Bibliografias temáticas / Soil phosphorus

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Soil phosphorus"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021
Última modificação: 25 de janeiro de 2023

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Soil phosphorus"

1

Shah, Asad, Jing Huang, Muhammad Numan Khan, Tianfu Han, Sehrish Ali, Nano Alemu Daba, Jiangxue Du et al. "Sole and Combined Application of Phosphorus and Glucose and Its Influence on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Microbial Biomass in Paddy Soils". Agronomy 12, n.º 10 (30 de setembro de 2022): 2368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102368.

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Soil microbial activities are consistently restricted not only by phosphorus availability but also by microbial carbon requirements. Therefore, an incubation experiment was conducted with three soils (QY1, QY2 and QY3) selected on the basis of phosphorus limitation. Results revealed that high N2O emissions, 17.44 µg kg−1, were measured in phosphorus-deficient soil with addition of glucose. In phosphorus-adequate soils, the peaks of N2O emission values in the glucose addition treatment were 20.8 µg kg−d and 24.7 µg kg−1, which were higher than without glucose-added treatments. CH4 emissions were higher with glucose addition, at 1.9 µg kg−e in phosphorus-deficient soil and 1.52 µg kg−e and 2.6 µg kg−1 in two phosphorus-adequate soils. Phosphorus added to deficient and adequate soil significantly increased the cumulative CH4 and N2O emissions compared to the solely glucose added soil and the combination of glucose with phosphorus. Glucose addition significantly increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) but decreased microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP), especially in the phosphorus-adequate soil. For MBC, the highest value obtained was 175.8 mg kg−1, which was determined under glucose addition in phosphorus-adequate soil. The soil pH increased with glucose addition but decreased with phosphorus addition in phosphorus-deficient soil. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content was significantly affected by glucose addition in the phosphorus-deficient soil. Available phosphorus (AP) was highly influenced by phosphorus addition but did not appear to be affected by glucose addition. From the current study, we concluded that sole phosphorus and glucose addition increase CH4 andN2O emissions in phosphorus-deficient and also in phosphorus-adequate paddy soils. Further study will be conducted on sole and interactive effects of glucose and phosphorous on soil with plants and without plants.
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Xu, Gang, Mengyu Yue, Jiawei Song e Xiaobing Chen. "Development of soil phosphorus storage capacity for phosphorus retention/release assessment in neutral or alkaline soils". Plant, Soil and Environment 68, No. 3 (16 de março de 2022): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/482/2021-pse.

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The concept of the soil phosphorus storage capacity (SPSC) was successfully used to evaluate the phosphorus (P) loss risk and the P retention capacity of acidic soil. This study extended the concept of SPSC from acidic soil to neutral or alkaline soil. A total of 95 surfaces (0–10 cm) soil samples were collected from the Yellow River Delta (YRD) for use in this study. Batch sorption experiments, correlation analysis, stepwise regression, and a split-line model were used to calculate the threshold value of the degree of P saturation (DPS). The SPSC was developed based on the DPS threshold value. Based on a DPS threshold value of 11.5%, we developed the following equation for calculating the SPSC: SPSC = (11.5% – soil DPS) × (0.113 × SOM (soil organic matter) + 1.343 × CaCO<sub>3</sub>). In the continuous system in this watershed, from wetland to farmland, the SPSC for vegetable fields (−94.7 ± 79.1 mg/kg) was lowest and that of the restored wetland (76.3 ± 26.1 mg/kg) was the highest. Along the transition zone in the YRD, both the natural soil development and human alternations significantly affected the soil P loss/retention capacity. In terms of P storage, the restored wetlands are the highlands for P retention and the vegetable fields contribute significantly to the P loss in the YRD. As a result, we strongly recommend that the restored wetlands be fully utilised for P retention and that P fertiliser no longer be applied to the vegetable fields to prevent P loss into the watershed.
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Matula, J. "Relationship between phosphorus concentration in soil solution and phosphorus in shoots of barley". Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 7 (14 de julho de 2011): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/149/2011-pse.

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Phosphorus concentration in the soil solution of agricultural soils should be a consensus of the agronomic and environmental aspect. Data from literary sources are inconsistent if the method of soil solution extraction from the soil and the method of phosphorus detection are not indicated. In the present paper a simplified procedure of soil solution extraction is used that is derived from the need of water to attain saturated soil paste. Based on barley cultivation in a plant growth chamber on 72 different soils the relationship between P concentration in simulated soil solution and the response of test plant (spring barley) was evaluated. Three approaches were used to derive an adequate P concentration in soil solution. Based on the diagnostics of P content in barley the following adequate P concentrations in soil solution were derived: 0.23&ndash;0.86 ppm P for colorimetry and 0.9&ndash;1.75 ppm P for ICP-AES. Using the concept of the boundary line of yield the critical P concentration in soil solutions was 0.8 ppm P for colorimetry and 1.3 ppm P for ICP-AES. The concept of the boundary line of P efficiency index enabled to define P concentrations in soil solution that can be considered as the lower limits of suitability from the agronomic aspect:<br />0.15 ppm P in simulated soil solution for colorimetry and 0.7 ppm P for ICP-AES.
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Sánchez-Esteva, Sara, Maria Knadel, Rodrigo Labouriau, Gitte H. Rubæk e Goswin Heckrath. "Total Phosphorus Determination in Soils Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Evaluating Different Sources of Matrix Effects". Applied Spectroscopy 75, n.º 1 (24 de agosto de 2020): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702820949560.

