Bibliografias temáticas / Spectroscopie non destructive

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Spectroscopie non destructive"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 23 de novembro de 2024
Última modificação: 7 de julho de 2025

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Spectroscopie non destructive"

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Bergmann, Uwe, Rafaella Georgiou, Pierre Gueriau, Jean-Pascal Rueff, and Loïc Bertrand. "Nouvelles spectroscopies Raman X du carbone pour les matériaux anciens." Reflets de la physique, no. 63 (October 2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/refdp/201963022.

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L’identification des composés à base de carbone, bien que difficile, est une source d’information essentielle dans de nombreuses études archéologiques et paléontologiques. La diffusion Raman de rayons X est une méthode de spectroscopie sur synchrotron qui permet d’identifier des signatures organiques, de retracer l’origine chimique des systèmes étudiés et de comprendre l’altération des composés organiques dans le temps. Cette technique, conduite de manière non destructive, dans l’air, avec une sensibilité en profondeur afin de fournir des informations non compromises par la contamination superficielle, surmonte ainsi plusieurs contraintes fondamentales à la caractérisation des matériaux organiques anciens.
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VUILLEMIN, Jerôme. "Le cryptoméria de La Réunion (Cryptomeria japonica) : durabilité naturelle face aux champignons basidiomycètes et aux termites, et apports de la spectroscopie proche infrarouge dans la prédiction de ses caractéristiques." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 358 (December 25, 2023): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2023.358.a37418.

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Le cryptoméria (Cryptomeria japonica) est la seule essence de bois locale exploitable dans la construction à La Réunion. Cependant, sa durabilité variable face aux champignons basidiomycètes et aux termites constitue un frein au déploiement de son utilisation locale, où les conditions climatiques sont particulièrement favorables à la dégradation des matériaux biosourcés.
 Cette thèse a consisté à déterminer avec précision la durabilité naturelle de cette essence face à deux espèces de champignons ubiquistes basidiomycètes (Rhodonia placenta et Coniophora puteana) et deux espèces de termites (Coptotermes gestroi de La Réunion et Reticulitermes flavipes de France continentale), en réalisant un très large échantillonnage. À titre comparatif, du pin sylvestre (faiblement durable), du Red cedar (durable), ainsi que des bardages en cryptoméria exposés à La Réunion depuis 7 ans ont été testés dans les mêmes conditions, délavés ou non, et soumis aux organismes lignivores selon les protocoles normalisés européens en vigueur. En complément, la spectroscopie proche infra-rouge, couplée à la chimiométrie, est utilisée afin de prédire la durabilité face aux champignons basidiomycètes.
 Les résultats obtenus confirment la sensibilité du cryptoméria vis à vis des termites et attestent d’une très forte variabilité de la durabilité du cryptoméria face aux champignons. Les dispositions prévues dans la norme EN 350 (2016) ne permettent pas de classer cette essence car les valeurs de perte de masse (due à la dégradation des champignons) se répartissent dans les 5 classes de durabilité allant de « très durable » à « non durable ».
 Le délavage et le vieillissement naturel permettent de mieux appréhender la performance du cryptoméria et le classer « faiblement durable à non durable ». Le délavage n’a pas d’influence sur les performances du Red cedar et du pin sylvestre, lesquels restent classés « durable » et « faiblement durable » respectivement.
 La spectroscopie proche infra-rouge est finalement un outil performant pour la prédiction de la durabilité naturelle de ces essences face aux champignons. À l’aide de notre modèle robuste, cet outil prédictif contribuera à une utilisation optimale du cryptoméria en permettant une évaluation non-destructive de la durabilité de ce bois dans le but d’assurer une performance optimale, en particulier en zone ultramarine tropicale.
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León, L., and A. Gracia. "Non-destructive assessment of olive fruit ripening by portable near infrared spectroscopy." Grasas y Aceites 62, no. 3 (2011): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.089610.

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Lu, Yuzhen, and Renfu Lu. "Non-Destructive Defect Detection of Apples by Spectroscopic and Imaging Technologies: A Review." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 5 (2017): 1765–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12431.

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Abstract. Apples are susceptible to a wide range of defects that can occur in the orchard and during the post-harvest period. Detection of these defects by non-destructive sensing techniques is of great importance for the apple industry and has been an intensive research topic over the past two decades. This review presents an overview of common defects in apples, encompassing physiological disorders, mechanical damage, pathological disorders, and contamination. Presented and discussed in this review is research progress on the detection of defects in apples using various non-destructive spectroscopic and imaging techniques, including visible/near-infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging, monochromatic and color imaging, hyperspectral and multispectral imaging, x-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, thermal imaging, time-resolved and spatially resolved spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, biospeckle imaging, and structured-illumination reflectance imaging. This review concludes with remarks on the prospects of these techniques and research needs in the future. Keywords: Apples, Defects, Imaging, Non-destructive detection, Quality, Safety, Spectroscopy.
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Mac, Hoa Xuan, Thanh Tung Pham, Nga Thi Thanh Ha, Lien Le Phuong Nguyen, László Baranyai, and László Friedrich. "Current Techniques for Fruit Juice and Wine Adulterant Detection and Authentication." Beverages 9, no. 4 (2023): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages9040084.

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Fruit juice and wine are important beverages that are consumed all over the world. Due to their constantly increasing demand and high value, fruit juice and wine are one of the most frequent targets of adulteration. Since adulterated foods are proven to have harmful effects on health, several approaches have been utilized for the detection of fruit juice and wine adulteration. Based on the requirement for sample destruction, analytical techniques to assess food authenticity can be classified into 2 main categories, i.e., destructive and non-destructive techniques. This paper provides an overview on the principle of adulteration detection, its application and performance, and the advantages and limitations of various analytical techniques. Destructive approaches, such as physicochemical methods, isotope analysis, elemental analysis, chromatographic techniques, and DNA-based techniques, are reviewed. Furthermore, non-destructive approaches, including spectroscopic-based techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic technique, electronic techniques, and imaging-based techniques, are discussed.
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Gatta, Giacomo Diego, Ilaria Adamo, Andrea Zullino, et al. "A Multi-Methodological Investigation of Natural and Synthetic Red Beryl Gemstones." Minerals 12, no. 4 (2022): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12040439.

