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1
Clark, Terry D. "A House Divided: A Roll-call Analysis of the First Session of the Moscow City Soviet". Slavic Review 51, n.º 4 (1992): 674–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500131.
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The March 1990 elections to republican and local Soviets in the USSR resulted in the transfer of power from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to the nascent democratic movement in a number of republics and localities. Among these was the Moscow City Soviet (Mossoviet). Of the 472 people's deputies elected to the Mossoviet, the clear majority were elected under the umbrella of the political bloc Democratic Russia. Running on a platform calling for the rejection of continued CPSU control of political life in the Soviet Union and Moscow, Democratic Russia's candidates won decisively in a majority of the electoral districts.
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Sukhonos, V. V. "THE SOVIET MODEL OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE OF THE FATE OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS". Legal horizons, n.º 18 (2019): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i18.p20.
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The article is devoted to the constitutional and legal issues of local government organizations. The main attention is paid to the Soviet model of local government, which, in the period of the industrialization of the country, focused on the further strengthening of the Soviet state apparatus, the deployment of the so-called “Soviet democracy” and the fight against bureaucratic defects. However, such a situation as a whole was not typical of the Soviet system. That is why the Bolsheviks attempts to attract the poor sections of the rural population. However, success in this direction was caused not so much by the strengthening of the Soviet economy as a whole, but by the opportunity for the rural poor to plunder wealthy peasants, which had developed because of the dictatorship of the proletariat existing in the USSR. Subsequently, the Bolshevik Party raised the issue of organizing special groups of poverty or factions for an open political struggle to attract the middle peoples to the proletariat and to isolate wealthy peasants (the so-called “kulaks”) during the elections to the Soviets, cooperatives, etc. With the onset of socialist reconstruction, there was a need to organize poverty, because it was an important element and the establishment of “Soviet democracy in the countryside.” The Stalin Constitution of 1936 transformed the Soviets. From 1918, they were called the Soviets of Workers’, Peasants’ and Red Army Deputies, and now, with the entry into force of the Stalin Constitution, the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. This transformation of the Soviets reflected the victory of the socialist system throughout the national economy, radical changes in the class composition of Soviet society, and a new triumph of “socialist democracy”. In addition, the “victory of socialism” in the USSR made possible the transition to universal, equal, and direct suffrage by secret ballot. On December 24 and 29, 1939, citizens of the Soviet Union elected their representatives to the local Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. 99.21 % of the total number of voters took part in the vote. The election results are another testament to the growing influence of the Bolshevik Party on the population of the Soviet Union, which has largely replaced the activities of the Soviets themselves, including the local ones. Holding elections to the regional, regional, district, district, city, village and settlement councils of workers’ deputies completed the restructuring of all state bodies in accordance with the Stalin Constitution and on its basis. With the adoption in 1977 of the last Constitution of the USSR, the councils of workers’ deputies were renamed the councils of people’s deputies. In 1985, the last non-alternative elections were held for 52,041 local councils, and in 1988, their structure became more complicated: there were presidencies organizing the work of regional, regional, autonomous regions, autonomous districts, district, city and rayon in the cities of Soviets. People’s Deputies. Within the framework of the city (city subordination), village, and town councils, this work is carried out directly by the heads of the designated Councils. On December 26, 1990, the Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR introduced regular amendments to the Constitution of the USSR, which formally abolished the Presidencies, but did not prohibit their existence. On September 5, 1991, the Constitution of 1977 was effectively abolished. Finally, it happened after December 26, 1991, when the USSR actually ceased to exist. Thus, existing in the USSR during the period of socialist reconstruction and subsequent transformations that began with the processes of industrialization and ended as a result of the collapse of the USSR, the model of local government organization remained ineffective due to its actual replacement by the activities of the governing bodies of the ruling Communist Party. Keywords: Local Government; the system of Councils; local Councils; Council of Deputies of the working people; Council of People’s Deputies; Soviet local government.
3
Mironov, B. N. "Collective Portrait of Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and Union Republics in 1938–1989". Modern History of Russia 13, n.º 1 (2023): 141–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.109.
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In 1938–1989, Supreme Soviets of the USSR and Union Republics were the successors of the Congresses of Soviets and performed the same functions assigned to them by the ruling party — to approve and convert the decisions of the Сommunist Party into laws, to support the policy pursued by the party and the government, to legitimize the existing regime. The Soviets performed these functions quite successfully due to the fact that the deputy corps included people from all social groups loyal to the regime and at the same time influential, authoritative, and well-known throughout the country. A simple Soviet citizen believed in the deputies and the real power of the Supreme Soviets, thanks to which the Soviets, having no real power, had great symbolic power, which allowed them until 1989 to maintain the trust of the people in the Soviet system and the communist project. In 1938–1989, the composition of the deputies of the Supreme Soviets of the USSR and the union republics underwent important changes: there was an in increase in the proportion of workers and peasants, women, educated people, and people of mature and senior age; the proportion of employees, Russians and semi-literate people decreased. The deputies’ corps became more balanced in all respects and significantly more educated, but members and candidates of the Communist Party, men, employees, intellectuals, functionaries, were still overrepresented, and non-party workers, peasants and Russians were underrepresented. In general, the deputy corps was comprised of the elite; the Supreme Soviets of the Union and Autonomous Republics — of the national elite of the titular peoples. They were not professional politicians, as in Western parliaments, but the elite. For the majority of deputies, activity in the Soviets was not the main profession, but an honorable part-time job on a voluntary basis.
4
Malkhozova, F. V. "Discussions about the state sovereignty of Russia at the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR". Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, n.º 4 (15 de dezembro de 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/20-4/08.
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This article is devoted to the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Russia. The main result of the first Congress of People's Deputies was the assertion of Russian sovereignty, ensuring economic independence. The issue of sovereignty is one of the most acute and painful topics of the Soviet and post-Soviet times. In the RSFSR, the question of the realization of its sovereignty became aggravated by the end of perestroika, when it became clear that, in comparison with other republics, Russia did not even have limited statehood. Most republics of the Soviet Union had their own communist parties and their nomenclatures, which were quite autonomous in exercising power and their interests. The RSFSR did not have this. With a policy of publicity and open elections, the concept of sovereignty came to the fore in election campaigns and became central to the work of the first congress of people's deputies of the RSFSR.
5
Kheifets, Viktor L., e Lazar S. Kheifets. "Boris Sinani: 246 Days in the Life of a Participant in Revolutionary Events in Russia in 1917". RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, n.º 3 (15 de dezembro de 2023): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-3-441-455.
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From the example of Russian officer Boris Semenovich Sinani’s fate, the authors have attempted to reconstruct the events of the first days of the February Revolution, including certain aspects of the work of the “military headquarters of the revolution” - the Military Commission, as well as the reasons for the creation and nature of the functioning of the Union of Republican Officers of the People's Army. Through their research, the authors have revealed the complexity of the relationship between the Provisional Committee of the State Duma and the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, as well as the attitude of the Russian officers to the revolutionary changes in the country. The authors note that the name Sinani was taken as a pseudonym by Georgy Borisovich Skalov, another participant in the revolution and the Civil War, and this choice played a tragic role in the fate of the latter. The study is based on the analysis of the documents of the Union of Socialists of the People's Army stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, memoirs, and their comparison with published scientific works. The authors have also attempted to reconstruct the main lines of interaction and contradictions between officer groups during the Great October Socialist Revolution.
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TSYBAKOV, D. L., e O. V. GARINA. "PARTY AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP OF THE SYSTEM OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF EMPLOYEES OF THE NKVD-MINISTRY OF Internal Affairs OF THE USSR (1920-1980-ies)". JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 10, n.º 3 (2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2021-10-3-20-27.
