Artigos de revistas: "Spread"

1

Slweya, Hlengani. "SPREAD UNIFORMITIES AND UNIFORM SPREADS." Quaestiones Mathematicae 24, no. 2 (June 2001): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16073606.2001.9639203.

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2

O'DONOGHUE, BRENDAN, MATTHEW PEACOCK, JACKY LEE, and LUCA CAPRIOTTI. "A SPREAD-RETURN MEAN-REVERTING MODEL FOR CREDIT SPREAD DYNAMICS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 17, no. 03 (May 2014): 1450017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024914500174.

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In this paper, we propose a novel, analytically tractable, one-factor stochastic model for the dynamics of credit default swap (CDS) spreads and their returns, which we refer to as the spread-return mean-reverting (SRMR) model. The SRMR model can be seen as a hybrid of the Black–Karasinski model on spreads and the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model on spread returns, and is able to capture empirically observed properties of CDS spreads and returns, including spread mean-reversion, heavy tails of the return distribution, and return autocorrelations. Although developed for modeling CDS spreads, the SRMR model has applications for many other stochastic processes with similar empirical properties, including more general rate processes.

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3

Lazebnik, Teddy, and Uri Ital. "Bounding Pandemic Spread by Heat Spread." OALib 09, no. 08 (2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109019.

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4

Henker, Thomas, and Martin Martens. "Spread decomposition with common spread components." International Journal of Managerial Finance 6, no. 2 (April 6, 2010): 88–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17439131011032031.

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5

Desai, Prathamesh S., and C. Fred Higgs. "Spreading Process Maps for Powder-Bed Additive Manufacturing Derived from Physics Model-Based Machine Learning." Metals 9, no. 11 (October 31, 2019): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111176.

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The powder bed additive manufacturing (AM) process is comprised of two repetitive steps—spreading of powder and selective fusing or binding the spread layer. The spreading step consists of a rolling and sliding spreader which imposes a shear flow and normal stress on an AM powder between itself and an additively manufactured substrate. Improper spreading can result in parts with a rough exterior and porous interior. Thus it is necessary to develop predictive capabilities for this spreading step. A rheometry-calibrated model based on the polydispersed discrete element method (DEM) and validated for single layer spreading was applied to study the relationship between spreader speeds and spread layer properties of an industrial grade Ti-6Al-4V powder. The spread layer properties used to quantify spreadability of the AM powder, i.e., the ease with which an AM powder spreads under a set of load conditions, include mass of powder retained in the sampling region after spreading, spread throughput, roughness of the spread layer and porosity of the spread layer. Since the physics-based DEM simulations are computationally expensive, physics model-based machine learning, in the form of a feed forward, back propagation neural network, was employed to interpolate between the highly nonlinear results obtained by running modest numbers of DEM simulations. The minimum accuracy of the trained neural network was 96%. A spreading process map was generated to concisely present the relationship between spreader speeds and spreadability parameters.

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6

Kudratovna, Yarmukhamedova Mahbuba. "COVID INFECTION AND SPREAD." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-11-11.

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Current evidence suggests that the virus spreads mainly between people who are in close contact with each other, for example at a conversational distance. The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe. Another person can then contract the virus when infectious particles that pass through the air are inhaled at short range (this is often called short-range aerosol or short-range airborne transmission) or if infectious particles come into direct contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth (droplet transmission).

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7

SHIMIZU, Shingo, Chikara NAGAI, Eiicti GENDA, and Goro OBINATA. "A34 Reliability of Prevention of Disability and Diagnostic Index of Spread Flatness and Spresd Angle for Spread Foot." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2011 (2011): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2011.190.

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8

Van Maldeghem, Hendrik. "Line Spreads That Produce Projective Planes." Mathematics 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2025): 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13020199.

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We explicitly classify those line spreads of projective 5-space over a field that have the property that the given spread induces a spread in the 3-space generated by any pair of spread lines. We determine their fix groups and conclude that there exist such spreads with a trivial fix group. Also, we characterise regular line spreads among all line spreads of projective 3-space by their projectivity group and also by a weakening of the regularity condition.

