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1
Engstrand, Olle, e Diana Krull. "Simplification of phonotactic structures in unscripted Swedish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31, n.º 1 (junho de 2001): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100301001049.
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Informal listening suggests that unscripted Swedish shows a tendency to produce alternating contoid and vocoid articulations which relate to more complex consonant and vowel structures at the phonological level. To test this hypothesis, two unscripted monologues and, for comparison, a careful text reading were analyzed. The speech material was segmented using criteria based on the so-called sonority hierarchy. The results largely corroborated the hypothesis in showing that contoid-vocoid units appeared considerably more frequently in unscripted speech than suggested by conventional phonotactic analysis, and that some reduction effects appeared more frequently in the unscripted than in the read speech. The possibility that this reflects an underlying articulatory organization of spontaneous speech in terms of typologically basic CV units is discussed.
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Nishimura, Takeshi, Isao T. Tokuda, Shigehiro Miyachi, Jacob C. Dunn, Christian T. Herbst, Kazuyoshi Ishimura, Akihisa Kaneko et al. "Evolutionary loss of complexity in human vocal anatomy as an adaptation for speech". Science 377, n.º 6607 (12 de agosto de 2022): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm1574.
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Human speech production obeys the same acoustic principles as vocal production in other animals but has distinctive features: A stable vocal source is filtered by rapidly changing formant frequencies. To understand speech evolution, we examined a wide range of primates, combining observations of phonation with mathematical modeling. We found that source stability relies upon simplifications in laryngeal anatomy, specifically the loss of air sacs and vocal membranes. We conclude that the evolutionary loss of vocal membranes allows human speech to mostly avoid the spontaneous nonlinear phenomena and acoustic chaos common in other primate vocalizations. This loss allows our larynx to produce stable, harmonic-rich phonation, ideally highlighting formant changes that convey most phonetic information. Paradoxically, the increased complexity of human spoken language thus followed simplification of our laryngeal anatomy.
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Liu, Xiaobei, e Soo Ngee Koh. "Simplification of soft-bit speech decoding and application to MELP encoded speech". Electronics Letters 39, n.º 3 (2003): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20030188.
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Arakelyan, Ruzanna. "On Foreigner Talk". Armenian Folia Anglistika 8, n.º 1-2 (10) (15 de outubro de 2012): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2012.8.1-2.109.
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The article sums up the main functions and characteristics of the use of a foreign language. The importance of certain changes that contribute to the perception of a foreign language has been addressed. These include slowing speech tempo, the number of pauses, clearer pronunciation, the simplification of the vocabulary, the use of the basic syntactic structures, repetition, etc. The investigation of a foreign speech is directly linked with simplification of the foreign language. Three main functions related to foreign speech are distinguished. It assists the communication process, the learning of the foreign language subconsciously and points out the attitude of the speaker towards the learners.
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Zena Matty Khidhir e Umayya Idris Younis. "Adults’ Simplification Strategies in Mosuli Arabic". مجلة آداب الفراهيدي 15, n.º 52 (10 de janeiro de 2023): 500–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.51990/jaa.15.52.2.27.
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The present study deals with the different means of simplification that Mosuli adult speakers use in order to facilitate their speech. It aims at studying the pronunciation of native speakers of Mosuli Arabic in different quarters of Mosul such as Al-Mahmodeen, Bab-Jadeed, Al-Mansour, Al-Hadbaa', Al-Masarif and Al-Muhandiseen, and to see whether pronunciation is different according to the variable of age and gender. So, 85 subjects (males and females) were needed for this study. They were divided into two groups: the first group contained 45 persons which was devoted to study pronunciation according to the variable of age, the second group; on the other hand, contained 40 persons which was devoted to study pronunciation according to the variable of gender. Their speech has been recorded and analyzed. It is found that pronunciation is different in Mosul from one region to another and it is also different according to the variable of age and gender. So, within Mosuli dialect, there exist many different accents. Moreover, it is found that old-aged followed by middle-aged people used more simplification strategies such as lisping inclination, substitution, etc., than young people. Also, females used more simplification strategies than males.
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GENOVESE, Giuliana, Maria SPINELLI, Leonor J. ROMERO LAURO, Tiziana AURELI, Giulia CASTELLETTI e Mirco FASOLO. "Infant-directed speech as a simplified but not simple register: a longitudinal study of lexical and syntactic features". Journal of Child Language 47, n.º 1 (30 de outubro de 2019): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000643.
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AbstractInfant-directed speech (IDS) is a specific register that adults use to address infants, and it is characterised by prosodic exaggeration and lexical and syntactic simplification. Several authors have underlined that this simplified speech becomes more complex according to the infant's age. However, there is a lack of studies on lexical and syntactic modifications in Italian IDS during the first year of an infant's life. In the present study, 80 mother–infant dyads were longitudinally observed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months during free-play interactions. Maternal vocal productions were subsequently coded. The results show an overall low lexical variability and syntactic complexity that identify speech to infants as a simplified register; however, the high occurrence of complex items and well-structured utterances suggests that IDS is not simple speech. Moreover, maternal IDS becomes more complex over time, but not linearly, with a maximum simplification in the second half of the first year.
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Klein, Harriet B., e May Liu-Shea. "Between-Word Simplification Patterns in the Continuous Speech of Children With Speech Sound Disorders". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 40, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2009): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2008/08-0008).
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Putri, Evi Jovita, e Zakia Rachmah. "SIMPLIFICATION IN PHONOLOGICAL ACQUISITION (A CASE STUDY OF ATALA)". Pujangga 7, n.º 1 (21 de junho de 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v7i1.1108.
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<p>This study aims to determine a child’s language acquisition at the phonological level and to describe its simplification of sounds. This research is a case study applying a qualitative descriptive approach. The subject observed is Atala, a boy aged 28 months. The data are obtained by recording and direct observation approximately one month. The data are transcribed and then identified by comparing the child's pronunciation with adult mode in order to see the simplification of the sounds in the child's speech. Based on the Ingram’s theory, 34 data presented shows the simplifications of sounds occur in the form of substitution consisting of stopping (6), fronting (9), and gliding (5); assimilation containing consonant harmony (3) and vowel harmony (2); while syllable structure consisting of last consonant reduction (2) and initial onset reduction (7). It is found that the simplifications of sounds commonly happen on the substitution covering fronting and stopping then syllable structure covering initial onset reduction. It is due to an indication that the child is imperfect to actively move the articulators in appropriate place or manner of articulation especially in producing some fairly complex sounds. There are some sounds cannot be produced in this case, such as sounds [r], [s], and [g], the subject obviously simplifies these sounds when he has to pronounce them in any positions of a word. Meanwhile he has been able to produce singly vowels and consonant [a], [i], [u], [e], [o], [p], [b], [t], [d], [m], [n], [ɲ], [ŋ], [w], [y], [j], [c], [l], [h], [?], but sometimes simplifies them in certain position of the word.</p>
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Lenne, Lucas, Alkahf Aboutiman, Jan Selzer, Florian Schelle, Patrick Chevret e Etienne Parizet. "Simplified expressions of uncertainty for single number quantities in ISO 3382-3 (2022)". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, n.º 5 (1 de maio de 2024): 2909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0025762.