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In this study, we report the experimental findings of a multi-methodological and comparative investigation of a natural (from the Wah Wah Mountains of Beaver County, Utah) and three synthetic (hydrothermally grown) gem-quality red beryls by means of: gemmological standard testing, laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectroscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible–near infrared absorption spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Gemmological, crystallo-chemical, and spectroscopic features of the natural and synthetic stones enabled us to unveil the causes of their color (from red, to purplish-red, or orange-red) and how different and complementary techniques can be efficiently used to discriminate between natural and synthetic materials, based on non-destructive, micro-destructive, and destructive techniques.
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Yadav, Vijay Kumar, Kriti Nigam, and Ankit Srivastava. "Forensic investigation of arson residue by infrared and Raman spectroscopy: From conventional to non-destructive techniques." Medicine, Science and the Law 60, no. 3 (2020): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420914807.

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Arson can result in highly challenging and complicated crime scenes. Much physical evidence undergoes chemical degradation because of the destructive nature of fire, while accelerants either completely burn or evaporate, and may be present in traces within any of the decomposed materials. To identify the original material and the accelerant involved, it is necessary to use advanced analytical techniques. Gas chromatography, with different detectors, is one of the most frequently used instruments in fire debris and accelerant analysis. Among other instruments, capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced thermal desorption Fourier transform mass spectrometry are two major contributors. Vibrational spectroscopy, including infrared absorption and Raman scattering, is one of the major non-destructive tools for the analysis of evidence because of its advantages over other spectroscopic techniques. Most studies involving vibrational spectroscopy (i.e. infrared and Raman spectroscopy) have focused on the identification of commonly found household materials, while very few studies have considered the identification of ignitable liquids. This article reviews studies based on an analysis of fire debris and accelerants by vibrational spectroscopic techniques and considers the limitations and future perspectives of arson investigations in forensic science.
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Bicchieri, Marina, Michela Monti, Giovanna Piantanida, Flavia Pinzari, and Armida Sodo. "Non-destructive spectroscopic characterization of parchment documents." Vibrational Spectroscopy 55, no. 2 (2011): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2010.12.006.

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Pandiselvam, Ravi, Rathnakumar Kaavya, Sergio I. Martinez Monteagudo, et al. "Contemporary Developments and Emerging Trends in the Application of Spectroscopy Techniques: A Particular Reference to Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)." Molecules 27, no. 10 (2022): 3250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103250.

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The number of food frauds in coconut-based products is increasing due to higher consumer demands for these products. Rising health consciousness, public awareness and increased concerns about food safety and quality have made authorities and various other certifying agencies focus more on the authentication of coconut products. As the conventional techniques for determining the quality attributes of coconut are destructive and time-consuming, non-destructive testing methods which are accurate, rapid, and easy to perform with no detrimental sampling methods are currently gaining importance. Spectroscopic methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR)spectroscopy, mid-infrared (MIR)spectroscopy, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy (RS) are gaining in importance for determining the oxidative stability of coconut oil, the adulteration of oils, and the detection of harmful additives, pathogens, and toxins in coconut products and are also employed in deducing the interactions in food constituents, and microbial contaminations. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis on the various spectroscopic techniques along with different chemometric approaches for the successful authentication and quality determination of coconut products. The manuscript was prepared by analyzing and compiling the articles that were collected from various databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and ScienceDirect. The spectroscopic techniques in combination with chemometrics were shown to be successful in the authentication of coconut products. RS and NMR spectroscopy techniques proved their utility and accuracy in assessing the changes in coconut oil’s chemical and viscosity profile. FTIR spectroscopy was successfully utilized to analyze the oxidation levels and determine the authenticity of coconut oils. An FT-NIR-based analysis of various coconut samples confirmed the acceptable levels of accuracy in prediction. These non-destructive methods of spectroscopy offer a broad spectrum of applications in food processing industries to detect adulterants. Moreover, the combined chemometrics and spectroscopy detection method is a versatile and accurate measurement for adulterant identification.
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Dold, Jasmin, Caroline Kehr, Clarissa Hollmann, and Horst-Christian Langowski. "Non-Destructive Measuring Systems for the Evaluation of High Oxygen Stored Poultry: Development of Headspace Gas Composition, Sensory and Microbiological Spoilage." Foods 11, no. 4 (2022): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11040592.

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As poultry is known to be a perishable food, the use-by date is set in such a way that food safety is guaranteed even with a higher initial bacterial count. This means, however, that some products are wasted, even if they are still safe to eat. Therefore, non-destructive measurement devices might be a good opportunity for individual shelf-life prediction, e.g., in retail. The aim of this study was therefore to use non-destructive measurement devices based on fluorescence quenching (oxygen detection) and mid-infrared laser spectroscopy (carbon dioxide detection) for the monitoring of high-oxygen-packed poultry in different storage conditions. During 15 days of storage, the gas composition of the headspace was assessed (non-destructively and destructively), while total plate count was monitored and a comprehensive sensory evaluation was performed by a trained panel. We were able to demonstrate that in most cases, non-destructive devices have comparable precision to destructive devices. For both storage conditions, the sensory attribute slime was correlated with reaching the critical microbiological value of 107 CFU/g; the attribute buttery was also useful for the prediction of regularly stored poultry. The change in the gas atmosphere as a sign of premature spoilage, however, was only possible for samples stored in irregular conditions.
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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Spectroscopie non destructive"

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Yamni, Khalid. "Methodes de caracterisation non destructive du quartz alpha et des grenats." Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA2037.