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9

Bin, Zhang, Qin Qingxin, and Bu Xiaohong. "The Research of Tilt Fissure Grouting Characteristics with Flowing Water." Open Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (November 15, 2013): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501307010218.

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The slurry spread rule in fissure is the theoretical basis of grouting technology. In order to study the rule in fissure, the model of tilt fissure grouting in condition of flowing water is derived according to Newton's law of friction resistance and force of equilibrium law. By analyzing the slurry spread rule of the influence of water flow and the tilt Angle ,we can conclude that spread radius is the largest when slurry spreads in dip slope (θ = 1800 ) and parallel flow , the spread radius is minimum when slurry spreads in escarpment slope (θ = 00 )and counter flow, escarpment slope and counter flow have bigger influence on spread radius, fissure inclination and the water flow all importantly influence the slurry spread, whose influence depends on the grouting pressure and static water pressure in fissure.

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10

Leibowitz, Martin L., Stanley Kogelman, and Lawrence N. Bader. "Spread Immunization." Journal of Investing 4, no. 3 (August 31, 1995): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/joi.4.3.49.

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11

Whelan, G. V., James F. Kenney, Edmund Hogan, Gerald Morgan, Michael Richter, and Róisín Ní Mheara. "Medieval Spread." Books Ireland, no. 187 (1995): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20623135.

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12

Leibowitz, Martin L., William S. Krasker, and Ardavan Nozari. "Spread duration." Journal of Portfolio Management 16, no. 3 (April 30, 1990): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1990.409272.

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13

Spector, Leonard S. "Silent Spread." Foreign Policy, no. 58 (1985): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1148652.

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14

Thompson, Carl V. "Thinly spread." Nature 357, no. 6376 (May 1992): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/357292b0.

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15

Carvalho, Thiago. "Silent spread." Nature Medicine 26, no. 12 (December 2020): 1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-01165-w.

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16

Mathew, Brian. "Botanical spread." Nature 318, no. 6042 (November 1985): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/318123a0.

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17

Williams, Nigel. "Chequered spread." Current Biology 16, no. 1 (January 2006): R4—R5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.018.

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18

Cunningham, Aimee. "Spread Out." Science News 170, no. 25 (December 16, 2006): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4017423.

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19

Choi, Charles Q. "Mercurial Spread." Scientific American 292, no. 1 (January 2005): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0105-28c.

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20

Skitmore, Martin, Derek Drew, and Stephen Ngai. "Bid-Spread." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 127, no. 2 (April 2001): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(2001)127:2(149).

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21

Myers, Jeffrey N., Jayson S. Greenberg, Vivian Mo, and Dianna Roberts. "Extracapsular spread." Cancer 92, no. 12 (2001): 3030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20011215)92:12<3030::aid-cncr10148>3.0.co;2-p.

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22

EDWARDS, CHRIS. "FREQUENCY SPREAD." New Electronics 55, no. 3 (March 2022): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0047-9624(22)60120-2.

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23

Ban, Jung-Chao, Jyy-I. Hong, and Yu-Liang Wu. "Spread rates of spread models with frozen symbols." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 32, no. 10 (October 2022): 103113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0106230.

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This article aims to compare the long-term behavior of a spread model before and after a type in the model becomes frozen, namely, a type of which an individual only produces individuals of the same type. By means of substitution dynamical systems and matrix analysis, the first result of this work gives the spread rates of a 1-spread model with one frozen symbol. Later, in the work, this is shown to hold under more general settings, which include generalized frozen symbols and frozen symbols in [Formula: see text]-spread models. Numerical experiments are provided as supporting evidence for the theory.

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24

Hennelly, B. M., T. J. Naughton, J. McDonald, J. T. Sheridan, G. Unnikrishnan, D. P. Kelly, and B. Javidi. "Spread-space spread-spectrum technique for secure multiplexing." Optics Letters 32, no. 9 (April 3, 2007): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.32.001060.

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25

Rohini, C., P. S. Geetha, R. Vijayalakshmi, and M. L. Mini. "Phytochemicals characterization of nutraceutical enriched fruits and nuts spread." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, SI (July 19, 2021): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13isi.2810.

