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Povlyuchenko, V. A. "THE PRACTICE OF SOLVING URBAN PLANNING PROBLEMS BY THE COUNCILS OF PEOPLE'S DEPUTIES OF KUIBYSHEV IN 1977-1985". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 4, n.º 2 (2022): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2022-4-2-73-77.
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The article is devoted to the actions of the Soviets of People's Deputies of Kuibyshev in 1977-1985 on issues related to solving the most important social problems of housing, health care and the construction of social and cultural facilities. The author focuses on formation of the city budget, the financing of housing construction in the face of an increasing need for housing due to population growth and the destruction of pre-revolutionary residential buildings. The positionson these issues of the heads of the city administration, A. Rosovsky and G. Gusarova, are revealed.The author concludes that the authority of local Soviets of People's Deputies in the social and economic development was enormous. Despite the fact that some activities of the Soviets did not involve large material costs, the most important of them, such as the construction of housing for the population, the provision of housing and communal services, health care, education, and social security of the population, required huge resources. The expansion of social spending is noticeable against the backdrop of a clear decline in production volumes and economic growth rates. In general, the practice of solving urban planning problems in this period was implemented quite successfully, which confirms the conclusion that during this period the work of the Soviet of People's Deputies was carried out effectively and met the needs of society.
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Sukhonos, V. V. "THE SOVIET MODEL OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE OF THE FATE OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS". Legal horizons, n.º 18 (2019): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i18.p20.
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The article is devoted to the constitutional and legal issues of local government organizations. The main attention is paid to the Soviet model of local government, which, in the period of the industrialization of the country, focused on the further strengthening of the Soviet state apparatus, the deployment of the so-called “Soviet democracy” and the fight against bureaucratic defects. However, such a situation as a whole was not typical of the Soviet system. That is why the Bolsheviks attempts to attract the poor sections of the rural population. However, success in this direction was caused not so much by the strengthening of the Soviet economy as a whole, but by the opportunity for the rural poor to plunder wealthy peasants, which had developed because of the dictatorship of the proletariat existing in the USSR. Subsequently, the Bolshevik Party raised the issue of organizing special groups of poverty or factions for an open political struggle to attract the middle peoples to the proletariat and to isolate wealthy peasants (the so-called “kulaks”) during the elections to the Soviets, cooperatives, etc. With the onset of socialist reconstruction, there was a need to organize poverty, because it was an important element and the establishment of “Soviet democracy in the countryside.” The Stalin Constitution of 1936 transformed the Soviets. From 1918, they were called the Soviets of Workers’, Peasants’ and Red Army Deputies, and now, with the entry into force of the Stalin Constitution, the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. This transformation of the Soviets reflected the victory of the socialist system throughout the national economy, radical changes in the class composition of Soviet society, and a new triumph of “socialist democracy”. In addition, the “victory of socialism” in the USSR made possible the transition to universal, equal, and direct suffrage by secret ballot. On December 24 and 29, 1939, citizens of the Soviet Union elected their representatives to the local Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. 99.21 % of the total number of voters took part in the vote. The election results are another testament to the growing influence of the Bolshevik Party on the population of the Soviet Union, which has largely replaced the activities of the Soviets themselves, including the local ones. Holding elections to the regional, regional, district, district, city, village and settlement councils of workers’ deputies completed the restructuring of all state bodies in accordance with the Stalin Constitution and on its basis. With the adoption in 1977 of the last Constitution of the USSR, the councils of workers’ deputies were renamed the councils of people’s deputies. In 1985, the last non-alternative elections were held for 52,041 local councils, and in 1988, their structure became more complicated: there were presidencies organizing the work of regional, regional, autonomous regions, autonomous districts, district, city and rayon in the cities of Soviets. People’s Deputies. Within the framework of the city (city subordination), village, and town councils, this work is carried out directly by the heads of the designated Councils. On December 26, 1990, the Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR introduced regular amendments to the Constitution of the USSR, which formally abolished the Presidencies, but did not prohibit their existence. On September 5, 1991, the Constitution of 1977 was effectively abolished. Finally, it happened after December 26, 1991, when the USSR actually ceased to exist. Thus, existing in the USSR during the period of socialist reconstruction and subsequent transformations that began with the processes of industrialization and ended as a result of the collapse of the USSR, the model of local government organization remained ineffective due to its actual replacement by the activities of the governing bodies of the ruling Communist Party. Keywords: Local Government; the system of Councils; local Councils; Council of Deputies of the working people; Council of People’s Deputies; Soviet local government.
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Karchaeva, Tat’iana G. "Socio-Cultural Appearance of Employees of the Lower Soviet Administrative Apparatus of Eastern Siberia in the First Half of the 1920s". Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 14, n.º 8 (agosto de 2021): 1219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0797.
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The study tested members of volost executive committees, deputies, chairmen and secretaries of village Soviets that served in the Yeniseisk and Irkutsk Governates from 1921 till 1925. Village Soviets were meetings of deputies elected to fulfill people’s right to power. Volost executive committees were administrative and executive public service for village Soviets. In accordance with archival materials, we determined that 1,357 village Soviets worked in the Yenisesk Governate in 1923 (including Achinsk, Yeniseisk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk, Turukhansk uyezds). 782 inhabitants and 1.9 villages formed one village Soviet in the Yeniseisk Governate of several members. On average, one village Soviet included 4–5 members. The number of residents in one village of the Yeniseisk Governate was 404, and 7,071 people lived in one volost. Moreover, 9 village Soviets formed one volost executive committee of 41 members. 460 village Soviets were located in the Irkutsk Governate in 1923(including sparsely populated Balagansky, Selenginsky, Kirensky, Ziminsky, Verkholensky, Irkutsk, Tulunsky uyezds). Therefore, one volost Executive Committee included 32 members. 256 people lived in one village in the Irkutsk Governate; 6,839 inhabitants lived in one volost. Socio-cultural image of employees in the Yeniseisk Governate’s volost Executive Committees was not an elite image: 64 % communists; 83 % peasants; 17 % workers and intellectuals; 2.4 % had a higher education level; 67 % had secondary education level; 30 % had primary education level; 0.6 % had a home education level; however, there weren’t any illiterates. The Irkutsk Governate’s volost Executive Committees included: 37 % communists; 85 % peasants; 15 % workers and intellectuals; 99 % had higher, secondary and primary education levels. However, members of village Soviets were more democratic than members of volost Executive Committees. For example, 15 % of village Soviets’ deputies were illiterate in the Yeniseisk Governate. Moreover, 16 % of deputies were illiterate in the Irkutsk Governate. Other deputies had lower and home education level. Only 11 % of village Soviets’ deputies were communists in the Yeniseisk Governate. 9 % of deputies were communists in the village Soviets in the Irkutsk Governate. Importantly, 99 % were men among local administrators in Eastern Siberia. Although gender equality was proclaimed in Soviet Russia, it was absent in the Yeniseisk and Irkutsk Governates in the first half of the 1920s. As a result, members of the volost executive committees and village Soviets in Eastern Siberia were ordinary people. They did not have any professional experience; and they had a low level of work ethics. To analyze the information about members of volost Executive Committees, deputies, chairmen and secretaries of village Soviets we used archival materials of the Fund No. 393 «People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR» from the State Archives of the Russian Federation (Moscow)
4
Sheremet, K. F. "Local Soviets of People's Deputies and the Right to Labour". International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 3, Issue 3 (1 de setembro de 1987): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl1987016.
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Mironov, B. N. "Collective Portrait of Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and Union Republics in 1938–1989". Modern History of Russia 13, n.º 1 (2023): 141–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.109.
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In 1938–1989, Supreme Soviets of the USSR and Union Republics were the successors of the Congresses of Soviets and performed the same functions assigned to them by the ruling party — to approve and convert the decisions of the Сommunist Party into laws, to support the policy pursued by the party and the government, to legitimize the existing regime. The Soviets performed these functions quite successfully due to the fact that the deputy corps included people from all social groups loyal to the regime and at the same time influential, authoritative, and well-known throughout the country. A simple Soviet citizen believed in the deputies and the real power of the Supreme Soviets, thanks to which the Soviets, having no real power, had great symbolic power, which allowed them until 1989 to maintain the trust of the people in the Soviet system and the communist project. In 1938–1989, the composition of the deputies of the Supreme Soviets of the USSR and the union republics underwent important changes: there was an in increase in the proportion of workers and peasants, women, educated people, and people of mature and senior age; the proportion of employees, Russians and semi-literate people decreased. The deputies’ corps became more balanced in all respects and significantly more educated, but members and candidates of the Communist Party, men, employees, intellectuals, functionaries, were still overrepresented, and non-party workers, peasants and Russians were underrepresented. In general, the deputy corps was comprised of the elite; the Supreme Soviets of the Union and Autonomous Republics — of the national elite of the titular peoples. They were not professional politicians, as in Western parliaments, but the elite. For the majority of deputies, activity in the Soviets was not the main profession, but an honorable part-time job on a voluntary basis.