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L'etude entreprise a pour objectif la mise au point de methodes non destructives pour la qualification de composes monocristallins. Elle porte principalement sur deux materiaux: d'une part, les grenats qui sont utilises en bijouterie pour leur qualite de gemmes et, d'autre part, le quartz qui est utilise en metrologie pour ses proprietes piezoelectriques. Pour le quartz, une etude systematique de l'effet de l'electromigration sur le quartz de synthese a ete realisee. Ainsi l'application de differentes techniques telles que la spectrometrie infrarouge, la topographie par transmission de rayons x, le comptage de canaux d'attaque et l'analyse chimique par icp, ont permis de caracteriser le materiau avant et apres electromigration. Dans ce materiau, la formation des centres paramagnetiques au cours de ce traitement est largement discutee. L'application de methodes telles que l'absorption laser et la resonance paramagnetique electronique couplees a l'infrarouge ont permis de suivre cette formation au cours d'irradiation gamma par application de doses successives controlees et de proposer un mode de dosage de ces centres. En ce qui concerne le grenat, l'exploitation des donnees spectroscopiques ainsi que les resultats de l'analyse chimique a permis la creation de modeles mathematiques. Grace a des methodes de calibrations multivariees, la classification, la composition chimique et le parametre de maille d'un grenat ont pu etre calcules a partir des spectres de reflexion diffuse. L'application de ces calibrations multivariees au spectre de transmissions du quartz ont permis un premier pas dans le calcul du taux d'impuretes contenues dans ce materiau
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Ciapponi, Alessandra. "Caractérisation non-destructive des phénomènes d’endommagement laser dans les composants optiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30002.

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Les composants optiques utilisés dans le domaine de la photonique de puissance sont soumis à des densités d'énergie de plus en plus importantes, ce qui peut conduire à leur endommagement. Les causes de ce phénomène en régime nanoseconde sont le plus souvent liées à l'existence de centres précurseurs de l'endommagement. Une approche destructive, permet d'obtenir des informations sur le seuil de claquage et sur la densité de ces précurseurs. Cependant, cette méthode d'analyse ne peut pas directement fournir des informations sur l'interaction laser-matière et sur la nature des centres précurseurs. Pour obtenir ces informations, il est donc nécessaire d'utiliser des techniques permettant d'analyser le matériau irradié avant la rupture. Le premier diagnostic développé permet de mesurer la luminescence couplée aux tests de tenue au flux. La deuxième technique employée pour la caractérisation des échantillons est la déflection photothermique qui donne accès à l'absorption (non radiative) dans le matériau. Cette étude a été appliquée au cas des cristaux non linéaires de KDP (KH2PO4) et des couches minces optiques de hafnia (HfO2) déposées avec différentes techniques. En combinant l'ensemble des diagnostics sur ces matériaux, il a été possible d'établir des corrélations permettant d'améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes conduisant au claquage<br>In the domain of high-power photonics, laser-induced damage of optical components is an important limitation for the development of optical systems. In the nano second regime, this phenomenon is caused by the interaction between laser and damage precursors. Two types of characterization are possible in order to understand the underlying mechanisms. First, the well established destructive approach gives us information on the laser-induced damage threshold and on the density of defects. Second, a non-destructive approach that provides information on the interaction between light and matter and on the physical and chemical nature of the damage precursors. The aim of this work is to develop a tool for non-destructive analysis adapted to the phenomenon of laser induced damage. We developed an optical setup for photoluminescence spectroscopy which is integrated in a destructive laser damage setup. A photothermal de ection microscope has also been employed to characterize the samples. These tools are used on KDP crystals and HFO2 optical coatings. Complementary information are obtained by these experiments and correlations with destructive results will be shown
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Thoury, Mathieu. "Identification non-destructive des vernis des oeuvres d'art par fluorescence UV." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00164825.

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Depuis des siècles, les vernis apposés sur des œuvres anciennes sont constitués de résines naturelles. Ceux-ci se dégradent au cours du temps et modifient l'aspect visuel de l'œuvre. Les restaurateurs doivent donc alléger la couche de vernis à l'aide de solvants choisis selon la nature du vernis et n'altérant pas la couche picturale. L'identification des vernis est donc essentielle pour le choix solvant. Elle était, jusqu'ici obtenue par des analyses chimiques faites à partir de prélèvements. A l'aide de la fluorescence UV, nous avons développé une technique d'identification non-destructive des vernis, réalisable in-situ et donnant des résultats en temps réel. Cette méthode s'appuie sur la comparaison du spectre de fluorescence d'un vernis inconnu avec ceux d'une base de données de vernis de référence récents, vieillis artificiellement ou naturellement. Des exemples de reconnaissance des vernis sur plusieurs œuvres d'art du patrimoine sont présentés. Parallèlement, la séparation et l'identification des principaux fluorophores contenus au sein des résines ont été réalisées par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse utilisant l'ionisation par électrospray.
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Papillaud, Matthieu. "Contribution au développement de méthodes d'étalonnage à la spectroscopie Terahertz sur des produits biologiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20194/document.

