commitment to harmonization. Secondly, it finds that nearly half of the SPS and TBT provisions in Canada's PTAs are unenforceable. They either are in a language that is too imprecise for enforcement or do not allow access to a dispute settlement mechanism. Thirdly, it finds that, by global standards, most of Canada's PTAs are modest in their approach to SPS and TBT issues, with NAFTA and CETA as key exceptions. The article concludes that the extent to which regulatory convergence occurs on safety standards for Canada is dependent more on political cooperation between the parties than on the nature and enforceability of SPS and TBT provisions in its PTAs.
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Kobayashi, Masamichi, e Takehito Kozasa. "Conformational Ordering Process on Physical Gelation of Syndiotactic Polystyrene/Solvent Systems Revealed by Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy". Applied Spectroscopy 47, n.º 9 (setembro de 1993): 1417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067450.
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Syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS) dissolved in various organic solvents forms stable gels. Infrared spectroscopic research shows that SPS molecules assume highly ordered TTGG conformation in gels, giving rise to many infrared bands characteristic of the regular TTGG sequences. The behavior of the conformational ordering is strongly dependent on the solvent and the temperature. The time evolution of the conformational order on gelation has been investigated for SPS/CHCl3 systems at various polymer concentrations and temperatures by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. By the analysis of the rate of formation of the ordered conformation derived from the time-resolved intensity measurement of the conformation-sensitive band at 572 cm−1, the number of the chain segments that contribute to the formation of clusters having ordered TTGG conformation has been evaluated as a function of temperature. The results indicate that at a temperature around 10°C the conformation ordering proceeds through clustering of five chain segments. The number decreases with lowering temperature and becomes unity below a certain temperature, suggesting that the ordering proceeds via self-organization within one chain. Such a crossover between the two mechanisms is found for other solvents, although the crossover temperature depends on the solvent. It has been concluded that strong interactions between polymer and solvent molecules play important roles in controlling the gelation behavior of SPS/solvent systems.
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Iglina, Nataliia A., e Ramazan A. Nabiev. "Innovative approach to organization and payment of work of teaching staff at higher school". Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2021, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2021-1-75-83.
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The article deals with the problem of a sharp increase in the workload of scientific and pedagogical staff (SPS) of higher educational institutions, which has worsened under the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis of the main reasons for the growing workload has been carried out (the need to develop e-learning courses and replace colleagues due to the increased morbidity), as well as the possible negative impact of this factor on the higher education system. The assessment of the increasing volume of educational and methodological work during the transition to a combination of traditional and distance education technologies is carried out. Based on the analysis of the standard procedure for rationing the work of scientific and pedagogical staff, which is widespread in the Russian universities, the proposals for creating the innovative system of organization and remuneration of teachers are developed. The system is based on the differentiation of the categories of SPS, depending on the main activities performed (educational, research, methodological, etc.) into three sub-categories: SPE of the specialized department, SPE of the academic department, and SPE of a professional organization. There is proposed a matrix distribution of official salaries, depending on the SPE subcategory and qualification level. The teacher's salary consists of a fixed official salary and a flexible system of allowances based on the use of weight coefficients that are changed in accordance with the priority directions of the educational organization's development strategy. The proposed system can be adapted to the changing requirements of the labor market and education legislation and motivate the teachers to self-development, to using innovative educational technologies and research activities, and at the same time can retain all state guarantees for remuneration.
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Semenov, I. N., e D. A. Vodopianov. "Scientific Reflection on the Development of Academic Social Psychology (to the 50th Anniversary of the IP RAS and the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of E.V. Shorokhova)". Social Psychology and Society 13, n.º 3 (2022): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2022130313.
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Objective. Against the background of the analysis of the history of social psychology, to study the specifics of its academic research at the IP RAS and the role of E.V. Shorokhova in their organization, characterizing her scientific life.Background. In connection with the 50th anniversary of the country’s leading scientific center for experimental psychological research — the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences — the article analyzes the scientific and organizational activities of the IPAN Deputy Director, head of the laboratory of social psychology, one of the founders and leaders of Soviet and post-Soviet social psychology, Professor E.V. Shorokhova, whose 100th birthday is celebrated by the scientific community this year. The relevance of the article is related to the need to study the history of Soviet social psychology as a historical and scientific basis for studying the existing prerequisites and explicating the logic of the development of socio-psychological knowledge in order to determine its future prospects in modern socio-cultural conditions. The novelty of the article is determined by the scientific methods of the institutional and personological analysis of the heritage and the construction of the periodization of E.V. Shorokhova as an authoritative enthusiast of the country’s first post-war socio-psychological research and one of the organizational leaders of their further development during the «Thaw» at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences and then at the Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences/RAS during periods of «Stagnation», «Reconstruction» and modern democratization society.Conclusions. This article shows for the first time the periodization of the life stages of E.V. Shorokhova, their existential-institutional significance and scientific-subject content are shown, which had a strategic impact on the organization of a complex of socio-psychological research at the IP RAS.
