Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "South African Women poets"
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1
Jadezweni, Mhlobo Wabantwana. "Aspects of isiXhosa poetry with special reference to poems produced about women". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006364.
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This study investigates the use of modern and izibongo (praise poetry) techniques in representing women in selected isiXhosa poems. The main interest of the study is to determine whether the same techniques to depict men are used when writing about women. It is also the interest of the study to ascertain how gender issues are dealt with in the selected poems. Seminal studies on izibongo by eminent scholars in this field show a serious lack of critique and little recognition of women in African languages’ poetry in general and in isiXhosa in particular. Pioneering studies in Nguni poetry about women have thus recommended that serious studies on poetry about women be undertaken. The analyses of selected poems by established isiXhosa poets show that modern poetry conventions are significantly used together with izibongo techniques. These techniques are used without any gender differentiation, which is another point of interest of this study. There are however instances where images specific to women are used. Such use has however not been found to be demeaning of women in any way. Poems where modern poetry forms and conventions are used tend to deal with subjects who have international or an urban area background. Even though the modern poetry conventions are used with izibongo techniques the presence of the modern literary conventions is prominent. This is the case particularly with poems about women in politics. That some female poet seems to accept some cultural practices that are viewed to be undermining the status of women does not take away the voice of protest against this oppression by some of the selected poets. These two voices, one of acceptance and the other one of protest are used as a basis for a debate around a need for a literary theory that addresses the question of African culture with special reference to isiXhosa poetry about women. The success of the selected poets with both modern and izibongo techniques is a good sign for the development of isiXhosa poetry in general and isiXhosa poetry about women. It is strongly recommended that continued research of a serious nature concerning poetry about, and produced by women, be undertaken.
2
Barrett, J., A. Dawber, B. Klugman, I. Obery, J. Shindler e J. Yawitch. "Vukani Makhosikazi South African Women Speak". Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1985. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000713.
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On 9 August 1984, African, White, Coloured and Indian women took to the streets of Johannesburg. They held placards saying,"Women unite against Botha's new deals, and Our sons won't defend apartheid, "You have struck a rock, you have touched the women, GST is killing us. The women were saying - these are our problems. They are caused by apartheid and the system of racial and economic exploitation in South Africa. Why do these problems exist in South Africa and where did they come from? In this book we try to give answers. In their own words, African women talk about their lives. They speak of their families, their jobs, their joys and hardships.
3
Pinnock, William. ""To learn how to speak": a study of Jeremy Cronin's poetry". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021038.
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In the chapters that follow, the porous boundary between the public and the private in Jeremy Cronin’s poetry is investigated in his three collections, Inside (1983), Even the Dead: Poems, Parables and a Jeremiad (1996) and More Than a Casual Contact (2006). I argue two particular Marxist theorists are central to reading Cronin’s poetry: Bertolt Brecht, and his notion of the Verfremdungseffekt, and Walter Benjamin and his work on historical materialism, primarily the essay On the Concept of History / Theses on the Philosophy of History (1940). Both theorists focus on the work of art in a historically contextualized manner, which extends the challenge to the boundary between the public and the private. Their work is underpinned by the desire to draw out hidden narratives occluded under the grand narratives of history and capitalist ideas of progress. I argue that these are the major preoccupations in Cronin’s oeuvre as well. As such Cronin’s poetry may be seen to write against a perspective that proposes a linear conceptualisation of history. The poetry therefore challenges the notion that art speaks of ‘universal truths.’ Such ideas of History and Truth, if viewed uncritically, allow for a tendency to conceive of the past as unchanging, which subconsciously promotes the idea that social and political realities are merely logical evolutionary steps. I argue that Cronin’s poetry is thus purposefully interruptive in the way that it confronts the damaging consequences of the linear conceptualisation of history and the universal truth it promotes. His work attempts to find new ways of connection and expression through learning from South Africa’s violent past. The significance of understanding each other and the historical environment as opposed to imposing perspectives that underwrite the symbolic order requires the transformation rather than the simple transferral of power, and is a central focus throughout Cronin’s oeuvre. This position suggests that while the struggle for political freedom may be over, the necessity to rethink how South Africans relate to each other is only beginning. Chapter One will focus on positioning Cronin, the poet and public figure, in South African literature and literary criticism. In this regard, two general trends have operated as critical paradigms in the study of South African poetry, namely Formalism (or ‘prac crit’) and a Marxist inflected materialism, which have in many ways perpetuated the division between the private and the public. This has resulted in poetry being read with an exclusive focus on either one of these two aspects, overlooking the possibilities of dialogue that may take place between them. Cronin’s perspective on these polarised responses will be discussed, which will illustrate the similarity of his position to Ndebele’s notion of the ‘ordinary’ which suggests a way beyond these binaries. This will lead to a discussion of how South African poets responded to the transition phase, suggesting that the elements of the polarisation still remained. Considering the major influences and paradigms when reading Cronin’s oeuvre provides a foundation for the following three chapters. These include Cronin’s use of Romanticism, Bertolt Brecht and the V-Effekt and Walter Benjamin’s perspectives on historical materialism. In addition to these three theoretical paradigms, the relevance of Pablo Neruda’s poetry to Cronin’s work is also foregrounded. In Chapter Two, the focus will be on Cronin’s first collection of poetry, Inside, concentrating on Cronin’s use of language as a way of constructing poetry in the sparseness of the prison experience. This will show an abiding preoccupation of learning to speak in a language that considers the material context out of which it emerges. In this regard, the poems “Poem-Shrike” “Prologue” and “Cave-site” are analysed. In addition, one of the central poems in Cronin’s oeuvre, “To learn how to speak […],” will be examined in order to illustrate how the poet extends this project on a meta-poetic level, asking for South African poets to ‘learn how to speak’ in the voices of South African experience and histories. I will show how this is linked to Cronin’s “Walking on Air” which illustrates how the V-Effeckt recovers the small private histories through re-telling the life story of James Matthews, a fellow prisoner incarcerated for his anti-apartheid activism, revealing how this story is intimately connected to the public sphere. In Chapter Three, Cronin’s second collection: Even the Dead: Poems, Parables and a Jeremiad will be examined. In the poem “Three Reasons for a Mixed, Umrabulo, Round-the-Corner Poetry” Cronin resists inherited Western poetic conventions by incorporating and subverting versions of the Romantic aesthetic, arguing for poetry to be immersed in South African multi-lingual and multi-cultural experiences. “Even the Dead” reveals how Cronin uses Walter Benjamin’s perspectives on historical materialism to confront amnesia. In terms of the themes established in “To learn how to speak […]”, the poem “Moorage” demonstrates how the public and private can never be separated in Cronin’s work. The final section of this chapter will examine how Cronin responds to Pablo Neruda’s poems “I am explaining a few things” and “The Education of a Chieftain,” and how these poems challenge narratives that privilege the ‘great leader’ instead of the so-called smaller individuals’ stories. Chapter Four examines selections from Cronin’s third collection, focusing on Cronin’s use of the automobile, charting an ambiguous trajectory through the ‘new’ South Africa. The examination of the poems “Where to begin?”, “Switchback” and “End of the century - which is why wipers,” all attempt to include individuals left on the margins of the narrative of global freeways and neo-liberal capitalist progress. The poems present an interrogation of how ‘vision’ is constructed. This will show that the poetry responds to the experiences of the marginalised under these grand narratives in a primarily fragmentary and interruptive manner. This in effect constitutes the culmination of Cronin’s poetic journey and the search for new ways of envisaging South Africa’s future and finding a new language with which to speak it.
4
Lues, Liezel. "The history of professional African women : a South African perspective". Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 4, Issue 1: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/428.
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Published ArticleThis article reviews the perspectives on the rights, roles and endeavours of women in the South African work environment. In an attempt to achieve this objective, the article commences with a holistic approach on the evolution of women's rights and roles. The remainder gives perspectives on the South African labour force and finally outlines the importance of South African legislation on the advancement of women. The situation of African women is, in particular referred to, as it was evident during 1995 and earlier that African females were considerably under-represented in various sectors of the workforce. African women were, for example, introduced into the management environment as recently as the 1980s, while supportive legislation only came into place in the 1990s.
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Diale, Carol Dineo. "Black African women in South African male-dominated entrepreneurial environments". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60593.
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Black African women entrepreneurs are increasingly entering male-dominated
environments. Research based on the challenges faced by Black African women in maledominated
entrepreneurial sectors is lacking within the African context. The main objective
of the study was therefore to explore the challenges faced by Black African women
entrepreneurs in predominantly male-dominated environments.
A qualitative approach focusing on the life stories was used to collect data from 12 Black
African women entrepreneurs in diverse South African male dominated sectors.
The results reveal that there is still a distorted view of what women can or cannot do related
to the impact of the African culture on the experiences of these women in their
entrepreneurial endeavours. Patriarchy is still prevalent in the African culture and negatively
impacts the women’s entrepreneurial ventures. This results in the women negotiating and
renegotiating their professional and cultural identities in overcoming societal strictures to
their entrepreneurial ventures.
The study provides valuable information on how Black African women’s professional and
cultural identities are impacted when operating in predominantly male-dominated
environments. The study also provides the limitations and recommendations for future
research.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Human Resource Management
MCom
Unrestricted
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Bell, Sylvia Noreen. "Peace education and poetry, dialoguing toward transformation with women poets of the South". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0015/MQ47129.pdf.