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Ce manuscrit traite de l'étude métrologique d'un spectromètre Terahertrz (THz), de la caractérisation et de la quantification de produits pulvérulents par spectroscopie THz. Le sujet a été orienté afin de fournir les études préliminaires nécessaires à une thématique visant la détection de pesticides sur les aliments, à savoir la caractérisation métrologique de l'appareil (études de répétabilité, sensibilité...) ainsi que la faisabilité de la quantification de produits et l'application de méthodes chimiométriques lors du prétraitement des spectres. La thèse est ordonnée autour de trois publications. La première publication consiste en une revue de littérature servant à faire le point sur les applications concrètes existant en spectroscopie THz. La seconde porte sur la première partie de notre travail, à savoir la caractérisation métrologique du spectromètre THz sur lequel nous avons effectué nos mesures. Enfin, la troisième porte sur l'aspect quantification de la spectroscopie THz et la possibilité d'appliquer les mêmes principes et techniques chimiométriques qu'en spectroscopie infrarouge<br>This manuscript concerns the metrological study of a Terahertz (THz) spectrometer, the characterization and the quantification of powder products by THz spectroscopy. The subject has been aimed to give preliminary analysis to a wider thematic of pesticides detection on aliments, which implies the metrological characterization of the device (repeatability, sensitivity...) and the quantification feasibility of these products and the application of chemometrics methods for spectral pretreatment. The thesis is organized around three publications. The first publication is a literature review, which aims to list but a few of the concrete applications of THz spectroscopy. The second one concerns the metrological characterization of the THz spectrometer we worked on. Lastly, the third one deals with the quantification aspect of THz spectroscopy and the possibility of using the same principles and chemometrics techniques that are used in infrared spectroscopy
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Abboud, Boufeldja. "Contribution à la détection non destructive par micro-ondes des discontinuités dans les matériaux." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10264.

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Ce travail concerne l'etude d'une technique micro-onde non destructive pour la detection des discontinuites dans les materiaux dielectriques simples ou composites. Cette methode utilise un reflectometre monte sur un guide d'ondes rectangulaire en bande x. Elle repose sur l'analyse, dynamique et dans le plan complexe, des signatures representatives des defectuosites situees au sein d'un solide. Le premier chapitre est consacre a l'etude de la reflexion par les materiaux dielectriques et metalliques. Au deuxieme chapitre, sont traites les systemes de detection utilisant la reflectometrie, pour localiser les inhomogeneites dans les materiaux. On donne le principe de fonctionnement de chaque systeme et on definit les limites de son application. On decrit, au chapitre 3, le principe de fonctionnement du dispositif temporel compact concu et realise, pouvant operer d'une facon autonome sur site. On detaille ensuite l'etude et la realisation de divers emetteur-recepteurs permettant le balayage de la surface accessible du materiau teste. La derniere partie porte sur la modelisation de la ser de la defectuosite par une methode simple reposant sur la subdivision de celle-ci en cellules surfaciques elementaires. Plusieurs tests experimentaux ont ete effectues sur des defauts types usines sur du plexiglas, des fissures realisees sur de l'aluminium et du fer ainsi que des inhomogeneites dans du beton ; ceci pour valider la fiabilite de l'appareil et conforter les resultats de la simulation
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Daumet, Jérôme. "Application de la spectrométrie à l'étude non destructive de défauts dans les cristaux : Quartz, grenat, beryl." Besançon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BESA2035.

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La spectrometrie dans le domaine allant de l'ultraviolet a l'infrarouge rend possible la caracterisation de la plupart des defauts presents dans les cristaux. Dans notre etude ce procede d'observation a ete applique sur trois types de materiaux: le quartz, le grenat et le beryl incluant les emeraudes, ce qui nous a permis: 1) de determiner l'origine naturelle ou de synthese pour le quartz et l'emeraude; 2) d'observer la presence et l'influence des elements de transitions et des differentes impuretes presentes dans tous les cristaux etudies; 3) d'etudier les deux types de l'eau presents dans les beryls; 4) de suivre l'evolution de la couleur en fonction de la temperature durant le chauffage de quartz colores. Pour chacun des cristaux, ayant obtenu les resultats des analyses chimiques, nous avons etabli une correlation entre ces resultats et ceux observes par la spectrometrie. En utilisant seulement la spectrometrie nous avons montre que ce procede est tres puissant et non destructif pour les identifications gemmo-logiques et pour les etudes preliminaires des cristaux utilises dans les applications electroniques
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Jbara, Omar. "Caracterisation non destructive des revetements superficiels : application du formalisme auger a la microanalyse par spectroscopie d'emission x." Reims, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REIMS004.

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L'objet de l'etude concerne la caracterisation des revetements superficiels par emission x sous bombardement electronique (sonde de castaing). La methode preconisee permet de determiner localement la composition elementaire des revetements et leur epaisseur, ceci de facon non destructive. Au cours de cette etude nous avons utilise un formalisme derive de la spectroscopie auger pour expliquer la linearite entre les signaux caracteristiques emis par le revetement et son epaisseur et nous avons discute les limites d'application de ce formalisme. Cette caracterisation necessite des temoins stratifies d'epaisseurs connues. La precision sur les epaisseurs, souvent limitee par la statistique de comptage peut etre meilleure que 5%. L'obtention d'images caracteristiaue de comptage peut etre meilleure que 5%. L'obtention d'images caracteristique par balayage de la sonde combinee a une interpretation basee sur le formalisme auger nous a permis de realiser et de quantifier une profilometrie non destructive des revetements superficiels. La technique des diagrammes de correlation "scatter diagram" appliquee pour la premiere fois a de tels revetements, permet d'avoir des cartographies specifiques non seulement des differentes phases chimiques composant l'echantillon mais aussi des cartographies specifiques de l'epaisseur de ces revetements. La gamme des epaisseurs analysables s'etend du domaine accessible aux techniques d'analyse des surfaces (i. E. Aes) soit 5 nm ou moins jusqu'a la fraction du micrometre avec une resolution laterale inferieure au micron
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Latchoumane, Lorraine. "Recherche d'une méthode non destructive d'analyse de la présence de taches noires de l'ananas pour l'exportation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LARE0006.