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The present study aimed to formulate a nutraceutical enriched fruits and nuts spreads and analyze the presence of phytochemicals in the formulated spread. The pumpkin seeds and cucumber seeds were roasted at 150° C for 15 mins and made into powder. The seed powder was mixed to the pulp of ?-carotene rich fruits like mango, papaya and muskmelon in order to make fruits and nuts spread. Treatments like Mango with pumpkin seed powder (T1), Papaya with pumpkin seed powder (T2), Muskmelon with pumpkin seed powder (T3), Mango with cucumber seed powder (T4), Papaya with cucumber seed powder (T5) and Muskmelon with cucumber seed powder (T6). The fruits and nuts spreads were analyzed for the presence of phytochemicals ?-carotene, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The formulated fruits and nuts spreads were packed in polypropylene boxes, glass bottles and stored under refrigerated condition at 4°C. ?-carotene content was found to be high (634.21?g/g) in Mango with Pumpkin seed powder spread (T1), tannin content was higher (52.61 mg/g) in Papaya with Pumpkin seed powder spread (T2), flavonoid components were higher (3.25 mg/g) in Mango with Pumpkin seed powder spread (T1), and polyphenols content were found to be high (59.33 mg/g) in Papaya with Cucumber seed powder spread (T5). The antioxidant property was high in the Mango with Pumpkin seed powder spread (T1) when compared to all other treatments. Pumpkin seeds comprised of excellent amount of bioactive compounds. The pumpkin seed incorporated spread showed a high level of phytochemicals when compared to other spreads. This was ready to eat spread which had 3 months of shelf life under refrigerated condition is preferred for people of all age groups.

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26

Dar, Arif Billah, and Firdous Ahmad Shah. "In Search of Leading Indicator Property of Yield Spread for India: An Approach Based on Quantile and Wavelet Regression." Economics Research International 2015 (January 6, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/308567.

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The leading indicator ability of yield spread for future output growth and inflation is tested for India. Using the yields on securities with maturities ten years and three months to construct yield spread, we study the predictive power of yield spread for output growth and inflation. Our results based on regression of future inflation and output on yield spreads indicate that there is no information in the yield spread about future economic activity and inflation in India. Further, the predictive power of yield spread is analyzed over different quantiles of inflation and output growth using quantile regression; we find that there is again no evidence of predictive information in the yield spreads. Using multiscale wavelet based regression, predictive power is however unveiled at higher time scales for output growth only.

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27

Li, Haitao, Chunchi Wu, and Jian Shi. "Estimating liquidity premium of corporate bonds using the spread information in on- and off-the-run Treasury securities." China Finance Review International 7, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 134–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-11-2016-0125.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the effects of liquidity on corporate bond spreads. Design/methodology/approach Using a systematic liquidity factor extracted from the yield spreads between on- and off-the-run Treasury issues as a state variable, the authors jointly estimate the default and liquidity spreads from corporate bond prices. Findings The authors find that the liquidity factor is strongly related to conventional liquidity measures such as bid-ask spread, volume, order imbalance, and depth. Empirical evidence shows that the liquidity component of corporate bond yield spreads is sizable and increases with maturity and credit risk. On average the liquidity spread accounts for about 25 percent of the spread for investment-grade bonds and one-third of the spread for speculative-grade bonds. Research limitations/implications The results show that a significant part of corporate bond spreads are due to liquidity, which implies that it is not necessary for credit risk to explain the entire corporate bond spread. Practical implications The results show that returns from investments in corporate bonds represent compensations for bearing both credit and liquidity risks. Originality/value It is a novel approach to extract a liquidity factor from on- and off-the-run Treasury issues and use it to disentangle liquidity and credit spreads for corporate bonds.

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28

Sierksma, Aafje, Jan A. Weststrate, and Gert W. Meijer. "Spreads enriched with plant sterols, either esterified 4,4-dimethylsterols or free 4-desmethylsterols, and plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations." British Journal of Nutrition 82, no. 4 (October 1999): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599001476.