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The ISO 3382-3 (2022) standard defines single number quantities (SNQs) characterizing the spatial decay of speech (D2S, LpAS4m, rC) and of its intelligibility (rD). The standard assesses the accuracy of the measurement using a unique uncertainty value for each SNQ, relying on a round-robin test performed in a single office. To make this assessment more accurate, analytical expressions have been established by applying the law of propagation of uncertainty. These expressions, although precise, are too complex to be included in the standard. This work consists of their simplification, relying on 95 measurements conducted in 36 companies in France and Germany. First, the terms associated with distance measurement uncertainties were found to be negligible. Second, the estimation of the uncertainties of A-weighted speech levels and Speech Transmission Index, based on the measurements made at the workstations constituting the 95 paths, enabled further simplifications. Finally, simplified expressions turn out to be as accurate as the original expressions, and the estimated uncertainties are comparable to those reported by Yadav et al. (2019). If a unique value of uncertainty is to be retained for each SNQ, this study suggests 0.6 dB for D2S and LpAS4m, 7% for rC, and 10% for rD.
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Bohaček, Ana-Marija, e Maja Cepanec. "“It's not just what we say or do, but how we say and do it”". Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja 59, n.º 2 (27 de dezembro de 2023): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/hrri.59.2.5.
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Infant-directed speech (IDS) and infant-directed actions (IDA) represent specific behavioural modifications of adults when they communicate with infants and young children. Infant-directed modifications (IDMs) have specific behavioural representations marked by high positive affection, greater expressiveness, simplification, and increased repetition. Both IDS and IDA appear as part of the same larger behavioural system of IDMs. However, so far, studies have analysed the features and functions of these behaviours separately. Compared to adult-directed speech, IDS is characterised by longer pauses, a slower tempo, more prosodic repetition, higher fundamental frequency, longer vowels, repetitive intonation structures, and greater melodiousness. In IDA, compared to adult-directed actions, the amplitude of movements, simplification, and number of repetitions tend to increase as the distance between communication partners decrease. In this review, we draw a parallel between IDS and IDA to show that adults change both their speech and actions in similar ways and that both actions and speech change depending on the infant’s age and/or developmental stage. We discuss possible (biological) mechanisms that elicit the use of IDS and IDA and argue that this specific type of adult behaviour has a unique impact on how infants perceive and process information. Insights on biological, behavioural, and functional aspects of IDMs could provide a new perspective on the importance of early interactions and knowledge acquisition in both typically developing children and those with developmental disorders.
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Hovhannisyan, Hasmik, e Hossep Dolatian. "Simplification principles and child language development in Armenian". Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 8 (7 de dezembro de 2023): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/zkvc5m80.
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At certain stages of their general cognitive development and language acquisition, children apparently employ their innately growing (cognitive) knowledge and skills to meet the challenges they face in L1 acquisition. Among other things, children use different sets of simplification strategies, such as cropping words, replacing or displacing syllables or syllabic constituents, omitting suffixes, and using simpler syntax. We catalog processes like fortition, reduplication, and the various stages of acquisition. This paper presents some language development data in Armenian children. Empirically, our study is one of the few (if only) known studies on the language acquisition of Armenian. The data provides valuable theoretical insight into the strategies that children pursue in communication, as well as in cognitive processing of speech.
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Wardana, I. Ketut, Nengah Astawa e I. Wayan Soper. "Vowel And Consonant Simplification In Speech Disorder: An Analysis Of Segmental Phonology". International Journal of Linguistics and Discourse Analytics (ijolida) 3, n.º 1 (2 de outubro de 2021): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52232/ijolida.v3i1.47.
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The objective of the study is to investigate the sound simplification of speech output in Broca's aphasics and describe the effect of the alteration within phonological features from the perspective of Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP). The speech output of two patients was exposed using phonological tasks and recorded with a Sonny voice recorder. The effect of features in substitution sonority was measured with the Wilcoxon's test and acoustic features were analyzed with Praat. The results of the study revealed that the consonant substitution and omission errors in Broca’s aphasia occur in the initial position due to the lesion in the anterior part of the left brain and that the less marked features that are statistically substituted by marked features are not significantly affected by marked features that are substituted by less marked features. The substitution was dominantly influenced by neighboring segments and the sonority violance occured againts the sonority scale
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Auer, Peter, e Vanessa Siegel. "Grammatical Gender in the German Multiethnolect". Journal of Germanic Linguistics 33, n.º 1 (10 de fevereiro de 2021): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542720000082.
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While major restructurings and simplifications have been reported for gender systems of other Germanic languages in multiethnolectal speech, this article demonstrates that the three-way gender distinction of German is relatively stable among young speakers from an immigrant background. We investigate gender in a German multiethnolect based on a corpus of approximately 17 hours of spontaneous speech produced by 28 young speakers in Stuttgart (mainly from Turkish and Balkan background). German is not their second language, but (one of) their first language(s), which they have fully acquired from childhood. We show that the gender system does not show signs of reduction in the direction of a two-gender system, nor of wholesale loss. We also argue that the position of gender in the grammar is weakened by independent innovations, such as the frequent use of bare nouns in grammatical contexts where German requires a determiner. Another phenomenon that weakens the position of gender is the simplification of adjective-noun agreement and the emergence of a generalized gender-neutral suffix for prenominal adjectives (that is, schwa). The disappearance of gender and case marking in the adjective means that the grammatical category of gender is lost in Adj + N phrases (without a determiner).
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Maletina, Oxana Andreevna, e Alexander Olegovich Yakovlev. "Linguistic features of the speech portrait of an American showman". Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 16, n.º 11 (2 de novembro de 2023): 3729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20230572.
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The aim of the study is to identify the lexical and grammatical characteristics of the speech of American showmen. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the analyzed speech characteristics of American TV presenters help to understand the mechanism of influencing the audience and the formation of public opinion in American society, namely, the lexical and grammatical features of conversational speech for the purpose of having an impact on the recipients. As a result, the lexical and grammatical features of the speech of American showmen demonstrating a high focus on establishing contact with the audience were revealed. The linguistic specificity of an American showman’s speech portrait reflects the focus of the talk show on keeping the viewer’s attention, therefore, slang and colloquial vocabulary, interjections, simplification of grammatical structures (reduced forms, simple sentences, incomplete phrases, disjunctive questions) are so frequent to help the average American to perceive the main points of the conversation properly.
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Issidorides, Diana C. "Comprehensie van Vreemdtalige Input". Taalverwerving in onderzoek 30 (1 de janeiro de 1988): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.30.03iss.