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Frahm-Arp, Kaethe Maria. "Women of valour : professional women in South African Pentecostal churches". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2006. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/38294/.
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Rapid social change has become a hallmark of post-apartheid South Africa and part of this process has been the expansion of a middle class amongst previously disadvantaged people. My thesis contributes to our understanding of this upward mobility by investigating the role of two Pentecostal-Charismatic Christian churches in helping young, professional, previously disadvantaged women (re)shape their identities and negotiate the various networks of social, economic and political power they encounter as they strive towards socio-economic advancement. The thesis details His People and Grace Bible church and gives an explanation of Pentecostal-Charismatic Christianity in South Africa. In contrast to Latin American studies it is argued that within both churches there was a masculinization, rather than feminization of Christianity, which was attractive to men and women. Using some of Bourdieu's ideas I have tried to show that a central contribution these churches make in the lives of some of their members is to help them develop various social and cultural capital resources, which they felt they lacked. Through their engagement with these churches women (re)shaped their identities seeing themselves as having a life purpose and the potential to realise it. Their identities as mothers, wives and single women were impacted by the ideal of the nuclear family and wifely submission upheld in both churches and which the women in this study tried to fulfil. By aligning themselves with this ideal women found their faith legitimated distancing themselves from their extended families and the various demands of African cultural practices. Both churches strove to establish a sanitised, modem, African Christianity, which promoted individuality and socio-economic success, and offered an alternative to the hedonistic trends of popular Y culture.
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Tait, Charles Norman. "Die verjaardagvers-ritueel in Breyten Breytenbach se oeuvre". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5076.
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This study investigates the subgenre of the birthday poem within Breyten Breytenbach’s poetical oeuvre. Throughout the now half a century of his poetic production the writer has repeatedly written poems for himself on his birthday on 16 September of each new year (as well as a smaller number to his wife and close friends) The writing of birthday poems becomes a ritualist poetical act throughout the poet’s life and poetical oeuvre, one that has served many purposes over the years of Breytenbach’s increasingly nomadic existence. This study’s scope spans fifty years of poetical output, starting with the poet’s debut anthology, Die ysterkoei moet sweet (1964), including all the anthologies up to the publication of vyf-en-veertig skemeraandsange uit die eenbeendanser se werkruimte (2014). A small literary history is offered at the outset of the tradition of the birthday poem, based in classical Roman times (Argetsinger,K 1992) and following through to modern times. After describing the reasons for the sometimes challenging task of identifying birthday poems (unmarked by dates, having to rely on inference deduced from the content, and the like), the poems are analyzed with a particular focus on their nature and function within the larger context of the poet’s oeuvre. The research is organized according to the separate phases traceable in Breyten Breytenbach’s oeuvre (Van Vuuren 2011: 46–56), describing the steadily shifting themes and motifs of the subgenre throughout each of the four phases (pre-prison, prison, post-prison and late work phases). It was found that the birthday poems cohere as a subgenre within the oeuvre. Breytenbach’s birthday poems have a distinctive character and certain identifiable qualities (ritualistic characteristics such as reflection on the self within the present, reflection on time past, evaluating the situation and self on the particular birthday. Placed against the specific context in which the poet finds himself, with a poetical and autobiographical way forward implied in the given milieu and context, psychological insights are utilized where applicable, especially in the prison birthday poems and the late work birthday poems. A remarkable new insight gained through this study is the nature of he “reminiscence bump” (Janssen, Haque 2014) which older people experience, and is identified also in Breytenbach’s late work birthday poems. This adds to and refines the understanding of the nature of late work in Breytenbach’s poetical oeuvre. A final insight gained from the research is that description and comprehension of this smaller corpus of birthday poems (roughly thirty identified at present) may also be used as an entry into understanding of the nature of the poet’s large oeuvre (comprising twenty collections of poetry, containing around 1,600 poems between 1964 and 2014), as they represent each stage of development in Breyten Breytenbach’s oeuvre.
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Ganesan, Sudha. "Exploring factors contributing to South African women entrepreneurship". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97269.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This report is an exploratory study assessing the life stages of South African women entrepreneurs. The purpose is to share significant learnings, experiences and challenges from an entrepreneurial perspective. The study followed a phenomenological approach; the findings have been formed based on the lived experiences of the women without imposing bias or existing knowledge frameworks. The study aims to share meaningful experiences from their situational contexts. The sample consisted of ten South African women entrepreneurs in various industries. The industries range from packaging, clothing, fast moving consumer goods (food), communications, accommodation, and asset management. Important findings of the study are that having relevant work experience, expertise in their fields, and established reputations within their respective industries assisted the participating women in establishing their businesses. However, the younger entrepreneurs with limited work experience were also able to establish successful enterprises owing to being highly skilled in their areas of expertise. They had chosen to study courses, after identifying their passions. They had specifically chosen courses directly related to the businesses they created in order to improve their expertise further. One participant was an exception to the women entrepreneurs participating. She had started her business with no related work experience and no expertise with regards to her product offering. In her case, passion for her product, upskilling herself, having a support structure, and having access to mentorship, assisted her in overcoming challenges.
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Rustin, Carmine Jianni. "Gender equality and happiness among South African women". University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6511.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDHave South African women's lives become happier since the transition to democracy? If they are, could this be linked to gender equality? This is the central question of this study. This study explored a group of women’s subjective experiences of gender equality, by which I mean equality on the basis of gender; and happiness, which refers to women’s life satisfaction and their affective state. It further explores whether gender equality and happiness are linked. The study assumed that everything being equal, endeavours to liberate women from patriarchy and towards gender equality enhance women’s happiness. 1994 ushered in a democratic South Africa and numerous legislative and policy changes were introduced that affect women. Considerable gains have been made at the constitutional and political levels for women’s equality and gender justice. This is reflected in the rankings of South Africa on many different indices. Yet, we see numerous challenges facing women including poverty and gender-based violence. This study examined whether the presence of a range of policies as well as affirmative and protective measures for women have impacted on how they experience their lives. In particular, do they feel that they are happy and do they see happiness as linked to gender equality efforts? Given the research question, this study was grounded within a feminist framework. A mixed methods approach utilising both qualitative and quantitative methods was employed.
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De, Saxe Marian. "Sing Me a Song of History: South African Poets and Singers in Exile, 1900–1990". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7760.
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In this thesis I argue that poetry, for the South African poets and singers in exile in the period 1900–1990, was a highly symbolic agent which crossed the divide between verbal discourse and poetic form. Poetry embodied altruistic gestures and trusted encounters which became social agencies of change, reconciliation and hope due to historical exigencies, political imperatives and individual courage and sacrifices. By naming the condition of exile within literary representations of movement, travel and the diaspora, I am asking whether poetic representations of the South African exile validates a positioning of exiles‘ literary archives as a late modernist, ontological concern. I propose that this poetry, exilic poetry, intersects at all times with an altruistic intent that reinvigorates our ideas of humanism or humanisms. I consider the development and relevance of literary theories in South Africa and ruminate on the prose of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Paul Gilroy and Jacques Derrida in relation to the role of poetry in politics. By placing geo- and indeed bio-politics in our frame, we can comprehend the meaning of apartheid in terms of multiple philosophical positions which privilege the major disruptions, the main ― "isms" of our time: colonialism, humanism and the body politics that have arisen as a result of immense conflict. Apartheid was one such disruption, the after-effects of which are still new as South African histories are being torn apart and rewritten. Through all this, the poets talking to the people rewrote and wrote histories which we are still reading and writing. My thesis has considered whether there were specificities about South African exile which are revealed by looking at the relationship of poetry to exile. I have argued that these poems fall between the real and the imagined as trusted encounters, not as stories. Ultimately exiled writers and singers found the ecstasy of life in their poems or songs and in the fact of being alive, and in this sense they retained a sense of intense individuality despite their collective purpose. There is still much work to be done on the cultural mobility and transculturation that infuses these works with such a rich sense of altruistic, historical purpose.
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Persson, Ebba, e Josefin Svensson. "Voices of South African Women : A qualitative research study on gender equality work as experienced by women in South African corporations". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95569.
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Problem statement: How do South African women experience the current gender equality work in their workplace and how does it affect their working conditions? Purpose: The purpose of our study is to contribute to an understanding of how South African women are experiencing gender equality work in their workplace and how this is affecting their working conditions. The aim is to find personal experiences of working women in South Africa of how gender equality work is being experienced on an individual level. South Africa has a broad range of legislations about gender equality but the perspective interesting for this study is how the individual South African women experience this is being realized. Methodology: A qualitative research method with an inductive approach. The empirical material was conducted with semi-structured interviews and later a thematic analysis was applied. Conclusions: Social structures, organizational culture and motherhood are areas identified by South African women to affect their working conditions as well as how they experience gender equality work within their organization. Although these are hard to change to some extent, the study found that by contributing to an understanding of the women’s experiences and identify the reasons of these, it creates possibilities for organizations to strive for a more gender equal workplace initiated with acknowledging aspects that can result in gender equality being experienced as fulfilled.