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Clark, Terry D. "A House Divided: A Roll-call Analysis of the First Session of the Moscow City Soviet". Slavic Review 51, n.º 4 (1992): 674–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500131.
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The March 1990 elections to republican and local Soviets in the USSR resulted in the transfer of power from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to the nascent democratic movement in a number of republics and localities. Among these was the Moscow City Soviet (Mossoviet). Of the 472 people's deputies elected to the Mossoviet, the clear majority were elected under the umbrella of the political bloc Democratic Russia. Running on a platform calling for the rejection of continued CPSU control of political life in the Soviet Union and Moscow, Democratic Russia's candidates won decisively in a majority of the electoral districts.
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Akimova, Tatiana Mikhailovna. "Soviets of Workers', Peasants', and Soldiers' Deputies in memorandum of E. G. Gerasimov (Gerasin) of June 14, 1918". Genesis: исторические исследования, n.º 10 (outubro de 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.10.36585.
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This article discusses the a memorandum of the member of the Control and Audit Committee under the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs – Efim Grigorievich Gerasimov (Gerasin). Having supported the socialist movement and subsequently the February and October Revolutions of 1917 since his youth years, the author of the document has analyzed the system of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers 'and Peasants' Deputies that established on the local level in late 1917 – early 1918 and gradually replaced the county self-government. The value of the source lies in the fact that the author of self-censorship revealed the flaws of the new local government, having expressed the concern that they may lead to a civil war in the country. E. G. Gerasimov (Gerasin) dedicated particular attention to the problem of dialogue between the Soviet deputies and central government, and proposed to institute the post of special emergency mediators for controlling the execution of all provisions and “encourage” the representatives of the Soviets. The conclusion is made that the elimination of the existing flaws required the so-called “democratic centralism” in Russia, which suggested the combination of electivity of local administration along with the governing and supervisory power of the central administration. In this regard, the content of the document allows taking a look at the Soviets of Workers', Peasants', and Soldiers’ Deputies through the prism of a person who worked in that system, without idealization or “touchup”.
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Sadovnikova, G. D. "Procedural norms and their significance in the implementation of the competence of representative bodies". Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)) 1, n.º 12 (22 de março de 2024): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2023.112.12.135-143.
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On the eve of the centenary of the birth of Professor E. I. Kozlova, who devoted her scientific life to the study of the problems of democracy and the forms of its implementation, attention should be paid to the problem of improving the mechanisms of parliamentary activity, which she repeatedly raised in her writings of the soviet period. Revealing the legal nature and essence of the representative bodies of the soviet period — the soviets of workers’ deputies, later — the Soviets of People’s deputies, in the post-Soviet period — parliaments, E.I. Kozlova emphasized the enduring importance of the procedures of the representative bodies. Analyzing the scientific heritage of Professor E. I. Kozlova, the author substantiates the relevance of the scientist’s conclusions and proposals for modern representative bodies, defines some directions for the development of the scientist’s ideas.
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Avdoshkina, Olga V., Konstantin M. Parshin e Anton A. Potapov. "PARSHIN MIKHAIL ALEXANDROVICH – AN OUTSTANDING WAGON ENGINEER AND A PUBLIC CHARACTER OF THE KHABAROVSK TERRITORY". Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 19, n.º 2 (2022): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2022-19-2-185-199.
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his article is devoted to the main stages of the life and work of Parshin Mikhail Alexandrovich, a carriage service engineer, who had been working on the Stalingrad, Amur, Chinese-Changchun and Far Eastern Railways, as well as in the Soviets elected bodies of the Khabarovsk Territory (Executive committee of Railway District Council of Workers' Deputies of Khabarovsk, the Regional Administration of Local Industry of the Council of People's Deputies of Workers of the Khabarovsk Territory) and in Khabarovsk Institute of Railway Engineers (KhabIIZhT). The article also highlights the features of his activities, labor exploits, awards and incentives for the work done. The article pays attention to historical background and developments of Mikhail Alexandrovich’s work. The work addresses to reading public and shows an importance of honor and self-sacrificing labor not only during the difficult war years, but also in peacetime.
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Vashchuk, Angelina S., e Nikolay S. Vorontsov. "Attitude of the Political Elite of the Primorye to Privatization in 1990–92: Materials from the State Archives of the Primorsky Krai". Herald of an archivist, n.º 2 (2020): 590–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-2-590-601.
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The article is devoted to analysis of heuristic capabilities of the archival documents from the fonds of the State Archive of the Primorsky Krai, which reflect the initial period of the privatization in the Primorye. It studies the formation of regulatory framework for denationalization and privatization in the light of regional specifics, as well as the opinions and expectations of the regional political elite members concerning problems and prospects of practical implementation of the first privatization programs. The research has been carried out mainly on the basis of records management materials of the Soviet of People's Deputies of the Primorsky Krai and that of the city of Vladivostok. The basis of the article is sessions minutes the Soviets of the city and regional level. The authors take into account the source’s limitations and supplement it with information extracted from other types of sources, both published and unpublished. Identified archival documents are analyzed using a synergistic approach and elements of hermeneutics. The authors also use a situational approach and elements of content analysis of the minutes’ texts. The views of the Primorye political elite on the privatization course set by the Russian government during the post-Soviet transit were influenced by various factors and events, some of which occurred in the power structures of the federal center. Most local politicians embraced the beginning privatization quite enthusiastically. They were influenced by the myth of possibly fair and equitable privatization, as well as by their own interests and ideological convictions. The analysis focuses considerable attention on the role of individual in the history of privatization in the region, exemplified by V.S. Kuznetsov, the first post-Soviet governor of the Primorye and by deputies of the local Soviets. The authors conclude that the minutes had not just information function, but provided a tool for self-organization of the local political elite in the context of political crisis.
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Malkhozova, F. V. "Discussions about the state sovereignty of Russia at the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR". Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, n.º 4 (15 de dezembro de 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/20-4/08.
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This article is devoted to the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Russia. The main result of the first Congress of People's Deputies was the assertion of Russian sovereignty, ensuring economic independence. The issue of sovereignty is one of the most acute and painful topics of the Soviet and post-Soviet times. In the RSFSR, the question of the realization of its sovereignty became aggravated by the end of perestroika, when it became clear that, in comparison with other republics, Russia did not even have limited statehood. Most republics of the Soviet Union had their own communist parties and their nomenclatures, which were quite autonomous in exercising power and their interests. The RSFSR did not have this. With a policy of publicity and open elections, the concept of sovereignty came to the fore in election campaigns and became central to the work of the first congress of people's deputies of the RSFSR.
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Bikeikin, Eugeny N., e Tatiana A. Pershina. "The Supreme Council of the Mordovian ASSR in the System of Regional Economic Management Bodies (1953–1964)". Economic History 18, n.º 4 (30 de dezembro de 2022): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.059.018.202204.310-320.
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Introduction. After Stalin’s death, the main task of the CPSU was to reform the management of the national economy, aimed at expanding the practice of people’s self-government at the level of the Soviets. A special place in the system of councils in the region was occupied by the Supreme Council of the MASSR. The purpose of the article is to analyze the reorganization in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and its role in managing the economy of the region in the period from 1953 to 1964. Results. The Supreme Council of the MASSR, as the highest body of state power, closed a unified system of rural, township, city, district, regional and regional councils. By the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU “On improving the activities of the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies and strengthening their ties with the masses” in early 1957, new legislative and regulatory acts regulating the activities of Councils at the local level were adopted in the republic. The rights of district, city, village and settlement Councils have been significantly expanded in the field of coordination within their competence of the work of enterprises and economic organizations located on the territory of the respective Councils. Conditions have been created for the full involvement of the population in their work, as well as the strengthening of the role of mass organizations. It was assumed that this would not only strengthen the relationship with the population, but also serve to overcome bureaucracy, red tape, inattentive attitude to the needs of ordinary people. Permanent commissions of Soviets were one of the most important organizational forms of involving deputies and active Soviets in solving the tasks of economic and cultural construction and strengthening the connection of Soviets with the masses. The number and types of commissions to be formed were determined by the Supreme Council of the MASSR. Discussion and Conclusion. The Supreme Council of the Mordovian ASSR, as the highest state authority of the republic, had a clear structural organization designed to ensure the effective implementation of powers in the field of managing the socio-economic life of the republic. This structure was formed following the example of the supreme state authority of the RSFSR in accordance with the principle of unity of organizational forms of the highest level of the system of Soviets of the USSR and the RSFSR.