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Within a psycholinguistic approach to second language learning, an attempt is made to investigate the question of how morphology, syntax (word order phenomena), semantics and pragmatics affect the comprehension of Dutch sentences for normative learners of that language. When talking to nonnative language-learners, native spea-kers often tend to dehberately modify their speech -'simplify' it - in an attempt to make the target language more comprehensible. Omitting semantically redundant function words and copulas, or deliberate-ly modifying the word order in a sentence, are but a few characteris-tics of sucn 'simplifications'. In trying to determine whether, and what kinds of, linguistic simplifications promote comprehension, an important theoretical issue arises, namely, the relationship between linguistic (structural) and cognitive (ease of information processing) simplification. That one form of simplification is by no means a guarantee for the other form is an important assumption that forms the backbone to our approach. The results from research on morphological simplifications (omission of redundant function words in utterances) in two parallel experiments - an artificial and a natural language one (Dutch) - are discus-sed. They suggest that the presence of semantically redundant functi-on words is not experienced as bothersome "noise" in the successful inference of the meaning of unfamiliar utterances, as long as supra-segmental cues are present. The suprasegmental structure provides the listener/learner with cues for locating the potentially meaningful elements of such utterances. Research on syntactic simplifications is also discussed. Its aim was to examine the role and effect of syntactic and semantic cues on sen-tence interpretation. Two important questions were: (a) What are the processing strategies and cues responsible for the interpretation of Dutch sentences by native speakers, and how do they compare to those employed by nonnative speakers? (b) Are the processing stra-tegies and cues that are responsible and decisive for first language comprehension also those employed in second language comprehension? The performance of Dutch control subjects on a Dutch sentence interpretation task is presented, and hypotheses are put forward as to the locus and cause of eventual performance differences in a nonnative subject population (English learners of Dutch). Some relevant theoretical implications of our findings are also mentioned.
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Hayes, Donald P., e Margaret G. Ahrens. "Vocabulary simplification for children: a special case of ‘motherese’?" Journal of Child Language 15, n.º 2 (junho de 1988): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900012411.
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ABSTRACTA new corpus of spontaneous conversations between adults and children is examined for evidence that adults simplify their vocabulary choices when speaking with young children. If these simplifications are found to be age-dependent, then they would broaden the pattern of simplifications characteristic of ‘motherese’ to include lexical choice as well. For the age-range newborns to 12 years, the results are both consistent with and contrary to the attested set of grammatical simplifications. In this corpus, MLU and TTR are strongly age-dependent, but adults do not choose their words from the 10,000 most common word-types in English in an age-dependent manner. Rather, the additional types for school-aged children come from the same part of the vocabulary and share the same-shaped distributions as in adult speech with preschool children and infants. This absence of an age-dependent accommodation in word choice has implications for models of child lexical acquisition which assume adult language accommodation.
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Nyarko, Isaac, Kwasi Adomako e John Odoom. "Assessing the Phonological Processes in Akan Child Language". Ghana Journal of Linguistics 12, n.º 1 (6 de novembro de 2023): 24–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjl.v12i1.2.
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This paper seeks to examine the phonological processes embedded in the speech errors of child phonology in Akan, a Niger-Congo (Kwa) language. The study has become necessary because cross-linguistically, several works have been undertaken on child language acquisition but very little or no attention has been given to that of Akan. Most of these works on African languages have centered on the acquisition processes with little on the phonological processes underpinning child language. Therefore, this study bridges the gap by providing a discussion of some phonological processes that underline the acquisition of Akan children. In the course of the phonological development of the Akan child as part of language acquisition, these processes occur as phonological simplification strategies to resolve relatively challenging natural adult forms of Akan expressions. This is either due to an articulatory accident or a defect in the speech organ. It is against this backdrop that Fromkin (1973) opines that a slip of tongue is evidence of a phonological process in action. Hence, this paper concludes that the inadequacies in child language acquisition trigger various phonological processes such as vocalization, stopping, de-affrication, anteriorization, fronting, cluster reduction, reduplication as a phonological simplification strategy in the acquisition of Akan.
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Christenfeld, Nicholas. "Effects of a Metronome on the Filled Pauses of Fluent Speakers". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39, n.º 6 (dezembro de 1996): 1232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1232.
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Filled pauses (the "ums" and "uhs" that litter spontaneous speech) seem to be a product of the speaker paying deliberate attention to the normally automatic act of talking. This is the same sort of explanation that has been offered for stuttering. In this paper we explore whether a manipulation that has long been known to decrease stuttering, synchronizing speech to the beats of a metronome, will then also decrease filled pauses. Two experiments indicate that a metronome has a dramatic effect on the production of filled pauses. This effect is not due to any simplification or slowing of the speech and supports the view that a metronome causes speakers to attend more to how they are talking and less to what they are saying. It also lends support to the connection between stutters and filled pauses.
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Leandro Parreira Duarte, Ricardo, Abdennour El Rhalibi e Madjid Merabti. "Coarticulation and speech synchronization in MPEG-4 based facial animation". Kybernetes 43, n.º 8 (26 de agosto de 2014): 1165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2014-0139.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a novel coarticulation and speech synchronization framework compliant with MPEG-4 facial animation (FA). Design/methodology/approach – The system the authors have developed uses MPEG-4 FA standard and other development to enable the creation, editing and playback of high-resolution 3D models; MPEG-4 animation streams; and is compatible with well-known related systems such as Greta and Xface. It supports text-to-speech for dynamic speech synchronization. The framework enables real-time model simplification using quadric-based surfaces. Findings – The preliminary experiments show that the coarticulation technique the authors have developed gives overall good and promising results when compared to related techniques. Originality/value – The coarticulation approach provides realistic and high performance lip-sync animation, based on Cohen-Massaro's model of coarticulation adapted to MPEG-4 FA specification.
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Lobachova, Iryna. "COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE BORROWINGS IN THE MODERN YOUTH SPEECH". Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, n.º 12(80) (23 de dezembro de 2021): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-12(80)-150-153.
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The article clarifies the place of anglicisms in the Ukrainian language, identifies the functional features of English borrowings in youth communication. Anglicisms function organically in the modern lexical system of the Ukrainian language. They both freely entered various spheres of public life, and the speech of young people, who react quickly to foreign language innovations, actively using them in their communication. The main characteristic of young people’s speech is using slang, jargon and anglicisms, which leads to the simplification of the language of communication. It is found out that the existence of anglicisms in the modern Ukrainian language is a response to external circumstances: the growing importance of English for future career prospects, improving personal skills, the establishment of international relations of Ukraine with foreign English-speaking countries, popularization of Western culture, way of life, views, etc. It is singled out the groups of English borrowings, which allow to join the understanding of certain realities of a foreign language environment: direct borrowings, derivatives, exoticisms, foreign exclamations, composites, etc. It is found out that the reasons for borrowing anglicisms in the Ukrainian language are the need to name new objects, concepts and phenomena; the lack of appropriate name; the need to specify the meaning of the word; time challenge; the need to convey due to anglicisms ambiguous descriptive inversions, etc. The functional goal of anglicisms is determined: the name of a completely new subject, reality or concept that arose outside the Ukrainian-speaking world; replacement of words already available in the language. Anglicisms in youth communication have a special stylistic functionality and are represented by different stylistic language units that can be used for different purposes, mainly to achieve the effect of novelty, color transfer and language simplification.