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L’interaction hôte-pathogènes à l’origine de la maladie FCR de l’ananas représente un enjeu économique important pour l’île de La Réunion puisqu’elle affecte le cultivar ‘Queen Victoria’, qui y est particulièrement sensible. Pour se défaire de cette contrainte et proposer des fruits indemnes de la maladie FCR aux consommateurs locaux, régionaux et internationaux, une solution serait de détecter les ananas infectés naturellement par des approches non-destructives applicables en post-récolte. Les recherches menées au cours de cette thèse ont participé à une compréhension approfondie des modifications biochimiques et des mécanismes de défense développés par l’ananas en cas d’attaque par les agents pathogènes responsables de la maladie FCR. Les analyses métabolomiques (LC-MS et GC-MS) ont permis de confirmer les reconfigurations qui touchent certains métabolites au niveau de la zone d’infection (dérivés d’acides hydroxycinnamiques et hydroxybenzoïques), et de révéler l’implication d’autres métabolites dont les teneurs sont localement modifiées dans les tissus internes et externes de l’ananas (oses, acides aminés). Par ailleurs, ces travaux ont surtout mis en évidence le déploiement d’une réponse systémique au sein de l’ananas, à travers des variations métaboliques touchant à la fois les fruits simples infectés et asymptomatiques (AABA, pipecolate, proline). Les approches spectroscopiques (FFFS et Vis-NIRS) ont permis d’établir qu’une réponse à l’infection est effectivement décelable par ces techniques, grâce à des différences de signatures spectrales entre les ananas infectés et sains. La FFFS a conduit à la discrimination d’échantillons d’ananas sur la base de leurs différences de composition enfluorophores. Les spectres acquis en Vis-NIR sur la peau d’ananas entiers ont également permis de classer les fruits simples sains et infectés, et dans une moindre mesure les fruits simples asymptomatiques. De plus, une corrélation a été établie entre la sévérité de l’infection et le spectre recueilli, montrant que la réponse systémique liée à la maladie FCR est détectableextérieurement. Par ailleurs, une méthode de fusion de données a révélé l’avantage de classerdes échantillons d’ananas sains et infectés en combinant différentes techniques analytiques. Les modèles ont été optimisés en utilisant les données de LC-MS et FFFS pour discriminer leséchantillons de pulpe, tandis que les données de Vis-NIRS suffisent pour classer au mieux leséchantillons de peau. En conclusion, les approches conjointes de métabolomique et de spectroscopie révèlent la complexité des réponses biochimiques qui se produisent lors de l’infection FCR, et démontrent ainsi l’intérêt de poursuivre les recherches afin d’exploiter le potentiel des techniques non-destructives dans la détection de maladie et les rendre accessible aux acteurs des filières agro-industrielles<br>The host-pathogen interaction responsible for pineapple FCR disease represents an important economic issue for Reunion Island since it affects the cultivar 'Queen Victoria', which is particularly susceptible. To overcome this limitation and offer FCR disease-free pineapples to local, regional and international consumers, one solution would be to detect naturally infected pineapples by non-destructive approaches applicable in post-harvest. The research conducted during this thesis contributed to a thorough understanding of the biochemical changes and defense mechanisms developed by pineapples when attacked by the pathogens causing FCR infection.Metabolomics (LC-MS and GC-MS) confirmed the reconfigurations affecting some metabolites at the site of infection (hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives), and revealed the involvement of other metabolites whose contents are locally altered in the internal and external tissues of the pineapple (oses, amino acids). Furthermore, this work has highlighted the establishment of a systemic response within pineapples, through metabolic variations affecting both infected and asymptomatic fruitlets (AABA, pipecolate, proline). Spectroscopic approaches (FFFS and Vis-NIRS) demonstrated that a response to the fungal infection is indeed detectable by these techniques through differences in spectral signatures between infected and healthy pineapples. FFFS enabled the discrimination of fruit samples based on their differences in fluorophore content. Vis-NIR spectra acquired on intact pineapple skin also allowed classifying healthy and infected fruitlets, and to a lesser extent asymptomatic ones. Moreover, a correlation was noticed between the severity of infection and the spectrum collected, indicating that the systemic response related to FCR disease is externally detectable. Furthermore, a data fusion method revealed the advantage of classifying healthy and infected pineapple samples by combining different analytical techniques. Models were optimized using LC-MS and FFFS datasets to discriminate pulp samples, while Vis-NIRS dataset was sufficient to best classify skin samples. To conclude, the joint metabolomics and spectroscopy approaches reveal the complexity of the biochemical responses that occur during FCR infection, and thereby demonstrate the interest of pursuing further research to exploit the full potential of nondestructive techniques in disease detection and to make them accessible to agro-industrial actors
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9

Sougrati, Moulay Tahar. "Corrosion atmosphérique des bronzes et spectroscopie Mössbauer." Phd thesis, Rouen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUES034.

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Afin d'améliorer la compréhension de la corrosion atmosphérique des bronzes, nous avons mis en oeuvre : - La caractérisation des composés d'étain, susceptibles d'être formés en corrosion atmosphérique, par une approche multi-analytique, la spectroscopie Mössbauer joue un rôle central (analyse sélective et quantitative). Les paramètres hyperfins et les facteurs Lamb-Mössbauer de plusieurs oxydes, sulfates et chlorures d'étain ont été déterminés. Les facteurs f sont dispersés et dépendants de température, montrant la nécessité de l'analyse à basse température. - Le développement d'un détecteur CEMS associant basse température et analyse non-destructive de surface : le dispositif a été mis en point entre 41 et 300 K. Les principaux paramètres affectant ses performances ont été étudiés et optimisés. - La réalisation d'une campagne d'exposition de 2 ans en site urbain de CuSn9, CuSn3Zn9, CuZn33 et leurs métaux purs. Les vitesses de corrosion ont été déterminées ainsi que les quantités de métaux entraînés par les eaux de pluie du fait de la solubilisation des produits de corrosion<br>The aim of this work is to improve our understanding of the atmospheric corrosion of bronzes. This work focuses on three axes: - The characterization of tin compounds expected in atmospheric corrosion. The Mössbauer spectroscopy which has been the main tool in our multianalytical approach, allows selective and quantitative analysis. The Mössbauer parameters and f-factors have been determined for many tin oxides, chlorides and sulfates. The f-factors are different from a compound to another and highly T-dependent which justify low temperature Mössbauer measurements. - The development of a low temperature CEMS detector to permit low temperature and non-destructive surface analysis. The detector operation has been optimized for various gases between 41 and 300 K. - The 2-years outdoor exposure in an urban site including CuSn9, CuSn3Zn9 bronzes, CuZn33 brass and pure metals. The corrosion and runoff rates have been investigated as well as the role of alloying elements in corrosion process
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10