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In a 9-week study seventy-six healthy adult volunteers with an average age of 44 (sd11) years, with baseline plasma total cholesterol levels below 8 mmol/l, received in a balanced, double-blind, crossover design, a total of three different table spreads for personal use. Two spreads were fortified either with free (non-esterified) vegetable-oil sterols, mainly from soyabean oil (31 g sterol equivalents/kg; 0·8 g/d) or sheanut-oil sterols (133 g sterol equivalents/kg; 3·3 g/d). One spread was not fortified (control). Average intake of spread was 25 g/d for 3 weeks. None of the spreads induced changes in blood clinical chemistry or haematology. Plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were statistically significantly reduced by 3·8% and 6% (both 0·19 mmol/l) respectively, for the spread enriched with free soyabean-oil sterols compared with the control spread. The spread enriched with sheanut-oil sterols did not lower plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol levels. None of the plant-sterol-enriched spreads affected plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Plasma-lipid-standardized concentrations of α- plus β-carotene were not statistically significantly affected by the soyabean-oil sterol spread in contrast to lipid-standardized plasma lycopene levels which showed a statistically significant decrease (9·5%). These findings indicate that a daily intake of free soyabean-oil sterols as low as 0·8 g added to a spread is effective in lowering blood total- and LDL-cholesterol levels with limited effects on blood carotenoid levels. The lowering in total- and LDL-cholesterol blood levels due to consumption of the vegetable-oil-sterol-enriched spread may be helpful in reducing the risk of CHD for the population.

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29

Raheen, Alina. "REAL TIME MAPPING OF EPIDEMIC SPREAD." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 01 (January 10, 2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem40640.

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In an era where people live in different parts of the globe and move a lot from one country to another, there is always a problem of the rapid spread of infectious diseases. These conditions form a perfect ground for the spread of dangerous viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, Avian Influenza A, Bubonic Plague, HIV, and other diseases which have severe effects on people’s health and require instant measures to prevent their possible outbreak. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the progressing spreads of these contagious diseases in a timely and accurate manner so as to be able to take appropriate measures where necessary. Quite a few studies in the field of accurate and timely tracking of epidemics indicate that the spread of contagious diseases can indeed be tackled if the right strategies are put in place, and the present study will discuss these issues in detail. In essence, this study analyses the strengths of real-time mapping as an innovative way to monitor, predict, and manage the spread of infectious diseases, thus effectively selling its importance. This factor has become evident given recent technological advancements especially in the areas of data sourcing, processing, and analysis, all supported by the power of modern supercomputers. Data gathered is analysed in real time and can provide precise and updated information on the geographic scope of epidemics. Keywords: Epidemiology, SEIR model, Geospatial mapping, Infectious disease spread, Data integration, Machine learning, Predictive modelling, public health intervention, Dynamic disease tracking, big data in epidemiology

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30

Mohapi, Tjhaka Alphons, and I. Botha. "The Explanatory Power Of The Yield Curve In Predicting Recessions In South Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 6 (May 24, 2013): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i6.7868.

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The term structure of interest rates, particularly the term spreaddetermined from the difference between ten-year government bond yields andthree-month Treasury bill yields, has received increased attention as avaluable forecasting tool for the purposes of monetary policy and recessionforecasting. This is on the back of the observed positive relationship betweenterm spread and economic activity. Moreover, the term spread has been observedto invert prior to the occurrence of economic recessions both in developed anddeveloping countries.This study investigated the forecasting ability of the South African(S.A.) term spread in predicting S.A. recessions, taking into account therecent global economic recession. The motivation is due to the forecastingconsistencies illustrated by the term spread in providing statisticallyincorrect signals of recession in 2003, which did not transit into reality. Itimplied a weak relationship between the S.A. term spread and economic activity.Moreover, based on observations from the literature that term spreads andeconomic activities across countries are correlated, the term spreads of China,United States (U.S.) and Germany were investigated and compared to the S.A.term spread to determine which better forecasts S.A. recessions. The studyemployed the Dynamic Probit Model since it is considered to provide a betterpredictive edge over the Traditional Static Probit model.The findings revealed that the S.A. term spread accurately predicted allthe S.A recessions since 1980; Chinese term spread accurately predicted the1996 and 2008 S.A recessions; U.S. term spread predicted some recessions; whileGerman term spread predictions were counter-cyclical.