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Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a potential alternative to wet chemical methods for total soil phosphorus determination, but matrix effects related to physical and chemical sample properties need to be further understood. The aim of this study was to explore matrix effects linked to particle size distribution and chemical form of phosphorus on LIBS response and the ability of LIBS to predict total phosphorus in a range of different soil types. Univariate calibration curves were developed by spiking the soils with increasing doses of phosphorus, and limits of detection for LIBS determined phosphorous (P) (LIBS-P) were calculated. Different particle size distributions in otherwise identical soils were obtained by four milling treatments and effects of chemical form of phosphorus were examined by spiking soils with identical amounts of phosphorus in different chemical compounds. The LIBS-P response showed a high correlation (R2 > 0.99) with total phosphorus for all soils. Yet, the sensitivity of LIBS differed significantly among soils, as the slope of the calibration curves increased with increasing sand content, resulting in estimated limits of detection of 10 mg kg−1 for the sandiest and 122 mg · kg−1 for the most clayey soils. These limits indicate that quantitative evaluation of total phosphorus in sandy and loamy sandy soils by LIBS is feasible, since they are lower than typical total phosphorus concentrations in soil. A given milling treatment created different particle size distributions depending on soil type, and consequently different LIBS-P results. Thus, procedures that specify the required degree of homogenization of soil samples prior to analysis are needed. Sieving after milling could be an option, but that should be tested. The soils spiked with Fe(III) phosphate, potassium phosphate and phytic acid had similar LIBS-P, except for soils with hydroxyapatite, which resulted in markedly lower response. These results suggested that matrix effects related to the chemical nature of phosphorus would be minor for non-calcareous soils in humid regions, where apatites comprise only a small fraction of total phosphorus. Strategies to overcome matrix effects related to particle size and content of apatite-phosphorus by combining multivariate models and soil type groupings should be further investigated.
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Adil, Mihoub. "Citric acid acidification of wheat straw derived biochar for overcoming nutrient deficiency in alkaline calcareous soil (Case of Phosphorus)". International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology 8, n.º 3 (27 de agosto de 2022): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-815x.000173.

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Phosphorous fixation in soils is a serious concern worldwide, and biochar is gaining attention daily due to its potential benefits for improving the agronomic benefits of applied phosphorus. The present study aims to enhance understanding of the phosphorus transformation process in a deprived sandy soil following biochar amendments (no-acidified wheat straw biochar and chemically modified (acidification with 0.01 M C6H8O7) along with or without phosphorus at 250 mg kg−1. A 54-day pot experiment was conducted with two biochar levels of 4%, 8% (w/w), and control, and two phosphorus levels (without or with phosphorus). The results indicate that the integration of acidified wheat straw biochar with phosphorus resulted in increased available phosphorus in the soil. We conclude that incorporating acidified wheat straw biochar is a promising practice to potentially improve phosphorus availability in deprived soils. Further research is needed to explore site-specific phosphorus management for sustainable crop production.
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McKenzie, R. H., e E. Bremer. "Relationship of soil phosphorus fractions to phosphorus soil tests and fertilizer response". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2003): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s02-079.

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Soil tests for available P may not be accurate because they do not measure the appropriate P fraction in soil. A sequential extraction technique (modified Hedley method) was used to determine if soil test P methods were accurately assessing available pools and if predictions of fertilizer response could be improved by the inclusion of other soil P fractions. A total of 145 soils were analyzed from field P fertilizer experiments conducted across Alberta from 1991 to 1993. Inorganic P (Pi) removed by extraction with an anion-exchange resin (resin P) was highly correlated with the Olsen and Kelowna-type soil test P methods and had a similar relationship with P fertilizer response. No appreciable improvement in the fit of available P with P fertilizer response was achieved by including any of the less available P fractions in the regression of P fertilizer response with available P. Little Pi was extractable in alkaline solutions (bicarbonate and NaOH), particularly in soils from the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones. Alkaline fractions were the most closely related to resin P, but the relationship depended on soil zone. Inorganic P extractable in dilute HCl was most strongly correlated with soil pH, reflecting accumulation in calcareous soils, while Pi extractable in concentrated acids (HCl and H2SO4) was most strongly correlated with clay concentration. A positive but weak relationship as observed between these fractions and resin P. Complete fractionation of soil P confirmed that soil test P methods were assessing exchangeable, plant-available P. Key words: Hedley phosphorus fractionation, resin, Olsen, Kelowna
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Benhua, Sun, Cui Quanhong, Guo Yun, Yang Xueyun, Zhang Shulan, Gao Mingxia e Hopkins David W. "Soil phosphorus and relationship to phosphorus balance under long-term fertilization". Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 5 (14 de maio de 2018): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/709/2017-pse.