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Bazarov, T. Y., E. M. Dubovskaya e E. A. Zueva. "Socio-Psychological Competence of the Teacher: Readiness for Dialogue through the Organization of Communication (Discussion within the Framework of the Conference in Memory of M.Yu. Kondratiev "Social Psychology: Questions of Theory and Practice")". Social Psychology and Society 14, n.º 3 (16 de outubro de 2023): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2023140313.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">The article presents a report on the round table "Socio-psychological competence of teachers: readiness for dialogue through the organization of communication", held in the framework of the VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference in memory of M.Yu. Kondratiev “Social Psychology: Issues of Theory and Practice”, which took place on May 11-12, 2023 at the Moscow State University of Psychology & Education. The article lays out main directions of discussions within the framework of the round table, the problems identified during the discussions and their relevance for the research and practical activities of social and educational psychologists.</p>
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Du, Michael M. "Reducing Product Standards Heterogeneity through International Standards in the WTO: How Far across the River?" Journal of World Trade 44, Issue 2 (1 de abril de 2010): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2010010.
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Heterogeneity in product standards across World Trade Organization (WTO) Members adversely affects the international flow of goods and its reduction will increase global economic welfare if legitimate regulatory objectives are not violated. The Uruguay Round has seen the incorporation of international standards in both the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Agreement as a harmonization device. Despite many benefits that international standards may offer, WTO’s attachment to international standards has been subject to various criticisms. This paper intends to offer a detailed analysis of the role of international standards in the TBT and the SPS Agreement. Especially, I will examine whether and to what extent international standards have constrained WTO Members’ regulatory autonomy in setting domestic product standards.
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Dhall, Niharika. "The WTO Compatibility of the Indian AI Import Ban". Global Trade and Customs Journal 10, Issue 9 (1 de setembro de 2015): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2015038.
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body has confirmed that India’s Avian Influenza measure prohibiting the import of livestock and livestock products from countries reporting Avian Influenza is incompatible with the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures as the application of the import ban was not based on a risk assessment or relevant international standards, appropriate to the circumstances.
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Park, Nohyoung, e Myung-Hyun Chung. "Analysis of a New Mediation Procedure under the WTO SPS Agreement". Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 1 (1 de janeiro de 2016): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016007.
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The Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) provides a basis for the Members to settle their disputes through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) involving good offices, conciliation, and mediation, in addition to the formal dispute settlement procedures. However, ADR has not been operational so far under the DSU. The SPS Committee recently adopted a new mediation procedure under Article 12.2 of the SPS Agreement to facilitate a mutually agreed solution by the consulting Members. The Member participation in the mediation procedure is voluntary, and the consulting Members may decide the confidentiality of the information delivered or communications created during the mediation. In addition, the mediation procedure does not constitute a legally binding agreement, and the consulting Members are free to decide the acceptability of the mediation result. The role of the Facilitator is to encourage and facilitate exchange between the consulting Members, suggest possible ways to resolve the concerns, and issue a written factual report on the mediation. Although it is early to assess whether the new mediation procedure under the SPS Agreement is successful, its success is certainly to increase the possibility of introduction of a mediation procedure under other agreements of the WTO.
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Islam, Showmic, e Joseph A. Turner. "Ultrasonic scattering predictions of two-phase polycrystalline materials based on digital microstructures". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, n.º 4 (abril de 2022): A272—A273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011310.