13
Mashilwane, M. Victor. "Stereotypes that affect the advancement of African women in South African universities". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77413.
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Abramovitz, Carly. "Women supporting women : the role of doulas in South African birth stories". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10014.
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The medical and psychological benefits of birth companions, or doulas have been well documented over the last thirty years. This qualitative investigation provides, through the textured accounts of doulas and doula clients, insight into the nature of doula support.
15
Mkhize, Gabisile. "African Women| An Examination of Collective Organizing Among Grassroots Women in Post Apartheid South Africa". Thesis, The Ohio State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3710319.
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This dissertation examines how poor black South African women in rural areas organize themselves to address their poverty situations and meet their practical needs – those that pertain to their responsibilities as grandmothers, mothers, and community members – and assesses their organizations' effectiveness for meeting women's goals. My research is based on two groups that are members of the South African Rural Women's Movement. They are the Sisonke Women's Club Group (SSWCG) and the Siyabonga Women's Club Group (SBWCG). A majority of these women are illiterate and were de jure or de facto heads of households. Based on interviews and participant observation, I describe and analyze the strategies that these women employ in an attempt to alleviate poverty, better their lives, and assist in the survival of their families, each other, and the most vulnerable members of their community. Their strategies involve organizing in groups to support each other's income-generating activities and to help each other in times of emergency. Their activities include making floor mats, beading, sewing, baking, and providing caregiving for members who are sick and for orphans. I conclude that, although their organizing helps meet practical needs based on their traditional roles as women, it has not contributed to meeting strategic needs – to their empowerment as citizens or as heads of households.
16
Willumsen, Juana Francisca. "Subclinical mastitis and HIV-1 in South African women". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392912.
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Bell, Monita Kaye Wyss Hilary E. "Getting hair "fixed" Black Power, transvaluation, and hair politics /". Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/English/Thesis/Bell_Monita_45.pdf.
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Ratcliff, Tanya Marie. "Intentional single parenting by educated African-American and South African women: case studies". DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2001. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2550.
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This study examined the factors that tend to lead to intentional single parenting of educated African-American and South African women.
The study was based on the premise that four factors were the dominating dynamics behind a woman’s decision to intentionally single parent.
A case study analysis approach was used to document data gathered from twelve women from America and South Africa. An interview scale and an interview grid were developed. The researcher found that the four factors were significant elements in determining intentional single parenting. These factors are l) the belief of an available mate shortage, 2) educational and financial attainment, 3) the age of a woman, and 4) the desire to mother.
The conclusion drawn from the findings suggest that one factor, educational and financial attainment, outweighed the others with the respondents and that each country selected a different factor that determined its decision toward intentional single parenting. The results of this study clearly identified a Stages-of-Development model for Intentional Single Parenting.
19
Muthambi, Amukelani. "Proposed sizing for young South African women of African descent with triangular shaped bodies". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41256.
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In South Africa, a representative anthropometric study of South African women has never
been undertaken, as such little is known about the body shapes of South African women.
Nevertheless, research on the body shapes of South African women is ongoing (Makhanya,
2012). According to the preliminary findings of Makhanya’s (2012) research, 59.26% of
South African female students of African descent have a triangular body shape. The
triangular body shape differs from the ideal body shape that ready-to-wear apparel sizing is
presently based on, and is a contributing factor to the problems experienced with the quality
of fit of ready-to-wear apparel by South African women of African descent. Therefore, the aim
of this exploratory study was to develop experimental size specifications for the body
measurements required for a basic sheath dress for South African female students of African
descent with a triangular body shape. The students were of medium height, aged between
18 and 25 years, in the size 6/30 to size 14/38 size range, and enrolled at the University of
Pretoria. The experimental size specifications were developed by statistically analysing an
anthropometric database of female students of the University of Pretoria using regression
analysis. Thereafter, the quality of fit attained from the experimental size specifications and
the traditional (i.e. current) size specifications was evaluated to determine whether the
experimental size specifications offer the unit of analysis with improved overall quality of fit. A
panel of professionals with experience in apparel fit evaluation evaluated the quality of fit of
the test garments. The test garments developed from the experimental size specifications
were considered by the panel of professionals to offer the unit of analysis with improved
overall quality of fit. The findings of the study suggest that South African ready-to-wear
apparel sizing needs to accommodate the different body shapes found in South Africa.Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
gm2014
Consumer Science
unrestricted
20
Johnson, Colleen Rebecca. "Desire and Opportunity to Marry Among Black South African Women". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3800.
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This study examines how demographic and attitudinal variables are associated with Black South African women's desire to marry. Data from the South African Social Attitudes Survey are used to measure the impact of age, education, living standard, religiosity, urbanicity, cohabitation, and attitudes towards woman's careers, the acceptability of cohabitation, gender roles, unwed childbearing, and the financial and emotional security marriage provides on the desire to marry. Analyses indicate the following are associated with the desire to marry among Black South African women: age, cohabitation, attitudes towards cohabitation, and attitudes towards the financial and emotional security marriage provides. Secondly, data from in-depth interviews with 13 young, college-attending, Black South African women are used to give further insight into the impact of these variables on the desire to marry. Analyses of the interview data suggest that young Black South African women desire to marry but feel constrained in choice of eligible partners by the prevalence of infidelity, AIDS, domestic violence, and economic uncertainty. Additionally, educated, young, Black South African women feel less pressure to marry than older generations due to their emerging economic power and society's increasing acceptance of cohabitation, unwed childbirth, and postponement of marriage.
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Mtsweni, Lungile Blessed. "The anthropometric and fitness characteristics of South African female basketball players". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2360.
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Thesis (MTech (Sport Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Basketball in South Africa (SA) is viewed as a secondary and social sport, even at national level (Radovic, 2010). The South African female national basketball team is ranked 70 out of 73 countries globally (FIBA, 2014a). There are many possible reasons for the poor success of the team; one contributing factor could be their anthropometric and fitness characteristics. To date, there have been no published research studies investigating the anthropometric and fitness characteristics of female basketball players in SA. The primary aim of this study was to examine the anthropometric and fitness characteristics of SA female basketball players, in three groups: players in university, provincial leagues and those in the national squad. The secondary aim was to investigate the structures in place for managing and monitoring the strength and conditioning of these players. This research study is the first to examine and compare anthropometric and fitness characteristics of female basketball players at different playing levels in SA.
22
Ntuli, Miracle. "Exploring the status of African Women in the South African Labour Market 1995-2004". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5720.
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For so long, black South African women have suffered from cultural and legalised discrimination. This gradually marginalised them from mainstream economic activities. Since the demise of Apartheid in 1994, the new government introduced corrective measures to improve the status of women in the labour market. For example, new legal provisions were enacted while international laws were also embraced. This demonstrated the government's commitment to achieve equality between men and women in the labour market and society at large. Given that more than ten years have passed since the inception of such enabling policies, it is reasonable to assume that remarkable strides were made in improving the status of African women in the job market. Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate whether the position of African women in the labour market has improved or not over the period 1995-2004. This audit is important for poverty eradication initiatives. Enhancing the status of women in the labour market is one vehicle through which poverty can be eradicated in the economy. The research focuses on three central areas. Firstly, the study explores the determinants of African women's labour force participation in 1995, 1999 and 2004. It uses logit models and the Even and Macpherson (1990 1993) decomposition. On the basis of this methodology, the study finds that for each of the three cross sections, education was the major correlate followed by non-labour income, marital status, geographical location and fertility. Furthermore, the increase in female labour force participation between 1995 and 2004 was mainly due to differences in coefficients/behavioural response than to a change in characteristics. The latter was especially due to behavioural response to education and age. However, these changes did not go far enough to make an improvement on the status of African women in the labour market. Specifically, the increase in female labour force participation was weighed down by some labour market inequalities associated with the trend like gender pay gaps. Secondly, gender wage differentials are scrutinized across the entire wage distribution in 1995, 1999 and 2004. The analysis utilises quantile regression estimation and counterfactual decomposition methods. This framework provides different estimates of the 'discrimination' coefficient across the wage distribution. In particular, it reveals that the gender gaps are wider at the bottom than at the top of the wage distributions. To add on, the research finds that the unexplained components of the gender pay gaps 'discrimination' did not substantially decline across the wage distributions between 1995 and 2004. Instead, the unexplained gaps slightly declined in the lower quantiles while increasing at the top end of the distributions. This probably indicates the persistence of substantial discrimination in the South African labour market, and that the incidence is more severe at the bottom than at the top of the wage distributions. However, rather than being a causal factor, this discrimination could be a symptom of the underlying problems. One of the possible causes is the low membership and hence representation of women in v decision making bodies such as trade unions. This invited a consideration of the gender differences in union membership. Finally, the research seeks to establish the nature and extent of the gender differences in trade union membership. It hypothesises that the gaps are either due to family loyalty, differences in union related characteristics or to discrimination. The analysis makes recourse to the Even and Macpherson (1990 1993) decomposition. The study finds that the gender gaps for 1995 and 2004 were mostly due to the unexplained components of the gender gaps/behavioural response, especially, differences in responses to family attachment related variables: marriage, occupations and industries. These outcomes sometimes show that most women spend most of their time carrying out domestic chores when compared to men. This suggests the persistence of patriarchal attitudes in society. Overall, our findings suggest that the changes in the status of African women in the post-Apartheid labour market were mainly due to responses to the constitution induced transformation rather than to a change in labour market characteristics. Nonetheless, this raises a question as to why, on the one hand, there were considerable shifts in labour force participation and on the other, there were negligible changes in unionism and pay gaps, yet all are explained by differences in coefficients. Therefore, we have suggested that the paradox resulted from massive changes in women's expectations about their involvement in paid work which are in concurrence with slowly changing social expectations about the role and place of women in the home and in the greater society. Clearly, women suffer from the work-family conflicts which compromise their advancement in the labour market. Also, it seems employers have not yet changed their discriminatory perceptions about women despite the presence of anti-discrimination legislation. The negative effect of this is to some extent an artefact of the persistence of patriarchal attitudes which continue to give women less voice in the labour market and in the society at large. Thus, we conclude that African women's de facto situation at the bottom of the hierarchy in the South African labour market is not mitigated by their de jure equality status. From these findings we speculate that the retention of patriarchy underlies the virtual restriction of an improvement in African women's labour market status. Therefore, we suggest that there is an urgent need for reforming gender roles at the societal level so that they exist on a more equal foundation and provide the basis for free and fair development of African women in the labour market.
23
Alchin, Angela Nicole. "Are women making a difference in peacekeeping operations? Considering the voices of South African women peacekeepers". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96843.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although there has been a shift from state security to human security, feminist scholars pointed out the missing gender dynamic of a human security approach. The inclusion of a gendered lens has allowed for peacekeeping to come under scrutiny on how it affects the human security of the host society. Due to increased allegations of sexual exploitation of locals by male peacekeepers, the UN and scholars alike have advocated the increasing recruitment of women in peacekeeping operations, claiming that they have a number of unique contributions which improve the operational effectiveness of a peacekeeping unit and the human security of vulnerable populations. Broadly, the unique contributions women make to peacekeeping is: 1. They have a calming effect on men which decreases violence by peacekeepers; 2. Women are more inclined to interact with locals; 3. They are better respondents to victims of sexual violence; and 4. Women are inspirational to local women. However, women have faced a number of challenges which inhibit them from fulfilling these unique contributions. This project contributes to this line of inquiry and, by conducting focus group discussions with women soldiers in the 9 South Africa Infantry (9 SAI) base, this study provides further understanding on the challenges women peacekeepers face in realizing their value to peacekeeping missions. The evidence presented in this article suggests that even though women can have a positive impact on the operational effectiveness of a unit, the broadly advocated unique contributions of women peacekeepers presents a false holism of women in the military. In the South African case, patriarchal beliefs define gender perceptions and create a self-perception amongst women which inhibit them from realizing their contributions to peacekeeping missions beyond patriarchal lines. Furthermore, the South African National Defence Force’s (SANDF) liberal feminist approach to recruiting women in the military is based on gender equality, which has come at the expense of valuing gender difference. Considering the South African case, and more broadly, the hegemonic masculine culture of military institutions allows for the creation of a soldier identity which only features masculine qualities. Therefore, both men and women do not value feminine qualities which are useful and needed in peacekeeping operations. In the end, women dilute their femininity to fit into this male domain, defeating the point of adding more women to peacekeeping operations for their feminine qualities. This study shows that, ultimately, the correlation between recruiting more women and improving the human security of vulnerable citizens is hazy. Depending on the context in which peacekeepers are deployed, women peacekeepers may exacerbate the insecurity of the locals, the unit, and themselves. To overcome these challenges, this paper advocates the creation of a new soldier identity which should be championed by the SANDF. Furthermore, gender training should be done on a regular basis. In addition, recruitment processes should especially target women and emphasize the value they may add to the military and peacekeeping operations. Finally, ongoing challenges difficult to overcome are the deeply entrenched patriarchal beliefs in the South African society, and the hegemonic masculine culture of the SANDF.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel daar ʼn verskuiwing in fokus vanaf staatsveiligheid na menslike veiligheid plaasgevind het, lewer feministiese teorie steeds kritiek op menslike veiligheid omdat dit faal om ʼn geslagsaspek in ag te neem. Die insluiting van ʼn geslagsaspek het veroorsaak dat navorsing oor die maniere waarop ʼn vredesoperasie die menslikesekuriteit van die plaaslike bevolking beïnvloed gedoen word. As gevolg van toenemende bewerings van seksuele uitbuiting van plaaslike inwoners deur manlike vredebewaarders het beide die VN en ander geleerdes aanbeveel dat meer vroue gewerf moet word vir deelname aan vredesoperasies. Hul beweer dat vroulike vredesmagsoldate ʼn aantal unieke bydraes kan maak tot die effektiwiteit van vredesmageenhede, asook die menslike sekuriteit van kwesbare bevolkings. Die unieke bydrae wat vroue kan maak tot vredesendings sluit die volgende in: 1. Hulle het ʼn kalmerende effek op mans wat dus lei tot minder geweld deur manlike vredesmagsoldate; 2. Groter kommunikasie met die plaaslike bevolking; 3. Groter bevoegdheid om vroulike slagoffers van seksuele geweld te ondersteun; en 4. Inspirasie vir die plaaslike vroue. Alhoewel vroue hierdie unieke bydra kan maak, is daar ʼn aantal uitdagings wat hul in die gesig staar en dus verhoed om hierdie unieke bydrae te kan maak. Hierdie studie maak ʼn bydrae tot hierdie rigting van ondersoek, deur gebruik te maak van fokusgroepbesprekings met vroulike soldate van die Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag om verdere begrip vir die uitdagings wat vroue vredesmagsoldate ondervind te kweek. Die studie dui aan dat alhoewel vroue ʼn bydrae kan maak tot die operasionele doeltreffendheid van vredesoperasies, kan hierdie unieke bydrae nie aan alle vroue toegeskryf word nie. Hierdie studie toon dat patriargie in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks ʼn groot uitdaging vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag (SANW) is omdat dit persepsies van geslag skep wat vroue verhinder om hul unieke bydrae tot vredesoperasies te realiseer. Verder, het die SANW se liberale feministiese benadering tot die werwing van vroue in die weermag gebaseer op geslagsgelykheid, gerealiseer ten koste van geslagsverskille wat waardeer moet word. In die geval van Suid-Afrika, asook militêre instellings in die algemeen, is daar ʼn hegemoniese manlike kultuur wat voorsiening maak vir die skepping van 'n soldaatsidentiteit wat net manlike eienskappe reflekteer. Dit is dus die rede waarom manlike en vroulike soldate nie waarde heg aan vroulike eienskappe nie, alhoewel hierdie eienskappe nuttig is in vredesoperasies. Op die ou einde is die toevoeging van vroue tot die weermag as gevolg van hul vroulike eienskappe onnuttig, aangesien hul hierdie eienskappe ‘opgee‘ om in te pas by die manlike kultuur van die SANW. Hierdie studie trek die stelling dat meer vroue in vredesoperasies tot die verbetering van menslikeveiligheid lei in twyfel. In teendeel, afhangende van die konteks waarin vredesmagte ontplooi word, kan vroulike vredesmagsoldate die menslike sekuriteit van die plaaslike bevolking, die vredeseenheid, en hulself in gedrang plaas. Om hierdie uitdagings die hoof te bied, stel hierdie studie voor dat die SANW ʼn nuwe soldaatsidentiteit wat manlike en vroulike eienskappe insluit, skep en bevorder. Geslagsopleiding moet ook op 'n gereelde basis plaasvind. Daarbenewens moet die werwingsproses veral op vroue gemik word en die waarde wat hulle toevoeg tot beide die weermag en vredesoperasies beklemtoon word. Ten slotte, voortdurende uitdagings wat moeilik is om die hoof te bied sluit in: die patriargale oortuigings in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing asook die hegemoniese manlike kultuur van die SANW.
24
Mndende, Xolani-Kakuhle. "A study of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types in young South African women and HPV variants in South African couples". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2731.
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25
Mkhize, Gabisile Promise. "African Women: An Examination of Collective Organizing Among Grassroots Women in Post Apartheid South Africa". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1357308299.
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26
Hoel, Nina. "South African Muslim women's experiences : sexuality and religious discourses". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18314.
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Includes bibliographical references (pages 221-241).This dissertation seeks to investigate the experiences of South African Muslim women in relation to sexual dynamics and marital relationships. By using in-depth interviews as the main empirical research method, this feminist study foregrounds women's voices in the production of religious meaning. I explore dominant religious discourses that influence women's conceptualisations of sexuality and the related implications for sexual praxis in contemporary Muslim communities that are also characterised by living conditions of poverty and violence. Focusing on women's engagements with religious meaning as it relates to their intimate relationships, the dissertation engages these findings with relevant literature and theory proposed by Islamic feminists on issues of morality, ethics and agency. This study finds that while patriarchal religious norms powerfully influence and give meaning to the lives of many Muslim women, these same women also contest, subvert and reconstitute these norms in varying ways. The diversity and richness of women's narratives illustrate the multifaceted, paradoxical and ambivalent nature of religious discourses as it is embodied in everyday life. I conclude that religious systems of meaning as they are lived in this local context are marked by tensions between patriarchal and egalitarian perspectives that are imbricated and interwoven in a variety of ways. The dissertation contends that the inclusion of women's narratives is imperative in order to highlight the dynamic nature of religion as well as to challenge patriarchal legacies that still impact many local contexts.
27
Mpendulo, Bongiwe Wendy. "Women in decision making positions in the South African National Defence Force". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12242.
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This study investigates the women in decision-making positions in the South African Defence Force (SANDF), with a special focus on the Human Resources Division. The Security Sector, a previously male-dominated sector, is investigated. The environment, the enabling qualities, policy formulation, implementation of gender-sensitive policies, monitoring of the implementation of gender policies and opportunities are explored to investigate their impact on decision-making by women. This research report is based on the hypothesis that, despite the appointment of women in key-decision-making positions, their role in these positions does not make an impact on their overall decision-making, as they are not empowered to perform at their best due to various factors that are analysed in this report. Factors that contribute to or impede impactful decision-making by women in decision-making positions in the Security Sector are investigated in this report. This report acknowledges the efforts made by the SANDF to comply with the required legislation for the empowerment of women in decision-making positions. However the environment, stereotypes and other factors pose a challenge to the impact that women potentially have in decision-making positions. The number of women in decision-making positions poses a challenge to the influence that these appointed women can have in their positions.
28
Dedekind, Britta. "Violence against women : a prospective study of women presenting to a South African trauma centre". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19908.
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Background - Violence against Women is a major public health issue, and it is universally under reported. Objective - To conduct an injury surveillance of severe or life threatening violent acts against women, to determine the demographics of the injured women and to identify the nature of the perpetrators. Methods - A standardized structured questionnaire administered in an interview conducted on female patients admitted to the Trauma Centre at Groote Schuur Hospital as a result of interpersonal violence. Age, level of education, employment status, housing and substance abuse was recorded.
29
Angevine, Sara. "Women Parliamentarians perceptions of political influence in the South African Parliament". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5692_1181887516.
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In this study, I examine how women Parliamentarians understand their political influence within the South African Parliament and what environmental factors contribute to this understanding. Currently, South Africa is a global leader for the amount of women in Parliament and has been since the 1994 democratic transition. This study examines the formal and informal factors that South African women parliamentarians discuss as helping and hindering their political effectiveness.
Aside from the work of Hassim (2003) and Pandor (1999), little academic research explores the experiences of women within South Africa&rsquo
s Parliament. Considering this lack of research regarding women&rsquo
s experiences within government, I selected a research method that would allow an open space for communication: semi-structured interviews with a qualitative feminist analysis. This study explores the opportunities and obstacles that the women perceived as affecting their political influence.
The participant&rsquo
s responses indicate that they perceive a high level of political influence, with some reservations. Four themes emerged as the leading environmental factors in contributing to the participant&rsquo
s political efficacy: the 1994 democratic transition, the Parliament structure (formal and informal), the political party, and the role of gender.
The informal structures of Parliament, such as socializing spaces, and gender stereotypes, such as the responsibility of women Parliamentarians for &lsquo
women&rsquo
s issues&rsquo
, were discussed as the primary obstacles that hinder the women Parliamentarian&rsquo
s political influence.
The participants felt that the attitudes of political parties regarding women&rsquo
s role in Parliament was critical in facilitating their influence on the political agenda. The women Parliamentarians credited primarily the African National Congress (ANC) political party for framing and developing an atmosphere that mandated women&rsquo
s strong participation in government and their positive perceptions of political influence.
30
Labode, Modupe Gloria. "African Christian women and Anglican missionaries in South Africa : 1850-1910". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333301.
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Callaghan, Jane Elizabeth Mary. "Becoming professionals : South African women students' accounts of applied psychology training". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493852.
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In the period of reconstruction following the collapse of legislated Apartheid in South Africa (culminating in the first elections in 1994), pressure has been exerted on professions to restructure and reform themselves to provide services that are more appropriate for a South African context. Organised psychology in South Africa has responded in a number of ways: through a reorganisation of the professional bodies that govern the profession of psychology; through a consideration of what a 'relevant' psychology might be; and through a restructuring of the training programmes in psychology offered in South African universities.
32
Mello, DM, e K. Phago. "Affirming women in managerial positions in the South African public service". Unisa Press, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001418.
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Abstract
Democracyrequires allmembers of the public to be afforded equal opportunities.
South Africa is still a young democracy grappling to redress the
imbalances of the past, which were not only about colour but also about
gender and many other inequities. Prior to 1994, the South African public
service systematically marginalised women across the colour spectrum.
The introduction of the enabling legislation on affirmative action after1994
meant that women were classified as a category of the previously disadvantaged.
Government departments have since then been expected to
complywiththis legislation and advancewomenwho have the rightqualifications
and experience tomanagerialpositions fromwhichtheywere previously
excluded.The first part of this article examines the legislative framework
and progress that has beenmade in the appointment of women
to managerial positions in the South African public service. Statistics are
used to quantify the progress that has beenmade.The second part of the
article analyses obstacles that hamper the advancement of women.Lastly
the article focuses on possible ways of addressing obstacles to the advancementofwomen.
33
Matsaba, Mohla. "Why are there so few women on South African company boards?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25376.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate why there are so few women on South African company boards. Since the first democratic elections in South Africa, diversity has been in the focal point to correct the discrimination and inequalities of the past; however the gender diversity has not been very successful on company boards. Exploratory or qualitative research methodology was employed based on semistructured interviews with a non-probability sample of 13 respondents. All respondents were women who served on company board as directors. They were from various sectors of the economy and served in various capacities on the boards. This study found that the market and the shareholder profiles have diversified considerably, however the company boards have not changed significantly. The gender gap maybe narrowing on company boards however the levels of discrimination and inequalities are still very high. Gender stereotypes continue to inform many decisions in business, including those of board appointments. The study also found that for transformation to occur successfully, leadership had to play a major role. Government has implemented sound regulatory systems that encourage diversity and it is now up to the leadership in companies to take the responsibility and give women opportunities to participate in business through boards. Government, through policies and regulations, continue to play a crucial role in facilitating transformation however the pace of change remains sluggish. Leadership has a critical role to play because the purpose of the policies and regulations is not only to get companies to achieve compliance, but to create equal opportunities for all South Africans. CopyrightDissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
34
Khumalo, Keku Elizabeth. "Working against and working towards : narratives of South African women principals". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/63183.
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Although women continue to experience setbacks in senior education positions, few people know about that as their stories are rarely written nor told. This study is an attempt to tell such silenced stories about me and my co-story teller, Mrs Nalo. We are mothers, wives and principals of successful secondary schools in Limpopo province. The purpose of this study is to understand the experiences and challenges of women principals in a distinctly South African context. The study is a narrative of our stories with the intention of exploring our experiences so that I could better understand how our stories speak to challenges of leadership in South African Secondary Schools. My aim is to set my story alongside hers and to look for commonalities that offer insights into the stories of women principals in South Africa. The study lends itself to combination of “auto ethnography”, ethnography as well as narrative approach. In carrying out this study we kept our daily journals. We engaged in three taped recorded conversations followed by a number of telephone conversations. I transcribed verbatim the three conversations and identified common themes across both stories and read them against the Capability Approach (CA). I took a positive and optimistic stance and recognised that we were not always able to achieve our desired functionings and that at times we were not able to realise fully the potential of our capabilities. The study again found that regardless of setbacks we encounter in achieving our functionings, we still managed to convert resources at our disposal to achieve them. I also found that although CA aims to enhance the developmental opportunities for those who have been marginalised, it turns a blind eye to invisible elements of women’s lives in their profession; that of being a mother and a wife. Its logic applies primarily to the professional aspects of women’s lives. My final argument in this study is that prioritising the professional, especially for women, limits the scope and potential of a CA. CA therefore needs to wholly consider the complexities of being a woman leader, a wife and a mother, for women to be able to enhance their ability to use capabilities and resources to achieve much-valued functionings. Key words: Auto ethnography, ethnography, narrative inquiry, capability approach, agency, functionings, women principals, South Africa; women and leadership; traditional practices; developing countries; secondary school leadership.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Education Management and Policy Studies
PhD
Unrestricted
35
Ross, Fiona C. "Bearing witness : women and the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3618.
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36
Samuelson, M. A. "Remembering the nation, disremembering women? : stories of the South African transition". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18832.
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The thesis explores the making of nationhood, and its contestation, in narrative representations of women during the South African transition. This temporal span extends across the first decade of democracy and the first two terms of governance following the historic 1994 elections. The transition is a fertile temporal zone in which new myths and symbols are generated. My interest lies in the new national symbols and myths that emerge from this historical moment and the ways in which they have been figured through images and appropriations of women and their bodies. Women's bodies, I argue, are the contested sites upon which nationalism erects its ideological edifices. I engage with the mutually informing productions and performances of gender and nation, and the re-membering of a previously divided and divisive South Africa as a unified 'rainbow' nation. I proceed by tracing narrative acts of memory and repression, with a specific focus on the re-memberings and dismemberings of women's bodies as they are reconstituted as ideal vessels for a national allegory.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 211-238).
37
De, Roover Winnie. "Trauma and substance abuse in South African women : a qualitative study". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10399.
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Bibliography: leaves 118-130.This thesis entails a qualitative study into the life-stories of addicted women with a special focus on the place they accord to trauma in their lives. This hopes to shed Light on the underlying dynamics that connect trauma and addiction, to give voice to these women's stories, and empower them by providing a better understanding.
38
Corneilse, Carol E. "Living feminism in the academy South African women tell their stories /". College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9203.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Education Leadership, Higher Education, and International Education. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
39
Peacock, Brenda Thandiwe. "Strategies to improve the representation of black women in senior levels within the South African banking industry". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19695.
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The main purpose of this qualitative research study was to investigate strategies to improve the representation of black females in senior levels within the South African banking industry. This was done through investigating the challenges that black women face in their career advancement within the banking industry and the strategies which currently exist and can be implemented to improve this representation. In as much as the research is aimed at seeking strategies to improve black women representation in senior positions, it also seeks to understand the barriers experienced by black women in different levels within the industry as these levels serve as a pipeline for senior management. This problem was addressed through answering the research objectives. The research objectives were achieved through conducting a literature review to explore the existing research topic and conducting an empirical study. Empirical evidence was obtained through conducting semi-structured interviews with seven black women who are currently working in the banking sector. Semi-structured interviews were used due to the target population being specific to black women as well as the need to acquire in-depth knowledge from black women of their experiences in climbing the corporate ladder in the sector. The key findings of the research found that the participant’s perception was that black women were at the bottom, that black women were displaying behaviours that were inhibiting their progress to senior positions. The study also found that black women struggled to advance to senior positions due to different challenges that they encountered. The study is finalised by the participants providing recommendations in terms of how the representation of black women could be improved.
40
Young, Sandra Michele. "Negotiating truth, freedom and self : the prison narratives of some South African women". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18833.
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The autobiographical prison writings of four South African women - Ruth First, Caesarina Kana Makhoere, Emma Mashinini and Maggie Resha - form the focus of this study. South African autobiography is burdened with the task of producing history in the light of the silences enforced by apartheid security legislation and the dominance of representations of white histories. Autobiography with its promise of 'truth' provides the structure within which to establish a credible subject position. In chapter one I discuss the use of authenticating devices, such as documentary-like prose, and the inclusion in numerous texts of the stories of others. Asserting oneself as a (publicly acknowledged) subject in writing is particularly difficult for women who historically have been denied access to authority: while Maggie Resha's explicit task is to highlight the role women have played in the struggle, her narrative must also be broadly representative, her authority communal. As I discuss in chapter two, prison writing breaks the legal and psychological silences imposed by a hostile penal system. In a context of political repression the notion of the truth becomes complicated, because while it is important to be believed, it is also important, as with Ruth First, not to betray her comrades and values. The writer must therefore negotiate with the (imagined) audience if her signature is to be accepted and her subjectivity affirmed. The struggle to represent oneself in the inimical environment of prison and the redemptive value in doing so are considered in chapter three. The institution of imprisonment as a means of silencing political dissidence targets the body, according to Michel Foucault's theories of discipline and control explored in chapter four. Using the work of Lois McNay and Elizabeth Grosz I argue in chapter five that it is necessary also to pay attention to the specificities of female bodies which are positioned and controlled in particular ways. I argue, too, using N. Chabani Manganyi, that while anatomical differences provide the rationale for racism and sexism, the body is also an instrument for resisting negative cultural significations. For instance, Caesarina Kana Makhoere represents her body as a weapon in her political battle, inside and outside prison. The prison cell itself is formative of subjectivity as it returns an image of criminality and powerlessness to the prisoner. Following the work of human geographers in chapter six I argue that space and subjectivity are mutually constitutive, as shown by the way spatial metaphors operate in prison texts. The subject can redesign hostile space in order to represent herself. As these texts show, relations of viewing are crucial to self-identification: surveillance disempowers the prisoner and produces her as a victim, but prisoners have recourse to alternative ways of (visually) interacting in order to position the dominators as objects of their gaze, through speaking and then also through writing. Elaine Scarry's insights into torture are extended in chapter seven to encompass psychological torture and sexual harassment: inflicting bodily humiliation, as well as pain, on the body, brings it sharply into focus, making speech impossible. By writing testimony and by generating other scenes of dialogue through which subjectivity can be constructed (through being looked at and looking, through having the message of self affirmed in the other's hearing) it is possible to contain, in some way, the horror of detention and to assert a measure of control in authoring oneself. For Mashinini this healing dialogue must take place within an emotionally and ideologically sympathetic context. v For those historical subjects who have found themselves without a legally valued identity and a platform from which to articulate the challenge of their experience, writing a personal narrative may offer an invaluable chance to assert a truth, to reclaim a self and a credibility and in that way to create a kind of freedom. Bibliography: pages 173-182.
41
Leys, Emily H. "It's now or never for South African Women": A case study of The African National Congress' Adoption of a Quota for women on their party lists in the South African Elections of 1994". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3736.
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42
Bokoda, Alfred Telelé. "The poetry of David Livingstone Phakamile Yali-Manisi". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17400.
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Bibliography: pages 217-232.Yali-Manisi, a Xhosa writer, performs and writes traditional praise poetry (izibongo) and modern poems (isihobe) and can, therefore, be regarded as a bard because he also performs his poetry. One can safely place him in the interphase as he combines performance and writing. The influence of oral poems and other oral genres can be perceived in his works as some of his works are a product of performances which were recorded, transcribed and translated into English. The dissertation, among other things, examines the way in which Yali-Manisi's work has been influenced by such manipulations. In this study we examine lzibongo Zeenkosi ZamaXhosa, lmfazwe kaMianjeni, Yaphum'igqina and other individually recorded poems. His poetry is characterised by an interaction between tradition and innovation. The impact of traditional poetic canon on the poet, the way of exploiting traditional devices are the most outstanding characteristics concerning his poetry. His optimistic disposition towards the future of the South African political situation leaves one with the impression that he envisages an end to the Black-White political dichotomy. Yali-Manisi manipulates literary forms to articulate specific socio-political and cultural attitudes which are dominant among the majority of South Africans. His writings coincide with some of the major political changes in South Africa. In his recent works, he is explicit and protests against Apartheid structures especially in Transkei and Ciskei. In his earlier works he could not articulate the feelings of his people as an imbongi because of the fear of censorship and themes of protests had to be handled with extreme caution if one's manuscripts were to be published at all. He often alludes to national oppression of the majority by the minority and instigates the former to be politically conscious. In some instances (e.g. in his historical poems) he seeks to correct inaccuracies which are presented in history books. Thus showing the listener/reader another side of the coin. He displays very keen interest and deep knowledge of natural phenomena such as seasons of the year and the behaviour of animals during each period. Poems about historical figures are characterised by certain allusions which refer to realities and events in the life of the 'praised one' or his forefathers. This helps to shed light on the present situation. Although fictitious adaptations of genuine events have been done, an element of reality is still prevalent.
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Allen, L. V. "Representation, gender and women in Black South African popular music, 1948-1960". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595465.
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The emergence of the commercial mass media catering for urban black South African audiences during the 1950s provided opportunities for the negotiation of new professional spaces for women musicians; they became ambiguous icons of urban black aspirant identity, and sites for the contestation of emergent gender relations. From the black Christian, educated elite, which controlled urban, non-traditional moral values and definitions of cultural worth until the late 1940s, they inherited a dichotomous model of respectability versus deviance. However, parallel shifts in power from the elite to the masses occurred in politics and culture during the 1950s, and the cultural tastes of the broad base of urban Africans became more important. New hybrid musical styles evolved, the most popular being those that re-Africanised American popular styles. Commercial success came to depend on an artist's ability to express the emergent experience of an urbanising township population: an ability to embody aspirant and reflective identity and fulfil multiple roles and fantasies. The most successful musicians were those able to embody cultural hybridity and inhabit spaces between diverse worlds: the west and Africa; modernity and tradition; the educated elite and ordinary workers; between aspiration and reality; Hollywood and township streets. With the emergence of the popular pictorial, the film and recording industry, and the evolution of vaudeville into large high-profile variety shows and materials, female artists proved particularly effective at expressing these multiple, often contradictory cultural identities. Women musicians were experienced as voices and as bodies; their gender impacted significantly on the ways in which they were able to function professionally. They needed to forge a workable space between respectability and deviance, and negotiate their relationship to a number of roles expected of them as public women. Although they accomplished the reformulation of aspects of the period's gender relations, their impact was contested and fractured; it resulted from efforts of individuals driven by their own personal, artistic goals, rather than for the general betterment of women's position in society.
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Dukas, Carla Justine. "A feminist phenomenological description of depression in low-income South African women". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86512.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A review of the past decade of literature on the subject of depression in South African women revealed a paucity of research that documents the perspectives of low-income women who have been diagnosed with depression. Informed by this and recent feminist critiques of the concept of depression, this study aimed to bring traditionally overlooked perspectives to the fore by providing rich descriptions of the subjectively lived experience of depression, as recounted by low-income women themselves. This feminist phenomenological study took place in a poor, rural community in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with ten low-income women who had been diagnosed with depression. The transcribed interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. A number of important findings emerged. Firstly, participants were seen to express somatic complaints ahead of (and more frequently than) disclosures of sadness. Secondly, participants often described experiencing their psychological distress as anger, anxiety and a changed sense of self. Thirdly, participants generally attributed these experiences (and their overall distress) to a history of childhood trauma, the loss of important relationships, being physically, sexually or emotionally abused, feeling under supported and overburdened by multiple responsibilities, living in dangerous communities, and/or the various consequences of poverty. Finally, it was observed that while symptoms of suicidal ideation and intent were present in many of the women interviewed, strong religious and cultural norms existed and generally functioned to silence and deny the subject. Overall, the women’s subjective experiences, understandings and descriptions of depression allowed a more complex picture to emerge than that which is currently offered by mainstream biomedical models. Consequentially, the current conceptualisation of the term “depression” was deemed to be inadequate, specifically because it does not fully capture low-income women’s experiences of distress, and also because it tends to obscure the possible impact of socio-economic and political contexts on their mental health. Implications of these findings include firstly, that not only does the diagnosis of depression serve to medicalise women’s misery, but it may simultaneously serve to obscure their feelings of anger, anxiety, sadness, hopelessness and other symptoms of distress that are intrinsically linked to their disadvantageous social and living conditions. Secondly, the findings indicate that the use of traditional diagnostic and suicide assessment interviews may be unhelpful or even irresponsible in some South African contexts. Finally, many of the study findings warrant further investigation and psychological research. Recommendations to this end are thus included and stress the need to use theoretical perspectives and research methodologies that are sensitive to the multilayered, complex psychological experiences of depression in low-income women.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Oorsig van die afgelope dekade se literatuur oor depressie by Suid-Afrikaanse vroue dui op ’n gebrek aan navorsing oor die perspektiewe van vroue uit lae-inkomstegroepe wat met dié toestand gediagnoseer word. Na aanleiding hiervan sowel as onlangse feministiese kritiek op die konsep van depressie, was hierdie studie dus daarop toegespits om tradisioneel miskende perspektiewe na vore te bring deur middel van ’n ryke beskrywing van die subjektiewe ervaring van die lewe met depressie soos vroue uit lae-inkomstegroepe self daarvan vertel. Hierdie feministiese fenomenologiese studie is in ’n arm, landelike gemeenskap in die provinsie Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika, onderneem. Semigestruktureerde diepte-onderhoude is gevoer met tien vroue in die laeinkomstekategorie wat met depressie gediagnoseer is. Die getranskribeerde onderhoude is op vertolkende fenomenologiese wyse ontleed. ’n Aantal belangrike bevindinge is gemaak. Eerstens het die meeste deelnemers somatiese klagtes gehad voordat (en meer dikwels as wat) hulle oor hul neerslagtigheid en terneergedruktheid gepraat het. Tweedens het heelwat deelnemers hul sielkundige nood as woede, angs en ’n gewysigde selfbeskouing beskryf. Derdens het die vroue merendeels hul ervarings (en hul algehele nood) aan ’n geskiedenis van kindertrauma, die verlies van belangrike verhoudings, fisiese, seksuele of emosionele mishandeling, ’n gebrek aan ondersteuning tesame met ’n oormaat verantwoordelikhede, hul gevaarlike woonbuurte en/of die verskillende gevolge van armoede toegeskryf. Laastens is waargeneem dat hoewel die ideasie en voorneme van selfdood wél as simptome by baie van die respondente opgemerk is, daar terselfdertyd sterk godsdienstige en kulturele norme bestaan waarvolgens dié onderwerp oor die algemeen doodgeswyg en ontken word. In die geheel skets die vroue se subjektiewe ervarings, begrippe en beskrywings van depressie ’n meer komplekse prentjie as wat hoofstroom- biomediese modelle tot dusver gebied het. Dus blyk die huidige konseptualisering van die term ‘depressie’ onvoldoende te wees, veral omdat dit nie die ervarings en nood van vroue uit lae-inkomstegroepe ten volle vasvang nie, en ook geneig is om die moontlike impak van sosio-ekonomiese en politieke kontekste op dié vroue se geestesgesondheid te misken. Die implikasies van hierdie bevindinge sluit eerstens in dat die diagnose van depressie nie net hierdie vroue se nood ‘medikaliseer’ nie, maar terselfdertyd dalk ook hul gevoelens van woede, angs, hartseer, hopeloosheid en ander simptome van nood wat ten nouste met hul minderbevoorregte maatskaplike en lewensomstandighede verband hou, verberg. Tweedens dui die bevindinge daarop dat die gebruik van tradisionele diagnostiese en selfdoodevalueringsonderhoude in sekere Suid-Afrikaanse kontekste nutteloos en selfs onverantwoordelik kan wees. Laastens regverdig baie van die studie se bevindinge verdere ondersoek en sielkundige navorsing. Aanbevelings in hierdie verband word dus ingesluit, en beklemtoon onder meer die behoefte aan teoretiese perspektiewe en navorsingsmetodologieë wat gevoelig is vir die meervlakkige, komplekse sielkundige ervarings van depressie by vroue uit laeinkomstegroepe.
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Hamill, Matthew. "HIV, body composition, bone and vitamin D status in South African women". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270410.
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Cross sectional and observational data suggest that HIV-positive individuals and those receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy are prone to higher rates of osteoporosis and osteopaenia than HIV-negative individuals. Likewise, HIV-positive individuals often have low vitamin D status. Evidence is emerging more generally of a strong association between HIV infection and poor bone health. There is also evidence that treatment with ARV therapy (ART) and suboptimal vitamin D status may exacerbate this problem (Brown et al, 2006a, 2010). But, to date, causal relationships have not been fully established. This thesis explores the interactions between these separate factors and provides novel data about the effects of HIV infection and its treatment, on bone health in a particular group of black, South African women. Bone loss and poor vitamin D status in the context of HIV infection are important global health issues because these conditions may affect millions of individuals. If HIVassociated bone loss is causally associated with an increased risk of bone fracture then it is possible that there will be an epidemic of HIV-associated fractures in coming decades, particularly in the developing world, including Africa. Study data have so far often been limited by several factors, including cross-sectional design, absence of control groups, a preponderance of attention to bone outcomes in males and in Caucasians, and a lack of good quality data in Africans living in Africa. Th is study aimed to -assess the magnitude of HIV- and ART-associated changes in areal bone mineral density (aBMD), size-adjusted bone mineral content (SA-BMC) and vitamin D status in adult, premenopausal women living in Johannesburg, South Africa. Ninetyeight HIV-negative (Negative reference: Nref) and 149 HIV-positive women were enrolled to allow for comparison between groups. The HIV-positive women were recruited into those eligible to start ART (Positive low CD4 : Plow, n=75) and those unlikely to require ART (Positive preserved CD4 : Ppres, n=74) during a 12-month followup period. The design was longitudinal with visits at 0, 6 and 12 months for measurement of body composition, bone measures and dietary assessment. Blood and urine samples were collected for the evaluation of relevant musculoskeletal analytes, including 25(0H)D at each time point. Most women ( > 80%) who received ART during the course of the study received South African standard first-line therapy consisting of lamivudine, tenofovir and efavirenz. A post hoe analysis of possible effects of ART was performed by retrospectively dividing HIV-positive women into ART-unexposed (n=66) and ART-exposed (n=74). At baseline there was a high prevalence of overweight with 65%, 65% and 44% with BMI > 25 kg/m2 in Nref, Ppres and Plow respectively. Plow had lower weight, BMI, fat mass, lean mass, waist and hip circumferences than the other groups. Nref and Ppres were not different from each other. There were no differences in aBMD or SA-BMC 1 between groups at baseline and no significant differences in vitamin D status between the groups. The mean ±SD serum 25(0H)D concentrations were 59.7 ±16.5, 59.2 ±16.5 and 61.6 ±22.3 nmol/1 in Nref, Ppres and Plow respectively. Plow had significantly lower serum albumin concentration (p < 0.0001) and higher serum phosphate concentration (p < 0.0001). The magnitude of differences in serum phosphate was: Ppres-Nref = 12. 7 ±2.9%; Plow-Nref = 20.3 ±2.9% and Plow-Ppres = 7.6 ±3.1% (p < 0.001). Tubular maximum Reabsorption of Phosphate/Glomerular Filtration Rate (TmP/GFR) was 11.2 ±3.2% and 27.4 ±3.2% respectively greater in Ppres and Plow than Nref (p < 0.0001), and higher in the Plow compared to Ppres 16.2 ±3.4%, (p=0.0002). Serum alkaline phosphatase and urine phosphate to creatinine ratio were not significantly different (p > 0.05). At the 12-month follow-up, Plow subjects remained lighter than their Nref and Ppres counterparts. However, there was a 3.9 ±0.9% increase in mean weight in the Plow group over 12 months (p < 0.001), which represented 10.2 ±0.8% (p < 0.001) increase in fat, rather than lean, mass accumulation. There were significant mean decreases in aBMD and SA-BMC in Plow subjects, and those exposed to ART of the order of 2-3% at total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine. There were no significant differences in mean vitamin D status between the groups and no significant changes, the mean 25(0H)D concentrations were 63.3 ±17.7, 66.0 ±18.4 and 61.1 ±20.1 nmol/1 in Nref, Ppres and Plow respectively. Serum albumin concentrations had risen by a mean of 9.1 ±1.1% in the Plow group to reach comparable concentrations with the other groups. Alkaline phosphatase activity had significantly risen in the Plow group compared with the other groups (p < 0.001). Serum phosphate concentration remained higher in Plow than the other groups, though the mean value had not increased. Serum phosphate had significantly increased in Nref from baseline to 12 months 7.0 ±2.3% (p=0.05) and non-significantly in Ppres 5.2 ±2.4%. TmP/GFR had declined from baseline by 11.2 ±3.6% in Plow and non-significantly increased in Nref and Ppres (6.4 ±3.3% and 3.8 ±3.5% respectively). These data suggest that HIV infection in South African women is associated with differences in body composition but not with differences in bone measures or vitamin D status. However, being in the Plow group, and ART exposure, was associated with a significant decrease in mean aBMD and SA-BMC, of the order of 2-3%, over 12 months of observation at the hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine. These decreases, in young women, exceed those seen in early menopause, which is of the order of 1-2% annual decrease. The decreases were evident despite the fact that HIV-positive women exposed to ART had increases in fat mass, weight and serum albumin and alkaline phosphatase over time. In this group serum phosphate concentration and TmP/GFR decreased after the introduction of ART, suggesting an effect of ART on renal phosphate handling. ART exposure was not associated with change in vitamin D status. In the post hoe analysis the biochemical results in ART-unexposed compared to ARTexposed was very similar to that in Ppres compared with Plow. Further studies to assess skeletal effects over a longer time in HIV-positive, ARTexposed and na"ive women are warranted. Studies are also required in post-menopausal women, children and men. Given the high prevalence of overweight and obesity recorded in the study population, there may also be a need for interventions to reduce cardiometabolic disease risk in this population.
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Gcabo, Rebone Prella Ethel. "Money and power in household management experiences of black South African women /". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01292004-132428.
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Ndwanya, Takiyah White. "Attitudes and Behaviors of South African Women and Psychosocial Determinants of Gonorrhea". ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/550.
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The incidence of gonorrhea had declined since the HIV epidemic in the late 1980s, but is now increasing globally due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of this disease. In South Africa, the incidence of gonorrhea is highest among Black women due to their high co-infection rates with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study examined the psychosocial determinants of gonorrhea among Black women aged 18 - 35 in the Langa township in Cape Town, South Africa. All participants had reported at least one sexual experience and at least one positive test for gonorrhea in the past two years. Participant recruitment involved flyer distribution at LoveLife, the community partner to the research study. After an initial screening call, 12 women were considered eligible and participated in the study. Interview data were gathered, transcribed, then hand-coded for emergent themes, guided by the tenets of the information-motivation-behavioral (IMB) skills conceptual framework. The findings of the study identified that the women did not have extensive knowledge of gonorrhea but believed that factors such as a sense of vulnerability, stress in relationships, and social/environmental factors increased their risk of contracting gonorrhea disease. These findings have global implications, as they lay the foundation for follow-up quantitative studies and outline policy recommendations for addressing gonorrhea.
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Hoffman, Confidence Lydia. "Exploring of a succession planning framework for women in the South African aviation industry". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8272.
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Women globally are seen as key contributors to the economic development and ‘bottom-line’ of businesses, but their presence and representation is still lacking in senior positions and the boardroom. Although after 20 years of democracy, the South African government has made significant progress towards empowering women in all spheres of business, inequalities and imbalances remain huge stumbling blocks. Embracing diversity and advocating gender equality makes business sense; this includes developing women as leaders through effectively implementing succession planning. Research shows that most companies have a succession plan document in place, but whether it is correctly implemented and effective remains to be investigated. A company’s leadership and human resources management together need to create a robust succession planning framework which aligns the vision of the company and talent management. The purpose of this research study was to determine the perceived success of succession planning for women in businesses in South Africa. The study’s primary objective was to develop and explore a succession planning framework for women in the South African Aviation Industry. A detailed literature review was conducted on women in business, leadership and succession planning. A qualitative case study approach was used as the most appropriate research methodology for this study to test whether the six propositions developed by the researcher applied to this single case or not. A questionnaire was developed to be used as a guide when interviewing the female respondents. The results were analysed and based on the findings, recommendations were made for further research. The main finding of this research was that the selected company lacks the correct implementation of the succession planning process. A possible solution to this issue would be the recruitment of a succession planning coordinator who has strong knowledge of the company’s policies, procedures and culture to establish strategies to roll out the succession planning programme.
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Stolarczyk, Elizabeth Maria, e Mary McMahon. "Systemic influences on the career development of a sample of black South African adolescent females: adolescent and parental perspectives". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12865.
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Career counselling in South Africa is yet fully support the transformation process taking place nationally. More specifically, the discipline of career psychology requires the emergence of a career development theory commensurate with its diverse population. historically, extensive use was made of western career theories which were not applicable to the majority of South Africa's culturally and ethically diverse population groups consisting predominantly of black individuals of low socioeconomic status. In addition, since 1994 a black middle class has emerged in South Africa that has become increasingly prominent. Familial and parental influence on the career development of adolescents is acknowledge as pivotal; however, little South Afriucan research exists on this topic. The aim of the present study is to investigate the systematic influence on adolescent career development from the perspectives of black South African middle class grade 11 females and their parents.
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Ojong, Vivian Besem A. "Entrepreneurship and Identity among a group of Ghanaian women in Durban (South Africa)". Thesis, University of Zululand, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/199.
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Thesis submitted for the fulfilment of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy,in the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies at the University of Zululand, 2005.African migrant entrepreneurship is fast becoming an increasingly important part of discourses of African migration to South Africa. This field of study is new in South Africa, because African women’s transnational activities have been neglected until now in studies on African entrepreneurship in South Africa. As Ghanaian women in South Africa through their entrepreneurial activities provided the background through which this researcher has initiated a discursive space, it has paved the way for Ghanaian transnational entrepreneurship to become an intellectual field. It is hoped that this study will become a starting point from which African women’s cross-border engagements can be viewed. Interrogating entrepreneurship through ‘cultural lenses’, this study reveals that the drive to succeed entrepreneurially and the spirit of entrepreneurship lie within certain groups of people, since they are embedded in peoples’ culture. Thus Ghanaian women have a high propensity to be engaged in entrepreneurial activities, even when they are living ans working in other countries. This study hopes to demonstrate that a shared culture facilitates entrepreneurial performance. The thesis has explored how their identity as Ghanaians in South Africa promotes their ability to succeed. This is because in post-apartheid South Africa, being a Ghanaian woman is being interpreted by South African blacks as knowing how to dress hair professionally. The findings indicate that although being first generation migrants, these women have developed hybrid and cosmopolitan identities in the manner in which they carry out their entrepreneurial activities. This has been facilitated by the researcher’s attempt to locate the women’s entrepreneurial activities within a historical context of identity formation and the contemporary melange of their identity in South Africa. The evidence suggests that there exists a symbiotic relationship between being a Ghanaian woman in South Africa and the tendency to succeed entrepreneurially, especially in the field of hair dressing. Their ‘maniere de fait’ allows them to be defined as a group of successful entrepreneurs. These women are also desperate to succeed because they are expected to send remittances home to their families and friends and also to participate in community projects in Ghana. Success is primarily judged by the assets they have acquired back in Ghana and their ability to bring family members to join them in the diaspora. These Ghanaian women are succeeding in this sector because after the fall of apartheid, hair care has become a major indicator of modernity for black South African women. This entrepreneurial area that these women have gotten into is one that has considerable opportunities for growth because black women after apartheid are earning more money and they want to spend that money on their appearance. The best way to show that they are modern is by keeping up with the latest hairstyles. This research has demonstrated that Ghanaian women’s entrepreneurship is producing benefits for South Africa. Coming from a system of apartheid where black South African women were not given the opportunity of knowing how to dress hair in what seems like western fashion, Ghanaian women have brought in these hairdressing skills and transmitted them to South Africans. These skills are being used by these South Africans as a source of both social development and economic empowerment. By providing employment to some South Africans (who before their encounter with Ghanaians were unemployed because of lack of skills), they are not only transmitting skills but providing for the daily needs of entire families. This sort of contribution by Ghanaians to the economy of South Africa is rewarding and represents a sufficient opportunity for recognition by the South African government. The study also reveals that in transnationalism, gender becomes unimportant. While the opportunistic tendency of migrants is given ‘the front seat’, gender is given ‘the back seat’. Through the need to migrate and the opportunistic tendency of migrants, hairdressing has produced a distinct social place in which Ghanaian men have hijacked a cultural space which had been a female domain as they have become hairdressers in South Africa as well as Ghanaian women. This research has also shown that religion and entrepreneurship are ‘bedfellows’. This is demonstrated by the fact that Ghanaian women believe that Christianity lies in the shadows of their business activities. Therefore, they see their businesses as a way of carrying out God’s redemptive plan and as one of God’s divine plans for them which gives significance to what they do. These values have been transmitted through different structures like schools and churches in Ghana and forms part of the socialisation process for children. When people who come from Ghana grow up, it becomes difficult for them to distance themselves from these values.