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31

McGraw, Helen M., and Harvey M. Friedman. "Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein E Mediates Retrograde Spread from Epithelial Cells to Neurites." Journal of Virology 83, no. 10 (March 11, 2009): 4791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02341-08.

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ABSTRACT In animal models of infection, glycoprotein E (gE) is required for efficient herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) spread from the inoculation site to the cell bodies of innervating neurons (retrograde direction). Retrograde spread in vivo is a multistep process, in that HSV-1 first spreads between epithelial cells at the inoculation site, then infects neurites, and finally travels by retrograde axonal transport to the neuron cell body. To better understand the role of gE in retrograde spread, we used a compartmentalized neuron culture system, in which neurons were infected in the presence or absence of epithelial cells. We found that gE-deleted HSV-1 (NS-gEnull) retained retrograde axonal transport activity when added directly to neurites, in contrast to the retrograde spread defect of this virus in animals. To better mimic the in vivo milieu, we overlaid neurites with epithelial cells prior to infection. In this modified system, virus infects epithelial cells and then spreads to neurites, revealing a 100-fold retrograde spread defect for NS-gEnull. We measured the retrograde spread defect of NS-gEnull from a variety of epithelial cell lines and found that the magnitude of the spread defect from epithelial cells to neurons correlated with epithelial cell plaque size defect, indicating that gE plays a similar role in both types of spread. Therefore, gE-mediated spread between epithelial cells and neurites likely explains the retrograde spread defect of gE-deleted HSV-1 in vivo.

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32

Gilman, Edward. "Predicting Root Spread from Trunk Diameter and Branch Spread." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 14, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1988.021.

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Trunk diameter and branch crown spread were linearly correlated with root spread in honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis), green ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica), poplar (Populus x generosa), red maple (Acer rubrum) and southern magnolia (Magnolia grand/flora) but not in live oak (Quercus vlrginiana). Maximum root spread (excluding live oak) ranged from 1.68 times the dripline for ash to 3.77 for magnolia. Mean maximum root spread was 2.9 times the dripline. Roots growing farthest from the trunk were consistently near the soil surface.

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SHINOKURA, Tsuneki, and Koichi AKAI. "Spread Characteristics and Spread Formula in Steel Bar Rolling." Tetsu-to-Hagane 72, no. 14 (1986): 1877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.72.14_1877.

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Gilman, Edward F. "PREDICTING ROOT SPREAD FROM TRUNK DIAMETER AND BRANCH SPREAD." Arboricultural Journal 13, no. 1 (February 1989): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1989.9756398.

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Kreps, František, Štefan Schmidt, Lenka Vrbiková, Lucia Szeifová, Lenka Tmáková, and Stanislav Sekretár. "Influence of storage and microwave heating on stability of soya spread lipids with linseed content." Acta Chimica Slovaca 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10188-012-0008-0.

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Influence of storage and microwave heating on stability of soya spread lipids with linseed content We have chosen to experiment with soya spreads containing linseeds, which enrich the spreads with essential fatty acids and valuable related substances. The soya spreads with linseeds represent an ideal combination for nutritionally valuable foods with health benefits. In this work we examined the influence of microwave heating and storage on stability of linseed oil and soya spread lipids. Industrially produced soya spreads (S1) with addition of 5, 7 and 10 % linseeds and linseed oil were stored without a protective atmosphere in refrigerator at 5 °C. The lipids of commercial soya spreads (S2) enriched with 2, 5 and 10 % ground linseeds and soya spread lipids (S2) without linseeds were microwave-heated. The data obtained from experiments have shown that the storing of linseed oil for 30 days in refrigerator has caused excess of the maximum acceptable peroxide value (Food Codex of SR). Microwave-heated lipids from commercial soya spreads (S2) enriched with 2 % ground linseeds have the best result of stability and protective factor, compared with lipids from 5 and 10 % linseeds enriching soya spreads (S2). After the 5, 10 and 20 min of microwave heating, the lipids of soya spread (S2) enriched with 2 % ground linseeds have the protective factor 1.02, 1.15 and 1.43 respectively, compared with lipids from soya spread (S2) without linseeds. The microwave heating for 5 min has been accompanied by a decreasing of hydroperoxides and by formation of secondary oxidation products.