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Xing, An Hao, Ta Li, Jie Lin Pan e Yong Hong Yan. "Compact Wake-Up Word Speech Recognition on Embedded Platforms". Applied Mechanics and Materials 596 (julho de 2014): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.596.402.
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The wake-up word speech recognition system is a new paradigm in the field of automatic speech recognition (ASR). This new paradigm is not yet widely recognized but useful in many applications such as mobile phones and smart home systems. In this paper we describe the development of a compact wake-up word recognizer for embedded platforms. To keep resource cost low, a variety of simplification techniques are used. Speech feature observations are compressed to lower dimension and the simple distance-based template matching method is used in place of complex Viterbi scoring. We apply double scoring method to achieve a better performance. To cooperate with double scoring method, the support vector machine classifier is used as well. We were able to accomplish a performance improvement with false rejection rate reduced from 6.88% to 5.50% and false acceptance rate reduced from 8.40% to 3.01%.
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Hu, Huaixiang, Jiatong Li, Chunchun Wu, Xueyang Li e Yuping Chen. "Design and Implementation of Intelligent Speech Recognition System Based on FPGA". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2171, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2171/1/012010.
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Abstract Under certain circumstances, where GPU is not available, the computing power of the CPU alone may not be sufficient enough to run speech recognition system efficiently. As a reconfigurable heterogeneous device, FPGA has the characteristics of high parallelism, low power consumption, and high flexibility. It can support high-performance computing acceleration for speech recognition applications. In order to implement speech recognition system on an specified computing platform, a speech recognition system architecture is proposed, which is based on software and hardware cooperative computing technology that focus on FPGA. First, a system architecture based on gated convolutional neural network is designed, with the simplification of the traditional speech recognition system architecture. Then a modular design idea is used to map the gated convolutional neural network operator to the FPGA hardware logic. Further through the state machine to schedule and control the data stream and operators, to achieve the flexible acceleration of the voice recognition network model. AISHELL data set is used to carry out the test, where presents remarkable improvement on computing performance, compared with Feiteng 1500A processor, the efficiency is improved by 18.1 times.
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Nahdiyyati, Baiq, Zuhdiniati Zuhdiniati, Misnawati Misnawati, Baik Rahmi Aulia Az-Zahra, Rabiul Awal e Hary Murcahyanto. "Optimalisasi Tindak Tutur Direktif Guru Terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Siswa dalam Proses Pembelajaran". Journal of Elementary School (JOES) 6, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2023): 571–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/joes.v6i2.7236.
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This study aims to describe the use of teachers' directive speech acts in students' character-building during the learning process. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Primary data was collected in the form of speech from teachers in the form of directive speech acts. Primary data sources were obtained through direct observation or observation in the field. Secondary data were collected by recording. The subjects in this study were 11 subject teachers. Secondary data sources were obtained through documentation and direct recording. Data analysis went through six steps, including data collection, data simplification, data presentation, data classification, data interpretation, and conclusion drawing. In this study, the interaction conditions observed include: when entering the classroom, when starting the lesson, during the lesson, when the teacher gives assignments to students when the teacher asks for assignments from students, when the teacher asks students to correct the assignments, when concluding the lesson, and when ending the lesson. The conclusion is that the most dominant directive speech acts used are invitations, orders, and requests. The characteristics formed include discipline, religion, respect, curiosity, enthusiasm, responsibility, independence, hard work, collaboration, caring, and honesty.
Keywords: directive speech acts, character, learning.
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Nagornyy, I. A. "MODUS-RESPONSE FUNCTION OF PARTICLES IN A TEXT DIALOG". Culture and Text, n.º 48 (2022): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2305-4077-2022-1-212-223.
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The article establishes the parameters of actualizing the information given in a text by particles in the Russian language, the communicative and pragmatic properties of particles in a text dialogue are detailed, the problem of functioning of particles in the communicative process is analyzed, the text-speech and logical-linguistic characteristics of inarticulate sentences formed by particles in Russian are correlated. The question of the specifics of the textual functioning of particles as modal-response qualifiers is analyzed. An attempt is made to identify the features of the influence of particles on the semantic field of speech dialogue, the communicative processes of semantic compression and structural simplification, reflected by particles in a modal-response inarticulate sentence, are investigated. The functional and communicative properties of particles in the process of expressing the speaker’s point of view and communicating this point of view to the addressee in a text dialogue are determined. It is proved that some Russian particles have a communicatively conditioned status of structurizers and response speech signs functioning in the qualifying zone of speech dialogue when actualizing the reduced type of judgments.
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Konyaeva, Yulia Mikhailovna, e Anastasiya Aleksandrovna Samsonova. "Sarcastic evaluation in mass media as a way of discrediting a person: Greta Thunberg case". European Journal of Humour Research 9, n.º 1 (3 de abril de 2021): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2021.9.1.konyaeva.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of a sarcastic evaluation of a person, which leads to their discrediting in media texts. Sarcastic evaluation is considered in terms of linguistic praxeology: the language and compositional means of nomination, description, and actions are analyzed. In a media text, these means interact with the means of expressing the category of deviance and forming semantic nodes. The category of deviance can manifest itself, on the one hand, in exuberance or the absurd, while on the other, in simplification or insufficiency of the sign revelation. Also, specific sarcastic speech techniques are identified. They are based on the discrepancy of referent and illocutionary meanings in the person’s speech portrait. The study of Russian media discourse about Swedish eco-activist Greta Thunberg revealed the active use of linguistic means expressing sarcastic evaluation to demonstrate the opposing viewpoint in relation to the transmitted semantic position of “Other”. When the media represents Greta in the totality of her disadvantages, this enters into a polemic against those who support the ideas of this person. With the help of sarcasm, the media shows the absurdness and failure of these ideas. In this case, a sarcastic evaluation becomes an instrument of discrediting not only the person him/herself, but also his/her views and associates. Linguistic means of sarcastic evaluation are widely represented in discrediting media texts. The most important of them are means such as absurdity, hyperbole, alogism, simplification, etc.
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Rosen, Anna. "The fate of linguistic innovations". Linguistic Innovations 2, n.º 2 (14 de outubro de 2016): 302–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.2.2.08ros.
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Drawing on spoken corpus data, this study traces the emergence and development of Norman French-influenced innovations in the nativised L2 variety of Jersey English and compares them to features in the speech of French-speaking learners of English. The comparison shows that such innovations do not differ from errors in a learner variety on a formal linguistic level and that they arguably result from the same processes as are present in foreign language acquisition, such as transfer or simplification. The paper therefore argues that innovations can only be identified reliably in retrospect, once they are more widely accepted in the speech community. It also points to the social factors that are crucial in shaping the use and probable fates of former innovations in Jersey English and suggests a typology of innovations according to their developments.
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Hammoudi, Khadidja. "The urban Tlemcenian glottal stop in a prospective coma due to contact and accommodation: A cross-sectional investigation". Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 11, n.º 2 (31 de maio de 2021): 140–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v11i2.5687.