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Many materials found in nature and used in industry consist of multiple phases, and the mechanical performance of such materials is controlled by their material organization. Ultrasonic scattering is one approach to characterize these microstructures nondestructively. In this presentation, previous ultrasonic scattering theories for two-phase materials are discussed and implemented using discrete synthetic three-dimensional microstructures as a means to assess the material statistics. These models predict the ultrasonic wave speed, attenuation, and diffuse ultrasonic backscatter with respect to the volume fraction and grain size distribution of each constituent. The computational approach is then focused on predictions for samples created using spark plasma sintering (SPS) of Cu and Fe powders with varying volume fractions as well as pure Cu and pure Fe samples. DREAM.3D is used to generate digital synthetics representative of the SPS samples as characterized using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). A set of 30 realizations for each volume fraction is used for each to quantify the statistical variations expected. The combined theoretical and computational model is used to study the dependence of ultrasonic wave propagation on the material organization for these two-phase materials. [Work supported by Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) under prime contract FA8650-15-D-5231.]
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RASHEVA, Gulnur K., Gulnar T. AIGARINOVA e Kulyash N. AIDARKHANOVA. "International Legal Aspects for Ensuring Phytosanitary Safety on the Example of the Analysis of the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures". Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, n.º 5 (6 de novembro de 2019): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.5(37).11.
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Ensuring phytosanitary safety is one of the most important tasks of our time, which arose as a result of the growing processes of globalization and internationalization of legal systems and the world economy, as well as scientific and technological progress, which led to the fact that changes in one country have become a threat to other countries. The aim of this research is a comprehensive study of the international legal regulation of phytosanitary safety in the framework of the World Trade Organization, as well as its impact on the member countries of the organization and the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This scientific work examined the main provisions of the Marrakesh agreement establishing the World Trade Organization, implicitly relating to food safety and phytosanitary issues, the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of the WTO, as well as the prospects for the bringing of national legislation in accordance with the provisions of the SPS Agreement and its further application. In this research were considered scientific works and researches of many foreign, domestic and Russian scientists, as well as various manuals and brochures of the WTO. As a result, the scientific work identified the main advantages and disadvantages of the application of the SPS Agreement for both developed and developing countries. Also, it will allow to get acquainted in detail not only with the basic legal framework, but also with its impact on the legislation and activities of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of phytosanitary safety.
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Sacks, Rachel, Gila Schein, Rebecca Isseroff, Vincent Ricotta, Marcia Simon e Miriam Rafailovich. "The Influence of Metalized Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide and Sulfonated Polystyrene on Dental Pulp Stem Cell Differentiation and Protein Adsorption". MRS Advances 2, n.º 19-20 (2017): 1059–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.258.
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ABSTRACTHuman dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can differentiate, showing potential for regenerative medicine. Designing artificial surfaces with properties appropriate for the initiation of extracellular matrix (ECM) adsorption and organization is a critical step in tissue engineering and can greatly impact protein adhesion. Sulfonated polystyrene (SPS), used as a scaffold for tissue development, stimulates protein adsorption due to the increased negative charge of sulfonate.Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) sheets enhance stem cell growth and differentiation because they are soft membranes with “high in-plane” stiffness and have the potential to be transferable and implantable platforms. This project functionalized GO and reduced GO (RGO) with gold or silver nanoparticles, mixing with SPS to investigate their combined impact on DPSC differentiation and protein adsorption, hypothesizing that this combination supplies more charges to better absorb the proteins to the surface and stimulate differentiation.Results indicate that proteins of cells plated on the gold-RGO/SPS surfaces were the most highly adsorbed and most densely packed. Additionally, the cell moduli data indicated that the metal-RGO solutions substantially induced a change in modulus even more than Dexamethasone, a glucocortoid known to enhance this process in DPSCs. This suggests that the metal-RGO solutions may be instrumental in osteogenic induction.
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Ilyin, V. A., e E. A. Mikhailova. "Development of assessment criteria for profiling the personality of candidates for vacant positions based on an analysis of their activity in social networks". Social Psychology and Society 10, n.º 4 (2019): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2019100412.
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The article is devoted to quite relevant issues today, which are discussed at different levels of research in the field of management psychology, namely, the development of psychological profiling algorithms based on the analysis of activity in social networks, in order to solve organizational problems, in particular in order to solve problems HR sectors such as recruiting. The article, in a rather lapidary, but at the same time, sufficient form to represent a wide audience, shows that the relevance of this problem is due not only to objective prerequisites (development of digital technologies, insufficient, in modern conditions, the effectiveness of traditional methods of personnel assessment, etc. n.), but also by direct request of business representatives and top managers of large companies. The program of socio-psychological research is fully presented, which allows to identify and verify diagnostic criteria for creating a profile of labor motivation for candidates for vacant posts and employees of the organization, based on the analysis of accounts in social networks. Criteria and results of their preliminary verification are described.