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Watson, Janet C. E. "The Directionality of Emphasis Spread in Arabic." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 2 (April 1999): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999554066.

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Many modern Arabic dialects exhibit asymmetries in the direction of emphasis (for most dialects, pharyngealization) spread. In a dialect of Yemeni Arabic, emphasis has two articulatory correlates, pharyngealization and labialization: within the phonological word, pharyngealization spreads predominantly leftward, and labialization spreads rightward, targeting short high vowels. Since asymmetries in the directionality of spread of a secondary feature are phonetically motivated and depend on whether the feature is anchored to the onset or the release phase of the primary articulation, it is argued that the unmarked directionality of spread should be encoded in the phonology as a markedness statement on that feature.

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Kobayashi, Takeshi. "Common Factors in the Term Structure of Credit Spreads and Predicting the Macroeconomy in Japan." International Journal of Financial Studies 9, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9020023.

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This study extracts the common factors from firm-based credit spreads of major Japanese corporate bonds and examines the predictive content of the credit spread on the real economy. Instead of employing single-maturity corporate bond spreads, we focus on the entire term structure of the credit spread to predict the business cycle. We extend the dynamic Nelson-Siegel model to allow for both common and firm-specific factors. The results show that the estimated common factors are important drivers of individual credit spreads and have substantial predictive power for future Japanese economic activity. This study contributes to the literature by examining the relationship between firm-based credit spread curves and economic fluctuation and forecasting the business cycle.

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Fodor, Andy, Kevin Krieger, David Kirch David Kirch, and Andrew Kreutzer. "INFORMATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN NFL POINT SPREAD AND MONEYLINE MARKETS." Journal of Prediction Markets 6, no. 2 (December 19, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jpm.v6i2.498.

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In this paper we test the efficiency of NFL betting markets by examining the ability of NFL point spread and moneyline markets to incorporate information. While bookmakers may properly evaluate available information when setting point spreads and moneylines, we show that the nature of point spread markets makes full information incorporation difficult. We test if information from the finer moneyline market can be used to predict whether favorites will cover the spread in the point spread market. We find that for games with the same point spread, betting on (against) the most (least) favored teams to win (lose), according to the moneyline, results in chances to profit, suggesting an inefficiency in the point spread market.

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Aydın, Sema, and Yüksel Özdemir. "Development and Characterization of Carob Flour Based Functional Spread for Increasing Use as Nutritious Snack for Children." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5028150.

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Carob flour enriched functional spread was developed and textural, sensory, colour, and some nutritional properties of the product were investigated. Spread samples were prepared with major ingredients for optimisation and minor ingredients for improving texture and aroma. Major ingredients were carob flour and hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) and minor ingredients were commercial skim milk powder, soya flour, lecithin, and hazelnut puree. The ratio of major ingredients was optimised using sensory scores and instrumental texture values to produce a carob spread that most closely resembles commercial chocolate spread (control), in both spreadability and overall acceptability. The amounts of minor ingredients (milk powder, 10%; soybean flour, 5%; lecithin, 1%; hazelnut puree, 4%) were kept in constant ratio (20%). Addition of hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) decreased the hardness and hardness work done (HWD) values in contrast to carob flour. Higher rates of carob flour were linked to lower lightness, greenness, and yellowness values. Spread was optimised at 38 g carob flour/100 g spread and 42 g hydrogenated palm oil/100 g spread level and the formulation tended to receive the highest sensory scores compared to other spreads and presented closer instrumental spreadability values to control samples. This indicates a strong market potential for optimised carob spreads.

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Mgonja, A. P., F. N. Lee, and M. Courtney. "Horizontal and Vertical Spread of Rice Sheath Blight (ShB)." International Rice Research Newsletter 11, no. 5 (October 1, 1986): 17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7002169.