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Although many researchers have attempted to include age as a variable in explaining linguistic variation, the delicate mechanisms via which variability in speech relates to age-grading aspect are still incomplete in especially lesser-known Arabic-speaking communities akin to Tlemcen, an urban city in Algeria. This paper aims at cross-sectionally investigating the sociolinguistic situation occurring in the Tlemcen speech community especially concerning the use of the glottal stop, an urban realisation of classical Arabic qaf. With the help of a survey interview, questionnaire and non-participant observation, data were collected from a convenient sample of 122 participants of different age cohorts and genders from Tlemcen. The results show that the dialect contact taking place in the community is moving towards aspects of koineisation, mainly levelling and simplification. Social and psychological features are said to explain the dialectal ruralisation guided by post-adolescent and young male native urban dialect speakers, while females of all ages, including old people, are strictly preservative. Keywords: Accommodation, age, dialect contact, glottal stop, Tlemcen, speech community.
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Nila, Tasmia Azim, Sonia Islam Nisha e Mst Meherunnessa Mim. "Comparing Speech Production Errors of 3 to 5 Year Old Bengali Children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate in Two Contexts: Word Naming And Sentence Repetition". Social Science Review 40, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2024): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ssr.v40i2.72206.
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Research suggests various standardized assessment tools to collect and analyze the speech of the individual with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP). Despite the importance of developing an assessment framework for the growing CLP population, documentation on Bengali cleft speech is limited. This study aims to investigate the phonetic differences that happen in the speech sound production of 3 to 5-year-old Bengali-speaking CLP children in two different contexts: single word and sentence repetition. It also aims to evaluate the effects of these two speech assessment tools in those children’s phonological evaluation to identify the proper evaluation for CLP individuals. In total, 12 Bengali-speaking CLP children from 3 to 5 years old participated in each test. Thus, data has been collected from a sample of 24 with 79-word stimuli. Two types of speech materials were used: single-word naming and sentence repetition tasks. The samples were analyzed using narrow phonetic transcription for targeted speech items. The percentage of consonants correct (PCC), percentage of correct places (PCP), percentage of correct manners (PCM), as well as phonological simplification processes (PSP) were assessed from the samples. Results showed a range of word structures and place-manner features produced by CLP children in both tasks. Also, the PCC, PCP, PCM, and PSP results were considerably less accurate in the sentence repetition task, suggesting that the task may provide a more accurate assessment of the CLP population. Social Science Review, Vol. 40(2), December 2023 Page: 205-224
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Dewi, Erin Elvira. "Phonological Acquisition Symeea (Children the Age of 2 Years)". International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture 3, n.º 1 (27 de janeiro de 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v3i1.363.
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Every child who was born normally has the potential or language in him. Problems that often attract attention is about how the process of language acquisition a child. This research discusses acquisition of phonology as a young age 2 years named Symeea using contrasting theory and process introduced by Ingram. According to Ingram a child has system phonology adults with the creation its structure own and then change the structure of this if prescience on the system adults better. The development of phonology this through assimilation and accommodation that is constantly (according to the theory of Piaget): change the structure of to harmonized by the fact. Acquisition phonology child occurs through some process of simplification common involving all classes sound. This research using design descriptive qualitative research to described of language acquisition particularly to the field of phonology. Data sources in this research is a recording speech a child up to the age 2 years named Symeea on 27 December 2016. Data in this study collected with the observation to technique record and note. Based on the results of recording that has been done can be concluded that acquisition phonology on Symeea involving process substitution in each the phoneme /r/, /u/, /s/, and /a/. Acquisition phonology on Symeea also involved the process of assimilating especially in the phoneme /e/. In addition, happened the process structure syllables (simplification structure syllable) cluster of to the reduction/r/ in each said [pergi] and [rumah]. Speech of Symeea there was interference language the use of Sasak language inform the phrase.
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Osadcha, Larysa. "The Influence of Virtual Communication on the Lingual Picture of the World (on the Example of WebEnglish)". NaUKMA Research Papers. History and Theory of Culture 6 (21 de junho de 2023): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-8907.2023.6.45-50.
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The article analyzes language as a phenomenon of culture and emphasizes the ontological nature of language should be considered where the appearance of nouns in the language signifies the recognition of the existence of a thing or phenomenon. People pay attention and name the events that are most important in their lives. Therefore, dictionaries differ not only in the number of words but also in untranslatable concepts. Thus language determines what concepts can be thought in it. Due to historical conditions, the English language has become a means of international communication. The status has only strengthened in the era of virtual communication in networks. That is why the study seeks to answer two questions: how on-screen communication affects language changes and what are the consequences for the English language due to its lingual dominance. On-screen communication favors the dominance of written speech for chatting, but even messages expected to function as oral speech are being printed, leading to the simplification of grammar, spelling, and syntax. This has led to the creation of some abbreviations that have become multimeaning expressions widely used in everyday oral and official communication. Secondly, global English, or so-called WebEnglish (Weblish), is learned by communicators superficially, without diving into meaningful phraseological, idiomatic depths. This contributes to its creolization and simplification. Therefore, a worthy response to the challenges that Weblish poses to the English language is the protection of linguistic and cultural diversity and the implementation of a policy of multilingualism in the world.
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Lončar-Raičević, Aleksandra, e Nadežda Jović. "A contribution to the accentual characteristics in Svinica (Romania)". Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 53, n.º 4 (2023): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp53-43617.
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This paper represents the continuation of phonetic-phonological research within the project Research on the Culture and History of the Serbs in Romania, which takes place under the auspices of the Center for Scientific Research and Culture of the Serbs in Romania. It is based on field research conducted during September 2022, in Serbian settlements in the Danube Gorge in Romania (Svinica). The analysis of accent characteristics-the inventory and distribution of prosodes in the speech of Svinica-revealed that it is a specific mixed speech type in which elements of the three-accent system are present, but also the process of simplification and liquidation of tonal oppositions and the appearance of an expiratory accent, which is characteristic of the speeches of Eastern Serbia. The analysis of the linguistic material presented in the paper supports the thesis concerning the autochthonous Serbian population in the Banat Gorge.
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Maitz, Péter, e Attila Németh. "Language Contact and Morphosyntactic Complexity: Evidence from German". Journal of Germanic Linguistics 26, n.º 1 (7 de fevereiro de 2014): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542713000184.
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The article focuses on the hypothesis that the structural complexity of languages is variable and historically changeable. By means of a quantitative statistical analysis of naturalistic corpus data, the question is raised as to what role language contact and adult second language acquisition play in the simplification and complexification of language varieties. The results confirm that there is a significant correlation between intensity of contact and linguistic complexity, while at the same time showing that there is a need to consider other social factors, and, in particular, the attitude of a speech community toward linguistic norms.*
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Gudmanian, Artur, Liubov Drotianko, Sergiy Sydorenko, Oksana Zhuravliova e Sergiy Yahodzinskyi. "Social transformations of speech culture in information age". E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 03081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913503081.