Sougrati, Moulay Tahar. "Corrosion atmosphérique des bronzes et Spectroscopie Mössbauer." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00347816.

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Afin d'améliorer la compréhension de la corrosion atmosphérique des bronzes, nous avons mis en oeuvre : - La caractérisation des composés d'étain, susceptibles d'être formés en corrosion atmosphérique, par une approche multi-analytique, la spectroscopie Mössbauer joue un rôle central (analyse sélective et quantitative). Les paramètres hyperfins et les facteurs Lamb-Mössbauer de plusieurs oxydes, sulfates et chlorures d'étain ont été déterminés. Les facteurs f sont dispersés et dépendants de température, montrant la nécessité de l'analyse à basse température. - Le développement d'un détecteur CEMS associant basse température et analyse non-destructive de surface : le dispositif a été mis en point entre 41 et 300 K. Les principaux paramètres affectant ses performances ont été étudiés et optimisés. - La réalisation d'une campagne d'exposition de 2 ans en site urbain de CuSn9, CuSn3Zn9, CuZn33 et leurs métaux purs. Les vitesses de corrosion ont été déterminées ainsi que les quantités de métaux entraînés par les eaux de pluie du fait de la solubilisation des produits de corrosion.
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Livros sobre o assunto "Spectroscopie non destructive"

1

Baldev, Raj. Non-destructive testing of welds. Narosa Pub. House, 2000.

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2

A, Janssens Koen H., and Grieken R. van, eds. Non-destructive micro analysis of cultural heritage materials. Elsevier, 2004.

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3

Miller, James G. Quantitative non-destructive evaluation of composite materials based on ultrasonic wave propagation: Semiannual progress report, March 15, 1986 - September 14, 1986. Washington University, Dept. of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrasonics, 1986.

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4

Center, Langley Research, ed. Quantitative non-destructive evaluation of composite materials based on ultrasonic wave propagation: Semiannual progress report, March 15, 1985 - September 15, 1985. Washington University, Dept. of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrasonics, 1985.

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5

Center, Langley Research, ed. Quantitative non-destructive evaluation of composite materials based on ultrasonic wave propagation: Semiannual progress report, March 15, 1985 - September 15, 1985. Washington University, Dept. of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrasonics, 1985.

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6

Miller, James G. Quantitative non-destructive evaluation of composite materials based on ultrasonic wave propagation: Semiannual progress report March 15, 1985 - September 15, 1985. Washington University, Laboratory for Ultrasonics, 1985.

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7

1974-, Sakalis A. (Anastasios), Tsiaphakē, D. S. (Despoina S.), and Tsirliganis N. (Nestor Constantinos), eds. Thapsos-class ware reconsidered: The case of Achaea in the northern Peloponnese : pottery workshop or pottery style? : non destructive elemental ceramic analysis from Achaea using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (m-XRF). Archaeopress, 2011.

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8

Humphries, Larry L. Non-destructive testing of materials with the Differential Gamma Scattering Spectroscopy (DGSS) technique. 1989.

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9

Quantitative non-destructive evaluation of composite materials based on ultrasonic wave propagation: Semiannual progress report, March 15, 1986 - September 14, 1986. Washington University, Dept. of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrasonics, 1986.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Spectroscopie non destructive"

1

Grosse, Christian U., Anne Jüngert, and Philipp Jatzlau. "Local Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy." In Handbook of Advanced Non-Destructive Evaluation. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30050-4_21-1.

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2

Van Damme, Bart, and Koen Van Den Abeele. "Nonlinear Resonant Acoustic Spectroscopy." In Handbook of Advanced Non-Destructive Evaluation. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30050-4_23-1.

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3

Li, Shengxi, Qixin Zhou, and Hongbo Cong. "Electrochemical Techniques, Impedance, and Spectroscopy." In Handbook of Advanced Non-Destructive Evaluation. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30050-4_7-1.

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4

Schlag, Mareike, Kai Brune, Hauke Brüning, et al. "Extended Non-destructive Testing for Surface Quality Assessment." In Adhesive Bonding of Aircraft Composite Structures. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92810-4_3.

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AbstractThis chapter introduces various extended non-destructive testing (ENDT) techniques for surface quality assessment, which are first characterized, then enhanced, and finally applied to assess the level of pre-bond contaminations intentionally applied to carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) adherends following the procedures described in the previous chapter. Based on two user cases comprising different scenarios that are characteristic of either aeronautical production or repair, the detailed tests conducted on two types of sample geometry, namely flat coupons and scarfed pilot samples with a more complex shape, form the basis for applying the advanced ENDT procedures for the monitoring of realistic and real aircraft parts, as will be described in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-319-92810-4_5. Specifically, the reported investigations were performed to assess the surface quality of first ground and then intentionally contaminated CFRP surfaces using the following ENDT tools: the aerosol wetting test (AWT), optically stimulated electron emission (OSEE), two differently implemented approaches based on electronic noses, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), and laser vibrometry.
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5

Woollam, John A., and Paul G. Snyder. "Non-Destructive Evaluation in Manufacturing using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3742-7_138.