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This article 'Horizontal and Vertical Spread of Rice Sheath Blight (ShB)' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

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Nagovska, V. O., N. B. Slyvka, Yu R. Hachak, O. R. Mykhaylytska, and O. Ya Bilyk. "Spread technology with pine nuts meal development." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 93 (May 13, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-f9302.

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The article describes the possibility of using vegetable raw materials such as pine nuts meal as a protein-vitamin complex in spread technology. Pine nuts are rich with essential amino acids, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides and water-soluble sugars, fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, macro and trace elements. It has excellent stabilizing properties in emulsion systems. Also, in article is described technology of spreads made by transformation of a fat mixture. It is justified the choice of the parameters of individual technological operations, in particular, the pine nut meal adds to spread during the homogenization process. For this purpose, dry powder is mixed with pre-pasteurized water, butter or cream in a ratio of 1:2–1:10 at a temperature of 20–40 °C. Mixture is kept at this temperature for 5–20 minutes. Then mixture is cooled to the spread homogenization temperature. Homogenization of the spread is carried out in order to improve the consistency and stability of taste during storage. Spread temperature during loading into the homogenizer should be 11–12 °C in summer and 14–15 °C in winter. Temperature of the spread after homogenization should be 13–15 °C. Optimal dose of cedar nuts meal is determined like 1 % and 3 % by weight of the finished spread. It is described organoleptic, physicochemical and structural-mechanical parameters of the finished product. Spreads containing 1 % and 3 % pine nuts have better heat resistance and moisture distribution. This can be explained by the fact that a small amount of pine nuts does not effects on the structure and texture of spreads. Researches of spread structural indicators have shown that the introduction of more than 3 % of pine nuts has negative influence on it’s structure, in fact, it causes poor moisture distribution and increases the speed of curing, which negatively effects on quality of the finished product. Using of pine nuts in the spread production is appropriate in terms of enrichment of the product with biologically active substances and in terms of expansion of the range of dairy products.

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Hendra, Edwin, and Kim Sung Suk. "Default Spread dan Term Spread sebagai Variabel Proxy Siklus Bisnis pada Model Fama-French." Binus Business Review 6, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v6i2.977.

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This research aims to apply the Fama-French models and test the effect of alternative variable of bond yield spread, default spread (RBBB – RAAA and RAAA – RF), and the term spread (RSUN10-RSUN1), as proxy variables of the business cycle, in IDX stock data during 2005-2010. Four types of asset pricing models tested are Sharpe-Lintner CAPM, Fama-French models, Hwang et al.model, and hybrid model. The results showed that the size effect and value effect has an impact on excess stock returns. Slopes of market beta, SMB, and HML are more sensitive to stock big size and high B / M. Default spreads and term spreads in Hwang et al. model can explain the value effect, and weakly explain the size effect, meanwhile the power of explanation disappeared on Hybrid models. Based on the assessment adjusted R2 and the frequency of rejection of non-zero alpha, is found that the hybrid model is the most suitable model.

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Chaput, J. Scott, and Louis H. Ederington. "Vertical Spread Design." Journal of Derivatives 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2005): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jod.2005.479377.

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Balanda, Kevin P., and H. L. Macgillivray. "Kurtosis and spread." Canadian Journal of Statistics 18, no. 1 (March 1990): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3315414.

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Bluer, Annette. "Spread the word." Nursing Standard 18, no. 25 (March 3, 2004): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.18.25.24.s36.

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Ramey, Linda. "The Star Spread." Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 51, no. 2 (1997): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1348101.

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Filali, Mahmoud, and Igor V. Protasov. "Spread of balleans." Applied General Topology 9, no. 2 (October 1, 2008): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/agt.2008.1796.

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Maw, Stephen J. "A Good Spread." Bioscience Education 15, no. 1 (June 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3108/beej.15.0.

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King, Jeremy. "84.61 Timetable Spread." Mathematical Gazette 84, no. 501 (November 2000): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3620791.

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Saito, Sho, and Hanako Kurai. "Thin-spread Colonies." Internal Medicine 55, no. 16 (2016): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.55.6926.

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