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The paper looks at the major technological, sociocultural and linguistic factors that are changing the nature of interpersonal communication in the Information Age, and some manifestations of these changes. Rapid progress of technology, above all, the advent of the Internet, brought about dramatic changes in the modes and parameters of human communication over the recent decades. New types of written communication arose and have firmly established themselves on the global scale – in social networks, chats, blogs, forums and various Internet communities. Having created unprecedented possibilities for connecting with people irrespective of their location, age or social status, innovative technology is at the same time challenging standards of communication ethics and speech culture. Sociocultural transformations in the modern society, democratization of social relations contribute to weakening of speech norms and deterioration of overall speech culture, especially among young people. The increasing role of English as a language of global communication and its reputation of the dominant language of new technology and virtual reality are inevitably influencing speech habits of the Internet users across the globe. The combined work of all these factors results in visible deterioration of speech culture, standardization and simplification of speech, elimination of cultural specificity, tendency to replace expressive language means with emoji, downgrading of style, defying norms of spelling, word use and grammar. Obvious irreversibility of technological progress and the growing share of life people spend online call on specialists from various related fields to continue comprehensive analysis of transformations of speech culture in the modern world with the aim to assess societal risks and work out timely and adequate countermeasures.
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N., Dhinakaran, e Karthikeyan B.M. "A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON ANALYSIS OF PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN TAMIL SPEAKING HEARING IMPAIRED CHILDREN WITH COCHLEAR IMPLANTS". International Journal of Advanced Research 9, n.º 01 (31 de janeiro de 2021): 769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12355.
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Phonological Processes are simplification of sounds which occur among the children during the younger age and will gradually diminish giving an adult like speech form. The aim of the present study is to analyze the occurrence of phonological processes among hearing impaired children who underwent cochlear implant surgery during their younger age as an early intervention. The subjects included in the study were 10 children (5 male and 5 female) who were diagnosed with congenital total hearing impairment and underwent cochlear implant surgery and attending Auditory verbal therapy. The task given to the subjects in the present study is to repeat the words in Tamil Articulation Test followed by the Clinician. The words were recorded and further analyzed for the occurrence of phonological processes. The results show that a total of 26 phonological processes (both typical and atypical) occurred with a maximum occurrence of Depalatalization and minimally of Final Consonant Deletion. The results of the present study help in providing a better knowledge about the occurrence of phonological processes which helps the speech language pathologist in intervening hearing impaired children with cochlear implants and to improve their speech intelligibility.
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BUBNOVA, Galina I. "FRENCH SCHWA [ǝ] AT THE CROSSROADS OF LINGUISTICS, SOCIOLINGUISTICS AND NEURO-LINGUISTICS". Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, Issue №1_2023 (23 de setembro de 2023): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu-2074-1588-19-26-1-1.
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The sound [ǝ] refers to one of the most complex and variable phenomena observed in the French speech stream. One of the most important features of [ǝ] is its ability to be both a sound and an absence of sound in almost the same context, i.e. without changing the informative content of the message. The specificity of French [ǝ] also lies in the fact that it is pronounced as a labialized vowel. As a result, three rounded vowels of the front row and middle rise are pronounced in an unstressed syllable: fluent [ǝ] and harmonized [œ] and [ø]. Taking into account the acoustic and articulatory similarity of these sounds and the law of least effort, the [ǝ] ability for complete reduction could be expected to be transferred to [œ] and [ø], especially in rapid speech. Do these facts indicate the French unstressed vocalism tendency towards simplification? How is this variability tracked by the speaker while understanding and generating speech? The article summarizes empirical data (acoustic, articulatory and perceptual) on the [ǝ] variability from phonetic, sociolinguistic and neuro-linguistic studies. It highlights major challenges and open issues that should be addressed in further research.
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RESENDE, VIVIANE DE MELO, YARA MARTINELLI e ERNANI VIANA SARAIVA. "WHEN UNIVERSITY BECOMES THE ENEMY: HATE SPEECH ATTACKS ON FACEBOOK". Society Register 4, n.º 1 (25 de fevereiro de 2020): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2020.4.1.03.
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The extreme right hate speech propagated currently in Brazil addresses a broad social spectrum, from feminist movements to traditional communities. The academic community and higher education institutions are also targets, as they are identified as poles of democratic resistance. Specific hate speech towards academy in Brazil is the subject of this paper. The persecution of academic community and knowledge itself occurs through the discursive dispute especially on social networks, and thus in this analytical exercise, we looked up at Facebook’s largest bolsonarista’s group – the “Jair Bolsonaro Presidency Support Group”, which brings together 317,000 members. We analyzed the memetic discourse on the page, focusing memes that were published between April and June 2019, thematizing higher public education, and presenting a bimodal verb-visual composition. These criteria led to the collection of 115 memes analyzed with the support of a QDA package. Analysis reveals the disqualification of university institutions and their actors through ironies, negative associations including stereotypes, simplification of debate to the shallower. Students are often associated with nudity as immorality, professors of indoctrination and ridicule, protesters of ignorance, or bad character. Political debate is reduced to extreme left-right polarization, with the criminalization of the left.
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Hu, Min. "When Native Speakers Meet Non-Native Speakers: A Case Study of Foreigner Talk". Journal of Language Teaching and Research 13, n.º 4 (1 de julho de 2022): 790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1304.12.
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This study was triggered by speech modification in English overseas Chinese students encounter and find puzzling. Foreigner talk (FT) is such a type of modified speech used by native speakers (NSs) in their communication with non-native speakers (NNSs) in the form of linguistic simplification and foreigner-directed communication strategies. Based on a case study between Canadian and Chinese students, this study investigated FT through natural NS-NNS conversations and surveyed participants’ views on FT. The findings go beyond illustrating the features of FT in phonology, lexicon, syntax and discourse to unfold native and non-native speakers’ opposing views on FT, a conflict caused by NSs’ and NNSs’ different communicative goals based on communication accommodation theory (CAT), a sociolinguistic framework. This study is significant because a good understanding of this conflict, understudied by existing FT research, is vital to arousing NSs’ and NNSs’ awareness of each other’s attitudes towards FT to promote mutual understanding for effective NS-NNS communication.
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Hammoudi, Khadidja. "The urban Tlemcenian glottal stop in a prospective coma due to contact and accommodation: A cross-sectional investigation". International Journal of New Trends in Social Sciences 5, n.º 1 (30 de maio de 2021): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/ijntss.v5i1.6104.
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Although many researchers have attempted to include age as a variable in explaining linguistic variation, the delicate mechanisms via which variability in speech relates to age-grading aspect are still incomplete in especially lesser-known Arabic-speaking communities akin to Tlemcen, an urban city in Algeria. This paper aims at cross-sectionally investigating the sociolinguistic situation occurring in the Tlemcen speech community especially concerning the use of the glottal stop, an urban realisation of classical Arabic qaf. With the help of a survey interview, questionnaire and non-participant observation, data were collected from a convenient sample of 122 participants of different age cohorts and genders from Tlemcen. The results show that the dialect contact taking place in the community is moving towards aspects of koineisation, mainly levelling and simplification. Social and psychological features are said to explain the dialectal ruralisation guided by post-adolescent and young male native urban dialect speakers, while females of all ages, including old people, are strictly preservative.