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6

Schrader, B., H. Schulz, and H. H. Klump. "Non-destructive NIR FT-Raman analyses of plants." In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules: New Directions. Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4479-7_204.

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7

Raja, V. S. "Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Nondestructive Evaluation of Corrosion Processes." In Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion and Corrosion-assisted Cracking. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118987735.ch6.

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8

Liu, Jie, Xiaoyu Li, Peiwu Li, et al. "Non-destructive Measurement of Sugar Content in Chestnuts Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy." In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IV. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18369-0_28.

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9

Bur, A. J., R. E. Lowry, F. W. Wang, S. C. Roth, and C. L. Thomas. "Non-Destructive Evaluation Measurement Technology for Polymer Processing Based on Fluorescence Spectroscopy." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5772-8_258.

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10

Iwasaki, K. "Non-Destructive Evaluation of Microdefects in Ceramic Materials by Means of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy." In Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena III. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47269-8_185.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Spectroscopie non destructive"

1

Ignatovich, Filipp V., Kyle J. Hadcock, Donald Gibson, and Michael A. Marcus. "Non-destructive characterization of transparent armor layups." In Next-Generation Spectroscopic Technologies XII, edited by Richard A. Crocombe, Luisa T. Profeta, and Abul K. Azad. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2518724.

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2

Pluta, Sarah E., and John W. Hewitt. "Non-Destructive Impedance Spectroscopy Measurement for Soil Characteristics." In GeoHunan International Conference 2009. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41041(348)21.

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3

Globisch, Björn, Simon Nellen, Robert B. Kohlhaas, Lars Liebermeister, and Martin Schell. "Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for non-destructive testing." In Terahertz, RF, Millimeter, and Submillimeter-Wave Technology and Applications XI, edited by Laurence P. Sadwick and Tianxin Yang. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2290268.

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4

Sahoo, Anup Kumar, Wei-Chen Au, Chan-Shan Yang, Chia-Ming Mai, and Ci-Ling Pan. "THz Spectroscopy as Non-destructive Alternative to Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy." In 2020 45th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz46771.2020.9370878.

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5

Boccara, A. C., and D. Fournier. "Méthodes photothermiques : contrôle non destructif et spectroscopic." In Optique instrumentale. EDP Sciences, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sfo/1997004.

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6

Liu, Jonathan T. C. "Non-destructive 3D pathology and analysis for oncology (Conference Presentation)." In High-Speed Biomedical Imaging and Spectroscopy VIII, edited by Keisuke Goda and Kevin K. Tsia. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2657218.

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7

Gudra, Tadeusz, Przemyslaw Cieplik, and Krzysztof J. Opielinski. "Ultrasonic spectroscopy in non-destructive testing (NDT) of materials." In INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON ULTRASONICS: Gdańsk 2011. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3703215.

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8

Thoury, Mathieu, Mady Elias, Jean Marc Frigerio, and Carlos Barthou. "Non-destructive identification of varnishes by UV fluorescence spectroscopy." In Optical Metrology, edited by Renzo Salimbeni and Luca Pezzati. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.612623.

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Pu, Shaozhou, Yunwen Huang, Ning Zhao, et al. "A Quantitative X-ray Fluorescence Imaging System Used for Non-destructive Tumor Histology." In Optical Tomography and Spectroscopy. Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ots.2022.otu2d.6.

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10

Elias, Mady, Cécile Charbonneau, and Jean Marc Frigerio. "Non-destructive detection of lead glass alteration by reflectance spectroscopy." In Optical Metrology, edited by Costas Fotakis, Luca Pezzati, and Renzo Salimbeni. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.726091.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Spectroscopie non destructive"

1

Migliori, A., and T. W. Darling. Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy for materials studies and non-destructive testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/109622.

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Ludewigt, Bernhard, Vladimir Mozin, Luke Campbell, et al. Delayed Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy for Non-Destructive Assay of Nuclear Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1234611.

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Ludewigt, Bernhard, Vladimir Mozin, Luke Campbell, et al. Delayed Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy for Non-Destructive Assay of Nuclear Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1236076.

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Ludewigt, Bernhard, Vladimir Mozin, Luke Campbell, et al. Delayed Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy for Non-Destructive Assay of Nuclear Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1236370.

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Mozin, Vladimir, Bernhard Ludewigt, Luke Campbell, Andrea Favalli, and Alan Hunt. Delayed Gamma-ray Spectroscopy for Non-Destructive Assay of Nuclear Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171332.

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Sharma, Sanjula, Harshdeep Kaur Mundi, Harjeevan Kaur, Jomika Devi, Chhaya Atri, and Surinder Singh Banga. Near-infrared reflectance of spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations for non-destructive assessment of quality trains in intact seeds of Brassica junecea L. Peeref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54985/peeref.2306p7178732.

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Zhang, XI-Cheng, David Hurley, and Albert Redo-Scanchez. Non Destructive Thermal Analysis and In Situ Investigation of Creep Mechanism of Graphite and Ceramic Composites using Phase-sensitive THz Imaging & Nonlinear Resonant Ultrasonic Spectroscopy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1056847.

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Agassi, Menahem, Michael J. Singer, Eyal Ben-Dor, et al. Developing Remote Sensing Based-Techniques for the Evaluation of Soil Infiltration Rate and Surface Roughness. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586479.bard.