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This article aims to analyse the genesis of the practice of the party leadership of vocational training for the soviet police and State security bodies. The authors trace the process of development of the structure of secondary and higher educational institutions of All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, Joint State Political Directorate, People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security, as well as the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in the period from the early 1920s to the mid-1980s. It argues for the idea that the party and political control over the system of secondary and higher education is carried out by the deputies for political affairs and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The article analyses archive materials of the primary party organization of Orel secondary special police school of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In conclusions it should be noted that the recent strengthening of the party and political control over the activities of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is associated with increasing ideo-logical confrontation between the West and the USSR at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s.
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Антонов, А. С. "Transformation of the model of local self-government during the crisis and subsequent dismantling of the Soviet political system at the end of the 20th century in Ryazan Region". Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, n.º 3(80) (29 de setembro de 2023): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2023.80.3.005.
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Статья посвящена актуальной на сегодняшний день проблеме формирования новой российской государственности в конце XX века. Этот процесс отличается серьезными потрясениями и уникальным опытом коренного преобразования всей политической системы без тектонических разломов войн и революций, в связи с чем вопрос становления и развития новой системы самоуправления в регионах является одним из самых актуальных. В статье рассматривается трансформация модели местного самоуправления в условиях кризиса и демонтажа советской политической системы в конце ХХ века. Особое внимание уделяется начавшейся в середине 80-х годов ХХ века перестройке, когда внимание сосредотачивалось не на решении нараставших в стране экономических проблем, а на реорганизации политической системы страны — Союза Советских Социалистических Республик. Прослеживаются этапы выполнения одной из важнейших задач реформирования советского общества и государства, в частности эволюция роли Советов в советском государстве. Целью статьи является комплексное исследование процесса создания, становления и развития органов местного самоуправления в Рязанской области в период демонтажа советской политической системы. Анализируются новые, впервые вводимые в научный оборот архивных документы Государственного архива Рязанской области — протоколы заседаний Городского совета народных депутатов за период с 1990 года по 1992 год. The article is devoted to the important issue of formation of the new Russian state at the end of the 20th century. This process is distinguished by serious upheavals and a unique experience of a radical transformation of the entire political system. This happened without destructive wars or revolutions. Due to this circumstance the issue of the formation and development of a new system of self-government in the regions is a major theme to address. The article deals with the transformation of the model of local self-government in the conditions of the crisis and subsequent collapse of the Soviet political system at the end of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to the perestroikathat began in the mid-1980s, when attention was focused not on solving the economic problems that were growing in the country, but on reorganizing the political system of the country, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The research focusses on the stages of reforming the Soviet society and the state, in particular, on the evolution of the role of the Soviets (Councils) in the Soviet state. The article presents a comprehensive study of the process of creation, formation and development of local governments in the Ryazan Region during the dismantling of the Soviet political system. It quotes new archival documents of the State Archives of the Ryazan Region, namely the minutes of meetings of the City Council of People’s Deputies for the period from 1990 to 1992, analyzed here for the first time.
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Elizarov, Sergey A. "Local Soviet nomenclature of the BSSR of late Stalinism (1945–1953)". Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, n.º 4 (10 de novembro de 2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2021-4-31-43.
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The article examines the process of restoration and development of the nomenclature mechanism of personnel policy in the BSSR in the first post-war decade, which received the name «late Stalinism» in modern historiography. The main attention is paid to the leading employees of local government bodies – the executive committees of the Soviets of Working People’s Deputies. The article describes the main trends in the transformation of the organisation of nomenclature practice – centralisation and decentralisation. The main hierarchical levels of nomenclatures are highlighted (from the Central Committee of the all-Union Communist Party(b) – the CPSU to the district and city committees of the CP(b)B – CPB), their specific content is shown in the time dynamics. It is noted that the existing hierarchy of nomenclature positions in many respects more accurately than their official administrative status determined the real position of an employee in the structure of power and management. Initially the high level of renewal of the composition of the chairmen of local executive committees was replaced in the early 1950s by its relative stabilisation. They tried to appoint Communists with pre-war experience who had already been tested in various leadership positions to senior positions in the local structures of the state administration apparatus. The level of education played a role only at the district and city levels of the local administrative hierarchy, for its highest level – the chairmen of regional executive committees – the main importance was still the experience of leadership work. The work experience in the positions held and the general experience of managerial work increased somewhat, the level of education of the chairmen of district and city executive committees increased, which made it possible to move to a higher level of requirements in the selection of personnel (the availability of specialised higher, technical or agricultural, education).
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Andreev, Alexander Alekceevich, e Anton Petrovich Ostroushko. "Justin Ivlianovich JANELIDZE – Chairman of the all-Union society of surgeons, Chief surgeon of the Soviet Navy, chief editor of the journal "Bulletin of surgery" (135th anniversary of birth)". Vestnik of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 11, n.º 3 (28 de setembro de 2018): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2018-11-3-230.
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In 1883 in Georgia in a peasant family was born Justin Ivlianovich Janelidze. After graduating from the Kutaisi classical gymnasium (1903) studied in Kharkiv (1903-1905) and Geneva universities (1905 – 1909). Defended his thesis on the topic: "the question of teratoma and testicular tumors" (1909). In 1910 I. I. Dzhanelidze returned to Russia and received the title of doctor with honors, doctor of medicine (1911). From 1911 to 1914 he worked at the St. Petersburg women's medical Institute at the Department of hospital surgery. In 1911 G. I. Janelidze made a successful operation a patient with a wound of the right ventricle of the heart, in 1913 - world's first stitched the wound of the ascending aorta. During the first world war Justin Ivlianovich was a doctor of the field hospital trains. On his return from the army he worked as an assistant Professor, Department of General surgery (1921) the Petrograd medical Institute. In 1927, I. I. Janelidze was elected to the chair of hospital surgery of I Leningrad medical Institute, headed until 1943 1932 he is also scientific Director of the Leningrad Institute of emergency care. In 1939, Justin Ivlianovich - chief surgeon of the Navy of the USSR. In 1943, I. I. Janelidze was appointed chief of the Department of hospital surgery educated in the naval medical Academy.
I. Janelidze is the author of over 100 scientific works, including monographs: "the Wounds of the heart and their surgical treatment", "Free skin grafting in Russia and the Soviet Union," "Bronchial fistula gunshot origin." He developed methods of surgical treatment of wounds of the heart, mediastinum, arterial and arteriovenous aneurysms of the carotid, subclavian and femoral arteries, plastic surgery, methods of reduction of dislocated shoulder and hip.
Most famous was his monograph "Bronchial fistula gunshot origin", for which he was awarded the State prize of the USSR (1948). In 1946 he was elected Chairman of the all-Union society of surgeons and remained in this post until the end of life. He was editor-in-chief of the journal "Bulletin of surgery" (1937-1941 gg.), the editor of "war surgery" in the "Encyclopedic dictionary of military medicine", member of the editorial Board and the author of several chapters of the multivolume work "the Experience of Soviet medicine in great Patriotic war 1941-1945", magazines "Surgery" and "New surgical archive". I. I. Janelidze was elected Deputy of the Leningrad city Council of people's deputies. He was awarded two orders of Lenin, order of the red banner, the Gold medal "hammer and Sickle" and many medals. January 14, 1950 I. I. Janelidze died.
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Sukhonos, V. V. "THE SOVIET MODEL OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS". Legal horizons, n.º 17 (2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:42.