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Gregová, Renáta, e Renáta Panocová. "Distinctive Features of Phonemes and First Language Acquisition by a Normally Developing Child Without Hearing Impairment: Evidence from Slovak". International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 4, n.º 4 (29 de dezembro de 2022): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v4i4.1086.
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Speech audiometry uses various types of perceptual tests for the diagnostics of hearing impairment. One of them is a matrix test (Akeroyd et al., 2015), originally prepared for adults, which fully respects the phonological rules of a language, including neutralizations of phonological oppositions based on distinctive features. The shorter version of this test, a so-called reduced matrix test, can be helpful in speech audiometry focusing on children and infants. The goal of our paper is to find out if distinctive features of phonemes are important in the process of first language acquisition. If yes, reduced matrix test aimed at children and infants can be created as a mere simplification of the matrix designed for adults (Panocová & Gregová, 2019). However, if distinctive features do not affect first language acquisition, completely new matrix has to be prepared for infants. The research was based on the longitudinal observation of two infants whose mother tongue is Slovak.
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Sinelnikova, Elena Fedorovna. "Speech of the Russian Nature Amateurs Society secretary on the simplification of scientific societies reporting forms, 1926". Петербургский исторический журнал, n.º 2 (2022): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51255/2311-603x_2022_2_157.
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Wilhelm, Csilla-Anna. "Between Simplification and Complexification. German, Hungarian, Romanian Noun and Adjective Morphologies in Contact". Journal of Language Contact 10, n.º 1 (29 de dezembro de 2017): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01001004.
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This paper explores patterns in the integration of Hungarian and Romanian nouns as well as adjectives in the German dialect of the speech community of Palota, a German Sprachinsel in North-West-Romania. The main focus of the study is on both inflectional and derivational noun and adjective morphologies and on how they behave in the case of some more or less distantly related contact languages. Based on a select number of examples from first hand data and following standard code-mixing models such as that of Muysken (2000) and Myers-Scotton’s (1993, 2002) mlf model, it establishes a typology of code-mixing morphology ranging from more matrix language-like, i.e. German-like to more embedded language-like, i.e. Hungarian- and Romanian-like patterns and bare forms, suggesting an ongoing shifting process in the local German dialect of Palota towards a fused lect (Auer 1998). In terms of linguistic complexity, the present paper argues that this language shift process favour simplification of morphology in some domains, but also complexification in some other domains, supporting the idea that languages in long-term intensive contact settings become linguistically more complex (Trudgill, 2010, 2011; Fenyvesi, 2005; de Groot, 2005, 2008).
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Poulidakis, Anastasios. "Consonant Epenthesis in Greek Child Speech: A Phonological Perspective". Open Journal for Studies in Linguistics 5, n.º 1 (31 de julho de 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsl.0501.01001p.
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In this paper a less well-studied process is discussed, namely, segmental insertion in child language. The main question of the study is why children use consonant epenthesis in their speech. Our assumptions are based on picture naming and spontaneous speech collected from four monolingual Greek-speaking children varying in age from 1;6.26 to 2;10.9. Their data reveal that it is a systematic process which helps them simplify their speech by forming unmarked structures (Oller, 1974). The position of the epenthetic segment as well as its quality are also examined. We observe that an epenthetic consonant is inserted at the left or right edge of the word in order for an unmarked CV syllable to emerge. In a few cases with cluster simplification, a consonant is inserted to the syllable that does not contain the cluster in order to maintain in number all the segments of the adult’s form. Further, the epenthetic segment, which arises in one of the two edges of the word, constitutes a full copy of a consonant located at the other edge. This interaction seems to support the view that edgemost syllables are psycholinguistically prominent positions (e.g., Pater, 1997, Smith, 2002) and children tend to pay more attention to them (Slobin, 1973). For the analysis of children’s tokens, Optimality Theory is adopted (Prince & Smolensky, 1993) and how this model can account for all the properties presented in consonant epenthesis is explained.
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de Prada Pérez, Ana. "Theoretical implications of research on bilingual subject production: The Vulnerability Hypothesis". International Journal of Bilingualism 23, n.º 2 (29 de março de 2018): 670–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918763141.
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In this paper we propose a new hypothesis for the formal analysis of cross-linguistic influence, the Vulnerability Hypothesis (VH), with the support of data from subject personal pronoun use in Spanish and Catalan in Minorca, and contrast it to the Interface Hypothesis (IH). The VH establishes a categorical–variable continuum of permeability, that is, structures that show variable distributions are permeable while those that exhibit categorical distributions are not. To test the predictions of the VH, Spanish language samples were collected from 12 monolingual Spanish speakers, 11 Spanish-dominant bilinguals, and 12 Catalan-dominant bilinguals, and Catalan language samples from 12 Catalan-dominant speakers. Following a variationist comparative analysis, 4,466 first person singular (1sg) and 1,291 third person singular (3sg) tokens were coded for speech connectivity, verb form ambiguity, and semantic verb type. The language-external variable included in the analysis was language group (Spanish monolinguals, Spanish-dominant bilinguals, Catalan-dominant bilinguals, and Catalan controls). Results indicated that speech connectivity is the highest ranked variable in the Spanish control group (most categorical variable), while ambiguity and verb type are ranked lower, with only ambiguity reaching significance. The VH would, therefore, predict bilinguals would be similar to monolinguals in the most categorical variables, in this case, speech connectivity. This is in contrast to the IH, which would predict bilinguals would exhibit difficulty with the pragmatically driven distributions (e.g. speech connectivity), while they would show no contact effects or lesser effects with distributions at the lexico-semantic interface with syntax (e.g. verb form ambiguity and verb type). The prediction of the VH bears out in our data. Bilinguals do not differ with respect to speech connectivity. Ambiguity, on the other hand, is no longer significant in the bilingual groups and verb type reaches significance with 1sg (and not with 3sg) subjects. These results are discussed, redefining the concepts of convergence and simplification from language contact research to adapt to the variationist analysis used. Simplification is specified as the reduction of lower ranked predicting variables, while convergence is defined as an increase in parallels across languages with respect to the variables that are significant, their effect size (variable ranking), and the direction of effects (constraint ranking). Regarding language group, it was not returned as significant in 1sg data. Thus, the groups did not differ in their rates of overt pronominal expression. Differences, however, emerged across groups in the 3sg data, where bilinguals used significantly more overt pronominal subjects than monolinguals do. This paper contributes to current discussions in the fields of language contact, second language acquisition, and bilingualism, introducing a new hypothesis and contrasting it with the IH. In addition, it contributes to variationist approaches by examining a novel community of bilingual speakers.
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S. Abushunar, Majd, e Radwan S. Mahadin. "An Optimality Analysis of the Morphophonemic Development of Triconsonantal Verbs of Normal Jordanian Speaking Children". International Journal of Linguistics 12, n.º 1 (18 de janeiro de 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i1.14847.