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The objective of this one-year project was to show whether a significant correlation can be established between the decreasing infiltration rate of the soil, during simulated rainstorm, and a following increase in the reflectance of the crusting soil. The project was supposed to be conducted under laboratory conditions, using at least three types of soils from each country. The general goal of this work was to develop a method for measuring the soil infiltration rate in-situ, solely from the reflectance readings, using a spectrometer. Loss of rain and irrigation water from cultivated fields is a matter of great concern, especially in arid, semi-arid regions, e.g. much of Israel and vast area in US, where water is a limiting factor for crop production. A major reason for runoff of rain and overhead irrigation water is the structural crust that is generated over a bare soils surface during rainfall or overhead irrigation events and reduces its infiltration rate (IR), considerably. IR data is essential for predicting the amount of percolating rainwater and runoff. Available information on in situ infiltration rate and crust strength is necessary for the farmers to consider: when it is necessary to cultivate for breaking the soil crust, crust strength and seedlings emergence, precision farming, etc. To date, soil IR is measured in the laboratory and in small-scale field plots, using rainfall simulators. This method is tedious and consumes considerable resources. Therefore, an available, non-destructive-in situ methods for soil IR and soil crusting levels evaluations, are essential for the verification of infiltration and runoff models and the evaluation of the amount of available water in the soil. In this research, soil samples from the US and Israel were subjected to simulated rainstorms of increasing levels of cumulative energies, during which IR (crusting levels) were measured. The soils from the US were studied simultaneously in the US and in Israel in order to compare the effect of the methodology on the results. The soil surface reflectance was remotely measured, using laboratory and portable spectrometers in the VIS-NIR and SWIR spectral region (0.4-2.5mm). A correlation coefficient spectra in which the wavelength, consisting of the higher correlation, was selected to hold the highest linear correlation between the spectroscopy and the infiltration rate. There does not appear to be a single wavelength that will be best for all soils. The results with the six soils in both countries indeed showed that there is a significant correlation between the infiltration rate of crusted soils and their reflectance values. Regarding the wavelength with the highest correlation for each soil, it is likely that either a combined analysis with more then one wavelength or several "best" wavelengths will be found that will provide useful data on soil surface condition and infiltration rate. The product of this work will serve as a model for predicting infiltration rate and crusting levels solely from the reflectance readings. Developing the aforementioned methodologies will allow increased utilization of rain and irrigation water, reduced runoff, floods and soil erosion hazards, reduced seedlings emergence problems and increased plants stand and yields.
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9

Manulis, Shulamit, Christine D. Smart, Isaac Barash, Guido Sessa, and Harvey C. Hoch. Molecular Interactions of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis with Tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697113.bard.

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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomato causing substantial economic losses in Israel, the U.S.A. and worldwide. The molecular strategies that allow Cmm, a Gram-positive bacterium, to develop a successful infection in tomato plants are largely unknown. The goal of the project was to elucidate the molecular interactions between Cmmand tomato. The first objective was to analyze gene expression profiles of susceptible tomato plants infected with pathogenic and endophytic Cmmstrains. Microarray analysis identified 122 genes that were differentially expressed during early stages of infection. Cmm activated typical basal defense responses in the host including induction of defense-related genes, production of scavenging of free oxygen radicals, enhanced protein turnover and hormone synthesis. Proteomic investigation of the Cmm-tomato interaction was performed with Multi-Dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) and mass spectroscopy. A wide range of enzymes secreted by Cmm382, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and a large group of serine proteases from different families were identified in the xylem sap of infected tomato. Based on proteomic results, the expression pattern of selected bacterial virulence genes and plant defense genes were examined by qRT-PCR. Expression of the plasmid-borne cellulase (celA), serine protease (pat-1) and serine proteases residing on the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (chpCandppaA), were significantly induced within 96 hr after inoculation. Transcription of chromosomal genes involved in cell wall degradation (i.e., pelA1, celB, xysA and xysB) was also induced in early infection stages. The second objective was to identify by VIGS technology host genes affecting Cmm multiplication and appearance of disease symptoms in plant. VIGS screening showed that out of 160 tomato genes, which could be involved in defense-related signaling, suppression of 14 genes led to increase host susceptibility. Noteworthy are the genes Snakin-2 (inhibitor of Cmm growth) and extensin-like protein (ELP) involved in cell wall fortification. To further test the significance of Snakin -2 and ELP in resistance towards Cmm, transgenic tomato plants over-expressing the two genes were generated. These plants showed partial resistance to Cmm resulting in a significant delay of the wilt symptoms and reduction in size of canker lesion compared to control. Furthermore, colonization of the transgenic plants was significantly lower. The third objective was to assess the involvement of ethylene (ET), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in Cmm infection. Microarray and proteomic studies showed the induction of enzymes involved in ET and JA biosynthesis. Cmm promoted ET production 8 days after inoculation and SIACO, a key enzyme of ET biosynthesis, was upregulated. Inoculation of the tomato mutants Never ripe (Nr) impaired in ET perception and transgenic plants with reduced ET synthesis significantly delayed wilt symptoms as compared to the wild-type plants. The retarded wilting in Nr plants was shown to be a specific effect of ET insensitivity and was not due to altered expression of defense related genes, reduced bacterial population or decrease in ethylene biosynthesis . In contrast, infection of various tomato mutants impaired in JA biosynthesis (e.g., def1, acx1) and JA insensitive mutant (jai1) yielded unequivocal results. The fourth objective was to determine the role of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Cmm in xylem colonization and symptoms development. A significance increase (2 to 7 fold) in expression of cellulases (CelA, CelB), pectate lyases (PelA1, PelA2), polygalacturonase and xylanases (XylA, XylB) was detected by qRT-PCR and by proteomic analysis of the xylem sap. However, with the exception of CelA, whose inactivation led to reduced wilt symptoms, inactivation of any of the other cell wall degrading enzymes did not lead to reduced virulence. Results achieved emphasized the complexity involved in Cmm-tomato interactions. Nevertheless they provide the basis for additional research which will unravel the mechanism of Cmm pathogenicity and formulating disease control measures.
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