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The article is devoted to the political and legal problems of the organization of local authorities. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the Soviet model of local government in the period of its first reform, which falls on the day of the so-called “New Economic Policy”, when the liberalization processes started, called the “Leninist line for the development of socialist democracy”. However, the expansion of this democracy was greatly complicated by the fact that the Soviet state apparatus did not have its own bureaucracy, and therefore, for the most part, relied on the bureaucracy of the old, bureaucracy, raised on the bureaucratic traditions of the royal apparatus. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that many of the workers of the party and Soviet bodies, especially the grassroots, were hardly deprived of previous methods of state administration, which usually had military-administrative character. The transition to a new economic policy (NEP), a certain liberalization of the Soviet system could not but cause a revival in the work of the party, trade unions, and the Soviets. But if the restructuring of the party and trade unions was implemented within a rather short time, then in relation to the Soviets, it was a bit delayed. The newly formed Soviet state apparatus proved to be unprepared for various kinds of social experiments. Among other things, this was due to the inadequate level of farming in the first years of the NEP, the general deterioration of the civil war, the still hard financial situation of the people and the use of all these circumstances by the opponents of the Bolsheviks in the countryside. The most effective means of improving the Soviet apparatus and eliminating bureaucratic “tricks” was the regular campaign in the form of wide involvement in the management of the state of workers and peoples. Particularly relevant was the issue of improving the forms of party leadership by the activities of the Soviet state and economic apparatus. It was necessary to find the right forms of relations between the party and Soviet bodies, to eliminate the practice of substituting Soviets by party bodies not removed from the civil war since the times of civil war. This kind of branching should have provided a more systematic discussion and solution of economic issues by the Soviet authorities while increasing the responsibility of each Soviet worker and the case he was entrusted with. On the other hand, this provided the opportunity for party bodies to focus on the overall management of the work of all state bodies, paying particular attention to the education and organization of working classes. However, despite a certain liberalization of the Soviet system, the model of the organization of local government in the USSR in the period of the New Economic Policy remained ineffective, both as a result of its virtually “curious” character and absolute domination of the members of the Bolshevik Party in the Soviets. Keywords: Local Government; a system of Councils; local Councils; Councils of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies; Soviet local government.
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Povlyuchenko, V. A. "THE PRACTICE OF SOLVING URBAN PLANNING PROBLEMS BY THE COUNCILS OF PEOPLE'S DEPUTIES OF KUIBYSHEV IN 1977-1985". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 4, n.º 2 (2022): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2022-4-2-73-77.
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The article is devoted to the actions of the Soviets of People's Deputies of Kuibyshev in 1977-1985 on issues related to solving the most important social problems of housing, health care and the construction of social and cultural facilities. The author focuses on formation of the city budget, the financing of housing construction in the face of an increasing need for housing due to population growth and the destruction of pre-revolutionary residential buildings. The positionson these issues of the heads of the city administration, A. Rosovsky and G. Gusarova, are revealed.The author concludes that the authority of local Soviets of People's Deputies in the social and economic development was enormous. Despite the fact that some activities of the Soviets did not involve large material costs, the most important of them, such as the construction of housing for the population, the provision of housing and communal services, health care, education, and social security of the population, required huge resources. The expansion of social spending is noticeable against the backdrop of a clear decline in production volumes and economic growth rates. In general, the practice of solving urban planning problems in this period was implemented quite successfully, which confirms the conclusion that during this period the work of the Soviet of People's Deputies was carried out effectively and met the needs of society.
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Walker, Edward W. "The Nationality Problem—Round II". Nationalities Papers 20, n.º 2 (1992): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999208408243.
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If the eight months since the August coup have shown us nothing else, it is that the “nationalities problem” not only will survive the death of the Soviet Union but may well intensify. For Russia in particular the past year has witnessed what might be called the “The Nationality Problem—Round II” whereby many of the same pressures that brought down the Soviet Union are now mounting within the Russian Federation (or simply, “Russia”—the delegates at the recent Congress of Peoples’ Deputies were unable to settle on a single name). There are many ironies about all this, but let me just cite a few.
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Stefano, Carolina de. "An old Soviet response and a revolutionary context: Dealing with the national question in the committees of the USSR Congress of People’s Deputies (1989–1991)". Journal of Eurasian Studies 11, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1879366520904837.
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The article deals with the parliamentary representation of ethnic/national interests and demands in the crisis years between 1989 and 1991, culminating in the collapse of the Soviet Union. It focuses primarily on the proliferation of committees dealing with ethnonational questions after the creation of the USSR Congress of People’s Deputies, a parliamentary body that existed from 1989 until 1991. The article shows that the new parliamentary architecture was not only the inevitable consequence of social and national mobilization but also an expression of the Union center’s response to the ongoing national crisis. Building mostly upon unpublished archival material, the article focuses on debates in 1989–1991 within the Committee of Nationalities Affairs and Interethnic Issues of the USSR Supreme Soviet. In so doing, it identifies some of the dilemmas the committee faced and some of the changes in its functioning brought about glasnost and perestroika. The article makes two key contributions. First, it helps to shed much-needed light on Soviet nationalities policy during perestroika. Second, the analysis of debates internal to parliamentary committees in those critical years contributes to the existing literature on Soviet and Russian parliamentarism and institutional transformation during the transition from the USSR to the Russian Federation.
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Bobrus, V. V. "LENINGRAD INSTITUTE OF TRANSFUSION UNDER THE SIEGE AND IN FIRST POSTWAR PERIOD. TRUTH AND FICTION". Marine Medicine 6, n.º 5(S) (20 de janeiro de 2021): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2413-5747-2020-6-s-29-45.
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Basing on detailed study of open information and documentary sources, the author of the paper assumed the ground-lessness of official narrative setting out in the A. A. Crohn’s book «Deep-sea master. A tale of friend” (Moscow, New World Journal. Congress of People’s Deputies of the Soviet Union Publishing House, 1984. 272 p.) with regard to causes of conviction of the Hero of the Soviet Union, Diver No. 1 — A. I. Marinesco, as a result of malice from former director of Leningrad Institute of Transfusion (LIT) — associate professor, candidate of medicine V. V. Kuharchik. An exceptional importance of collaborative work of collective and chiefs of LIT on organization of donor movement under the severe conditions of the siege Leningrad and in a time of despiteous political repressions during the Great Patriotic War was shown. On the basis of analysis of confusion of biographies of two special persons: A. I. Marinesco and V. V. Kuharchik, it was made a conclusion of necessity of continuation historical and documentory studies aimed to discover the historical truth representing heroism of Soviet people at struggle with fascism.
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Haiting, Fei. "Regime and state breakdown: dissolution of the Soviet Union". Political Science (RU), n.º 4 (2020): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/poln/2020.04.15.
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The mechanism of causality between the breakdown of political regime and the disintegration of a state is an important topic in political science. The dissolution of the Soviet Union is a typical example. The aim of perestroika was the transformation of the political regime by renewing the top elite and inclusion of mass groups in the system of government. The initiators of the reform planned to achieve their goals through the general reconstruction of relations between the CPSU and the Soviet state, the redistribution of power from the party elite to the Soviet one concentrated in the Councils of People’s Deputies at various levels. In practice, the implementation of two reforms at once (distancing the party from the authorities and optimizing governance) led to the split of the entire political elite. The struggle of opposing elite groups for dominance led to the paralysis of state power, the loss of control over what was happening in the country. As a result, the interests of elite groups began to prevail over the national interests and ultimately led to the destruction of the state. Thus the authorsubstantiates the thesis that the destabilization of a regime as a result of the inter-elite struggle leads to the destruction of a state. The problem of elite renewal and consolidation and the transfer powers from the party elite to the state one becomes important.
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Malkhozova, F. V. "The Fight for Economic Reform in Russia, 1990–1991". Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S1 (março de 2022): S70—S89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622070073.
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Abstract This article researches not a big, but an important period in the modern history of Russia, which became a transitional stage from a socialist to a market economy. It analyzes the main characteristics of the country’s economy and the circumstances of the transition to the market. The leading role in transforming the economic and political system belonged to the Congress of People’s Deputies of Russia. The “economic” sovereignty of the republic has become the core of Russia’s state sovereignty. The implementation of the declaration required changes in legislation and the management system. Freedom of entrepreneurship, banking, loans, and other innovations have set the task of creating clear and reliable forms of property rights and corresponding guarantees of the state. Normative legal acts of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted to establish Russia’s economic independence and the transition to market relations caused a “war” of laws, in which the presidents of the USSR and Russia, Union and Russian deputies, ministers and regional leaders participated.
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Akimova, Tatiana Mikhailovna. "Soviets of Workers', Peasants', and Soldiers' Deputies in memorandum of E. G. Gerasimov (Gerasin) of June 14, 1918". Genesis: исторические исследования, n.º 10 (outubro de 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.10.36585.
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This article discusses the a memorandum of the member of the Control and Audit Committee under the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs – Efim Grigorievich Gerasimov (Gerasin). Having supported the socialist movement and subsequently the February and October Revolutions of 1917 since his youth years, the author of the document has analyzed the system of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers 'and Peasants' Deputies that established on the local level in late 1917 – early 1918 and gradually replaced the county self-government. The value of the source lies in the fact that the author of self-censorship revealed the flaws of the new local government, having expressed the concern that they may lead to a civil war in the country. E. G. Gerasimov (Gerasin) dedicated particular attention to the problem of dialogue between the Soviet deputies and central government, and proposed to institute the post of special emergency mediators for controlling the execution of all provisions and “encourage” the representatives of the Soviets. The conclusion is made that the elimination of the existing flaws required the so-called “democratic centralism” in Russia, which suggested the combination of electivity of local administration along with the governing and supervisory power of the central administration. In this regard, the content of the document allows taking a look at the Soviets of Workers', Peasants', and Soldiers’ Deputies through the prism of a person who worked in that system, without idealization or “touchup”.
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NOVITSKAYA, T. E. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOVIETS FROM THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION TO THE ADOPTION OF THE USSR CONSTITUTION OF 1936". Ser-11_2023 64, n.º 6, 2023 (20 de junho de 2024): 96–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0113-11-64-6-6.
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The article examines the history of the formation of representative power in Russia: the emergence and development of Soviets of workers’, peasants’ and soldiers’ deputies and the highest representative institution - the State Duma. The following shows the activities of the State Duma, the range of interests of their deputies, their attention to the problem of whether the Duma is a parliament or not. The process of formation of Soviets since February 1917 as an All-Russian representative authority is shown. The problem of correlation between the theory of Marxism and the practice of its application in the RSFSR is considered. It is shown that the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 never mentioned the classical formula of Marxism “dictatorship of the proletariat”, blurring it with the dictatorship of workers. However, during the Civil War, in order to retain power, there is a transition to the de facto dictatorship of the Bolshevik Party. The article draws attention to the moral and political level of the members of the CPSU (b), I. V. Stalin’s personnel policy in both party and Soviet organizations. The institute of purges of party and Soviet workers is considered as a way to get rid of both political opponents and embezzlers, thieves, drunkards, etc. of the public. The new Constitution of the USSR of 1936 was to ful ll the task of nally purging the state from the party dictatorship and ensuring the union of party members and non - party members
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BRIDGES, BRIAN. "‘An Ambiguous Area’: Mongolia in Soviet-Japanese relations in the mid-1930s". Modern Asian Studies 54, n.º 3 (6 de agosto de 2019): 730–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1800015x.
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AbstractThe Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) became the focus of intense competition between the Soviet Union and Japan in the 1930s, when it was more commonly known as Outer Mongolia. The Soviet Union viewed the MPR as an ideological and strategic ally, and was determined to defend that state against the increasingly adventurist actions of the Japanese military based in northern China. Japanese ambitions to solve the so-called ‘Manmo’ (Manchuria-Mongolia) problem led the Soviets to initiate ever-closer links with the MPR, culminating in the 1936 pact of mutual assistance which was intended to constrain Japanese pressure. Using unpublished Japanese materials as well as Russian and Mongolian sources, this article demonstrates how the Soviet leadership increasingly viewed the MPR as strategically crucial to the defence of the Soviet Far East.
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Yuvitsa, Nikolay. "Local government in Kazakhstan: an attempt to create a national model". Upravlenie 7, n.º 1 (7 de maio de 2019): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-1-26-34.
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With the development of independence, all public institutions, including the Institute of local government, have undergone changes in Kazakhstan. In the preceding period of local control in the Soviet Union, which includes Kazakhstan, was carried out in forms of state control at the local level, the functions of which are realized in the framework of local councils of people’s deputies. Participation of the population in the management of territories and settlements was limited to the delegation of their powers to elected representatives – deputies of rural districts, district, city and regional councils. Elections of people’s deputies were carried out in accordance with the Constitution and the norms of Soviet law, which also reflected the rights and duties of local councils within the political system of the Union state. With the independence of the country within the framework of the national legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the constitutional status was acquired by local self-government. It is being radically reformed on a democratic basis in order to increase the self-organization of the population within the framework of the model of the national structure and political system of society. For this purpose, the bodies of public administration at the local level – akimats, headed by akims of regions, districts (cities), rural settlements. In addit ion, maslikhats were formed as representative bodies elected by the population - at the district (city) and regional levels. These structures, in accordance with the legislation, are partially endowed with the functions of self-government of the territories. At the same time, taking into account the world experience, the Republic is in the process of formation of self-government institutions of the territories. However, it is too early to talk about the effectiveness of the created national model of local self-government and its mechanisms. In reality, the population of Kazakhstan is not yet able to independently and responsibly solve issues of local importance; to monitor the work of local authorities, etc. The context of local governance in Kazakhstan is changing with the change of society under the influence of internal and external factors. These changes are ongoing and create some uncertainty, leading to the modernization of elements of existing institutions of local government. However, in view of the upcoming changes in the future, new challenges of global, regional and national character, it is necessary to move to more effective mechanisms and methods of managing society at different levels of government on a democratic basis.
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Boyko, Ihor. "LIFE PATH, SCIENTIFIC-PEDAGOGICAL AND PUBLIC ACTIVITY OF VOLODYMYR SOKURENKO (TO THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS BIRTH)". Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Law 72, n.º 72 (20 de junho de 2021): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vla.2021.72.158.
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The life path, scientific-pedagogical and public activity of Volodymyr Sokurenko – a prominent Ukrainian jurist, doctor of law, professor, talented teacher of the Lviv Law School of Franko University are analyzed. It is found out that after graduating from a seven-year school in Zaporizhia, V. Sokurenko entered the Zaporizhia Aviation Technical School, where he studied two courses until 1937. 1/10/1937 he was enrolled as a cadet of the 2nd school of aircraft technicians named after All-Union Lenin Komsomol. In 1938, this school was renamed the Volga Military Aviation School, which he graduated on September 4, 1939 with the military rank of military technician of the 2nd category. As a junior aircraft technician, V. Sokurenko was sent to the military unit no. 8690 in Baku, and later to Maradnyany for further military service in the USSR Air Force. From September 4, 1939 to March 16, 1940, he was a junior aircraft technician of the 50th Fighter Regiment, 60th Air Brigade of the ZAK VO in Baku. The certificate issued by the Railway District Commissariat of Lviv on January 4, 1954 no. 3132 states that V. Sokurenko actually served in the staff of the Soviet Army from October 1937 to May 1946. The same certificate states that from 10/12/1941 to 20/09/1942 and from 12/07/1943 to 08/03/1945, he took part in the Soviet-German war, in particular in the second fighter aviation corps of the Reserve of the Supreme Command of the Soviet Army. In 1943 he joined the CPSU. He was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree and the Order of the Red Star (1943) as well as 9 medals «For Merit in Battle» during the Soviet-German war. With the start of the Soviet-German war, the Sokurenko family, like many other families, was evacuated to the town of Kamensk-Uralsky in the Sverdlovsk region, where their father worked at a metallurgical plant. After the war, the Sokurenko family moved to Lviv. In 1946, V. Sokurenko entered the Faculty of Law of the Ivan Franko Lviv State University, graduating with honors in 1950, and entered the graduate school of the Lviv State University at the Department of Theory and History of State and Law. V. Sokurenko successfully passed the candidate examinations and on December 25, 1953 in Moscow at the Institute of Law of the USSR he defended his thesis on the topic: «Socialist legal consciousness and its relationship with Soviet law». The supervisor of V. Sokurenko's candidate's thesis was N. Karieva. The Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR, by its decision of March 31, 1954, awarded V. Sokurenko the degree of Candidate of Law. In addition, it is necessary to explain the place of defense of the candidate's thesis by V. Sokurenko. As it is known, the Institute of State and Law of the USSR has its history since 1925, when, in accordance with the resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of March 25, 1925, the Institute of Soviet Construction was established at the Communist Academy. In 1936, the Institute became part of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1938 it was reorganized into the Institute of Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941–1943 it was evacuated to Tashkent. In 1960-1991 it was called the Institute of State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In Ukraine, there is the Institute of State and Law named after V. Koretsky of the NAS of Ukraine – a leading research institution in Ukraine of legal profile, founded in 1949. It is noted that, as a graduate student, V. Sokurenko read a course on the history of political doctrines, conducted special seminars on the theory of state and law. After graduating from graduate school and defending his thesis, from October 1, 1953 he was enrolled as a senior lecturer and then associate professor at the Department of Theory and History of State and Law at the Faculty of Law of the Lviv State University named after Ivan Franko. By the decision of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR of December 18, 1957, V. Sokurenko was awarded the academic title of associate professor of the «Department of Theory and History of State and Law». V. Sokurenko took an active part in public life. During 1947-1951 he was a member of the party bureau of the party organization of LSU, worked as a chairman of the trade union committee of the university, from 1955 to 1957 he was a secretary of the party committee of the university. He delivered lectures for the population of Lviv region. Particularly, he lectured in Turka, Chervonohrad, and Yavoriv. He made reports to the party leaders, Soviet workers as well as business leaders. He led a philosophical seminar at the Faculty of Law. He was a deputy of the Lviv City Council of People's Deputies in 1955-1957 and 1975-1978. In December 1967, he defended his doctoral thesis on the topic: «Development of progressive political thought in Ukraine (until the early twentieth century)». The defense of the doctoral thesis was approved by the Higher Attestation Commission on June 14, 1968. During 1960-1990 he headed the Department of Theory and History of State and Law; in 1962-68 and 1972-77 he was the dean of the Law Faculty of the Ivan Franko Lviv State University. In connection with the criticism of the published literature, on September 10, 1977, V. Sokurenko wrote a statement requesting his dismissal from the post of Dean of the Faculty of Law due to deteriorating health. During 1955-1965 he was on research trips to Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Austria, and Bulgaria. From August 1966 to March 1967, in particular, he spent seven months in the United States, England and Canada as a UN Fellow in the Department of Human Rights. From April to May 1968, he was a member of the government delegation to the International Conference on Human Rights in Iran for one month. He spoke, in addition to Ukrainian, English, Polish and Russian. V. Sokurenko played an important role in initiating the study of an important discipline at the Faculty of Law of the Lviv University – History of Political and Legal Studies, which has been studying the history of the emergence and development of theoretical knowledge about politics, state, law, ie the process of cognition by people of the phenomena of politics, state and law at different stages of history in different nations, from early statehood and modernity. Professor V. Sokurenko actively researched the problems of the theory of state and law, the history of Ukrainian legal and political thought. He was one of the first legal scholars in the USSR to begin research on the basics of legal deontology. V. Sokurenko conducted extensive research on the development of basic requirements for the professional and legal responsibilities of a lawyer, similar to the requirements for a doctor. In further research, the scholar analyzed the legal responsibilities, prospects for the development of the basics of professional deontology. In addition, he considered medical deontology from the standpoint of a lawyer, law and morality, focusing on internal (spiritual) processes, calling them «the spirit of law.» The main direction of V. Sokurenko's research was the problems of the theory of state and law, the history of legal and political studies. The main scientific works of professor V. Sokurenko include: «The main directions in the development of progressive state and legal thought in Ukraine: 16th – 19th centuries» (1958) (Russian), «Democratic doctrines about the state and law in Ukraine in the second half of the 19th century (M. Drahomanov, S. Podolynskyi, A. Terletskyi)» (1966), «Law. Freedom. Equality» (1981, co-authored) (in Russian), «State and legal views of Ivan Franko» (1966), «Socio-political views of Taras Shevchenko (to the 170th anniversary of his birth)» (1984); «Political and legal views of Ivan Franko (to the 130th anniversary of his birth)» (1986) (in Russian) and others. V. Sokurenko died on November 22, 1994 and was buried in Holoskivskyi Cemetery in Lviv. Volodymyr Sokurenko left a bright memory in the hearts of a wide range of scholars, colleagues and grateful students. The 100th anniversary of the Scholar is a splendid opportunity to once again draw attention to the rich scientific heritage of the lawyer, which is an integral part of the golden fund of Ukrainian legal science and education. It needs to be studied, taken into account and further developed.
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Sigman, Carole. "The End of Grassroots Ecology: Political Competition and the Fate of Ecology during Perestroika, 1988-1991". Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 40, n.º 2 (2013): 190–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-04002006.
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This article deals with the Moscow ecological groups which appeared during perestroika, like many other “informal” political clubs whose specificity was to be independent from, but tolerated by, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). It focuses on the effects the 1989 electoral campaign for the USSR Congress of People’s Deputies had on their evolution. The ecological issue had stirred people into action and had been more and more present on the political agenda since 1986. However it almost vanished as a significant political stake and as a nascent grassroots movement in these first contested elections, at least in Moscow. The very configuration of political interplay during this campaign incited the informal clubs and the “radical” CPSU reformers they were supporting to relegate to the background the ecological issue. Henceforth, ecological groups were confined in the margins of the political space.
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Vashchuk, Angelina S., e Nikolay S. Vorontsov. "Attitude of the Political Elite of the Primorye to Privatization in 1990–92: Materials from the State Archives of the Primorsky Krai". Herald of an archivist, n.º 2 (2020): 590–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-2-590-601.
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The article is devoted to analysis of heuristic capabilities of the archival documents from the fonds of the State Archive of the Primorsky Krai, which reflect the initial period of the privatization in the Primorye. It studies the formation of regulatory framework for denationalization and privatization in the light of regional specifics, as well as the opinions and expectations of the regional political elite members concerning problems and prospects of practical implementation of the first privatization programs. The research has been carried out mainly on the basis of records management materials of the Soviet of People's Deputies of the Primorsky Krai and that of the city of Vladivostok. The basis of the article is sessions minutes the Soviets of the city and regional level. The authors take into account the source’s limitations and supplement it with information extracted from other types of sources, both published and unpublished. Identified archival documents are analyzed using a synergistic approach and elements of hermeneutics. The authors also use a situational approach and elements of content analysis of the minutes’ texts. The views of the Primorye political elite on the privatization course set by the Russian government during the post-Soviet transit were influenced by various factors and events, some of which occurred in the power structures of the federal center. Most local politicians embraced the beginning privatization quite enthusiastically. They were influenced by the myth of possibly fair and equitable privatization, as well as by their own interests and ideological convictions. The analysis focuses considerable attention on the role of individual in the history of privatization in the region, exemplified by V.S. Kuznetsov, the first post-Soviet governor of the Primorye and by deputies of the local Soviets. The authors conclude that the minutes had not just information function, but provided a tool for self-organization of the local political elite in the context of political crisis.
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Akhtamov, Evgeny, e Yulia Elteko. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE POWER AND GOVERNANCE SYSTEM OF DIVNOGORSK CITY IN 1962–1980". Socio-economic and humanitarian magazine, n.º 2 (24 de maio de 2024): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36718/2500-1825-2024-2-215-222.
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The paper, based on materials from the state archive of the Krasnoyarsk Region, analyzes the development of the system of power and governance in Divnogorsk in the period from 1962 to 1980. Divnogorsk appeared in the Krasnoyarsk Region as a settlement serving the needs and requirements of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station under construction. In the first years, as a settlement for hydraulic construction workers, it was subordinate to the Kirovsky district of Krasnoyarsk. With the acquisition of city status, the need arose to develop its own administrative governance system. According to the authors, the created administrative governance system generally coincided with that adopted in the country, but with minor features. Thus, the leadership of the city in the Soviet period included the governing bodies of the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station, the city Council of Workers' Deputies (Council of People's Deputies), and the City Committee of the Communist Party. An active role in the life of the city was played by the Komsomol organization, trade unions, bodies of people's control, as well as a wide range of the public, involved in resolving various issues. The most important issues for the city during the period under review were issues of housing and communal services of the city, its improvement, issues of social security of the population, cultural and educational development. Since the city was built primarily to service the construction of a hydroelectric power station, the main task of the authorities and governance was to manage the economic activities of the construction site.
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Sablin, Ivan. "Introduction to the Special Issue “Parliamentary formations and diversities in (post-)imperial Eurasia”". Journal of Eurasian Studies 11, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2020): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1879366519900992.
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Addressing the entangled histories of deliberative decision making, political representation, and constitutionalism in several geographic and temporal contexts, this Special Issue offers nuanced political and intellectual histories and anthropologies of parliamentarism in Eurasia. It explores parliaments and quasi-parliamentary formations and the designs of such in the Qing and Russian Empires, the late Soviet Union, Ukraine, the Russian Far East, and the Russian-Mongolian borderlands (from Buryat and Mongolian perspectives) in seven contributions. Apart from the regional interconnections, the Special Issue foregrounds the concepts of diversity and empire to enable an interdisciplinary discussion. Understanding empires as composite spaces, where the ambivalent and situational difference is central for the governing repertoires, the articles discuss social (ethnic, religious, regional, etc.) diversity in particular contexts and the ways it affected the parliamentary designs. The multitude of the latter is understood as institutional diversity and is discussed in relation to different levels of administration, as well as the positions of respective parliamentary formations within political systems and their performance within regimes. The contributions also investigate different forms of deliberative decision-making, including the soviet, the Congress of People’s Deputies, and the national congress, which allows to include conceptual diversity of Eurasian parliamentarisms into the discussions in area and global studies. The Special Issue highlights the role of (quasi-)parliaments in dissembling and reassembling imperial formations and the ways in which parliaments were eclipsed by other institutions of power, both political and economic.
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Орлов, И. Б., e Л. А. Цыганова. "Soviet Journalism of the “Thaw” Period: Experience of Modal Biography". Диалог со временем, n.º 84(84) (16 de outubro de 2023): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2023.84.84.010.
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В статье через призму биографии журналиста А.И. Распевина, работавшего в довоенные и послевоенные годы в разных региональных и центральных изданиях, раскрываются общие вехи истории советской журналистики. Основной фокус исследования направлен на реконструкцию профессиональной деятельности журналиста как типичной для целого поколения журналистов-шестидесятников, вписанной в широкий социокультурный контекст эпохи. Истоки трансформаций журналистики в предвоенные годы, периоды «оттепели» и «застоя» можно найти в журналистике периода нэпа и «большого скачка», во фронтовой очеркистике и репортажах и проследить по изменениям повестки дня, форматов подачи материала, а также жанров, которые становились актуальными и востребованными. Так как пик творческой деятельности журналиста пришелся на период хрущевского правления, в статье особое внимание обращается на феномен «оттепельной» журналистики. This article is devoted to the history of Soviet journalism during the "Thaw" period through the prism of the biography of the journalist A.I. Raspevin, who worked in newspapers and magazines: "Crocodile", "Soviet Press", "Journalist" and "Soviets of Working People's Deputies", "Pravda", "Izvestia" and "Economic Newspapers". The focus of the study is aimed at the reconstruction of the professional activity of a journalist as typical for a whole generation of journalists of the sixties, inscribed in the socio-cultural context. And, on the transformation of journalism during the years of the “Thaw”, the origins of which can be found in military essays and reports, changing the agenda, formats for presenting material, genres that were relevant and in demand.
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Lobanov, Denis I. "BUREAUCRATISM AND THE FIGHT AGAINST IT IN THE YEARS OF PERESTROIKA ON THE PAGES OF THE NEWSPAPER “KIROVSKAYA PRAVDA”". Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 15, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2023): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2023-15-2-28-43.
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Background. The glasnost policy pursued in the USSR in the second half of the 1980s made it possible to weaken censorship restrictions. At party conferences, in newspapers, television programs, previously forbidden topics began to be raised. One of them is the spread of bureaucracy in the organs of power in the Soviet Union. The fight against this phenomenon in the Soviet Union during the years of perestroika was practically not considered as a phenomenon in post-Soviet historiography within the Kirov region. The paper analyzes the articles of the newspaper “Kirovskaya Pravda”, condemning bureaucracy. The headings that highlighted the negative impact of red tape on society were studied.
Purpose. Consider and analyze the articles of the newspaper “Kirovskaya Pravda” of the perestroika period, which denounce bureaucracy.
Materials and methods. The basis for the study was the archival materials of the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region and the issue of the newspaper “Kirovskaya Pravda” – the organ of the Kirov Regional Committee of the CPSU and the Regional Council of People’s Deputies in the period under review. When analyzing sources, the method of content analysis was used.
Results. The appearance in the newspaper “Kirovskaya Pravda” of columns devoted to exposing bureaucracy in the Kirov region was associated with the political trend set by M. S. Gorbachev in 1986. Most of the articles published in the periodical within the framework of sections “Bureaucratism - out of the way” and “Addresses of red tape”, were associated with complaints from tenants of apartment buildings about the work of housing and communal services enterprises. The reason for the irregular publication of articles was a change in the interest of the country’s leadership in this topic. The results of the content analysis allow us to conclude that both headings that denounced formalism contained similar stories of residents of the Kirov region who faced bureaucracy. The problems associated with the sphere of housing and communal services were the basis for articles related to red tape.
Practical implications. The results of the study can be used to study the phenomenon of “bureaucracy” during the years of perestroika.
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Naumov, A. V. "On the historical experience of preserving the territorial integrity of the state by criminal law means". Penitentiary Science 14, n.º 3 (2020): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2686-9764-2020-14-3-309-314.
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The article examines the historical experience of preserving the territorial integrity of the state through the adoption of criminal laws. This is done using the example of two such attempts in the history of the Russian state (by the Provisional Government after the February Revolution of 1917 and during Gorbachev’s perestroika in connection with the decision of the union republics of the Baltic states to gain state independence). In both cases legislators passed strict criminal laws, which, however, proved unable to prevent violation of the territorial integrity of the state. For example, under the Provisional Government criminal liability was increased for violent encroachments on changing the existing state system in Russia or “to tear away any part of it from Russia” (the perpetrators were even subjected to life or urgent hard labor). The second experience, also unsuccessful, dates back to the spring of 1990, when the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) declared their state independence. The extraordinary Third Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR immediately reacted to this, recognizing these decisions as invalid as contrary to the Constitution of the USSR. The all-Union power, recorded in the decisions of the congresses of people’s deputies, almost openly announced to the republics that their withdrawal from the USSR was impossible and they had nothing to hope for in this sense. So, in an interview for Soviet and French television in November 1990, the President of the USSR, recognizing that the Constitution of the USSR provides for the right to self-determination up to the secession of a republic and referring to the existence of a special mechanism for this exit, at the same time said that he had come to the conclusion, the country cannot be divided. The outcome of this legislative “fight” is known and dates back to December 1991. What should a legislator learn from these historical lessons? Most importantly: he must firmly grasp that there are certain limits to the possibilities of criminal law to achieve political and socio-economic goals.
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Ashihmin, Sergey S. "Documents from the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic on Establishing a Military Commissariats Network within the Territory of Udmurtia". Herald of an archivist, n.º 1 (2018): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-74-83.
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Drawing on materials from the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic, the article studies the establishing and functioning of the military commissariats network in the first years of the Soviet power. The outspread of the Civil War and the Allied Intervention therein necessitated calling up citizens, primarily workers and peasants, for compulsory military service. The establishment of the commissariats for military affairs marked the beginning of accounting of able-bodied males and their conscription into the armed forces. Volost, uezd, and gubernia commissariats for military affairs were organized by volost, uezd, and gubernia Soviets of workers', soldiers' and peasants' deputies; commissars and military leaders of volost, uezd, and gubernia commissariats were appointed by volost, uezd, and gubernia Soviets respectively and by the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs. Studying activities of local military authorities is of great importance, as it allows to see beyond central authorities actions, to understand how their decisions were implemented at the local level. Consequently, this allows to evidentiate the process of the Soviet armed forces creation in all its multiformity and complexity. On the territory of Udmurtia, armed hostilities continued from August 1918 to late June 1919, and newly formed military commissariats had to perform many tasks, both peaceful and military. First and foremost, they had to account of and mobilize officers and soldiers returning from the fronts of First World War. Much effort was required to drill recruits who had no military training. The military commissariats were also to prevent the widely spreading desertion. These functions were performed under difficult circumstances of rapidly shifting front lines, as areas and towns of the Vyatka gubernia repeatedly passed from the Reds to the Whites and back again.
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Andreev, Alexander Alekceevich, e Anton Petrovich Ostroushko. "LEVIT Vladimir Semenovich – doktor meditsinskikh nauk, professor, zasluzhennyy deyatel' nauki RSFSR, vydayushchiysya khirurg, dekan meditsinskogo fakul'teta Irkutskogo universiteta, general-mayor meditsinskoy sluzhby". Vestnik of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 11, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2018-11-2-151.
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Vladimir Semyonovich Levit was born in 1883 and after graduation from the gymnasium he studied at the Medical Faculty of the University of Koenigsberg (1901-1906), worked in the Ardatov Zemstvo of the Simbirsk Gubernia. In 1914, Vladimir Semenovich defended his doctoral dissertation, became head of the surgical department of the Simbirsk Province Hospital, and began teaching at a paramedic school. V.S. Levit was elected privat-docent of the faculty surgical clinic of Tomsk University (1919), privat-docent (1922), then professor and head of the department of the faculty surgical clinic, dean of the medical faculty (1922-1926) of Irkutsk University, head of the department of hospital surgery of medical faculty. 2 Moscow University (since 1926), which is headed for 27 years. V.S. Levit for the first time in the USSR successfully resected cardia (1928), surgery for hernia of the esophageal aperture (1929). In 1936 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR. During the Great Patriotic War V.S. Levit was appointed chief surgeon of the Moscow Military District, deputy chief surgeon of the Soviet Army (1942), and in 1943 he became a major general of the medical service. Since 1950, V.S. Levit - chief surgeon of the Central Military Hospital. P.V. Mandrika. He published 120 scientific works, he was the editor of 3-volume manual, 2-volume textbook on surgery, the surgical section of the Great Medical Encyclopedia, the publication "The Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." V.S. Levit was the editor of the magazine "Soviet Surgery" (later "Surgery") (1931-1953), a member of the editorial board of the journals "New Surgery", "Russian Clinic", "Central Medical Journal." He was the head and scientific consultant in the preparation of 23 candidate and 10 doctoral dissertations. V.S. Levit was a member of the International Surgical Society, chairman of the Moscow Surgical Society, a member of the Academic Council of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, and district Soviets of Working People's Deputies. V.S. Leviticus was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Patriotic War of the 2nd degree, the Red Star, medals. V.S. Leviticus died in 1961 in Moscow.
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Grechenko, V. A. "Legal and Organizational Principles of Militia Activities of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1956". Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 94, n.º 3 (29 de setembro de 2021): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2021.3.01.
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The year 1956 was significant both in the history of Ukraine and the USSR, but also for world history. The death of I.V. Stalin in 1953 marked the beginning of the partial liberalization of the political regime in the Soviet Union; the strongest impetus for the continuation and intensification of this process was in 1956, the year of the XX Congress of the CPSU and the CPSU Central Committee Resolution “On overcoming the Stalin’s cult of personality and its consequences”, where a lot of terrible truth about the Soviet past was told for the first time. This significantly changed the political and socio-economic situation in the country, in fact prevented further mass repression of the population and significantly changed the role of law enforcement agencies, which really began to acquire the characteristics of law enforcement. There was a change of the heads of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR, which was another step in clearing the state leadership of the most odious Stalinist personnel and meant strengthening the control of the communist party agencies over the militia. The new leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs believed that the main shortcoming in the activities of the militia was the lack of activity in the fight against crime and the significant level of crime among police officers themselves. There were also shortcomings in the operative work on crime prevention and detection. The selection and placement of personnel was badly organized in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. There were many cases, when people without proper training were assigned to important areas of operative and investigative work in the militia. Departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and militia divisions in oblasts were reorganized into unified departments of internal affairs of executive committees of oblast Soviets of Workers’ Deputies, and militia departments in cities and districts were transformed into militia divisions of executive committees of city and district councils. That meant the resumption of dual subordination of local law enforcement agencies to executive committees of councils and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. But that reorganization did not have the desired effect.
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Baryshnikova, N. V., e O. V. Kuznetsova. "Social policy of the early 1990s in the conditions of economic reform: directions and ways of solution (Southern Ural)". Гуманитарные и юридические исследования 10, n.º 2 (2023): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2409-1030.2023.2.1.
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Introduction. The historiography of social transformations in the 1990s and early 2000s in Russia should be divided into several stages. The result of each is the transition from active criticism and analysis of the impact of reforms on the social sphere of society to attempts to study methods and directions for changing social policy at federal and regional levels. The relevance of the problem is based on the lack of a comprehensive study of social transformations in the Southern Urals, which is the purpose of the study. Materials and Methods. To achieve this goal, comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods were used, as well as the principles of objectivity, consistency and historicism were applied, allowing to reveal the problem in its logical factual sequence, based on documentary sources. The archival funds of the Southern Urals region and the Federal Archives were involved (archival department of the administration of Chelyabinsk (F. 2 – Administration of the city of Chelyabinsk), State Archive of the Russian Federation (F. 10026 - Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR), State Archive of the Orenburg Region (F. 1014 – Orenburg Regional Council of People’s Deputies), United State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Region (F. R-2740 – Chelyabinsk Regional Council of People’s Deputies), Russian State archive of socio-political history (F. 661 – Democratic Party of Russia; F. 664 – Agrarian Party of Russia), Central State Historical Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan (F. 1684 – Ministry of Labor and Employment of the Republic of Bashkortostan; F. R-169 – Ministry of Social protection of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan), Documentation Center of the Modern History of the Orenburg Region (F. 371 – Orenburg Regional Committee of the CPSU; F. 8016 – Orenburg Regional Committee of the Trade Union of Workers of Power Plants and the Electrical Industry; F. 8038 – Orenburg Regional Council of Trade Unions). In addition, programs and projects of social transformations in the region were analyzed. Analysis. The article analyzes the main trends in social policy changes in connection with the transition to market economy. The dynamics is considered on the example of the regions in the Southern Urals (Orenburg, Chelyabinsk regions and Bashkiria). The reasons for the transition from universal to targeted social assistance are revealed. By the example of demographic changes (births and deaths ratio), decrease in industrial production, lowering standard of living at the beginning of market reforms, the range of measures taken at the regional and federal levels to relieve social tension in society is determined: opening funds, creating a social assistance service, training personnel. Results. The article draws conclusions about the main reason for the failure of many social transformations – the lack of financial support for the new social policy. In the conditions of the growing economic crisis and the increase in the number of the population below the poverty line, the attempt of the state to delegate the decision on financing and providing selective social support to the regions did not entail effective results. An attempt to switch to targeted assistance and the creation of regional funds for social support of the population made it possible to somewhat reduce social tension in the country. It did not solve all social problems of society, creating a dichotomy of the problem: a constant increase in the number of poor people and a simultaneous reduction or unstable financing of social policy.
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Svitlichnyy, Oleksandr. "Functions of the Prosecutor’s Office in the mechanism of ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, the interests of society and the state". Visegrad Journal on Human Rights, n.º 6 (14 de março de 2024): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.61345/1339-7915.2023.6.27.
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After Ukraine gained independence, political, economic, social, organizational, legal and other changes began to take place in the Ukrainian state, which affected all spheres of socially useful life. The activity of the prosecutor’s office, which inherited the basic principles of its activity from the prosecutor’s office of the former Soviet Union, could not avoid such changes. Adoption in 1990 of the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Ukraine and introduction of the Law of October 24, 1990 No. 404-XII of amendments and additions to Chapter 19 «Prosecutorship» of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Ukrainian SSR, the formation of a new independent prosecutor’s office of the Ukrainian state was initiated, in Art. 162 of which it was declared that higher supervision over the observance and correct application of laws by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, ministries, state committees, departments, other bodies of state and economic management and control, the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, local Councils of People’s Deputies, their executive and administrative bodies, military units, political parties, public organizations, mass movements, enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of the forms of ownership, subordination and affiliation, officials and citizens is carried out by the Prosecutor General of Ukraine and prosecutors subordinate to him. At the same time, the activities of the prosecutor’s office and their officials did not always receive a favorable assessment of their activity from the citizens, which prompted the state leadership through the reorganization of the prosecutor’s office to make permanent changes that would bring the activity of the prosecutor’s office closer to the best international standards in consistently ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. interests of society and the state. Attention is drawn to the fact that after 2014, as well as the full-scale invasion of Russian military aggression against Ukraine, the functions of the prosecutor’s office underwent significant changes, which requires theoretical research, due to the fact that the reform of the activities of the prosecutor’s office continues even in today’s conditions.
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Pletneva, Ludmila M., Praskovya E. Bardina, Svetlana V. Berezovskaya e Alexandra Yu Tsurikova. "THE HISTORY OF THE LOCAL HISTORY EXPOSITION “ALONG THE RIVER OF TIME” IN THE MUSEUM OF SEVERSK". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, n.º 41 (2021): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/41/22.
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The Exhibition Hall Museum of Seversk was opened on December 24, 1987 as an exhibition hall. In the first years of its existence, it hosted temporary exhibitions from abroad, central museums of the Soviet Union, as well as exhibitions of local artists and the Children’s Art School. In the early 1990s, the government ceased to financially support traveling exhibitions. The museum faced the problem of how to fill its space. The archaeological excavations conducted by the Tomsk State University and the Seversk Archaeological Inspectorate, which were well known to the Seversk Administration, suggested the idea of creating a Department of Archeology and Ethnography at the museum. This Department was created in 1993. PhD of History P.E. Bardina, E.A. Vasilyev and L.M. Pletneva, came to the Department from the Tomsk State University. From the very beginning, they made it their goal to open a local history exhibition in a few years. In order to create its own collection, the museum needed to undertake archaeological and ethnographic expeditions. It developed a clear plan to excavate already known monuments and, with significant financial support from the Seversk Administration (then known as the City Council of People’s Deputies), brought this plan to life. The museum actively collected ethnographic materials in the surrounding villages. After each year of work, it presented exhibitions. At the same time, the museum developed a Scientific Concept and a Thematic Exposition Plan. In 1997, both documents were approved by the Scientific and Methodological Council of the museum. The Thematic Exposition Plan consisted of three sections: archeology, history of the first Russian settlement on the site of the future city, and ethnography. The exposition as a whole covers the ancient history, the Middle Ages, modern and contemporary times. The archaeological section presents exhibits dating back to the Stone, Bronze, Early Iron, and Middle Ages. The historical section demonstrates documents from archives on the history of the Virgin MaryAlekseevsky Monastery, religious items, photographs of churches from the surrounding villages and priests, a copy of a fragment of the S.U. Remezov’s map. A model of a Russian log cabin with three walls, a front corner and a Russian stove is the central part of the ethnographic exposition. Agricultural and haymaking tools, tools for handicrafts, such as cooperage and blacksmithing, as well as for women's handicrafts, are presented on the outer wall of the log cabin. At a certain distance from the log cabin, there is a hunting hut with tools for hunting, fishing and pine nut harvesting. The exposition is continually updated and supplemented. A particularly large update took place in 2009. In subsequent years, considerable attention was paid to the introduction of innovative technological developments into the exposition. Using the exposition, the museum provides guided tours, classes for schoolchildren and senior kindergarten groups on the basis of museum research and educational programs.
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Gzoyan, Edita. "The Artsakh Issue in Its Historical-Legal Development". International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies 7, n.º 2 (29 de dezembro de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0037.
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Artsakh or Karabakh is an integral part of historic Armenia. Felling under the rule of various conquerors throughout the history, Artsakh remained Armenian, sometimes possessing also a semi-independent status. The legal history of the Artsakh dispute can be traced back to the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan, when Persia ceded sovereignty of Artsakh to the Russian Empire. After the collapse of the Russian Empire, during 1918-1920 Artsakh was disputed by the Republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan, because of the administrative policy of the former Russian Empire to unite the national territories into mixed administrative units. After being incorporated into the Soviet Union, again because of the same administrative police, the Armenian populated Artsakh was incorporated into Soviet Azerbaijan as an autonomous district (marz). Utilizing Article 3 of the "Law on Procedure for Resolving Questions Connected with a Union Republic’s Secession from the USSR,” which provides right to the people of autonomous republics and autonomous formations to independently decide their future state-legal status, on September 2, 1991, a joint session of the People's Deputies of the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Region and Shahumian regional councils, declared the establishment of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic (NKR). This move was followed by a referendum, where 99,9 percent voted for independence of NKR. After this vote until now, Azerbaijan tries to seize Artsakh by force, which is contrary to international public and humanitarian law. This article aims to study the status of Artsakh in the context of the above historical-legal developments. It clearly demonstrates that the right of people of Artsakh to independence is undisputable.