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This study carries out an analysis using the framework of Optimality Theory to investigate the acquisition of the morphophonemics of JA triconsonantal verbs. The analyzed data consist of speech samples obtained from a picture/action naming task as well as spontaneous speech collection. The sample of the study consists of 64 normally developing children who are acquiring spoken Jordanian Arabic as their mother tongue. The participants whose ages range from 2;1 to 6 years are selected randomly from different preschools in two Jordanian cities. The major findings of the study suggest that children overcome the morphological complexity of Arabic verbs by applying a number of processes, including: cluster simplification, glottalization, and truncation. The OT analysis indicates that these processes are associated with highly-ranked markedness constraints and lower-ranked faithfulness constraints in child grammar. In addition, the root/affix asymmetry triggers unmarked patterns to emerge in the affix. Finally, the results display that children’s morphophonological abilities improve with age and that the majority of children’s morphophonological processes disappear at age six years.
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Yu, Yi. "Intelligent learning assistants help oversea students ask questions". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 9 (30 de setembro de 2022): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v9i.1863.
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With the development of the economy and the advancement of technology, as well as the positive effects of economic globalization, more and more students are choosing to study abroad. However, for overseas students who are not very fluent in language communication, it will be troublesome, not only for the understanding of the lesson, but also in the communication with the instructors and professors there are great obstacles, in order to stimulate the economy of study abroad, in order to make the students have less difficulties with the teachers in academic research, to achieve the real sense of barrier-free communication, and to improve the academic performance, we use automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology as a template and basic framework. In order to stimulate the economy of study abroad and to make it less difficult for students to communicate with teachers in academic research and to improve their academic performance, we designed an application for automatic speech recognition and language conversion language simplification by using ASR as a template and a basic framework, respectively.
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Shears, Peter. "The Consumer Rights Bill 2013 and Other Stories". European Business Law Review 24, Issue 4 (1 de agosto de 2013): 437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2013023.
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Consumer Law in the UK has '"growed like Topsy". It has been decided by our current government that now is the time for a clearing up, a clarification and a simplification. There is also a EU Directive to be implemented. So here it comes, the Consumer Rights Bill. The government officials have already been told that their plans would need a Bill of about 400 clauses and that if they really mean business they should propose one of about 50. So we anticipate a short Bill and a lot of secondary legislation. In the Queen's Speech on the 8th of May we were promised a draft Bill. It is thought that this may appear later in the summer. This article considers some of their agenda items.
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Keshavarz, Mohammad Hossein. "Forms of address in post-revolutionary Iranian Persian: A sociolinguistic analysis". Language in Society 17, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1988): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500013105.
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ABSTRACTThe sudden shift from power to solidarity in Iran in the face of the sociopolitical upheaval in the country has yielded some interesting changes in the forms of address in Persian. In general, since the Islamic Revolution of 1979, forms of address in Persian have undergone a sociolinguistic simplification. In post-revolutionary Iran plain speech and forms of address marking solidarity have gained popularity, whereas asymmetrical forms reflecting the complex social class structure of pre-revolutionary Iran have gradually declined. This article gives a sociolinguistic account of the forms of address in present-day Iranian Persian and documents the impact of the revolution on this aspect of the Persian language. (Sociopolitical change, language change, forms of address, politeness systems, Iranian Persian)
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Nikolova, Nadka. "LANGUAGE DEMOCRATIZATION AND LANGUAGE CULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PUBLIC SPEECH". Ezikov Svyat volume 18 issue 2, ezs.swu.v18i2 (30 de junho de 2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v18i2.2.
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This article deals with the democratization of the Bulgarian literary language, interpreted in its four aspects: social, functional, personal and interstructural. Pseudodemocratization processes and trends are discussed and a number of examples are given. The general conclusion is that, in its overall development, the modern literary language is undoubtedly democratized, and this is a long-standing trend whose aim was, and should continue to be, to raise the demos to the literary language in the future. Standardology experts’ modern assessment of the normalisation and codification of modern literary language is that they are extremely democratized in every respect: in terms of spelling, form and word usage, and spelling. In retrospect, changes have been made progressively and without turmoil, with public debate towards the democratization of the literary language according to the four commentary criteria although they were not consciously or explicitly stated. A really important task for the Bulgarian codifiers today, however, is to find the mechanisms that will protect the Bulgarian language community from pseudo-democratization from the false notion that everything is allowed, that democratization has a utilitarian side, but is not in simplification. The task of the modern codifier, in other words, is not to lower the codification to the demos, but rather to raise the demos to it
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Pavlyk, Volodymyr. "RHETORIC OF THE FEDERAL PRESIDENT OF GERMANY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR: STYLISTIC AND TRANSLATION ASPECT". Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, n.º 17(85) (22 de junho de 2023): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2023-17(85)-138-142.
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The article describes extralingual factors, functionally-communicative features, stylistic means and ways of their translation in the historic keynote speech of the Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier “Strengthening everything that connects us”, delivered by him on October 28, 2022. Information policy concerns all public spheres. It preconditions functioning of the social system. Change of ideas makes provision for a change in political public rhetorics as culturally accepted logic of progression of events. Rhetorics unite people emotionally, creating their identity. Texts carrying the main rhetorics in the course of the war can be called ones of the main constituents of the process of strategic communications. Texts of political speeches of the politicians during the Russian-Ukrainian war are basic factors of creation of rhetorics of this war within the societies addressed by them. The basis of their impact on the audience is the complex of stylistic tonality creation. Stylistic tonality is the text category which embodies the concentration of expressive means used by the author in their speech activity with the purpose of representation of the essence of the subject matter and their personal attitude to it. The stylistic tonality of a text is created based on the functionally-communicative features – invariant features of the texts which are based on its extralingual constituents and are called for simplification of their reveal in the text, which is the task of the addresser. They serve as mediators between the extralinguistics of the text and its linguistic implementation. The main functionally-communicative features of the speech by the Federal President are “evaluativity” and “inventivity”. Stylistic tonality of the text is characterized by the usage of metaphors, epithets, antitheses and an anaphor, as a kind of distant repetition. The most effective translation transformations of Ukrainian translation of the analysed political speech are in-context substitution, word-for-word translation, selection of variant equivalent, substantiation, omission, substitution of one part of speech with a word of another part of speech.
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Kuhberg, Heinz. "Longitudinal L2-attrition versus L2-acquisition, in three Turkish children- empirical findings". Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 8, n.º 2 (junho de 1992): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839200800203.
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The attrition of German in two Turkish girls (seven and nine years old), previously resident in Germany, was observed in Turkey. The attrition was compared to the L2-acquisition of German of a Turkish boy aged 11. Attrition did not set in immediately. In the second stage, after six months, slower speech, hesitation and free morpheme code-switching to Turkish due to lexical attrition, particularly in verbs, indicated its onset. Basic grammatic al categories were involved in the third stage. Bound morpheme code- switching became the predominant pattern. Basic syntactic patterns of German were retained longest. Attrition was largely a mirror-image of acquisition. Simplification, overgeneralization and over-regularization were strikingly similar in both sets of data. Code-switching turned out to be developmentally systematic, and even 'grammaticalized' in the final stages.