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Ashihmin, Sergey S. "Documents from the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic on Establishing a Military Commissariats Network within the Territory of Udmurtia". Herald of an archivist, n.º 1 (2018): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-74-83.
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Drawing on materials from the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic, the article studies the establishing and functioning of the military commissariats network in the first years of the Soviet power. The outspread of the Civil War and the Allied Intervention therein necessitated calling up citizens, primarily workers and peasants, for compulsory military service. The establishment of the commissariats for military affairs marked the beginning of accounting of able-bodied males and their conscription into the armed forces. Volost, uezd, and gubernia commissariats for military affairs were organized by volost, uezd, and gubernia Soviets of workers', soldiers' and peasants' deputies; commissars and military leaders of volost, uezd, and gubernia commissariats were appointed by volost, uezd, and gubernia Soviets respectively and by the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs. Studying activities of local military authorities is of great importance, as it allows to see beyond central authorities actions, to understand how their decisions were implemented at the local level. Consequently, this allows to evidentiate the process of the Soviet armed forces creation in all its multiformity and complexity. On the territory of Udmurtia, armed hostilities continued from August 1918 to late June 1919, and newly formed military commissariats had to perform many tasks, both peaceful and military. First and foremost, they had to account of and mobilize officers and soldiers returning from the fronts of First World War. Much effort was required to drill recruits who had no military training. The military commissariats were also to prevent the widely spreading desertion. These functions were performed under difficult circumstances of rapidly shifting front lines, as areas and towns of the Vyatka gubernia repeatedly passed from the Reds to the Whites and back again.
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Орлов, И. Б., e Л. А. Цыганова. "Soviet Journalism of the “Thaw” Period: Experience of Modal Biography". Диалог со временем, n.º 84(84) (16 de outubro de 2023): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2023.84.84.010.
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В статье через призму биографии журналиста А.И. Распевина, работавшего в довоенные и послевоенные годы в разных региональных и центральных изданиях, раскрываются общие вехи истории советской журналистики. Основной фокус исследования направлен на реконструкцию профессиональной деятельности журналиста как типичной для целого поколения журналистов-шестидесятников, вписанной в широкий социокультурный контекст эпохи. Истоки трансформаций журналистики в предвоенные годы, периоды «оттепели» и «застоя» можно найти в журналистике периода нэпа и «большого скачка», во фронтовой очеркистике и репортажах и проследить по изменениям повестки дня, форматов подачи материала, а также жанров, которые становились актуальными и востребованными. Так как пик творческой деятельности журналиста пришелся на период хрущевского правления, в статье особое внимание обращается на феномен «оттепельной» журналистики. This article is devoted to the history of Soviet journalism during the "Thaw" period through the prism of the biography of the journalist A.I. Raspevin, who worked in newspapers and magazines: "Crocodile", "Soviet Press", "Journalist" and "Soviets of Working People's Deputies", "Pravda", "Izvestia" and "Economic Newspapers". The focus of the study is aimed at the reconstruction of the professional activity of a journalist as typical for a whole generation of journalists of the sixties, inscribed in the socio-cultural context. And, on the transformation of journalism during the years of the “Thaw”, the origins of which can be found in military essays and reports, changing the agenda, formats for presenting material, genres that were relevant and in demand.
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Kheifets, Viktor L., e Lazar S. Kheifets. "Boris Sinani: 246 Days in the Life of a Participant in Revolutionary Events in Russia in 1917". RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, n.º 3 (15 de dezembro de 2023): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-3-441-455.
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From the example of Russian officer Boris Semenovich Sinani’s fate, the authors have attempted to reconstruct the events of the first days of the February Revolution, including certain aspects of the work of the “military headquarters of the revolution” - the Military Commission, as well as the reasons for the creation and nature of the functioning of the Union of Republican Officers of the People's Army. Through their research, the authors have revealed the complexity of the relationship between the Provisional Committee of the State Duma and the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, as well as the attitude of the Russian officers to the revolutionary changes in the country. The authors note that the name Sinani was taken as a pseudonym by Georgy Borisovich Skalov, another participant in the revolution and the Civil War, and this choice played a tragic role in the fate of the latter. The study is based on the analysis of the documents of the Union of Socialists of the People's Army stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, memoirs, and their comparison with published scientific works. The authors have also attempted to reconstruct the main lines of interaction and contradictions between officer groups during the Great October Socialist Revolution.
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Kallin, Igor V., e Valentina I. Sokolova. "HOW IT WAS: RESULTS AND LESSONS OF THE MAIN EVENTS OF 1917 IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA". Historical Search 3, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2022): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-5-19.
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The article considers the main events that occurred in Russia in 1917. In February 1917, a revolutionary crisis arose in the country, which led to the overthrow of the 300-year-old Romanov`s empire. The old state apparatus was broken. At the end of winter of 1917, at a meeting of the State Duma, the Provisional Committee of the State Parliament (Duma) was created. The Provisional Government headed by Duke G.E. Lꞌvov had been formed by March 1. On March 2, Emperor Nicholas II signed the “Manifesto on the abdication of the throne of the Russian state and the resignation of the Supreme power.” As early as February, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies was created, it being headed by N.S. Chkheidze. Thus, dual power was established in the country. The newly formed government was unable to resolve the most important issues related to the life of the peoples of Russia. In early October 1917, V.I. Lenin began preparing an armed uprising in order to seize power. A course was taken for an armed coup. The conspiracy of the Bolsheviks was a success: the Winter Palace was taken, the ministers of the Provisional Government were arrested. At the II Congress of Soviets, a new government was created – the Council of People’s Commissars. The first decrees were adopted – the Decree on Peace, the Decree on Land, the decree on Power, proclaiming the establishment of the power of the Soviets. There was the only task on the agenda – the retention of power. The Constituent Assembly, for which alternative parties had high hopes, was dispersed by the Bolsheviks in early 1918.
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Stratford, Jean Slemmons, Juri Stratford e Jeffrey A. Beck. "Directory of Russian MPs: People's deputies of the supreme Soviet of Russia—Russian federation". Journal of Government Information 21, n.º 3 (maio de 1994): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-0237(94)90008-6.
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Evpalov, V. V. "Samara society in the period of dual power". Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 29, n.º 1 (21 de abril de 2023): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2023-29-1-53-60.
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Based on archival documents, newspaper materials and economic statistics, the article analyzes the public mood of the inhabitants of the city of Samara in the period of 19911993. After 29 years since the dissolution of the Soviets of Peoples Deputies, an opportunity has been provided for a comprehensive study of the topic of local self-government. Such studies will make it possible to find the main patterns of the countrys development, as well as expand the methodologies of history. Topic of the history of local self-government is impossible without the use of interdisciplinary methods. In the work, in addition to historical methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, descriptive, the semiotic method was used, as well as the method of content analysis. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the new formulation of the problem in the study of local self-government and the non-traditional solution of emerging issues of the relationship of the power of society. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive and comprehensive study of the problem of relations between the representative bodies of state power and the Samara society during the dual power period of 19911993. Dual power in practice consisted in the presence of two equal bodies of the vertical of power: the vertical of the Soviets, headed by the Supreme Soviet, the Congress of Peoples Deputies and R.I. Khasbulatov and the vertical of the institute of the presidency of the Russian Federation, which relied on the appointed heads of administrations. In the course of the study, some results were obtained: 1) a painful reaction in the public mood of the Samara society in 19911993 on economic reforms 2) the unsatisfactory state of the material and economic basis of the Samara region 3) the phenomenon of letter to the authorities of the daily life of Samara residents 4) the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary approach in the study of local self-government 5) ignoring or impossibility of direct interaction between the authorities and residents in 19911993. The conclusion, according to the results, is as follows: at the end of 1993, Russia failed to implement the system of local self-government, in which the inhabitants were disappointed, as well as the unwillingness to build a system of local authorities by the new Russian government.
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Vorontsov, N. S. "Soviets of People’s Deputies of Primorsky Krai at the final stage of the USSR collapse august - december 1991)". Общество: философия, история, культура, n.º 11 (2021): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2021.11.11.
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Kupchenko, Konstantin, e Nikolay Fedoskin. "TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE SMOLENSK REGION (1917–1922)". Izvestia of Smolensk State University, n.º 1 (49) (26 de maio de 2020): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-49-1-165-175.
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The article analyzes the results of the state policy implementation withing the formation and development of the Soviet judicial system on the example of Smolensk Governoral Court. The authors set the goal, based on the analysis of sources not introduced
into a wide scientific circulation, primarily stored at the State Archive of the Smolensk Region to restore the history of the creation and operation of justice institutions in the Smolensk region in the 1918s–1923s. The source base of the study was composed of documents stored at Smolensk State Regional Archive, materials on the history of the judiciary,
statistical materials of the period under the study, documents on the history of the party-state bodies of the Smolensk region.
The article studies current office documentation of both the higher and regional state bodies (Workers 'and Peasants' Government, People's Commissariat of Justice, Smolensk Governoral Executive Committee) and local authorities (Smolensk Council of Working People's Deputies, Executive
Committee of Smolensk Governoral Council of Workers, Peasants' and Red Army Deputies), as well as Smolensk Governoral Court.
The authors analyze the Soviet experience in the formation and development of judicial bodies under specific historical conditions; they consider transformations in the judicial system of the Smolensk Governorate in the 1917s–1922s, as well as the formation of Smolensk Governoral Court. The article studies
legal foundations of the Soviet judicial system formation, characterizes processes of creating a judicial apparatus in the first years of Soviet power and analyzes activities of Smolensk Governoral Court during its formation. The authors reveal the essence, degree of efficiency, concrete results,
political and socio-economic consequences, positive and negative lessons from the Soviet judicial system existed in Russia.
The authors assume that the development of new legislation system in the 1920s was caused by the need to reform legal sources as the main means of socialism building.
The authors conclude that the transformation of the Soviet judicial system completed the transition from the principle of «revolutionary expediency» to the principle of «revolutionary legality».
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Sukhonos, V. V. "THE SOVIET MODEL OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS". Legal horizons, n.º 17 (2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:42.
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The article is devoted to the political and legal problems of the organization of local authorities. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the Soviet model of local government in the period of its first reform, which falls on the day of the so-called “New Economic Policy”, when the liberalization processes started, called the “Leninist line for the development of socialist democracy”. However, the expansion of this democracy was greatly complicated by the fact that the Soviet state apparatus did not have its own bureaucracy, and therefore, for the most part, relied on the bureaucracy of the old, bureaucracy, raised on the bureaucratic traditions of the royal apparatus. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that many of the workers of the party and Soviet bodies, especially the grassroots, were hardly deprived of previous methods of state administration, which usually had military-administrative character. The transition to a new economic policy (NEP), a certain liberalization of the Soviet system could not but cause a revival in the work of the party, trade unions, and the Soviets. But if the restructuring of the party and trade unions was implemented within a rather short time, then in relation to the Soviets, it was a bit delayed. The newly formed Soviet state apparatus proved to be unprepared for various kinds of social experiments. Among other things, this was due to the inadequate level of farming in the first years of the NEP, the general deterioration of the civil war, the still hard financial situation of the people and the use of all these circumstances by the opponents of the Bolsheviks in the countryside. The most effective means of improving the Soviet apparatus and eliminating bureaucratic “tricks” was the regular campaign in the form of wide involvement in the management of the state of workers and peoples. Particularly relevant was the issue of improving the forms of party leadership by the activities of the Soviet state and economic apparatus. It was necessary to find the right forms of relations between the party and Soviet bodies, to eliminate the practice of substituting Soviets by party bodies not removed from the civil war since the times of civil war. This kind of branching should have provided a more systematic discussion and solution of economic issues by the Soviet authorities while increasing the responsibility of each Soviet worker and the case he was entrusted with. On the other hand, this provided the opportunity for party bodies to focus on the overall management of the work of all state bodies, paying particular attention to the education and organization of working classes. However, despite a certain liberalization of the Soviet system, the model of the organization of local government in the USSR in the period of the New Economic Policy remained ineffective, both as a result of its virtually “curious” character and absolute domination of the members of the Bolshevik Party in the Soviets. Keywords: Local Government; a system of Councils; local Councils; Councils of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies; Soviet local government.
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Zakharchenko, A. V. "ECONOMIC ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE LATE 1940s: REGARDING THE TYPOLOGY OF “LOBBY GROUPS” IN SOVIET PLANNING SYSTEM. Part 2". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 5, n.º 1 (2023): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2023-5-1-91-103.
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The author decomposes mechanisms of cooperative actions taken by departmental struggling parties (People's Commissariats -Ministries above all else) to defend their economic interests. The study covers chronological time range between 1945 and 1950s, period of developing and implementation of the 4thFive-year industrial plan. The specificity of this period was determined by the conversion transition marked the “end of the war”, during which all sectors of the Soviet economy were adapted to work in peacetime. The struggle between the People's commissariats (Ministries) for more reasonable conditions for the fulfillment of economic obligations forced their leaders to create informal groups, which the author calls “lobby groups”. Each of them was formed to protect the interests of the industrial sector it represented. The author proposes a typology of such groups based on the analysis of correspondence between economic departments and Stalin's governmental deputies, who were responsible for the success of one or another initiative by industry lobbyists.
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Zakharchenko, A. V. "ECONOMIC ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE LATE 1940S: REGARDING THE TYPOLOGY OF «LOBBY GROUPS» IN SOVIET PLANNING SYSTEM. PART 1". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 4, n.º 4 (2022): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2022-4-4-50-59.
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The author decomposes mechanisms of cooperative actions taken by departmental struggling parties (People's Commissariats -Ministries above all else) to defend their economic interests. The study covers chronological time range between 1945 and 1950s, period of developing and implementation of the 4th Five-year industrial plan. The specificity of this period was determined by the conversion transition marked the “end of the war”, during which all sectors of the Soviet economy were adapted to work in peacetime. The struggle between the People's commissariats (Ministries) for more reasonable conditions for the fulfillment of economic obligations forced their leaders to create informal groups, which the author calls «lobby groups». Each of them was formed to protect the interests of the industrial sector it represented. The author proposes a typology of such groups based on the analysis of correspondence between economic departments and Stalin's governmental deputies, who were responsible for the success of one or another initiative by industry lobbyists.
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Akhtamov, Evgeny, e Yulia Elteko. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE POWER AND GOVERNANCE SYSTEM OF DIVNOGORSK CITY IN 1962–1980". Socio-economic and humanitarian magazine, n.º 2 (24 de maio de 2024): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36718/2500-1825-2024-2-215-222.
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The paper, based on materials from the state archive of the Krasnoyarsk Region, analyzes the development of the system of power and governance in Divnogorsk in the period from 1962 to 1980. Divnogorsk appeared in the Krasnoyarsk Region as a settlement serving the needs and requirements of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station under construction. In the first years, as a settlement for hydraulic construction workers, it was subordinate to the Kirovsky district of Krasnoyarsk. With the acquisition of city status, the need arose to develop its own administrative governance system. According to the authors, the created administrative governance system generally coincided with that adopted in the country, but with minor features. Thus, the leadership of the city in the Soviet period included the governing bodies of the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station, the city Council of Workers' Deputies (Council of People's Deputies), and the City Committee of the Communist Party. An active role in the life of the city was played by the Komsomol organization, trade unions, bodies of people's control, as well as a wide range of the public, involved in resolving various issues. The most important issues for the city during the period under review were issues of housing and communal services of the city, its improvement, issues of social security of the population, cultural and educational development. Since the city was built primarily to service the construction of a hydroelectric power station, the main task of the authorities and governance was to manage the economic activities of the construction site.
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Sych, Maksym. "Socio-economic guarantees of deputy activity in Ukraine". Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 4, n.º 4 (29 de dezembro de 2020): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-4-118-124.