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Temporal changes in the concentrations of plant-available phosphorus (P) in soil (Olsen-P), total soil-P and P activation coefficient (the ratio of Olsen-P to residual-P (i.e. an approximation to total-P)) were measured in plots that received consistent inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plus organic fertilizers annually. Maize and winter wheat crops were grown in rotation for 24 years. Olsen-P and P activation coefficient declined significantly in the earlier years (&lt; 12 years) for treatments that did not include any P fertilizer, and increased over the same period for the P-fertilized treatments. The rates of change in the Olsen-P and P activation coefficient values were positively related to P balance. In the later years, the Olsen-P and P activation coefficient plateau values were positively related to the P balance.
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UUSITALO, R., E. TURTOLA e J. GRÖNROOS. "Finnish trends in phosphorus balances and soil test phosphorus". Agricultural and Food Science 16, n.º 4 (4 de dezembro de 2008): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960607784125339.

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Soil test phosphorus (P) concentration has a major influence on the dissolved P concentration in runoff from agricultural soils. Thus, trends in soil test P partly determine the development of pollution potential of agricultural activities. We reviewed the changes of soil test P and P balances in Finnish agriculture, and assessed the current setting of P loss potential after two Agri-Environmental Programs. Phosphorus balance of the Finnish agriculture has decreased from +35 kg ha–1 of the 1980’s to about +8 kg P ha–1 today. As a consequence, the 50-yr upward trend in soil test P concentrations has probably levelled out in the late 1990’s, as suggested by sampling of about 1600 fields and by a modelling exercise. For the majority of our agricultural soils, soil test P concentrations are currently at a level at which annual P fertilization is unlikely to give measurable yield responses. Soils that benefit from annual P applications are more often found in farms specialized in cereal production, whereas farms specialized in non-cereal plant production and animal production have higher soil test P concentrations. An imbalance in P cycling between plant (feed) and animal production is obvious, and regional imbalances are a result of concentration of animal farms in some parts of the country. A major concern in future will be the fate of manure P in those regions where animal production intensity is further increasing.;
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Lei, Hong Jun, Xin Liu, Bei Dou Xi e Duan Wei Zhu. "Evaluation on a Novel Phosphorus Fractionation Method in Acid Soils". Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (outubro de 2012): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.272.

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Phosphorous fractionation is a method developed to estimate sizes of readily soil available P pool, soil P sub-pools and their ability to replenish the available P. Three types of acid soils (1aterite red soil, yellow red soil and brown red soil) were used in pot experiment under a rain-shelter condition to investigate the effect of lime amendment on P fractions and their bioavailability by plant of broad bean. A novel phosphorus fractionation scheme was developed and used to study the phosphorus fractionation of the tested soils compared with the two typical soil phosphorus fractionation schemes, adopting a series of extractants such as 0.25mol L-1 NaHCO3, 1h (for Ca2-P), 0.5mol L-1 NH4F (pH8.5), 1h (for Al-P), 0.7mol L-1 NaClO, pH 8.05, 85°C water bath 30min (for Org-P), 0.1mol L-1 NaOH-0.1Na2CO3, 4h (for Fe-P), 1mol L-1 NaOH, 85°C water bath 1h (for O-Al-P), 0.3 mol L-1 Na-citrate-0.5 g Na2S2O4 -0.5 mol L-1 NaOH, 85°C water bath 15min (for O-Fe-P), 0.25mol L-1 H2SO4, 1h (for Ca10-P). Main results are obtained just as follows: besides Ca2-P, Al-P, Fe-P and O-Fe-P are potentially available phosphorus resource. Although O-P reflects the difference of P between lime and control treatment well, when it appears as a whole, it needs further subdivision to reflect soil phosphorus biologically availability difference better.
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Bhodiwal, Shweta, e Tansukh Barupal. "Phosphate solubilizing microbes: an incredible role for plant supplements". MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 7, n.º 5 (21 de dezembro de 2022): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2022.07.00263.

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Plants procure phosphorus from soil as the phosphate anion. It is the most un-portable component in plant and soil in comparison to other macronutrients. It’s very well known that phosphorus is the second most significant supplement after the nitrogen required/needed in plant growth. It is a fundamental component in every single living system. Barely 1%-2% of phosphorous is provided to different parts of the plants. It precipitates in soil as orthophosphate or is adsorbed by Fe and Al oxides through legend exchange. Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria play a substantial part in phosphorus nutrition by increasing phosphorus' accessibility to plants through discharge from inorganic and natural soil P pools by solubilization and mineralization. Lowering the pH of the soil through microbial generation of natural acids and mineralization of natural phosphorus by acid phosphates is the key element in the soil for mineral phosphate solubilization. Chemical composts are used as an additional source of phosphorous to satisfy the plant’s need. Additionally, co-inoculating P solubilizing microorganisms with other beneficial bacteria and mycorrhiza has shown to increase their efficiency. Microbial inoculants or biofertilizers can thus be used as an alternative source because they are both economical and environmentally favourable.
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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Soil phosphorus"

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Wijesundara, Sunetra M. "Relationships of soil test phosphorus with soil properties and phosphorus forms". Diss., This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-151136/.

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roberts, john christopher. "Impact of Manure and Soil Test Phosphorus on Phosphorus Runoff from Soils Subjected to Simulated Rainfall". NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06162005-123000/.

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Runoff from agricultural fields amended with animal manure or fertilizer is a source of phosphorus (P) pollution to surface waters, which can have harmful effects such as eutrophication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of soil P status and the P composition of manure sources on P in runoff, characterize the effects of manure sources on mass loss of dissolved reactive P (DRP), total dissolved P (TDP), algal available P (AAP) and total P (TP) in runoff, and enhance the PLAT database with respect to soluble P attenuating factor (SPAF) and non-soluble P attenuating factor (NSPAF) values. Soil boxes set at 5% slopes received 7.5 cm hr-1 of simulated rainfall. Study soils included a Kenansville loamy sand (loamy siliceous subactive thermic Arenic Hapludults, a Coastal Plain soil) and a Davidson silt loam (kaolinitic thermic Rhodic Kandiudults, a Piedmont soil). Soil test P concentrations ranged from 16 to 283 mg P kg-1. Sources of P included broiler litter (BRL), breeder manure (BRD), breeder manure treated with three rates of alum (Al2(SO4)3) BRD0-0 kg m-2, BRDL-3.9 kg m-2, and BRDH-7.8 kg m-2 and DAP along with an unamended control. All manure sources were applied at 66 kg P ha-1. Water extractable P (WEP) represented an average of 10 ?b 6% total P in manure. Runoff samples were taken over a 30-min period. Piedmont soil contained greater amounts of clay, Al and Fe concentrations, and higher P sorption capacities that produced significantly lower DRP, TDP, AAP, and TP losses than the Coastal Plain soil. Runoff P loss did not differ for low and high STP soils of same taxonomy with the exception of AAP mass losses for Coastal Plain soil samples. Water extractable P in manures accounted for all DRP lost in runoff with DRP correlating strongly with WEP concentration (0.9961). A weak relationship between DRP in runoff and WEP applied to soil boxes was observed (R2=0.6547) and increased when a possible outlying manure treatment, BRL, was omitted from regression data (0.9927). Overall, manures containing the highest WEP concentrations supplied the largest losses of DRP in runoff. Manure treated with 3.9 and 7.8 kg m-2 of Al2(SO4)3 (alum) decreased DRP in runoff by 29%. Values calculated for PLAT SPAF and NSPAF coefficients were higher for Coastal Plain soil than Piedmont soil and overall higher than default values in PLAT. Management based on these results should help minimize harmful effects of P in runoff.
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Sekhon, Bharpoor Singh. "Modeling of soil phosphorus sorption and control of phosphorus pollution with acid mine drainage floc". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2530.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 210 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Ebuele, Victor Pghogho. "Phosphorus speciation in soil and plants". Thesis, Bangor University, 2016. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/phosphorus-speciation-in-soil-and-plants(c9a2b08e-cca7-48ad-ac49-79b772d17602).html.

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To better understand the dynamics of P in soil and plants, chemical characterization and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were applied to a natural vegetation system dominated by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) and British bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm.) and to different types of organically amended agricultural soils. Organic P (Po) was dominant in the natural system while the agricultural soil of the total P more than 80% was inorganic P (Pi) mainly in the form of orthophosphate. A detailed quantitative analysis of the P forms in three fields assigned codes (FWa, FWo and FWp) with contrasting coverage of bracken and bluebell, their original native vegetation was undertaken in 2013. Soils were collected in areas dominated by both plants, from April to September 2013 weeks (W1 – W20) in order to cover the main above-ground lifecycle stages. Chemical characterization of the soils showed differences in total P, total Po and plant available P (Mehlich-3 extraction). The total P content of the soils from the three fields showed a slight non-significant increase after bluebell flowering. Quantitative assessment using 31P NMR showed differences in the nature of P forms in the soil and this was reflected in the nature of the vegetation cover, and extent of plant litter deposition. The most dominant P form found in the NaOH-EDTA soil extracts of FWa and FWo were the organic P forms (68.1 – 84.3 %), (61.3 – 79.1 %) respectively, most especially orthophosphate monoesters (53.1 – 83.8 %), (50.3 – 79.4 %), mainly as myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (myo-IP6) or phytate, while the inorganic P form (32.8 – 58 %) was the most dominant on FWp mainly as orthophosphate (ortho-P) (30.7- 56.8 %). The increased myo-IP6 concentration in the soil was linked to the shedded old bluebell bulb below ground containing up to 40 % myo-IP6. Bluebell seeds, another potential route of P transfer into soil, also contained 60 % myo-IP6 of total P. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was also used in elucidating the speciation and distribution of P species in diverse plant seeds (cumin, fennel, flax, mustard, poppy and sesame seeds). Phosphorus speciation by 31P NMR showed that P was mainly present in organic forms such as phytate and α- and β-glycerophosphate in poppy, sesame, mustard, fennel and cumin seeds. The inorganic P forms detected included orthophosphate and pyrophosphate. In particular, the highest amount of orthophosphate was found in NaOH-EDTA extracts of fennel seeds (41.7 %) and the lowest in mustard seeds (9.3 %) and sesame seeds (6.9 %). For the organic P forms, the highest concentration of phytate was found in mustard xiv seeds (85.2 %) and the lowest in fennel seeds (43.3 %). This result implied that in most seed producing plants P, transferred from the plants vegetative parts to the developing seeds during seed maturation, is converted to phytate (organic P) in addition to being stored as orthophosphate (inorganic P). Phenologically either bracken or bluebells grow actively throughout the year. In a semi-natural ecosystem, competition between bluebell and bracken is highest on bracken crozier emergence, which dense bluebell coverage seem to delay. P speciation was identified as an underpinning driver: For bracken, P was present mainly in form of soluble inorganic orthophosphate (41- 96.1 %), while glycerophosphates were the main Po (2.4 – 58.9 %) detected in rhizome, pinnae or stipe. Contrarily bluebell bulbs contained mostly myo-IP6 (6.7 – 52.3 %) possibly aiding survival at low temperatures, because of bluebell’s active growth starting in early autumn. Within the whole plant, the bulb acts as a source and primary sink of P, mainly as myo-IP6. This might be a survival mechanism against P supply interruption during bluebell’s growth cycle while at the same time making P less available for others. The relatively higher total P content of bluebell bulbs (0.67 – 2.7 g kg-1) compared to bracken rhizomes (0.43 – 1.30 g kg-1) also supports this. Bracken’s competitive advantage relies on its dominance of the extensive rhizome system, for which this study showed its ability to redistribute nutrients. Specifically, there was very little differences in the P species between plant parts; instead orthophosphate was shuttled from rhizome to pinnae and returned. The effect of a variety of organic fertilizers additions (pig or cow slurry, farm yard manures, broiler litter, compost and paper sludge/waste) from 1990 to 2014 on the distribution and accumulation of soil Pi and Po forms in three different soil types Harper Adams (HAU, sandy loam), Terrington (TER, silty clay loam) and Gleadthorpe (GT, loamy sand) was investigated. A sequential fractionation scheme and 31P NMR of NaOH-EDTA soil extracts was used to speciate P. Total P concentration in all soils ranged from 0.76 g kg-1 – 1.49 g kg-1 and was predominantly inorganic P (51.2 – 90.8 %). The differences in pH suggests that P species in HAU and GT (pH 6.5) would likely be bound to Al/Fe oxides and hydroxides. At more alkaline pH for TER (pH 7.9) mainly Ca-P minerals would occur. Phosphorus speciation analysis supported this with orthophosphate (82.9 –95.5 %) as the most dominant P form detected. This high inorganic to organic P ratio in conjunction with a low C/P ratio (< 200) suggested that mineralization of organic P mainly occurred in these soils. Myo-IP6 was the most dominant organic P form (1.6 – 8.9 %) followed by scyllo-IP6 (0.7– 4.6 %). Orthophosphate diesters were detected in only one sample (GT) but in trace amounts (0 – 0.5 %). Polyphosphate and xv phosphonates were not detected in any sample. The similar composition of P species across the various treatments suggests that the additions of different manures to the soil only lead to an increase in inorganic P species mainly ortho-P, likely caused by the rapid mineralization of organic P forms in the manure-treated soils. The result also suggested that the abundance and accumulation (Legacy P) of the various P forms, as determined by sequential extraction, were dependent on the nature of manure treatment, soil type and pH of the soils.
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Pierzynski, Joy. "THE EFFECTS OF P FERTILIZER ADDITION ON P TRANSFORMATIONS ON HIGH-P FIXING AND GRASSLAND SOILS". Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34548.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Agronomy
Ganga M. Hettiarachchi
Although phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for the growth of plants, it is one of the most limiting nutrients in terms of availability as a high proportion of applied P rapidly transforms into insoluble forms with low solubility in soils. To further understand the fate of P applied to soils, two separate but related studies using three high P-fixing soil types each were used for which the objectives were to investigate the mobility, availability, and reaction products from two granular and one liquid P fertilizer alone or plus a fertilizer enhancement product. Energy dispersive spectroscopy showed a substantial amount of P remained in the granule following a 5-week incubation. At the end of the 35-day incubation period there was evidence that the fluid fertilizer was superior over the granular sources in terms of enhanced diffusion and extractability of P for three calcareous soils with varying levels of CaCO3. Phosphorus x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy results in conjunction with resin-extractable P indicated a strong negative correlation between Ca-P solids formed and P extractability, suggesting that degree of Ca-P formation limits P solubility. For the three acidic P-fixing soils the results were complex. In two out of three acid soils, liquid P treatments diffused farther from the application point than the granular treatments. Phosphorus XANES results suggested that Fe-P or Al-P interactions control the overall P solubility. Integration of pH, resin extractable-P and XANES results suggested the P retention mechanism was either dominated by adsorption or precipitation depending on soil pH. More acidic soil conditions favored precipitation. The objectives of the third study were to observe how long-term (14 years) addition of P with or without N influences the inorganic and organic P pools in a native grassland soil using sequential fractionation, XANES, and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The overall results suggested that P and N fertilization and associated changes in plant productivity induced significant changes in soil P pools such as Ca-P, phytic acid, monoesters, and residual forms of P. The addition of P alone induced formation of inorganic P forms while the addition of P and N induced transformation of residual P forms into more labile and/or organic P forms.
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Abou, Nahra Joumana. "Modeling phosphorus transport in soil and water". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102946.

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The main objective of this project was to investigate and model phosphorus (P) transport in soil column studies. A model named HYDRUS-NICA was developed, by coupling a hydrological and transport model (HYDRUS-1D model) with an aqueous chemical model (non-ideal competitive adsorption - NICA), to improve the predictions of P transport in soil and water. The HYDRUS-NICA model was developed by replacing the non-linear empirical (Freundlich and Langmuir) equations of the HYDRUS-1D model with the NICA model equations. The numerical accuracy of the HYDRUS-NICA model was then evaluated by comparing the relative errors produced by the HYDRUS-NICA and HYDRUS-1D models. The results showed that the numerical schemes of the HYDRUS-NICA code are stable.
The ability of the NICA model to describe phosphate (PO4) adsorption to soil particles was tested using soils collected from agricultural fields in southern Quebec. The surface charge and PO4 adsorption capacity of these soils were measured. Results were used to estimate the NICA model parameters using a non-linear fitting function. The NICA model accurately described the surface charge of these soils and the PO4 adsorption processes.
The HYDRUS-1D model was applied to simulate water flow and PO4 transport in re-constructed soil column experiments. The HYDRUS-1D model was calibrated based on physical and chemical parameters that were estimated from different experiments. Overall, the HYDRUS-1D model successfully simulated the water flow in the columns; however, it overestimated the final adsorbed PO4 concentrations in the soil. The discrepancies in the results suggested that the HYDRUS-1D model could not account for the differences in the soil structure found in the columns, or that the Freundlich isotherm could not adequately describe PO4 adsorption.
The HYDRUS-NICA model was calibrated and validated with results from re-packed column experiments. The simulated results were then compared with results obtained by the HYDRUS-1D model. The overall goodness-of-fit for the HYDRUS-1D model simulations was classified as poor. The HYDRUS-NICA model improved significantly the prediction of PO4 transport, with the coefficient of modeling efficiency values being close to unity, and the coefficient of residual mass values being close to zero. The HYDRUS-NICA model can be used as a tool to improve the prediction of PO4 transport at the field scale.
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7

A, Heskett Richard. "Determining soil phosphorus concentrations using cattail indicators". Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1048396.

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Excess phosphorus is often identified as a major factor in the eutrophication of wetlands and lakes. Often attributed to agricultural practices, the specific source of a large part of this excess has been difficult to determine. The term "nonpoint" source is often used to broadly describe the inflow along waterways of significant amounts of this essential plant nutrient and other pollution. This research was intended to determine the effectiveness of using cattails (Typha), a common plant along waterways, as indicators of plant available phosphorus in the soil along these waterways. Two sites in the southern part of Michigan's lower peninsula (45°N,84°W) where cattails grew were systematically examined for phosphorus and certain cattail characteristics. Plant and soil data were gathered in a grid-like pattern to determine both the relationship of paired data and their spatial distribution across each site. One set of data was shown to be significant. At one site, the density of cattails is weakly correlated with Phosphorus concentrations. Of particular importance, the spatial distribution of both variables is also noticeably similar at the site. No significant correlation between other data was shown. There is also no apparent similarity in spatial distribution. Though weakly correlated, we were able to support a hypothesis that a reasonable correlation exists between cattail density and plant available phosphorus at one site. The spatial distribution of these traits are also similar suggesting that cattails may, in some cases, be useful as indicators of excess phosphorus, perhaps better defining its source than “nonprint”.
Department of Biology
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8

Undercoffer, Jason. "Monitoring Phosphorus Transport and Soil Test Phosphorus From Two Distinct Drinking Water Treatment Residual Application Methods". The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243532451.

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Norton, E. R., J. C. Silvertooth e L. J. Clark. "Phosphorus Fertility Evaluation in Graham County". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197714.

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A series of three phosphorus (P) fertility experiments were conducted in 2001 in Graham County. These studies follow similar experiments conducted over the past three seasons. Results from 2001 were consistent with previous results indicating a positive relationship between yield and P fertilizer applications in relation to soil test indices. Modest yield increases were observed from a minimum of 25 to 80 lbs. lint per acre with an application of approximately 70 lbs. of P as P₂O₅ per acre. Yield differences from previous years have been as great as 170 lbs. of lint per acre. With the increased use of UAN-32 as a primary fertilizer source and a reduction in the application of P fertilizers, which is typically associated with a rotation of small grains, a depletion of soil P is a potential result. A continuation of this research with varying rates of P fertilizer will take place in 2002 in an attempt to relate soil test P levels to yield increases observed in recent years. The results of this research demonstrate the possible need for a return to use of fertilizers with supplemental P for optimum yields that would be predictable based on soil test results.
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Norton, E. R., e L. J. Clark. "Phosphorus Fertility Evaluation in Graham County". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197930.

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A field study was implemented in 2002 in the Upper Gila River Valley of Safford to investigate the effects of varying phosphorus (P) fertilization rates on yield and quality of Upland cotton. This study is a continuation of work performed in this valley that began in 1998. This study was organized in a randomized complete block design with four treatments including four rates of 10-34-0 fertilizer, 0, 15, 30, and 45 gallons per acre (gpa) replicated 4 times. Lint yield results indicate a positive response to the application of 10-34-0 fertilizer with yield increasing linearly up to 30 gpa. The 45 gpa treatment resulted in a slightly lower yield than the 30 gpa treatment. This was likely due to the high level of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and excessive vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive growth (yield) that occurred in treatment 4.
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Livros sobre o assunto "Soil phosphorus"

1

Lal, Rattan, e B. A. Stewart, eds. Soil Phosphorus. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2016] |: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315372327.

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2

Menon, R. G. The Pi̳ soil phosphorus test: A new approach to testing for soil phosphorous. Muscle Shoals, Ala: International Fertilizer Development Center, 1989.

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3

Cycles of soil: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients. New York: Wiley, 1986.

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4

Stevenson, F. J. Cycles of soil: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients. 2a ed. New York: Wiley, 1999.

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5

Harrison, A. F. Soil organic phosphorus: A review of world literature. Wallingford, U.K: CAB International, 1987.

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6

DeWolfe, James. Water residuals to reduce soil phosphorus. Denver, Colo: Awwa Research Foundation : American Water Works Association, 2006.

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7

H, Tunney, ed. Phosphorus loss from soil to water. Wallingford, OX: CAB International, 1997.

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8

E, Johnston A., Curtin Denis e Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., eds. Efficiency of soil and fertilizer phosphorus use: Reconciling changing concepts of soil phosphorus behaviour with agronomic information. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008.

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9

Czępińska-Kamińska, Danuta. Wpływ procesów glebotwórczych na rozmieszczenie mineralnych związków fosforu w glebach. Warszawa: Wydawn. SGGW, 1992.

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10

Schindler, Frank V. Manure management BMPs based on soil phosphorus. [Pierre, S.D: Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources, 2005.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Soil phosphorus"

1

Tate, K. R. "Soil Phosphorus". In Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, 329–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1_10.

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Prasad, Rajendra, Yashbir Singh Shivay, Kaushik Majumdar e Samendra Prasad. "Phosphorus Management". In Soil Phosphorus, 81–113. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315372327-6.

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Filippelli, Gabriel M. "The Global Phosphorus Cycle". In Soil Phosphorus, 1–21. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315372327-2.

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4

Stewart, B. A., Pramod Pokhrel e Mahendra Bhandari. "Positive and Negative Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer on U.S. Agriculture and the Environment". In Soil Phosphorus, 23–42. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315372327-3.

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5

Goll, Daniel Sebastian. "Coupled Cycling of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus". In Soil Phosphorus, 43–63. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315372327-4.

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6

Prasad, Rajendra, Samendra Prasad e Rattan Lal. "Phosphorus in Soil and Plants in Relation to Human Nutrition and Health". In Soil Phosphorus, 65–80. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315372327-5.

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7

Katsev, Sergei. "Phosphorus Effluxes from Lake Sediments". In Soil Phosphorus, 115–31. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315372327-7.

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8

Blake, George R., Gary C. Steinhardt, X. Pontevedra Pombal, J. C. Nóvoa Muñoz, A. Martínez Cortizas, R. W. Arnold, Randall J. Schaetzl et al. "Phosphorus Cycle". In Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 547–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3995-9_433.

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9

Tiessen, Holm, Maria Victoria Ballester e Ignacio Salcedo. "Phosphorus and Global Change". In Soil Biology, 459–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15271-9_18.

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Fox, Thomas R., Bradley W. Miller, Rafael Rubilar, Jose L. Stape e Timothy J. Albaugh. "Phosphorus Nutrition of Forest Plantations: The Role of Inorganic and Organic Phosphorus". In Soil Biology, 317–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15271-9_13.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Soil phosphorus"

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Skyba, O. I., L. Ya Fedonyuk, O. M. Yarema e K. Lesnyak-Mochuk. "DEPENDENCE OF PHOSPHATE CONTENT IN WATER ON MOBILE AND TOTAL FORMS OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOIL IN AGRICULTURAL TERRITORY OF TERNOPIL REGION (UKRAINE)". In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-213-217.

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The indicators of phosphates in water, the content of mobile and total forms of phosphorus in bottom sediments and soils in the hydroecosystem of the agrarian territory, which is characterized by active agriculture and animal husbandry, have been determined and analyzed. It was found that the presence of the total form of phosphorus in soil, water and bottom sediments differs significantly in different months, and the mobile form, on the contrary, is the same. It indicates a significant mobility of mobile forms of phosphorus in the “soil-water-bottom” sediments system. It was found that in spring most of the total phosphorus is in the soil, and in summer and until the beginning of autumn, its share in bottom sediments increases. It was revealed that the content of phosphates in the studied hydroecosystem is determined by their migration in the “soil-water-bottom” sediments system and has a seasonal character.
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2

J. S. Abou Nohra, C. A. Madramootoo e W. H. Hendershot. "Modeling Phosphorus Transport in Soil and Water". In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16187.

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Zhu, Hong-xia, e Xiao-min Chen. "Spatial Variability of Soil Phosphorus Based on Geostatistics". In 2010 International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmult.2010.5631432.

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4

Tomić, Dalibor, Vladeta Stevović, Dragan Đurović, Milomirka Madić, Miloš Marjanović e Nenad Pavlović. "ALTERNATIVNI NAČINI SNABDEVANJA VIŠEGODIŠNJIH KRMNIH LEGUMINOZA FOSFOROM". In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.033t.

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Recently, we have witnessed a continuous rise in the prices of phosphorus fertilizers, which are becoming less and less available, especially in developing countries. In addition, the low mobility of phosphorus in the soil and its immobilization in forms inaccessible to plants contribute to the lower efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers applied through the soil. In order to reduce these problems, efforts are being made to find alternative solutions for supplying perennial forage legumes with phosphorus, which could in the future contribute to an economical and efficient solution to the problem of phosphorus deficiency in plants. One such solution is foliar fertilization. However, today we are also working on breeding plants in the direction of creating genotypes with better root architecture. Also, we are working on the selection of genotypes that can use phosphorus from sparingly soluble phytates, as well as the selection in the direction of intensifying symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi that contribute to the mobility of phosphorus in the soil.
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5

RUDZIANSKAITĖ, Aurelija, e Stefanija MISEVIČIENĖ. "INVESTIGATION OF PHOSPHORUS CHANGE IN A SANDY LOAM ASSOCIATED WITH CONTROLLED DRAINAGE". In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.066.

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Most of the soil chemical matters are soluble in the water; therefore changes in hydrological regime of ecosystem are closely related to the changes of nutrient leaching. Excess phosphorus causes eutrophication in surface waters. The aim of the research was to establish controlled drainage influence on the soil moisture regime, on the amount of mobile phosphorus in the soil and its leaching. Investigations were carried out in sandy loam and loam soils in the Middle Lithuanian Lowland from June 2014 to June 2015. During the study period precipitation was 93 % of the climate normals, the average temperature was 1.4 ° C higher than the climate normals. Based on preliminary studies, several tendencies were observed, that when drainage outflow began, the amount of soil moisture in subsoil (50–80 cm layer of the soil) of controlled drainage plot was higher than in the conventional drainage plot, and higher moisture supplies stayed for a longer period of time. Also the fluctuation (variation’s coefficient 24 %) of mobile P2O5. was higher. The Ptotal and PO4-P concentrations were lower in the controlled drainage than in the conventional drainage during winter – spring flood period, when water pressure was the highest (70 cm) in the outlet of drainage and water flowed through flap of the riser column
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6

Hua Zhou, Wan-tai Yu, Qiang Ma e Huai-xiang Ding. "Soil inorganic phosphorus fractions under different modes of fertilization". In 2010 Second International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Natural Computing (CINC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cinc.2010.5643757.

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7

Gu, Chunhao, Chongyang Li, Yong-Feng Hu e Andrew Margenot. "Impacts of Agricultural Activities on Soil Phosphorus Biogeochemical Transformations". In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.887.

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Mallarino, Antonio. "Soil Phosphorus Testing for Crop Production and Environmental Purposes". In Proceedings of the 10th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-643.

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9

Zheng, Lihua, Won Suk Lee, Minzan Li, Anurag Katti, Ce Yang, Han Li e Hong Sun. "Analysis of soil phosphorus concentration based on Raman spectroscopy". In SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing, editado por Allen M. Larar, