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1
Naidu, R., e P. Rengasamy. "Ion interactions and constraints to plant nutrition in Australian sodic soils". Soil Research 31, n.º 6 (1993): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930801.
Resumo:
Many of the arable soils in Australia are affected by salinity and/or sodicity. Nutrient deficiency and ion toxicity may occur in both saline and sodic soils. Ho-ever, the mechanism for these constraints on plant growth in sodic soils differs from that of saline soils. Fertility of sodic soils with low nutrient reserves is compounded by the low supply of water and oxygen to roots in profiles with dispersive clays. Nutrient constraints in sodic soils are created by the electron and proton activities (pE and pH) in an environment of degraded soil structure. Australian sodic soils accumulate relatively low levels of organic matter. High sodium, high pH and low biological activity, commonly found in these soils, are not conducive for both the accumulation of organic matter and its mineralization. As a result, these soils are deficient in N and S. Australian soils are highly weathered and have moderate to low reserves of many plant nutrients such as Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn and P. Solubility of phosphorus is generally increased in sodic soils. Poor leaching conditions accumulate boron in soil layers. Higher concentrations of sodium than of calcium in these soils are the major cause of both physical and nutritional problems. Therefore, amelioration of sodicity is the logical first step in improving the chemical fertility of sodic soils. However, fertilizer application and improvement of soil organic matter are essential to increase yields to match the potential yield predictable from climate.
2
Broschat, Timothy K. "Palm Nutrition and Fertilization". HortTechnology 19, n.º 4 (janeiro de 2009): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.4.690.
Resumo:
Palms (Arecaceae) growing in containers have similar nutritional requirements as other tropical ornamental plants and grow well with fertilizers having an elemental ratio of 3N:0.4P:1.7K. However, palms growing in the landscape or field nurseries have very different nutritional requirements from dicotyledonous plants. Whereas nitrogen (N) is the primary limiting nutrient element in container production, potassium (K), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), and iron (Fe) deficiencies are more widespread than N deficiency in most landscape soils. Because palms have a single apical meristem, deficiencies of K, Mn, or B can be fatal. In addition to insufficient nutrients in the soil, palm nutrient deficiencies can be caused by high soil pH, certain types of organic matter, deep planting, poor soil aeration, cold soil temperatures, and nutrient imbalances. Correction of nutritional deficiencies in palms can take up to 2 years or longer and therefore prevention of deficiencies by proper fertilization is important. Research has shown that high N:K ratio fertilizers applied directly, or indirectly via application to adjacent turfgrass in a landscape, can exacerbate K and Mg deficiencies in palms, sometimes fatally. For sandy Atlantic coastal plain soils in the southeastern United States, an analysis of 8N–0.9P–10K–4Mg plus micronutrients has been recommended.
3
Rochester, Ian J. "Phosphorus and potassium nutrition of cotton: interaction with sodium". Crop and Pasture Science 61, n.º 10 (2010): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10043.
Resumo:
Poor phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) nutrition limits the growth and yield of many cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crops in Australia. The demand for nutrients from cotton crops has risen as yields have increased over the past 40 years, and some soils have become depleted in these nutrients. Cotton is commonly grown on sodic soils that are more prone to nutritional problems. A survey of thirty-one sites over four years in northern NSW, Australia included twelve sites that had sodic topsoil. However, available soil P and K at all sites were above established critical values for cotton crops. Soil sodicity was negatively correlated with available soil P and K, and positively with soil salinity and chloride. Cotton leaf P and K concentrations at flowering were negatively correlated with leaf sodium (Na) concentration. The cotton crops growing in sodic soils produced 20% less dry matter (3 weeks before crop defoliation) and crop P and K uptake was reduced by 23% and 25%, respectively, whereas Na uptake was 107% higher. High soil sodicity also reduced the uptake of micro-nutrients. Two field experiments in adjacent sodic and non-sodic areas on one farm showed a yield response to P fertiliser application at the non-sodic site only, but where soil P availability was above the accepted critical value. Application of K fertiliser did not increase crop K uptake or yield. The lower yield and poorer growth of irrigated cotton on sodic soils was related to higher Na uptake and lower P and K uptake, possibly due to restricted root growth in sodic soils.
4
KARAMANOS, R. E., J. G. FRADETTE e P. D. GERWING. "EVALUATION OF COPPER AND MANGANESE NUTRITION OF SPRING WHEAT GROWN ON ORGANIC SOILS". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 1985): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-014.
Resumo:
A growth chamber experiment with six organic soils was conducted to assess the Cu and Mn nutrition of spring wheat grown on organic soils. Three rates of Cu (0, 5, and 10 μg∙g−1 of equivalent volume of a fsl) and three rates on Mn (0, 25, and 50 μg∙g−1 of equivalent volume of a fsl) were applied in all combinations to spring wheat grown on six organic soils. Normal growth of wheat plants was achieved only in soils and treatments where a proper balance on Mn and Cu was achieved. Dry matter yield responses at 45, and 60 days and grain yields reflected the significance of this balance. The major conclusion from this study is that normal wheat growth was achieved on organic soils only when the DTPA-extractable soil (soil: extractant ratio of 1:5) Mn/Cu ratio was between 1–15. At Mn/Cu ratio below 1 and above 15, yield reducion and death of plants occurred due to Mn and Cu deficiency, respectively. Key words: Organic soils, spring wheat, available soil Mn and Cu, Mn/Cu interaction, Mn/Cu ratio
5
Chowdhury, Nasrin, e Md Mamunur Rasid. "Assessment of Soil Fertility and Crop Nutrient Status in Agricultural Soils Near a Brick Kiln Cluster". Journal of Agricultural Science 13, n.º 1 (15 de dezembro de 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n1p122.
Resumo:
Brick kiln exhaust when deposited can hamper the nutritional status of the agricultural soils and crops. To study the impact, soil and associated plant samples were collected from the vicinity of a brick kiln cluster in Chattogram, Bangladesh. The soil contamination was evaluated by heavy metal indices. Agricultural soils close to the brick kiln area were very strongly acid to slightly acid. Organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus content of the agriculture soils near brick kiln cluster were 0.35% to 1.01%, 0.10 to 0.24% and 2.21 to 13.48 mg kg-1 respectively and the significant different mean value of 0.70%, 0.22% and 14.65 mg kg-1 respectively in the reference soil. The nutritional status of sampling sites was lower than the previously reported data. The nutrition status of the plants was at an optimum level as regular fertilizer application was practiced but showed an irregular pattern along with all the soil parameters and heavy metal indices. The contamination factor (Cd), potential ecological risk index (PER) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) demonstrated that the agricultural soils in the vicinity of the brick kiln cluster were moderately- to highly-polluted. This indicates the deterioration of soil quality by uncontrolled brick kiln operation.
6
Mariano, Isabela Orlando dos Santos, Luiz Arnaldo Fernandes, Valdemar Faquin e Alex Teixeira de Andrade. "Phosphorus critical levels and availability in lowland soils cultivated with flooded rice". Scientia Agricola 59, n.º 1 (março de 2002): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162002000100017.
Resumo:
Lowland soils present a great potential for the flooded rice crop. This work aimed to estimate critical levels of P in waterlogged soils cultivated with rice using Mehlich 1 and anion exchange resin as soil-P extractors, compare the performance of these extractors as for the evaluation of the P availability, and study the soil-P fractions involved in the P nutrition of the rice crop. Studied soils consisted of four Histosols: Low Humic Gley (GP), Aluvial (A), Humic Gley (GH) and Bog Soil (O) which were previously cultivated with beans. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme, using four soils, five P rates (75, 150, 300, 500 and 800 mg dm-3) and two liming treatments (with and without liming), with three replicates. After 60 days of flooding, soil samples were submitted to P extraction by Mehlich 1 and resin, and phosphorous fractionation. Two rice plants were cultivated in pots containing 3 dm³ of waterlogged soils. The labile P and the moderately labile P of the soils contributed for rice nutrition. The two tested extractors presented efficiency in the evaluation of P availability for the rice cultivated in lowland waterlogged soils.
7
Mamadalieva, Saidakhon Bakhodirbekovna, e Zuhriddin Muminovich Jumaboev. "Agricultural Measures In Soil Effect On Nutrition". American Journal of Applied sciences 02, n.º 12 (12 de dezembro de 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume02issue12-02.
Resumo:
Results of scientific substantiation and introduction of optimal nutritional norms,seedling thickness and water consumption in the production of fairy-tale, high- quality cotton crop of UzPITI-201 cotton cultivated in the technology of sowing seeds under the film, which is a key element of accelerated saving technologies in light gray soils of Andijan region listed.
8
Prietzel, Jörg, Jaane Krüger, Klaus Kaiser, Wulf Amelung, Sara L. Bauke, Michaela A. Dippold, Ellen Kandeler et al. "Soil phosphorus status and P nutrition strategies of European beech forests on carbonate compared to silicate parent material". Biogeochemistry 158, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2022): 39–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-021-00884-7.
Resumo:
AbstractSustainable forest management requires understanding of ecosystem phosphorus (P) cycling. Lang et al. (2017) [Biogeochemistry,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0375-0] introduced the concept of P-acquiring vs. P-recycling nutrition strategies for European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests on silicate parent material, and demonstrated a change from P-acquiring to P-recycling nutrition from P-rich to P-poor sites. The present study extends this silicate rock-based assessment to forest sites with soils formed from carbonate bedrock. For all sites, it presents a large set of general soil and bedrock chemistry data. It thoroughly describes the soil P status and generates a comprehensive concept on forest ecosystem P nutrition covering the majority of Central European forest soils. For this purpose, an Ecosystem P Nutrition Index (ENIP) was developed, which enabled the comparison of forest P nutrition strategies at the carbonate sites in our study among each other and also with those of the silicate sites investigated by Lang et al. (2017). The P status of forest soils on carbonate substrates was characterized by low soil P stocks and a large fraction of organic Ca-bound P (probably largely Ca phytate) during early stages of pedogenesis. Soil P stocks, particularly those in the mineral soil and of inorganic P forms, including Al- and Fe-bound P, became more abundant with progressing pedogenesis and accumulation of carbonate rock dissolution residue. Phosphorus-rich impure, silicate-enriched carbonate bedrock promoted the accumulation of dissolution residue and supported larger soil P stocks, mainly bound to Fe and Al minerals. In carbonate-derived soils, only low P amounts were bioavailable during early stages of pedogenesis, and, similar to P-poor silicate sites, P nutrition of beech forests depended on tight (re)cycling of P bound in forest floor soil organic matter (SOM). In contrast to P-poor silicate sites, where the ecosystem P nutrition strategy is direct biotic recycling of SOM-bound organic P, recycling during early stages of pedogenesis on carbonate substrates also involves the dissolution of stable Ca-Porg precipitates formed from phosphate released during SOM decomposition. In contrast to silicate sites, progressing pedogenesis and accumulation of P-enriched carbonate bedrock dissolution residue at the carbonate sites promote again P-acquiring mechanisms for ecosystem P nutrition.
9
Negreanu-Pirjol, Bogdan-Stefan, Ticuta Negreanu-Pirjol e Gabriela Mihaela Paraschiv. "Residual Marine Algae Biomass - An Important Raw Material for Obtaining a Soil Biostimulator-Regenerator". European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences 2, n.º 2 (15 de outubro de 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/749ztk83f.
Resumo:
This paper highlight a study regarding the valorification of residual marine algae biomass along Romanian Black Sea Coast, which recorded in the last summer period an accumulation of a large seaweed biomass quantities. The valorization of this waste was conceived as a result of theirs nutritional potential for improvind degraded soils of Dobrudja region, Romania and as complex capitalization of this biomass. It was establish the biotechnological process for the new biosolid nutrient composite obtaining. The parameter physical-chemical results of raw material used for biofertilizer obtaining, emphasized an increased organic charge compared with the inorganic compounds. Also, an increased value of total organic nitrogen and an optimum pH limits, was registered. Regarding the nutrients concentrations values, it could be noticed that the new biosolid fertilizer contains organic matter and valuable nutritive elements (N, P) could be contributed to the enhancement of the soil quality. The new biosolid biostimulator-regenerator obtained from natural residues bring a complex of nutrients for degraded soils by the presence of organic residual compounds, through the proteins, lipids, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) and mineral salts content, necessary for plants nutrition and improvement of soils quality.
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Wacal, Cosmas, Naoki Ogata, Daniel Basalirwa, Daisuke Sasagawa, Tsugiyuki Masunaga, Sadahiro Yamamoto e Eiji Nishihara. "Growth and K Nutrition of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seedlings as Affected by Balancing Soil Exchangeable Cations Ca, Mg, and K of Continuously Monocropped Soil from Upland Fields Converted Paddy". Agronomy 9, n.º 12 (29 de novembro de 2019): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120819.
Resumo:
Growth of sesame is known to be limited by poor K nutrition as a result of imbalance in soil exchangeable cations that cause a competitive ion effect in continuous monocropping from upland fields converted paddy. We hypothesized that balancing soil exchangeable cations will improve the K nutrition and growth of sesame plants. Therefore, the specific objectives of this study were to determine the effect of balancing soil exchangeable cations Ca, Mg, and K of continuously monocropped soils on the growth and cation uptake of sesame seedlings and also identify a suitable source of nutrients for improving K nutrition. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition in a 3 × 3 factorial design consisting of three levels of balancing treatments i.e. inorganic fertilizer for Ca, Mg, and K, rice husk biochar to increase K content, and the three durations of continuous monocropping soils of one year, two years, and four years from upland fields converted paddy. Balancing soil exchangeable cations was aimed at achieving optimal base saturations (CaO, 75%; MgO, 25%; and K2O, 10%). Results showed that balancing exchangeable cations did not significantly affect growth and cation uptake in the one and two-year soils but significant effect was observed in the four-year soil. Overall, plant height and dry weight increased for the balancing treatments of inorganic fertilizer K and rice husk biochar. Balancing exchangeable cations with biochar was more beneficial than with inorganic fertilizers. The four-year soil’s growth increase was attributed to an increase in K concentration and uptake due to the decrease in the soil Ca/K and Mg/K ratios to that of acceptable levels, which eliminated competitive ion effect as the soil K saturation increased above 5.0%, enhancing sesame growth. Therefore, a balanced soil exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K that eliminates a competitive ion effect will improve sesame growth and K nutrition although future research should focus on ensuring balanced cation rations under field conditions in continuous monocropping.
11
Fernandes, Geraldo W., Luiz H. O. Rodarte, Daniel Negreiros e Augusto C. Franco. "Aspectos nutricionais em Baccharis concinna (Asteraceae), espécie endêmica e ameaçada da Serra do Espinhaço, Brasil". Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 8, n.º 2 (30 de agosto de 2008): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2007.23186.
Resumo:
The growth and development of a given plant species under its natural environment is highly influenced by the nutrient availability in the soil. Although much is known about the nutritional requirements of agricultural species, the knowledge on the nutritional needs of wild species and their correlation with the available nutrients and physico-chemical properties of the soil is still rudimentary. This knowledge is crucial for the development of conservation and management of species under extinction threats. Baccharis concinna Barroso (Asteraceae) is a dioecious shrub, endemic and threatened species originally described for two disjunct areas in the Espinhaço mountains in southeast Brazil. The goal of this study was to describe the physico-chemical properties of the soils in which the plant is found and to perform the first analysis of the nutrient content in the shoot tissues of this species in an attempt to find possible positive correlations between soil and tissue nutrient availability. Six populations of B. concinna in Serra do Cipó, MG were studied. At each site we sampled soils and collected shoot samples of three male and three female plants for the nutritional analysis. The soils under B. concinna were acid, nutrient poor and with a high content of aluminium. Nutrient content in the soil and in the tissues varied among the populations sampled. No relationship was found between the availability of nutrients in the soil and that in the B. concinna tissues. These results indicate that B. concinna may be a species without strong nutritional requirements that adapt well on soils with low nutritional quality.
Keywords: dioecy, plant development, plant nutrition, plant soil relationship, Serra do Cipó.
12
CRUZ NETO, RAIMUNDO DE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ OLIMPIO DE SOUZA JÚNIOR, GEORGE ANDRADE SODRÉ e VIRUPAX CHANABASAPPA BALIGAR. "GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF CACAO SEEDLINGS INFLUENCED BY ZINC APLICATION IN SOIL". Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 37, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2015): 1053–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-2945-238/14.
Resumo:
ABSTRACT Levels of Zn in tropical soils profoundly influences growth and nutrition of tree crops. Research was undertaken to assess the effect of soil Zn on growth and nutrition of clonal cacao tree seedlings of PH 16. Three acidic Oxisol soils differing in texture were used with nine doses of Zn (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 48, and 64 mg dm-3). Rooted clonal seedlings were grown in plastic pot with 11 dm-3 of the soils at varying Zn levels for 240 days. At harvest growth (dry matter mass of leaves, stems, shoots, roots, and total) and nutrient concentrations were determined. The clonal cacao seedlings showed differences for production of dry matter mass and foliar nutrient concentrations for P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu. There was Zn toxicity in all soils.
13
ALLISON, M. F., J. H. FOWLER e E. J. ALLEN. "Factors affecting the magnesium nutrition of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)". Journal of Agricultural Science 137, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2001): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601001538.
Resumo:
Between 1995 and 1999, eight response experiments tested the effects of magnesium (Mg) fertilizers on the yield of potato crops grown in East Anglia, the Midlands, the West and Southwest of England. In addition, a further six experiments tested the effects of varying nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) supply on the tuber concentrations and uptake of Mg by potato crops. The experiments were done on soils that contained varying amounts of exchangeable Mg and K but were still typical of soils used for potato production.In the eight response experiments, use of Mg fertilizer had no effect on total tuber fresh weight yield even though yields were often much larger than the national average yield. Increasing the N supply to the crop was often associated with an increase in the concentration of Mg in leaves and stems. This may have been due to N facilitating Mg uptake or a consequence of N delaying canopy senescence and, thus, delaying the translocation of Mg from haulm to tubers. Compared with the effects of N, varying the Mg and K supply to the crop had small and inconsistent effects on crop Mg uptake. Since the experiments also showed that Ca supply and soil K[ratio ]Mg ratio had no effect on crop yield and erratic effects on tissue Mg concentration, fertilizer recommendation systems based on ratios of nutrients in the soil cannot be endorsed. When these current experiments and older, published experiments are taken into account there is little justification for applying Mg fertilizer to soils with Mg Indices > 0 and on soils with Mg Index 0 an application of c. 50 kg Mg/ha would be sufficient.
14
Saborío-Montero, Alejandro, Osvaldo Marín-Taylor, Randall Arguedas-Sánchez e Sinaí Ramírez-Fallas. "Soil chemical fertility in dairy farms of the Guanacaste volcanic mountain range, Costa Rica". UNED Research Journal 7, n.º 2 (15 de dezembro de 2015): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v7i2.1140.
Resumo:
The aim of this research was to determine the fertility of soils of dairy farms at four zones of the Guanacaste volcanic mountain range. The study was conducted during a two-year period (2009-2010) in farms of Guayabo (Bagaces) and Nubes, San Ramón and Florida (Quebrada Grande, Tilarán). A total of 40 soil samples were collected, each one was composed by 20 sub- samples. The results revealed that soil pH in Guayabo tended to be lower (p=0.0539) than in Nubes, San Ramón and Florida. Guayabo soils showed higher concentrations (p<0.01) of magnesium (Mg), cupper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) than the soils of the three zones of Tilarán. The soils of Guayabo and San Ramón showed higher values of effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) (p<0.01) than Nubes and Florida soils. According to the general critical levels for the extracting solution used, none of the soils of the analyzed zones reach a pH higher than 5.5, the Tilarán and Guayabo soils were deficient in Mg and P respectively and no zone was deficient in Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn. These results revealed that the soils of all the zones had some mineral deficiency and low values of pH, therefore fertilizers and amendments should be applied according to nutritional needs of each farm. Adequate soil nutrition could improve productivity of forage and allowed a higher animal charge capacity per unit of area.
15
Lungu, Mihaela, Sorin Liviu Ștefănescu e Monica Dumitrașcu. "Quality of Organic Vegetables Grown in Two Certified Sites on the Outskirts of Bucharest Municipality". Present Environment and Sustainable Development 11, n.º 2 (1 de outubro de 2017): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pesd-2017-0035.
Resumo:
Abstract Soil fertility properties, irrigation water quality, mineral nutrition, and some vegetables mineral composition were studied in the frame of a project regarding yield quality monitoring in certified organic vegetable farms, in two farms placed on the outskirts of Bucharest Municipality which provide products for the town’s organic market. Chemical analysis of the soil samples collected from the two farms reflects a good fertility, close to the natural one of this region soils, with well-balanced organic matter, total nitrogen, accessible phosphorus and potassium contents. The nitrates contents concord with the plants nutrition demands and don’t present the risk to accumulate in vegetables or to leach into the groundwater. Slightly increased microelements, both total and soluble forms, occur. Soil microbiological properties are favorable for vegetable plants growth. A good biodiversity is noticed. There are differences between soil properties in open field and greenhouses, induced both by the type and degree of mechanical works and materials applied for fertilization and plant protection. Good conditions are generally created for plants mineral nutrition. Mineral nutrition status of the vegetables grown in organic conditions, assessed by the leaves mineral composition, doesn’t differ from the one of the vegetables grown in conventional conditions. The vegetables (fresh material) harvested from the two studied farms have good, even high, concentrations of mineral elements important for the yield nutritional quality. The excessive microelements quantities noticed in soil don’t transfer in the yield, so the latter quality and nutritional properties are not altered.
16
Formánek, P., e V. Vranová. "A contribution to the effect of liming on forest soils: review of literature". Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 4 (16 de janeiro de 2012): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4692-jfs.
Resumo:
Extensive forest areas were ameliorated by large-scale liming in the last years in order to prevent proceeding acidification and degradation of forest soils. The hitherto knowledge of liming effects on the function of forest soils still appears insufficient for an unambiguous evaluation. Sorption properties of soils and acidity are favourably affected by liming and the favourable effect is usually manifested in the layer of forest floor humus and in mineral soil within ten years. Reduction of soil acidity stimulates development of a bacterial component of microflora, soil edaphon, and good prerequisites are formed for a release of nutrients from soil organic matter. Improvement of some physical parameters of soils and negative effect of liming on the depth of rooting in spruce, availability of nutrients at some sites and in connection with mechanical soil preparation were also described. A key point of liming effect on forest soils is nitrogen dynamics. Mineralization of nitrogen is stimulated at nitrogen-rich sites with C/N < 30. Nitrogen-limited sites show nitrogen mineralization inhibited by liming with signs of pronounced deficiency in spruce nutrition. A positive effect of liming on nutrition with bases is generally accompanied by an adverse influence on N dynamics in acidic soils under spruce monocultures. Therefore it is possible to state that liming induces relatively marked changes in the soil but the actual growth response of woody species cannot be derived only from these changes.
17
Loch, Jakab. "The Role and Significance of Soil Analyses in Plant Nutrition and Environmental Protection". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, n.º 19 (4 de março de 2006): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/19/3140.
Resumo:
Hungary has a rich history of soil analyses and soil mapping. Our main tasks today are the preservation of soil fertility as well as balancing the goals of production and environmental protection. The main requirement of agricultural production is to adapt to ecological and economic conditions.In a series of consultative meetings in the past seven years, representatives from Central and Eastern Europe have analyzed nutrient management practices in their respective countries. According to a joint memorandum agreed upon in 2000, in the countries awaiting accession, the quantity of nutrients used per hectare is considerably smaller than the Western-European usage targeted through special subsidies. The current low nutrient usage contradicts the principles of sustainability and that of the efficient use of resources, jeopardizing soil fertility.In Hungary, the use of inorganic fertilizers underwent a dynamic development, which manifested itself in an almost tenfold usage growth between 1960 and 1985. This growth slowed down somewhat between 1985 and 1990 and then reduced dramatically after 1990, reaching record lows at the usage levels of the 60s. The nutrient supply has had a negative balance for the last 15 years.The increasing and then decreasing usage trends can equally be detected in the domestic yield averages of wheat and corn as well as in the nutrient supply of soils. Yields were the largest when usage levels were the highest, and decreased thereafter. Draughts have also contributed to smaller yields. The dramatic decrease in the use of inorganic fertilizers when adequate organic fertilizers are lacking endangers our soils’ fertility.About 50% of soils in Hungary are acidic. Acidity is mostly determined by soil formation, but especially on soils with a low buffering capacity, this acidity may intensify due to inorganic fertilizers. Sustainable agriculture requires the chemical improvement of acidic soils. According to their y1 values, the majority of our acidic soils need to be improved. This chemical soil remediation is required in 15% of the acidic soils, while it’s recommended for another 20% of these soils.Results of the analyses conducted in the framework of the soil-monitoring system set up in Hungary in 1992 show that in 95% of the analyzed samples, the toxic element content is below the allowable limit. Cultivated areas are not contaminated; toxicity above the legal level was found only in specific high-risk sampling areas: in the vicinity of industry, due to local overload. The basic principle of sustainable agriculture is to preserve soil fertility without undue strain on the environment. The intensity of the production needs to be considered according to the conditions of the site; i.e.; nutrient management needs to be site-specific. It is recommended to differentiate three types of cultivated land in terms of environmental sensitivity: areas with favorable conditions, endangered areas, and protected areas, and then to adopt nutrient management practices accordingly. To meet all the above-mentioned goals is impossible without systematic soil analysis. Tests conducted by the national monitoring system cannot replace regular field measurements.
18
Das, A. C., e D. Saha. "Influence of diazotrophic inoculations on nitrogen nutrition of rice". Soil Research 41, n.º 8 (2003): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03115.
Resumo:
An experiment was conducted in microplots (7 by 7m) to investigate the effect of 2 non-symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria [Azotobacter (strain CS1) and Azospirillum (strain CM4)] in the presence of 50 kg N/ha on the performances of the diazotrophs with respect to nitrogen accretion and its transformation in the rhizosphere soils of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR-36). In most cases, a successful inoculation of the diazotrophs was recorded, with the proliferation of Azotobacter and Azospirillum, either alone or in combination, in the rhizosphere soils, and nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) of the microbes was present in rice roots. The uninoculated soil receiving 100 kg N/ha recorded the highest amount of total nitrogen, non-hydrolysable organic nitrogen, available nitrogen, and hydrolysable organic nitrogen content in the rhizosphere soils, resulting in greater yield of the crop. Inoculation of the diazotrophs substantially increased different fractions of nitrogen content in the rhizosphere soils, and the increase in total nitrogen, non-hydrolysable organic nitrogen, and hydrolysable organic nitrogen was greater due to Azotobacter than either Azospirillum or a combination of Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Total and mineral nitrogen content increased at maximum tillering to flowering stages of the crop, followed by a decline at maturity, whereas, hydrolysable organic nitrogen decreased with a concomitant increase in non-hydrolysable fraction with the age of the crop.
19
Ondřej, Sedlář, Balík Jiří, Kulhánek Martin, Černý Jindřich e Kos Milan. "Mehlich 3 extractant used for the evaluation of wheat-available phosphorus and zinc in calcareous soils". Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 2 (6 de fevereiro de 2018): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/691/2017-pse.
Resumo:
Relation between wheat (Triticum aestivum) nutritional status determined at the beginning of stem elongation and during anthesis, respectively, and available content of phosphorus (P-M3) and zinc (Zn-M3) determined by the Mehlich 3 extractant was studied. Both one-year pot experiment with spring wheat and two-year on-farm trials with winter wheat were run on various calcareous soils (pH values of 7.18–7.94, median 7.80, P-M3 1–289 ppm, median 54, and Zn-M3 2–14 ppm, median 4), in the Czech Republic (Central Europe). Phosphorus nutrition index (ratio of phosphorus concentration in shoot biomass to critical phosphorus concentration – P<sub>c</sub>) was calculated using the Belanger et al.’s model: P<sub>c</sub> = –0.677 + 0.221N – 0.00292N(2), where both phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations were expressed in g/kg shoot dry matter. Unlike phosphorus concentration in shoot biomass, phosphorus nutrition index significantly correlated with P-M3 content in soil. Optimal values of the phosphorus nutrition index were recorded if P-M3 was 51–68 ppm. Zinc concentration in shoot biomass more strongly correlated with P:Zn ratio (M3) in soil compared to Zn-M3 content in soil. P:Zn ratio in shoot biomass of 130:1 did not lead to phosphorus deficiency and corresponded to P:Zn (M3) ratio in soil of 9.3:1–14.3:1.
20
Kuziev, Jakhongir, Sherali Mansurov, Murod Karimov e Aslbek Kholikulov. "Agrochemical condition and nutrition balance of newly irrigated light gray soils of Uzbekistan". E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 02037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124402037.
Resumo:
This paper notes the geographical location, soil and climatic conditions, geomorphological and geological structure of Jizzakh province, as well as the agrochemical status of newly irrigated light gray soils formed in Arnasay district of the province, nutrients and their balance in the autumn glaciers. According to the results of chemical analysis, it was found that the mechanical composition of the studied soils consists of light sandy and loamy soils, in which fine sand particles (0.5-0.05%) predominate. The study showed that in the driving layers of newly irrigated light gray soils, humus was present at 0.823-0.936%, total nitrogen at 0.059-0.084%, total phosphorus at 0.096-0.135%, and total potassium at 1.05-1.36%, humus and mobile nutrients. It was noted that they belong to very low and low-income groups according to their level. The amount of mineral and local fertilizers applied to winter wheat, the residues of winter wheat and the amount of crop and stem (straw) grown in relation to the amounts that fall into the soil by natural means is high (N-15.1 kg/ha, P-3, 6 kg/ha, K-34.4 kg/ha).
21
Lasota, Jarosław, Wojciech Kraj, Bożena Honkowicz, Karolina Staszel e Ewa Błońska. "Nutrient Status of Tree Seedlings in a Site Recovering from a Landslide". Forests 11, n.º 6 (25 de junho de 2020): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060709.
Resumo:
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of soil recovery after a landslide on the nutritional status of a young generation of Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) trees. The study was carried out on the site of a landslide that took place in 2010 in the Gorlice Forest District (Southern Poland). Basic soil properties, macro, and microelements content and enzymatic activity were determined in the soil samples that were collected from across the landslide area, from locations distributed by a grid 10 × 10 m (18 points). Plant material samples, collected to indicate nutritional status, were also taken from each point. Results demonstrate that the nutritional status of emerging regeneration depends on soil acidification and soil organic matter content. The pH of the soils on the landslide determines the intensity of nutrient uptake by the young seedlings. The nutrition of young trees varied across the landslide zone, differing in terms of the soil’s organic matter content and its chemical properties. In comparison to the depletion zone, the accumulation zone proved to be substantially richer in soil organic matter, resulting in higher soil biochemical activity. The study demonstrates that Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) is improving nutrient cycling in areas disturbed by landslide.
22
Rothstein, David E., e Nicholas J. Lisuzzo. "Optimal Nutrition and Diagnosis for Abies fraseri Christmas Trees in Michigan". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2006): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/23.2.106.
Resumo:
Abstract Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) is a species with a highly restricted native range that is now planted widely for Christmas tree production throughout the eastern US. The southeastern US has a long history of research on nutritional demands of Fraser fir, but growers in the Upper Midwest have limited locally based nutrition research on which to draw. A survey of foliar nutrition and soil properties in Fraser fir Christmas tree plantations throughout the state of Michigan was conducted to accomplish the following objectives: 1) identify relationships between tree nutrition and tree performance, 2) identify relationship between soil properties and tree nutrition, and 3) develop Diagnosis and Recommendation Integration System (DRIS) norms for Fraser fir Christmas trees in Michigan. Foliar N, P, and K levels were all positively associated with tree performance. In contrast, Ca, Mg, and Fe levels in foliage were negatively associated with tree quality. DRIS analysis indicated nutrient imbalances resulting from excess Ca, Mg, and Fe in comparison to N, P, K, and S. High pH and base saturation of young, calcareous soils of Michigan appear to be the most important site factor limiting the production of Fraser fir in Michigan.
23
Li, Meijie, Shunsuke Watanabe, Fei Gao e Christian Dubos. "Iron Nutrition in Plants: Towards a New Paradigm?" Plants 12, n.º 2 (13 de janeiro de 2023): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020384.
Resumo:
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development. Fe availability affects crops’ productivity and the quality of their derived products and thus human nutrition. Fe is poorly available for plant use since it is mostly present in soils in the form of insoluble oxides/hydroxides, especially at neutral to alkaline pH. How plants cope with low-Fe conditions and acquire Fe from soil has been investigated for decades. Pioneering work highlighted that plants have evolved two different strategies to mine Fe from soils, the so-called Strategy I (Fe reduction strategy) and Strategy II (Fe chelation strategy). Strategy I is employed by non-grass species whereas graminaceous plants utilize Strategy II. Recently, it has emerged that these two strategies are not fully exclusive and that the mechanism used by plants for Fe uptake is directly shaped by the characteristics of the soil on which they grow (e.g., pH, oxygen concentration). In this review, recent findings on plant Fe uptake and the regulation of this process will be summarized and their impact on our understanding of plant Fe nutrition will be discussed.
24
Wells, M. Lenny. "Pecan Nutrient Element Status and Orchard Soil Fertility in the Southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States". HortTechnology 19, n.º 2 (janeiro de 2009): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.2.432.
Resumo:
This survey addresses the current nutritional status of orchards typical of a large portion of the United States pecan (Carya illinoinensis) industry. A leaf nutrition and soil fertility survey was conducted for commercial orchards in a major production area of the U.S. pecan belt, which is located in southern Georgia. The study sampled pecan orchards from 18 July to 5 Aug. 2005 and 17 July to 3 Aug. 2008. All orchards had a history of commercial level orchard management, and represented a wide range of orchards typical of the region. Results indicate that southeastern U.S. pecan producers should focus their nutrient inputs on nitrogen (N), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and copper (Cu) as needed. The survey results show that leaf N can vary widely by season and among orchard locations. Evidence indicates that many growers could likely forego the soil application of phosphorous (P) and zinc (Zn) until leaf or soil analysis indicates a need. Orchard soil organic matter (SOM) in 2008 averaged 3.63%, and ranged from 1.74% on coarse-textured sandy soils to 5% on sandy loam soils. Both SOM and soil nitrate-N were higher in orchards using clover (Trifolium spp.) as a cool-season orchard groundcover than those using a grass sod only. The mean carbon:S ratio of Georgia pecan orchard soils was 504:1, which may further reduce tree uptake of S from low-S soils.
25
Tejada, Manuel, e Concepción Benítez. "Organic amendment based on vermicompost and compost: differences on soil properties and maize yield". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 29, n.º 11 (4 de outubro de 2010): 1185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x10383622.
Resumo:
The objective of the present study was to study the effect of two vermicomposts [animal (VCD) and vegetal origin (VGF)] and a cotton gin compost (C) at rates of 1780 and 3560 kg fresh organic matter ha−1 for 3 years on an Typic Xerofluvent located near Seville (Spain) on soil biological properties, nutrition (leaf N, P and K concentration, pigments and soluble carbohydrate concentrations) and yield parameters of maize ( Zea mays cv. Tundra) crop. All organic waste materials had a positive effect on the soil biological properties, plant nutrition and crop yield parameters, although at the end of the experimental period and at the high organic matter rate, the soil microbial biomass and dehydrogenase, urease, β-glucosidase, phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities increased more significantly in the VCD-amended soils (86.4, 85.8, 94.5, 99.3, 70.1 and 63.8%, respectively) respect to the control soil, followed by VGF-amended soils (84.8, 80.6, 92.7, 99.1, 68.3 and 61.6%, respectively) and CC-amended soils (80.5, 75.9, 89.7, 99, 65.7 and 59.9%, respectively). Leaf N, P and K contents and pigments and soluble carbohydrate contents were highest in VCD-amended soils, followed by VGF and CC treatments. Compared with the control soil, the application of VCD in soils at high doses increased the crop yield parameters, followed by VGF and CC treatments. This may have been due to a greater labile fraction of organic matter in the VCD than the VGF and CC, respectively.
26
Dodd, K., C. N. Guppy, P. V. Lockwood e I. J. Rochester. "Impact of waterlogging on the nutrition of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) produced in sodic soils". Crop and Pasture Science 64, n.º 8 (2013): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13093.
Resumo:
Sodicity in Vertosols used for agricultural production can adversely affect the growth and nutrition of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants. Cotton produced in sodic soils has reduced dry matter and lint yield and can develop toxic plant tissue concentrations of sodium (Na) but limited tissue concentrations of phosphorus (P,) potassium (K), and micronutrients. Crops produced on sodic soils frequently suffer from aeration stress after an irrigation or rainfall event, and it was hypothesised that the adverse physical and/or chemical conditions of sodic soils may exacerbate the effects of waterlogging. We measured the impacts of sodicity on the growth, nutrition, and root recovery time of cotton during and after waterlogging in two experiments. In the first, cotton plants were subjected to a 7-day period of inundation in Grey Vertosols with a range of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values from 2 to 25%; 32P was placed in the pots and its accumulation in the plant was used to indicate root activity and recovery after the waterlogging event. In a second experiment, agar was dissolved in nutrient solutions with a range of Na concentrations (9, 30, and 52 mm) matching soil solution Na concentrations in sodic soils, in order to simulate a waterlogging event. Following the waterlogging event, the solutions were labelled with 32P, in order to determine the effect of sodic soil solution chemistry on the rate of recovery of cotton root function after the event. Plant nutrient analysis was used to determine the effects of sodicity and waterlogging on cotton nutrition. In both experiments, waterlogging reduced root activity and reduced the uptake and transport of labelled P by the cotton plants, decreased plant P and K concentrations, and increased the plant Na concentrations. Sodicity exacerbated the effects of waterlogging on root function and cotton nutrition in the soil experiment but not in the nutrient solution experiment, suggesting that any contribution of waterlogging to the patterns of nutrient accumulation in cotton crops produced in sodic fields occurs due to soil physical factors rather than soil solution chemistry.
27
Julich, Dorit, Vera Makowski, Karl-Heinz Feger e Stefan Julich. "Phosphorus fluxes in two contrasting forest soils along preferential pathways after experimental N and P additions". Biogeochemistry 157, n.º 3 (7 de janeiro de 2022): 399–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-021-00881-w.
Resumo:
AbstractThe assessment of impacts of an altered nutrient availability, e.g. as caused by consistently high atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, on ecosystem phosphorus (P) nutrition requires understanding of P fluxes. However, the P translocation in forest soils is not well understood and soil P fluxes based on actual measurements are rarely available. Therefore, the aims of this study were to (1) examine the effects of experimental N, P, and P+N additions on P fluxes via preferential flow as dominant transport pathway (PFPs) for P transport in forest soils; and (2) determine whether these effects varied with sites of contrasting P status (loamy high P/sandy low P). During artificial rainfall experiments, we quantified the P fluxes in three soil depths and statistically analyzed effects by application of linear mixed effects modeling. Our results show that the magnitude of P fluxes is highly variable: In some cases, water and consequently P has not reached the collection depth. By contrast, in soils with a well-developed connection of PFPs throughout the profile fluxes up to 4.5 mg P m−2 per experiment (within 8 h, no P addition) were observed. The results furthermore support the assumption that the contrasting P nutrition strategies strongly affected P fluxes, while also the response to N and P addition markedly differed between the sites. As a consequence, the main factors determining P translocation in forest soils under altered nutrient availability are the spatio-temporal patterns of PFPs through soil columns in combination with the P nutrition strategy of the ecosystem.
28
Assunção, Ana G. L., Ismail Cakmak, Stephan Clemens, Manuel González-Guerrero, Adam Nawrocki e Sébastien Thomine. "Micronutrient homeostasis in plants for more sustainable agriculture and healthier human nutrition". Journal of Experimental Botany 73, n.º 6 (4 de fevereiro de 2022): 1789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac014.
Resumo:
Abstract The provision of sustainable, sufficient, and nutritious food to the growing population is a major challenge for agriculture and the plant research community. In this respect, the mineral micronutrient content of food crops deserves particular attention. Micronutrient deficiencies in cultivated soils and plants are a global problem that adversely affects crop production and plant nutritional value, as well as human health and well-being. In this review, we call for awareness of the importance and relevance of micronutrients in crop production and quality. We stress the need for better micronutrient nutrition in human populations, not only in developing but also in developed nations, and describe strategies to identify and characterize new varieties with high micronutrient content. Furthermore, we explain how adequate nutrition of plants with micronutrients impacts metabolic functions and the capacity of plants to express tolerance mechanisms against abiotic and biotic constraints. Finally, we provide a brief overview and a critical discussion on current knowledge, future challenges, and specific technological needs for research on plant micronutrient homeostasis. Research in this area is expected to foster the sustainable development of nutritious and healthy food crops for human consumption.
29
Levshakov, L. V. "The usefulness of sulfur fertilizers for balanced nutrition of spring wheat on zonal soils of the south-western Forest steppe zone". E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128205006.
Resumo:
The importance of sulfur for a balanced nutrition of grain crops is demonstrated. The content of mobile forms of sulfur in the main zonal soils of the Kursk region – black soil and gray forest soils is given. Gray wooded soils have a low content of mobile sulfur in most areas of the region. The availability of sulfur in black soil ranges from low to medium. Practical studies on the effectiveness of different types and forms of using sulfur-containing mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of spring wheat on zonal types of soils in the south-western forest steppe of the Central Black Earth Region have been performed. Research has found that the practicability of using sulfur-containing mineral fertilizers and their agronomic effectiveness is directly associated with the content of available forms of sulfur in the arable layer of the soil. It is most effective and reasonable to use sulfur-containing mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of spring wheat on gray wooded soils. The practical data obtained prove the urgency of the use of sulfur-containing fertilizers in technologies for the cultivation of grain crops on soils with inadequate content of available forms of sulfur.
30
Novotný, R., Z. Lachmanová, V. Šrámek e L. Vortelová. "Air pollution load and stand nutrition in the Forest District Jablunkov, part Nýdek". Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 2 (8 de fevereiro de 2008): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/797-jfs.
Resumo:
Concentrations of air pollutants measured by passive samplers, atmospheric deposition to forest ecosystems, soil water chemistry, nutrient content in the soil and foliage were all measured within a study of the causes of forest decline in Nýdek Forest Range, Jablunkov Forest District (Silesian Beskids). Declining Norway spruce stands are situated in a region of historically high air pollution load, mainly from the Třinec and Ostrava agglomeration. Air pollution significantly decreased in the second half of the 1990s. Forest soils showing the insufficiency of main nutrients remain today as the main factor affecting the forest vitality. The situation in the soil is subsequently reflected in the nutrition level of the assimilation tissues. Simultaneous effects of other stressors (e.g. biotic, meteorological ones) can support a sudden worsening of the stand health and cause serious damage.
31
Carmona, Felipe de Campos, Ibanor Anghinoni e Eduardo Giacomelli Cao. "Dynamics of ammonium and pH in the solution of soils with different salinity levels, growing irrigated rice". Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 36, n.º 2 (abril de 2012): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832012000200009.
Resumo:
Rice in Rio Grande do Sul State is grown mostly under flooding, which induces a series of chemical, physical and biological changes in the root environment. These changes, combined with the presence of rice plants, affect the availability of exchangeable ammonium (NH4+) and pH of soil solution, whereas the dynamics of both variables can be influenced by soil salinity, a common problem in the coastal region. This study was conducted to evaluate the dynamics of exchangeable NH4+ and pH in the soil solution, and their relation in the solution of Albaqualf soils with different salinity levels, under rice. Four field experiments were conducted with soils with exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) of 5.6, 9.0, 21.2, and 32.7 %. Prior to flooding, soil solution collectors were installed at depths of 5, 10 and 20 cm. The soil solution was collected weekly, from 7 to 91 days after flooding (DAF), to analyze exchangeable NH4+ and pH in the samples. Plant tissue was sampled 77 DAF, to determine N uptake and estimate the contribution of other N forms to rice nutrition. The content of exchangeable NH4+ decreased over time at all sites and depths, with a more pronounced reduction in soils with lower salinity levels, reaching values close to zero. A possible contribution of non-exchangeable NH4+ forms and N from soil organic matter to rice nutrition was observed. Soil pH decreased with time in soils with ESP 5.6 and 9.0 %, being positively correlated with the decreasing NH4+ levels at these sites.
32
Zama, Naledi, Kevin Kirkman, Ntuthuko Mkhize, Michelle Tedder e Anathi Magadlela. "Soil Acidification in Nutrient-Enriched Soils Reduces the Growth, Nutrient Concentrations, and Nitrogen-Use Efficiencies of Vachellia sieberiana (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr Saplings". Plants 11, n.º 24 (17 de dezembro de 2022): 3564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243564.
Resumo:
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrient enrichment is important for grasslands. This study aimed to determine how soils enriched with N and P influenced soil concentration correlations and affected the growth kinetics, mineral nutrition, and nitrogen-use efficiencies of Vachellia sieberiana grown in a greenhouse experiment. The soils used as the growth substrate were analysed and showed extreme acidity (low soil pH, 3.9). Nitrogen-enriched soils were more acidic than P-enriched soils. Exchangeable acidity was strongly negatively correlated with an increase in soil pH, with soil pH between 3.9 and 4.1 units showing the strongest decline. Plant saplings showed increased root biomass, shoot biomass, total biomass, and plant N and P concentrations when grown in soils with high soil P concentrations. Extreme soil acidification in N-enriched soil was one of the main factors causing P unavailability, decreasing sapling growth. Extreme soil acidification increased concentrations of toxic heavy metals, such as Al which may be alleviated by adding lime to the extremely acidic soils. Research implications suggest that soil pH is an important chemical property of the soil and plays a significant role in legume plant growth. Legume species that are unable to tolerate acidic soils may acquire different strategies for growth and functioning.
33
Jafarov, V., e Z. Mustafaev. "Effectiveness of Applying Fertilizers Under Watermelon on the Meadow-Grey Soils in Mugan-Salyan Zone". Bulletin of Science and Practice, n.º 2 (15 de fevereiro de 2023): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/87/12.
Resumo:
The meadow-gray soils are one of the most widespread species in Azerbaijan territory, mainly in the Kur-Araz lowland, in Nakhchivan plain regions, in the Samur-Davachi valley. The meadow-gray soils irrigated in the Mugan-Salyan zone are most commonly used in the agricultural lands of the region. Agrochemical characterization of soils plays an important role in defining a number of its features, including fertility, degree of provision of certain nutrients, determination of soil condition reaction, timing, norms, methods and proportions of fertilizers under separate plantings. In this context, the soil under watermelons has been researched, and the agrochemical properties of meadow-gray soils have been studied. Apart from the nutritional properties of plants, it has a great impact on the efficient use of fertilizers in the soil. Soil is the main source of plant nutrients. Different soils contain different amounts of nutrients. The soil contains more nutrients than it needs to produce high yields. Fertilized soil with less moisture increases the yield of agricultural crops. This is explained by the fact that only some of the nutrients in the soil are used by plants. Many of them remain unused. The nutrients contained in the soil go into the form used by plants from time to time as a result of the biological and chemical processes involved. In this regard, it is necessary to determine the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other elements found in the soil and which plants can easily use to ensure proper nutrition. The main reason why plants do not meet their nutrients is the use of fertilizers. Given the biology of watermelon, soil-climatic conditions and agrotechnical methods in Azerbaijan, the optimal dose and timing of fertilizers can be enhanced and improved.
34
Rodenkirchen, Hermann, e Bruce A. Roberts. "Soils and plant nutrition on a serpentinized ridge in South Germany. I. Soils". Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 156, n.º 5 (1993): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19931560505.
35
Belanovic, Snezana, e Olivera Kosanin. "Exchangeable cations in some soils of Mt. Stara planina". Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, n.º 91 (2005): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0591063b.
Resumo:
Land use in forest and pasture ecosystems requires the respecting of ecological and economic interactions between the individual components of these ecosystems. The content of nutrition elements in the soil solution depends on soil types, climate conditions and vegetation species, i.e., it is conditioned by their cycling in the ecosystem. This paper studies the cation exchange capacity in pasture and forest soils of Mt. Stara Planina.
36
Ryan, PJ. "Boron retention within a catena of rhyolitic soils and Its effect on radiata pine growth and nutrition". Soil Research 27, n.º 1 (1989): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890135.
Resumo:
Boron deficiency in Pinus radiata (D. Don) plantations in N.S.W. has been particularly evident on soils derived from acid igneous parent materials. A slope sequence (catena) of soils on a rhyolitic parent material was selected to study the amount of boron retention and its relationship to soil development. The soils at three positions, a hillcrest, mid-slope and lower slope, were described and various soil chemical and physical properties were determined for each horizon. Tree height, deformity, survival and foliar chemistry of 6 year old P. radiata were measured in plots adjacent to the three soil profiles studied. Boron adsorption isotherms varied within individual soil profiles by horizon and also between the different soil profiles in the catena. Boron adsorption was highest in the hillcrest soil B horizons and lowest in the bleached A2 horizons of the lower slope soil. The Freundlich isotherm constant k was found to be significantly correlated with clay content (r = 0.88), exchangeable aluminium (r = 0.79, exchangeable potassium (r = 0.68), and dithionite-citrate extractable iron (r = 0.66). Leaching and illuviation of iron oxides and clay has been accentuated in the two soil profiles on the hillslope sites of the catena. As clay, aluminium and iron oxides have been removed from the surface horizons of the lower slope soil, the ability of these horizons to adsorb and therefore retain boron has been greatly diminished. Position on the catena also affected P. radiata growth survival and foliar chemistry. Tree height decreased while the incidence of deformity increased down the slope. It is suggested that the progressive deterioration in tree growth down the slope is mainly caused by the trees being increasingly affected by boron stress as a result of decreasing capacity of the soils to retain boron by adsorption against leaching towards the lower slope.
37
Robson, AD, NE Longnecker e LD Osborne. "Effects of heterogeneous nutrient supply on root growth and nutrient uptake in relation to nutrient supply on duplex soils". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, n.º 7 (1992): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920879.
Resumo:
Most duplex soils in Western Australia are characterised by multiple nutrient deficiencies. Applications of micronutrients, as well as the macronutrients phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen and sulfur, have been essential for crop and pasture production on these soils. Duplex soils are characterised by heterogeneity in the distribution of mineral nutrients with depth. Additionally, there is heterogeneity both vertically and horizontally in suitability of soil conditions for root growth. There are at least 2 consequences of this heterogeneity for the mineral nutrition of plants on duplex soils. First, there are important effects of localised nutrient supply on root growth and nutrient uptake. Second, identification of nutrient deficiencies by soil and plant analysis is complicated by variation in nutrient supply through time and with depth. These 2 consequences are examined.
38
Lag-Brotons, Alfonso José, José Martín Soriano-Disla, Ignacio Gómez e José Navarro-Pedreño. "Saline Irrigation Effects on Cynara cardunculus L. Plants Grown in Mediterranean Soils". HortScience 48, n.º 6 (junho de 2013): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.6.762.
Resumo:
Cynara cardunculus L., known as cynara for industrial application, is a versatile plant for Mediterranean regions. Irrigation with non-conventional salty water sources is a common practice in these water-scarce regions. However, the research performed on cynara salt-stress response is limited and solely tested under soilless conditions. Thereby, the aims of the current experiment were to ascertain the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils. The influence of soil was considered using two typical agricultural soils, mainly differing in their salinity status. Plants were grown under controlled conditions from November until July in pots filled with soil amended with sewage sludge compost. Three saline irrigation treatments were applied (0.7, 2, and 3 dS·m−1) with increasing concentrations of NaCl (4, 13, and 23 mM). Saline irrigation started in January and ended in June. Plants growth parameters (height, dry biomass, heads number, seed yield) declined with saline irrigation. Aboveground dry biomass of plants irrigated with 3 dS·m−1 was reduced approximately one-third regarding the control value, whereas seed yield was reduced in 57%. Despite growth reduction induced by salinity, no symptoms of nutritional deficiency were observed in leaves. Saline irrigation was the main driving factor regarding cynara mineral concentration, except for potassium (K) and manganese (Mn), which were related to soil type. Chlorine (Cl) and sodium (Na) concentration increased at the whole-plant level, whereas magnesium (Mg) showed the opposing trend. Similar trends were observed in the mineral content of cynara aboveground biomass. Interaction effects between soil type and saline irrigation were marginal. Cynara exhibited high K selectivity, which might be associated with a mechanism of salt tolerance, whereas Mg is suggested as a potential indicator of salt stress in cynara plants grown in calcareous Mediterranean soils. We concluded that cynara growth and mineral nutrition were mainly affected by saline irrigation, probably as a result of the accumulation of Na and Cl.
39
Rajammal, Sherene Jenita, T, S. Maragatham e R. Santhi. "Development of Soil Test based Fertilizer Prescription Equations under IPNS for Rice in Salt affected soils of Tamil Nadu". YMER Digital 21, n.º 03 (2 de março de 2022): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.03/01.
Resumo:
Soil Test Crop Response - Integrated Plant Nutrition System (STCR - IPNS) technology in restoring soil fertility in sodic soil was well established in this study. STCR -IPNS correlation studies were conducted with rice in black calcareous sandy clay loam (Vertic Ustropept) sodic soils of Tamil Nadu, Southern India during 2019 – 2021and fertilizer prescription equations under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) were developed. A ready reckoner of fertilizer doses at varying soil test values, for attaining 6 and 6.5 t ha-I target grain yield of rice has been worked out. Using these equations, test verification trials were conducted on farmer's holding in Manikandam block of Tiruchirapalli district. The per cent achievement of the targets aimed was more than 90 indicating the validity of the equations for prescribing fertilizer doses for rice under sodic soils. The STCR -IPNS treatments recorded relatively higher response ratio (RR) and benefit - cost ratio (BCR) over blanket, STCR - NPK alone treatments and farmer's practice. Post-harvest soil tests for NPK revealed that there was maintenance of soil fertility under sodic soil.
40
Radwan, M. A. "Effect of forest floor on growth and nutrition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings with and without fertilizer". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 1992): 1222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-163.
Resumo:
Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of four different forest soils on growth and shoot nutrients of potted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings, in absence and in presence of forest floor, and with and without N and P fertilizers. Nine-month-old seedlings from low-elevation seed sources were used, and seedlings were grown for 2 years in a roofed lathhouse. Soils were of the Klone, Vesta, Bunker, and Shelton series; Klone and Vesta soils, and Bunker and Shelton soils, were collected from western hemlock and Douglas-fir stands, respectively. The fertilizers ammonium nitrate at 100 kg N/ha and triple superphosphate at 226 kg P/ha were tested. The forest floor, at 70 g/7.6-L pot, and the N and P fertilizers were added to the top of the planting pots without mixing. The forest floors and mineral soils differed by source in many of the chemical characteristics determined. Overall, seedling growth of Douglas-fir and western hemlock was better in the Klone and Shelton soils than in the Bunker and Vesta soils. Seedlings, especially those of western hemlock, grew better with than without forest floor. The N fertilizer reduced seedling growth of both species and, in some soils, reductions were more with than without forest floor. The P fertilizer improved seedling growth of both species in all soils and, with one exception, growth was much greater in the presence than in the absence of the forest floor. With both species, soil, forest-floor, and fertilization treatments affected concentrations and contents of the various shoot nutrients determined. The nutritional changes observed varied by nutrient and reflected differences in uptake of native and fertilizer nutrients, as well as changes in shoot dry weight. The results demonstrate the importance of the forest floor to growth and nutrition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings, especially when fertilizers are used.
41
Čekstere, Gunta, Anita Osvalde e Māris Laiviņš. "Mineral Nutrition of Young Ash in Latvia". Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 70, n.º 3 (1 de junho de 2016): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2016-0022.
Resumo:
Abstract The research objectives were: 1) to determine healthy young ash supply with nutrients and their concentrations in natural growth conditions; 2) to estimate nutrient balance and inter-correlations within a system “soil-plants”; and 3) to determine the potential effect of environmental conditions (forest type, plant phytosociological group, soil group, etc.) on nutrient accumulation in soil and leaves of young ash. The investigation was conducted in 28 different forest sites with young ash in Latvia. The results demonstrated that young ash grows well on a wide range of site types in terms of soil composition, forest type and phytosociological tree group. Although highly heterogeneous, soil in ash stands in Latvia can provide a sufficient supply of nutrients. Therefore, the nutrient status of healthy young ash leaves can be characterized as sufficient, although low levels of P, Zn, and K in leaves was found for most sites. Significant impact of soil group and forest type was found on nutrient composition of ash soil, while leaf nutrient concentrations were more dependent on the forest type and phytosociological tree group. The obtained results confirmed the ability of ash to accumulate nutrients within a certain range from soils of different fertility, organic matter content and soil reaction in Latvia.
42
Wilmot, Timothy R., David S. Ellsworth e Melvin T. Tyree. "Relationships among crown condition, growth, and stand nutrition in seven northern Vermont sugarbushes". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, n.º 3 (1 de março de 1995): 386–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-043.
Resumo:
We compared growth with soil and foliar elemental composition in seven stands of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) in northern Vermont characterized by high or low incidence of crown dieback over the period 1989–1992. In stands with low-quality crown conditions, such as elevated crown dieback, long-term basal area growth rates were approximately half of those in stands with higher crown quality. Average annual basal area growth was 17.5 cm2 for dominant trees in these stands during the period 1953–1992 compared with 32.3 cm2 for trees in higher quality stands. The occurrence of elevated crown dieback was apparently unrelated to stand characteristics such as stand age, basal area, stem density, elevation, or aspect among the stands sampled. Stands with elevated crown dieback were found on soils characterized by low pH ( <4.0), low base cation pools (particularly Ca and Mg), and higher Al in soil surface horizons than higher quality stands. Over 4 years, sugar maple stands with elevated crown dieback exhibited significantly lower (P < 0.01) foliar Ca concentrations and somewhat lower foliar N and Mg than higher quality stands, while soil and foliar K were similar in both dieback classes. Among survey plots sampled in 1989, soil pH and Ca were strongly correlated with foliar Ca and K (P < 0.001). Soil pH, soil Ca, and foliar Ca were also strongly correlated with the level of crown dieback among plots and stands (P < 0.0001). Our results indicate that podzolic soils in northern Vermont may present marginal conditions for sugar maple growth in terms of soil pH and soil Ca availability, but that P and K pools appear to be sufficient for growth. While a lack of historical data prevents identification of long-term trends in nutrient availability in these soils, factors promoting losses of base cations from acidic, base-cation-poor Podzols may also exacerbate foliar nutrient deficiencies and thus affect the crown condition of sugarbushes in northern Vermont.
43
Jessop, RS, G. Roth e P. Sale. "Effects of increased levels of soil CaCO3 on Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) growth and nutrition". Soil Research 28, n.º 6 (1990): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900955.
Resumo:
Little published evidence exists which relates narrow-leafed lupin growth to lime levels in soils when compared with growth on a soil with minimal or zero levels of lime. This pot experiment measured lupin growth and nodulation plus plant levels of Ca and Fe by using mixtures of a gilgaid black earth soil with varying quantities of free lime. A sand control allowed a plant growth comparison at minimal levels of lime. Iron sequestrene was added to all treatments to eliminate iron chlorosis. Plants harvested 68 days after sowing showed adequate levels of Fe. However, plant height, branch number, shoot and root dry weight and nodulation were markedly lower for plants grown on the low lime depression soil than those from the sand. Further major reductions in all aspects of growth occurred with increasing levels of the mound (high lime) soil. These effects were strongly related to soil and plant Ca levels; it is suggested that poor lupin growth on highly calcareous soils may be related to adverse direct effects of Ca.
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Olego, Miguel Ángel, Mateo Cuesta Lasso, Miguel Javier Quiroga, Fernando Visconti, Roberto López e Enrique Garzón-Jimeno. "Effects of Leonardite Amendments on Vineyard Calcareous Soil Fertility, Vine Nutrition and Grape Quality". Plants 11, n.º 3 (28 de janeiro de 2022): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030356.
Resumo:
Vineyard calcareous soils are usually low in organic matter, which makes them prone to physical, chemical, and biological degradation. Besides, these soils are also usually poor in various nutrients in plant-available form, e.g., iron. To make up for this lack of soil fertility, on the one hand, manures, and on the other, iron chelates are usually used. However, the soil application of these materials is not free from problems, and other amendments based on leonardites could be advantageously used as an alternative. Therefore, two organic amendments, one leonardite alone (1 Mg/ha), and the other leonardite (1 Mg/ha) plus ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (0.5 Mg/ha), were tested for three years in a commercial vineyard calcareous plot under Mediterranean climate. The effects of these amendments on soil fertility, plant nutrient contents, and berry quality were studied against a control of bare soil by means of a fully randomized trial with three repetitions per treatment. Soil organic matter (SOM) increased as a consequence of both leonardite treatments, but much more than expected on the basis of a simple mass transfer from the amendments. With the ferrous-sulphate-heptahydrate-supplemented leonardite, the increase in SOM was noticeably higher. This is explained on the basis of nutrient quantity and intensity-pH-related effects, which increased soil nutrient plant-availability and presumably enhanced vine root growth. In response to the higher plant availability of nutrients, the petiole nutrient concentrations were observed to increase under the leonardite treatments. However, only a trend to increase potassium in petioles and in grape must, linked to a decrease of grape must pH, was observed in harvest quality under the leonardite treatments. Leonardite and adequately supplemented leonardite seem to have potential for increasing SOM contents and nutrient plant-availability, thus improving the soil fertility of vineyard calcareous soils.
45
Sainz, Maria J., e J. Arines. "Effects of native vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate fertilizer on red clover growth in acid soils". Journal of Agricultural Science 111, n.º 1 (agosto de 1988): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082824.
Resumo:
SummaryThe effect of P applications and native vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) on the growth and P nutrition of red clover plants was studied in two acid hill soils with similar edaphic characteristics.Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants were compared under sterilized soil conditions. Plant growth increased on P addition in both soils, but the effect of mycorrhiza in improving drymatter production and P uptake was significant only in one of the soils. Fourteen and twenty-five mg/kg Olsen-P were needed in this soil to obtain the same yields by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants, respectively. Results are explained in terms of a different effectiveness of the two fungal populations, and the possible effect of the soil sterilization process on percentage VAM infection is discussed.
46
Gomes, Luciene, Silvio Simões, Eloi Dalla Nora, Eráclito de Sousa-Neto, Maria Forti e Jean Ometto. "Agricultural Expansion in the Brazilian Cerrado: Increased Soil and Nutrient Losses and Decreased Agricultural Productivity". Land 8, n.º 1 (8 de janeiro de 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8010012.
Resumo:
While food and nutrition security are issues that national and international organizations are tackling, one of the central problems often overlooked is the essential role of soils in providing nutritious food. Soils are the base for food production and food security. However, the majority of soils are in fair and poor conditions, with the most significant threats being erosion and loss of nutrients. In this study, we estimate the potential of soil loss, agricultural productivity loss, and nutrient loss for Brazil’s most important agricultural region, the Brazilian Cerrado, for the years 2000 and 2012. For this, we applied the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model integrated with a geographical information system (GIS) to estimate annual soil loss rate and agricultural productivity loss, and used total nitrogen and total phosphorus in soil to estimate the annual nutrient loss rate caused by soil loss. All model factors and data were obtained from the literature. The results show that agricultural expansion in the Brazilian Cerrado is increasing the area of severe erosion, occasioning agricultural productivity decrease and soil nutrient depletion. The annual soil loss rate increased from 10.4 (2000) to 12.0 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (2012). Agricultural productivity loss occurred in more than 3 million hectares of crops and silviculture in 2000 and in more than 5.5 million hectares in 2012. Severely eroded areas lost between 13.1 and 25.9 times more nutrients than areas with low and moderate soil loss rates. These findings show that government policy should be directed to ensure the sustainable use of soils, mainly in agriculturally consolidated regions of the Brazilian Cerrado.
47
Lee, Jin Wook, e Kenneth W. Mudge. "GYPSUM AFFECTS AMERICAN GINSENG'S GROWTH, NUTRITION, AND GINSENOSIDES". HortScience 41, n.º 3 (junho de 2006): 492C—492. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.492c.
Resumo:
In the Northeast, wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is typically found growing in the dense shade provided by deciduous hardwood tree species such as a sugar maple, in slightly acidic soils with relatively high calcium content. Woods cultivated ginseng is often grown in forest farming agroforestry systems under similar conditions. Supplemental calcium by soil incorporation of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is often recommended for woods cultivated ginseng. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of this practice on soil chemical properties, plant growth and quality of American ginseng. In a greenhouse pot culture experiment, 2-year-old seedlings were treated with 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16 Mt·ha–1 gypsum and grown for 12 weeks. Gypsum application decreased soil pH slightly, elevated soil electrical conductivity and increased available soil Ca and sulfate concentrations. Tissue calcium concentration was increased with by gypsum treatment, but shoot and root growth was reduced. HPLC analysis of root ginsenosides revealed that Re, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2, PT ginsenoside (sum of ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd) and total ginsenoside concentration increased by gypsum soil amendment.
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J. Foley, William. "Marsupial Nutrition". Pacific Conservation Biology 5, n.º 3 (1999): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc99240a.
Resumo:
In the early 1980s advances in marsupial biology could no longer be encapsulated in a single volume such as Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe's "Life of Marsupials" and Cambridge University Press commissioned a series of monographs covering a range of different topics in marsupial biology. As it was, only three of that series were realized and among them was the ptedecessor to this book "Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Marsupials" published in 1982. "Marsupial Nutrition" is a considerably expanded and comprehensive review of studies of nutrition and digestive physiology of Australasian and South American marsupials. In Australia, many ecologists view the limited nutrient status of our soils and vegetation as a fundamental limit to animal populations. This book explains firstly how Australian marsupials have responded to those limitations and secondly asks whether these responses are common amongst marsupials living in New Guinea and South America.
49
O'Rourke, Tiernan A., Megan H. Ryan, Tim T. Scanlon, Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam e Martin J. Barbetti. "Amelioration of root disease of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) by mineral nutrients". Crop and Pasture Science 63, n.º 7 (2012): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12239.
Resumo:
Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) is a key pasture legume across southern Australia and elsewhere. Decline in subterranean clover pastures was first recognised in Australia during the 1960s and manifests as an increase in weeds and a decrease in desirable legume species. While both root disease and poor nutrition contribute to subterranean clover pasture decline, the relationships between root disease and nutrition have not been determined. The objective of this study was to define these relationships. Field experiments were undertaken to determine the nutritional and pathogen status of soils and subterranean clover from three Western Australian field sites. Subsequently, controlled environment experiments were undertaken to determine the relative severities of tap and lateral root disease and growth of plants when soil cores taken from these three field sites were amended with a complete nutrient solution or a range of individual macro- or micronutrient treatments. Application of a ‘Hoaglands’ complete nutrient solution decreased the severity of tap root disease by an average of 45% and lateral root disease by 32%. Amendment with K alone reduced the severity of tap root disease an average of 32%; while the application of N alone reduced the severity of tap root disease by 33% and lateral root disease by 27%. Application of Hoaglands, K, N or Zn increased shoot and root dry weight, while Mo only increased shoot dry weight. This is the first report to show that mineral nutrients can substantially ameliorate root disease in subterranean clover. The results demonstrate that while root disease limits plant growth, improvement in the nutritional status of nutrient-impoverished soils can significantly reduce root disease. There is significant potential to incorporate nutrient amendments into an integrated and more sustainable approach to better manage root disease and to increase productivity of pasture legumes where soils are inherently nutrient deficient in one or more nutrients.
50
Graham, James H., e James P. Syvertsen. "Do Mycorrhizae Influence the Drought Tolerance of Citrus?" Journal of Environmental Horticulture 5, n.º 1 (1 de março de 1987): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-5.1.37.
Resumo:
The benefits of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi for increasing drought tolerance have been demonstrated under nutrient-limiting conditions, particularly in low phosphorus (P) soils. Horticultural plants grown in soilless media, under greenhouse fertilizer regimes, are usually non-mycorrhizal, but have optimum P and the desired size and nutritional characteristics available when transplanted. Since plant nutrition can influence responses to environmental stress, potential benefits of VAM fungi for reducing transplant stress, such as drought, should be evaluated where growth and nutrition of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants are similar at time of outplanting. In this way, nutritional and any unique non-nutritional effects of mycorrhizae on stress tolerance of plants can be identified. Non-nutritional effects of VAM fungi on drought tolerance of woody horticultural plants have not yet been clearly demonstrated.