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The article is devoted to the disclosure of issues of legal regulation and the prospects for improving the system of socio-economic guarantees of deputy activity in Ukraine. As a result of the study, it has been substantiated that economic and social guarantees for ensuring the activities of the people's representatives are closely related to each other and act as a certain integrity. Economic guarantees, among which labor and material and financial guarantees stand out, are to ensure proper economic conditions for the activity of the deputy corps. The content of social guarantees is to meet the material and everyday needs of the deputy associated with the implementation of the representative man-date. Social guarantees are aimed at creating living conditions, recreation, medical care, social security for the deputy. It has been proved that domestic legislation is gradually getting rid of the Soviet political and legal tradition of broad regulation of socio-economic measures to ensure the people's representatives, since in recent years they have been optimized and rationalized, the elimination of those that contradicted the principle of equality and were a burden for the respective budgets. Today, domestic legislation provides virtually all known to foreign political science social and economic conditions for the work of MPs. In recent years, the system of social, household and financial guarantees of deputies 'activities has been optimized and rationalized, and those that contradict the principle of equality have not been eliminated, did not increase the efficiency of deputies' powers, and were an unnecessary burden on the respective budgets. Today the problem of ensuring openness and proper control over the issues of material and financial support of the deputy corps remains relevant.
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Andreev, Alexander Alekceevich, e Anton Petrovich Ostroushko. "LEVIT Vladimir Semenovich – doktor meditsinskikh nauk, professor, zasluzhennyy deyatel' nauki RSFSR, vydayushchiysya khirurg, dekan meditsinskogo fakul'teta Irkutskogo universiteta, general-mayor meditsinskoy sluzhby". Vestnik of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 11, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2018-11-2-151.
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Vladimir Semyonovich Levit was born in 1883 and after graduation from the gymnasium he studied at the Medical Faculty of the University of Koenigsberg (1901-1906), worked in the Ardatov Zemstvo of the Simbirsk Gubernia. In 1914, Vladimir Semenovich defended his doctoral dissertation, became head of the surgical department of the Simbirsk Province Hospital, and began teaching at a paramedic school. V.S. Levit was elected privat-docent of the faculty surgical clinic of Tomsk University (1919), privat-docent (1922), then professor and head of the department of the faculty surgical clinic, dean of the medical faculty (1922-1926) of Irkutsk University, head of the department of hospital surgery of medical faculty. 2 Moscow University (since 1926), which is headed for 27 years. V.S. Levit for the first time in the USSR successfully resected cardia (1928), surgery for hernia of the esophageal aperture (1929). In 1936 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR. During the Great Patriotic War V.S. Levit was appointed chief surgeon of the Moscow Military District, deputy chief surgeon of the Soviet Army (1942), and in 1943 he became a major general of the medical service. Since 1950, V.S. Levit - chief surgeon of the Central Military Hospital. P.V. Mandrika. He published 120 scientific works, he was the editor of 3-volume manual, 2-volume textbook on surgery, the surgical section of the Great Medical Encyclopedia, the publication "The Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." V.S. Levit was the editor of the magazine "Soviet Surgery" (later "Surgery") (1931-1953), a member of the editorial board of the journals "New Surgery", "Russian Clinic", "Central Medical Journal." He was the head and scientific consultant in the preparation of 23 candidate and 10 doctoral dissertations. V.S. Levit was a member of the International Surgical Society, chairman of the Moscow Surgical Society, a member of the Academic Council of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, and district Soviets of Working People's Deputies. V.S. Leviticus was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Patriotic War of the 2nd degree, the Red Star, medals. V.S. Leviticus died in 1961 in Moscow.
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Dunlop, John B. "Pamiat’ as a Social Movement". Nationalities Papers 18, n.º 2 (1990): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999008408165.
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The events presently taking place in the Baltic are so interesting that I am almost prepared to cede my time to Alex Shtromas. Pamiat’ is clearly a less intriguing phenomenon than the issues he has been discussing.I have been asked to talk about Pamiat’ as a social movement and basically my response is that it is not one. It is not a social movement. Pamiat’ would like very much to be one, but recent events have made clear that the response of ethnic Russians living in the RSFSR to Pamiat’ has been very restrained. We know this due to various polls which have been published in the Soviet press and due to the elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, which showed that Pamiat’ had little support. I suspect that the upcoming elections in March 1990 to the RSFSR Supreme Soviet will also demonstrate the same lack of support for Pamyat'. (They did so, conclusively.)
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Malkhozova, Fatima Viktorovna. "Agricultural reforms in Russia at the turn of an era (1990-1993)". Российская история, n.º 1 (15 de fevereiro de 2023): 178–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2949124x23010133.
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In the second half of the 1980s, Soviet agricultural policy was subjected to revisionism. The problems in the agro-industrial complex had been accumulating for many years and were the result of many factors associated with the socialist system in the USSR. Whereas in the 1930s agriculture was subject to forced collectivisation, the new conditions proposed the revival of independent peasant farms and the adoption of Western experience associated with the development of farming. Private property and the future of collective farms were at the centre of the debate. This article attempts to find the following questions: why were the agrarian reforms necessary; what was their purpose; did the country's leadership have an agenda for reforms; how did the economic, legal and social aspects interact in the reform process; did the reforms succeed in achieving their objectives. The article uses documents from the Congress of People's Deputies, the Supreme Soviet and the Russian Government. Significant static material and data from sociological surveys should be noted. Legislative acts constitute a separate group of sources.
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Kirwiel, Eleonora. "The genesis of Russian multipartyism at the end of the USSR – the institutional-decisional-legal aspect". Wschód Europy. Studia humanistyczno-społeczne 9, n.º 2 (5 de maio de 2024): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/we.2023.9.2.137-156.
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The article presents the genesis of the process of formation of multi-partyism in Russia in relation to the changes at the institutional-decisional-legal level that were carried out in the last years of the USSR under Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika policy. Firstly, proceedings of an institutional-normative nature initiated by the then authorities are discussed, namely the reorganisation of the organs of state power: first and foremost, the holding of elections of deputies to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. This was to be a genuinely competitively elected body, which it was decided to resurrect in line with an appeal to the origins of communism - an overturning of the model of power based on the functioning of councils with its superstructure the Congress, which constituted the main decision-making body in the state. Secondly, the transformations at the decision-making level, concerning the sphere of elite alternation in the process of transformational change, were analysed. Thirdly, the legal changes that effectively changed the basis of the Soviet system and initiated the emergence of a new order are shown. The totality of these proceedings initiated by the authorities at the time were, according to the logic assumed by those in power, actually intended to strengthen the position of the Communist Party and its apparatus as a force supporting perestroika. In reality, these actions laid the groundwork for future systemic, social and worldview changes and paved the way for multipartyism in an already different (new) political, legal and state environment (Russian Federation).
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TSYBAKOV, D. L., e O. V. GARINA. "PARTY AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP OF THE SYSTEM OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF EMPLOYEES OF THE NKVD-MINISTRY OF Internal Affairs OF THE USSR (1920-1980-ies)". JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 10, n.º 3 (2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2021-10-3-20-27.
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This article aims to analyse the genesis of the practice of the party leadership of vocational training for the soviet police and State security bodies. The authors trace the process of development of the structure of secondary and higher educational institutions of All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, Joint State Political Directorate, People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security, as well as the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in the period from the early 1920s to the mid-1980s. It argues for the idea that the party and political control over the system of secondary and higher education is carried out by the deputies for political affairs and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The article analyses archive materials of the primary party organization of Orel secondary special police school of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In conclusions it should be noted that the recent strengthening of the party and political control over the activities of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is associated with increasing ideo-logical confrontation between the West and the USSR at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s.
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Pashkov, Alexandr M. "‘… The “Popularity” of Doctors Should Not Be the Sole Reason for Their Arrest as Hostages’: The Red Terror of Autumn 1918 in Documents from the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia". Herald of an archivist, n.º 3 (2018): 809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-3-809-820.
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September 2018 will see the 100th anniversary of the beginning of the Bolshevik Red Terror, first announced on September 2, 1918. Although in Russia in the last 20 years there have been published some valuable synthesis works on the history of the Red Terror of 1918, many details, especially of its realization at the local level, remain little-studied. The National Archive of the Republic of Karelia stores in its fond R-460 ‘Petrozavodsk City Soviet’ a file entitled ‘Excerpts from the minutes of the Olonets Gubernia Revolutionary Executive Committee and Military Commissariat meetings; correspondence with the gubernia Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage on arrests of hostages in response to the “White Terror,” etc.’ Virtually, the file contains documents on the realization of the Red Terror in Petrozavodsk in autumn 1918. The documents implicate that in realization of the Red Terror at least three organizations were involved: Olonets gubcheka (gubernia Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution), Petrozavodsk City Soviet, and Olonets gubernia revolutionary tribunal. Thus, headcount of the Red Terror victims should include alongside with persons executed by the VChK, those sentenced by other authorities and those who fell victim to extrajudicial execution. Besides documents on realization of the Red Terror in Petrozavodsk, the file stores command papers from the centre. For instance, the article cites telegram from People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs Gregory Petrovsky to all ‘Sovdeps’ (Soviets of deputies) of September 26, 1918. It avowed arresting doctors as hostages because of their ‘popularity’ and clarified that arrests predicated on nothing more than ‘popularity’ were unwarrantable, as gubernia doctors were ‘the most popular element’ and their mass arrests could ‘disorganize only just set going medical and sanitary activities in the gubernias, particularly, control of epidemics.’ Thus, the telegram confirms a very important fact: typically or by chance, in autumn 1918 not just active opponents of the Bolsheviks, their sympathizers or families members, but anyone enjoying authority and respect could fall victim to the Red Terror.
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Morris, Richard A. ": The Soviet Empire: Its Nations Speak Out. The First Congress of People's Deputies, Moscow, 25 May to 10 June 1989 . Oleg Glebov, John Crowfoot." American Anthropologist 93, n.º 2 (junho de 1991): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1991.93.2.02a00300.
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Elizarov, Sergey A. "Local Soviet nomenclature of the BSSR of late Stalinism (1945–1953)". Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, n.º 4 (10 de novembro de 2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2021-4-31-43.
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The article examines the process of restoration and development of the nomenclature mechanism of personnel policy in the BSSR in the first post-war decade, which received the name «late Stalinism» in modern historiography. The main attention is paid to the leading employees of local government bodies – the executive committees of the Soviets of Working People’s Deputies. The article describes the main trends in the transformation of the organisation of nomenclature practice – centralisation and decentralisation. The main hierarchical levels of nomenclatures are highlighted (from the Central Committee of the all-Union Communist Party(b) – the CPSU to the district and city committees of the CP(b)B – CPB), their specific content is shown in the time dynamics. It is noted that the existing hierarchy of nomenclature positions in many respects more accurately than their official administrative status determined the real position of an employee in the structure of power and management. Initially the high level of renewal of the composition of the chairmen of local executive committees was replaced in the early 1950s by its relative stabilisation. They tried to appoint Communists with pre-war experience who had already been tested in various leadership positions to senior positions in the local structures of the state administration apparatus. The level of education played a role only at the district and city levels of the local administrative hierarchy, for its highest level – the chairmen of regional executive committees – the main importance was still the experience of leadership work. The work experience in the positions held and the general experience of managerial work increased somewhat, the level of education of the chairmen of district and city executive committees increased, which made it possible to move to a higher level of requirements in the selection of personnel (the availability of specialised higher, technical or agricultural, education).
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Антонов, А. С. "Transformation of the model of local self-government during the crisis and subsequent dismantling of the Soviet political system at the end of the 20th century in Ryazan Region". Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, n.º 3(80) (29 de setembro de 2023): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2023.80.3.005.
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Статья посвящена актуальной на сегодняшний день проблеме формирования новой российской государственности в конце XX века. Этот процесс отличается серьезными потрясениями и уникальным опытом коренного преобразования всей политической системы без тектонических разломов войн и революций, в связи с чем вопрос становления и развития новой системы самоуправления в регионах является одним из самых актуальных. В статье рассматривается трансформация модели местного самоуправления в условиях кризиса и демонтажа советской политической системы в конце ХХ века. Особое внимание уделяется начавшейся в середине 80-х годов ХХ века перестройке, когда внимание сосредотачивалось не на решении нараставших в стране экономических проблем, а на реорганизации политической системы страны — Союза Советских Социалистических Республик. Прослеживаются этапы выполнения одной из важнейших задач реформирования советского общества и государства, в частности эволюция роли Советов в советском государстве. Целью статьи является комплексное исследование процесса создания, становления и развития органов местного самоуправления в Рязанской области в период демонтажа советской политической системы. Анализируются новые, впервые вводимые в научный оборот архивных документы Государственного архива Рязанской области — протоколы заседаний Городского совета народных депутатов за период с 1990 года по 1992 год. The article is devoted to the important issue of formation of the new Russian state at the end of the 20th century. This process is distinguished by serious upheavals and a unique experience of a radical transformation of the entire political system. This happened without destructive wars or revolutions. Due to this circumstance the issue of the formation and development of a new system of self-government in the regions is a major theme to address. The article deals with the transformation of the model of local self-government in the conditions of the crisis and subsequent collapse of the Soviet political system at the end of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to the perestroikathat began in the mid-1980s, when attention was focused not on solving the economic problems that were growing in the country, but on reorganizing the political system of the country, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The research focusses on the stages of reforming the Soviet society and the state, in particular, on the evolution of the role of the Soviets (Councils) in the Soviet state. The article presents a comprehensive study of the process of creation, formation and development of local governments in the Ryazan Region during the dismantling of the Soviet political system. It quotes new archival documents of the State Archives of the Ryazan Region, namely the minutes of meetings of the City Council of People’s Deputies for the period from 1990 to 1992, analyzed here for the first time.
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Ivantsov, Igor G. "Regional Control Commissions: Workers' and Peasants' Inspections of the AUCP (B) as Bodies of Extrajudicial Prosecution: Archival Materials of the Kuban Region (1933)". Herald of an archivist, n.º 4 (2022): 1042–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-4-1042-1055.
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The article attempts to reveal the role and forms of implementation of punitive functions by the local Control Commissions—Workers' and Peasants' Inspections of the AUCP (B) during the kolkhozes creation in the rural areas. It draws on unpublished archival documents (1933) from the Center for Documentation on the Contemporary History of the Krasnodar Krai (TsDNIKK). Late 1932 – first half of 1933 was a special period in the life of the Soviet state, and its rural grain-producing zone in particular. One of these areas was Kuban, where the famine began, largely due to the ongoing Stalin’s grain procurement policy. The newly organized agricultural associations, collective and state farms (kolkhozes and sovkhozes), became its first victims. The villagers were weakened by undernourishment, there was a great increase in the mortality of draft animals caused by malnutrition, poor care, and related accidents. The collectivization of national agriculture concurrent with “destruction of the kulaks as a class” was coming to an end. The basis of the article is a microhistorical approach, where the object of study is local historical events providing a deeper understanding of the diverse social component of the process. The leadership and control over the policy, the "fight against kulak sabotage" was officially carried out by the authorities represented by the executive committees of the Soviets of People’s Deputies. However, the analysis of archival materials shows that the main driving force behind these covert punitive processes were bodies of the AUCP (B). The bodies of the party-state control of the AUCP (B) —Control Commissions—Workers' and Peasants' Inspections played the key role. They were the main directing and controlling forces acting through officials (communists, leaders and representatives of party bodies and non-party institutions with their mandatory party organizations). The interaction of the Control Commissions—Workers' and Peasants' Inspections with law enforcement agencies (police, prosecutor's office, courts, the OGPU bodies) was characteristic. It has been revealed that the Control Commissions—Workers' and Peasants' Inspections of the AUCP (B) at the district level were among genuine governing authorities, at the same time acting as bodies of extrajudicial persecution of communists and non-party men. The instrument of persecution was purges, checks, investigations through party and Soviet agencies. In some cases, when seeking to place the blame for certain events, the investigations and decisions had a clear accusatory bias.
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Sankovych, Maria. "The second sovietisation of the stanislav region – preparing the preconditions for collectivisation and industrialisation". Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 42 (12 de janeiro de 2024): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2023-42.321-335.
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The purpose of research aims to reveal the mechanism of implanting Soviet power (the second Sovietization) in the lands of Western Ukraine, using the example of the Stanislav region and the socialist system. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, scientificity, and systematic analysis. Generalization, classification, and source document analysis methods are employed. The scientific novelty lies in isolating the mechanism of implanting socialist changes in the economy through the Sovietization of the western region of Ukraine, exemplified by the Stanislav region. The article uncovers the personnel policy implemented by the dispatched party, Komsomol, economic, law enforcement elements under the cover of the army, punitive units of the NKVD and NKDB, and individual supporters from the local population through the councils (village, town, district, city, regional) of labor deputies and their executives. Conclusions. Under the slogans of Sovietization, there was an assault on the national, cultural, economic customs, and traditions of the Ukrainian people. The implantation of the socialist system was closely linked to the issue of selection, training, and distribution of personnel. Stalin's personnel policy led to the influx of poorly educated party officials into the western Ukrainian regions who did not understand the region's specifics and did not speak Ukrainian. The Stalinist regime utilized various mechanisms of influencing people's consciousness – from Sovietization and propaganda to mass terror. However, the majority of the local population remained committed to the Ukrainian national idea and traditional ways of life.
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Barysheva, Elena V. "‘Galvanize the Streets to Life with Joy of Celebration.’ V. E. Meyerhold and Demonstration Decoration". Herald of an archivist, n.º 4 (2018): 1103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-4-1103-1114.
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The avant-garde director V. E. Meyerhold accepted the ideas of the October Revolution of 1917 with enthusiasm. His search for new theatrical forms seemed interconnected with agitation mass art and grandiose festivities on the days of revolutionary holidays in particular. The article sequentially reviews several documents on preparation of the 15th anniversary of the October Revolution (1932) and activities of the Central Art Commission (the October Commission) under the Moscow Soviet. V. Meyerhold took part in the work of the Commission. In his report ‘On artistic design of demonstrations,’ Meyerhold underscored main features of the demonstration, he assessed stage space for theatrical presentation of the holiday within the urban landscape and conditional and imaginative idiom of the theatrical performance scenography as parts of the festive culture stylistics. A tradition and rituals of celebrating the revolution anniversaries had already taken shape by 1930s. V. Meyerhold evinced the causes of mistakes inherent in all festive events of 1930s, such as passivity and even apathy of participants, clich?s in design, redundancy of slogans. Moreover, he made recommendations for decorating festive demonstrations and even city squares, streets, and houses. Following the meeting of the Moscow City Committee of the VKP(B) and of the Mossovet (Moscow Soviet of People's Deputies), a series of methodological recommendations and guidelines on the procedure for conducting and decorating holiday demonstrations was written. The main idea was to involve the demonstrators themselves in the festive events, to engage massoviks (organizers of popular cultural and recreational activities), athletes, entertainers, harmonists, chorus, orchestra, to use allegorical signs and emblems. And yet all activities were controlled and coordinated by central and district commissions, whose function was to instruct factories to organize demonstration columns with stylistic and topical continuity.
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Bahturina, Alexandra. "Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and Zemstvo Soviets in the Baltic Provinces in 1917: the Formation of National Statehood and Proletarian Internationalism". ISTORIYA 12, n.º 12-1 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018148-1.
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The article examines the interaction and conflicts between the Zemstvo Councils and the Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on the issues of the future organization of power in the territories of the Estland, Livonia and Courland provinces. It is shown that representatives of the liberal public of Estonia and Latvia in the spring of 1917, with the help of the Provisional Government, managed to create Zemstvo Councils and abolish the authorities of the German noble self-government, provoking protests from the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, who regarded this as the removal of workers from power. The article analyzes the attitude of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies to the slogans of national autonomy and national statehood, which were in contradiction with the ideas of proletarian internationalism. In practice, the Soviets sought to organize power separately on the territory of Estonia and Latvia, outside the all-Russian associations of Soviets, thus providing, along with the Zemstvo Councils, conditions for the creation of national statehood. It is concluded that organizations of different political orientation — Zemstvo Councils and Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies — contributed to the creation of national statehood in Estonia and Latvia by their activities in 1917.
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Tverdyukova, Elena Dmitrievna. "Deputy corps of district soviets of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War: staff composition and activity". Genesis: исторические исследования, n.º 11 (novembro de 2021): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.11.36836.
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The object of this research is the deputy corps of district soviets of Leningrad, while the subject is the quantitative and qualitative changes in its staff composition and activity of the deputies during the Great Patriotic War. Despite the fact that during the wartime, the responsibilities of local self-government were taken on by the executive committees of district soviets, the examination of everyday activity of the deputies is important for understanding the situation in the besieged society. The study relies on the record keeping and statistical materials from the funds of St. Petersburg State Central Archive, many of which have not been previously introduced to the scientific discourse; as well as published sources. For the first time in historiography, analysis is conducted on the staff composition of the deputy corps of district soviets and its changes during the wartime using the quantitative methods. It is established that majority of the deputies had poor economic and administrative experience, as they worked at production sites. After evacuation, conscription into the Red Army, work transfer to other regions, population losses, the number of people’s deputies has decreased by more than 2/3 by the end of the war. However, due to the shortage of qualified personnel, the process of nominating them for the senior positions in the executive branch ramped up. Using the historical-comparative and historical-chronological methods, the author determines the stages in the work of district soviets depending on the flip of events in the city: prior to the winter of 1941, the deputies took active part in the economic and political campaigns; in December 1941 – April 1942, their work virtually ceased; later, their main activity lied in single assignments of the district executive committees. The standing committees, in practice were mostly nominal.
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Reznik, A. V. "Representation Rhetoric of the Civil War in “Izvestia” (October 1917 – January 1918)". Вестник Пермского университета. История, n.º 3(54) (2021): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-3-88-100.
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The aim of the article is to address the question of the meaning and the specificity of the concept of the "civil war" in Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee and the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, a newspaper which reflected the views of the Bolsheviks and their allies. This case study examines the genealogy of the language of the civil war from October 27th, 1917 to the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, a momentous event on the path to the frontal Civil War. The article reconstructs a basic repertoire of the rhetorical techniques of representation, revealing what could be said in public about the civil war and under what conditions. It demonstrates the dynamics and the contexts of rhetorical "mobilization" and "demobilization", when the militaristic rhetoric of Izvestia switched to peaceful, and vice versa, correspondingly to the usage frequency of the term "civil war". The language of class struggle, and revolutionary mythology, especially that of the French Revolution, constituted the basis of Izvestia's rhetorical strategy aimed at legitimizing the policy of the Council of People's Commissars. The concept of the "civil war" had multiple meanings in Izvestia denoting a "condition", a "circumstance", and a "threat", in different circumstances, related to past, current, and future events. It is shown that constant criticism was levelled not only at the bourgeoisie, but also at the so-called right-wing socialist parties, which were held responsible for the civil war. The civil war was semantically designated in the past, present, and future tenses. The principle of a "just civil war" was explicitly expressed on the eve of convocation and during the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, justifying the acts of violence. The article concludes that the concept of floating signifier can be applied to the civil war as a means of refocusing the research into the issue of political communication.
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Gunaev, Evgeniy A. "Реформа системы Советов народных депутатов в Калмыкии в годы перестройки (1989–1991 гг.)". Desertum Magnum: studia historica Великая степь: исторические исследования, n.º 1 (18 de dezembro de 2020): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2712-8431-2020-9-1-135-144.
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The article analyses the board of people’s deputies system reform at the end of 1980s — the beginning of 1990s on the example of the Republic of Kalmykia. The board of people’s deputies system reform in Kalmykia in the given period developed within the framework of social doctrine vision of the Soviet in the system of country-wide power. These changes reflected the influence of perestroika and were aimed at democratization of the board of people’s deputies work, the rise of their role as the representational body of power and responsibility, specifically the local board, in the solution of social-economic problems of the territories and population. Beginning from 1991, under the influence of Russian reforms there was a gradual transition to the perception of the local board as a local government authority. In 1992, the local government institution was introduced in Kalmykia.
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Malkhozova, F. V. "The Fight for Economic Reform in Russia, 1990–1991". Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S1 (março de 2022): S70—S89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622070073.
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Abstract This article researches not a big, but an important period in the modern history of Russia, which became a transitional stage from a socialist to a market economy. It analyzes the main characteristics of the country’s economy and the circumstances of the transition to the market. The leading role in transforming the economic and political system belonged to the Congress of People’s Deputies of Russia. The “economic” sovereignty of the republic has become the core of Russia’s state sovereignty. The implementation of the declaration required changes in legislation and the management system. Freedom of entrepreneurship, banking, loans, and other innovations have set the task of creating clear and reliable forms of property rights and corresponding guarantees of the state. Normative legal acts of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted to establish Russia’s economic independence and the transition to market relations caused a “war” of laws, in which the presidents of the USSR and Russia, Union and Russian deputies, ministers and regional leaders participated.
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Karchaeva, Tat'yana Gennad'evna, Inna Aleksandrovna Kizhner e Denis Nikolaevich Gergilev. "Participation of Women in Local and Regional Soviets in Eastern Siberia from 1921 to 1936: Statistical Sources Analysis". Историческая информатика, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2020): 34–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2585-7797.2020.1.32080.
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The article studies how women were becoming participants of the social and political life in the first soviet decades thus proving the socialistic policy to eliminate the class and sex inequality widely spread at the beginning of the 20th century. The article explores the dynamics of Eastern Siberian women’s participation in local Soviets in Russia from 1921 to 1936, their social composition, professionalism and work ethics. To analyze raw data the authors use database technology and statistical methods. Computer technologies provided for processing mass historical sources: party censuses, service records and inquiry forms of civil servants. The authors conclude that the number of women fluctuated between 25% and 33% of the deputies and delegates to the local and regional Soviets (public councils), they lacked proper professional experience and education (about 80% had only primary school education), had peasant or labor class background and could not boast high level of work ethics. Moreover, many women were passive deputies without any visible demonstration of the service. Statistical analysis has demonstrated that women with middle professional education and higher education had higher positions in executive committees of Soviets. They were few in number but they contributed a lot to the developing new administration and government.
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Markov, Roman S., Elena A. Naydenova e ,. Kristina K. Kurakina. "Activities of the City Council of People’s Deputies of Yelets at the Final Stage of Perestroika (1990–1991)". Общество: философия, история, культура, n.º 11 (22 de novembro de 2023): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2023.11.33.
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This article, based on materials from the regional press and archival materials, examines the main results of the work of the City Council of People’s Deputies of Yelets, formed following the results of the first alternative elections on March 4, 1990. An analysis of the main directions of the activities of the representative body and efforts to improve the standard of living of the population undertaken city authorities as the socio-economic crisis grew and the political situation worsened at the final stage of perestroika. Reconstruction of the events of the last years of Soviet power showed that the new composition of the Council of People’s Deputies of Yelets included citizens known and respected in the city. Holding different views on the future of the city, the people’s representatives managed to reach a political compromise. In conditions of growing instability, the Yelets City Council and the executive committee reporting to it pursued a socially oriented policy and tried to respond to the problems of the citizens in a timely and effective manner.
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Andreev, Alexander Alekceevich, e Anton Petrovich Ostroushko. "Justin Ivlianovich JANELIDZE – Chairman of the all-Union society of surgeons, Chief surgeon of the Soviet Navy, chief editor of the journal "Bulletin of surgery" (135th anniversary of birth)". Vestnik of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 11, n.º 3 (28 de setembro de 2018): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2018-11-3-230.
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In 1883 in Georgia in a peasant family was born Justin Ivlianovich Janelidze. After graduating from the Kutaisi classical gymnasium (1903) studied in Kharkiv (1903-1905) and Geneva universities (1905 – 1909). Defended his thesis on the topic: "the question of teratoma and testicular tumors" (1909). In 1910 I. I. Dzhanelidze returned to Russia and received the title of doctor with honors, doctor of medicine (1911). From 1911 to 1914 he worked at the St. Petersburg women's medical Institute at the Department of hospital surgery. In 1911 G. I. Janelidze made a successful operation a patient with a wound of the right ventricle of the heart, in 1913 - world's first stitched the wound of the ascending aorta. During the first world war Justin Ivlianovich was a doctor of the field hospital trains. On his return from the army he worked as an assistant Professor, Department of General surgery (1921) the Petrograd medical Institute. In 1927, I. I. Janelidze was elected to the chair of hospital surgery of I Leningrad medical Institute, headed until 1943 1932 he is also scientific Director of the Leningrad Institute of emergency care. In 1939, Justin Ivlianovich - chief surgeon of the Navy of the USSR. In 1943, I. I. Janelidze was appointed chief of the Department of hospital surgery educated in the naval medical Academy.
I. Janelidze is the author of over 100 scientific works, including monographs: "the Wounds of the heart and their surgical treatment", "Free skin grafting in Russia and the Soviet Union," "Bronchial fistula gunshot origin." He developed methods of surgical treatment of wounds of the heart, mediastinum, arterial and arteriovenous aneurysms of the carotid, subclavian and femoral arteries, plastic surgery, methods of reduction of dislocated shoulder and hip.
Most famous was his monograph "Bronchial fistula gunshot origin", for which he was awarded the State prize of the USSR (1948). In 1946 he was elected Chairman of the all-Union society of surgeons and remained in this post until the end of life. He was editor-in-chief of the journal "Bulletin of surgery" (1937-1941 gg.), the editor of "war surgery" in the "Encyclopedic dictionary of military medicine", member of the editorial Board and the author of several chapters of the multivolume work "the Experience of Soviet medicine in great Patriotic war 1941-1945", magazines "Surgery" and "New surgical archive". I. I. Janelidze was elected Deputy of the Leningrad city Council of people's deputies. He was awarded two orders of Lenin, order of the red banner, the Gold medal "hammer and Sickle" and many medals. January 14, 1950 I. I. Janelidze died.
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Dickins, Alistair. "Rethinking the Power of Soviets: Krasnoiarsk, March–October 1917". Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography 9, n.º 1 (17 de outubro de 2016): 223–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102388-00900012.
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This article examines the basis of power of the Krasnoiarsk Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies in 1917. It challenges the still-commonplace ‘dual power’ paradigm, using Krasnoiarsk as an example to counter the contention that soviets seized outright power in particular localities. As the Krasnoiarsk Soviet became active in state affairs, it increasingly engaged other local organisations in the processes of power. The article draws on previously unexamined archival materials from Krasnoiarsk, including administrative records of the Soviet and other local organisations involved in delivering state functions.
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O'Brien, Kevin J. "Agents and Remonstrators: Role Accumulation by Chinese People's Congress Deputies". China Quarterly 138 (junho de 1994): 359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000035797.
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In the past, the loyalty most Chinese people's congress deputies felt toward the state completely overwhelmed their sense of responsibility to constituents. Deputies in the Maoist era faced simple and clear expectations to represent the regime to the people and often devastating sanctions if they did not. Ambiguities were few and deputies had limited opportunities to define their own role or to expand their constituency focus. More recently, however, evolving expectations, rapid societal change and institutional reforms have transformed the duties of “people's representatives” and have created deputy identities that are increasingly multi-layered and fraught with contradictions. Deputies now have unprecedented opportunities to improvise on conventional scripts and some have taken on new roles: roles that clash with their traditional responsibilities, and that appear very difficult to reconcile.
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Shorina, E. V. "Soviets and the Organs of People's Control". Soviet Law and Government 25, n.º 2 (outubro de 1986): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rup1061-1940250242.
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Walker, Edward W. "The Nationality Problem—Round II". Nationalities Papers 20, n.º 2 (1992): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999208408243.
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If the eight months since the August coup have shown us nothing else, it is that the “nationalities problem” not only will survive the death of the Soviet Union but may well intensify. For Russia in particular the past year has witnessed what might be called the “The Nationality Problem—Round II” whereby many of the same pressures that brought down the Soviet Union are now mounting within the Russian Federation (or simply, “Russia”—the delegates at the recent Congress of Peoples’ Deputies were unable to settle on a single name). There are many ironies about all this, but let me just cite a few.
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Elizarov, Sergey. "The Main Trends in the Development of the System of Local Government Bodies of the BSSR (1953–1964)". Izvestia of Smolensk State University, n.º 1(61) (15 de dezembro de 2023): 218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2023-61-1-218-232.
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The article discusses the main directions in reorganizing the structure of the executive committees of the Soviets of Workers' Deputies – local government bodies of the BSSR, expansion of their material and financial base, new trends in personnel
nomenclature practice in 1953–1964. It is noted that the party-state policy regarding the role of local government bodies in 1953–1964 was generally updated. The line initiated by the supreme Union leadership to reduce the administrative and administrative apparatus and its maintenance costs, which is implemented through both the consolidation of administrative-territorial units and structural divisions of executive
committees, becomes decisive. The central Union bodies also took the initiative to expand the rights of local Soviets and their executive committees to form the material and financial base of their activities. In nomenclature personnel work, the spheres of
nomenclature responsibility are redistributed from top to bottom. Higher education becomes a necessary attribute of holding senior positions at the district and regional levels. The degree of mobility of the executive staff of the executive committees of the
Soviets is significantly increasing.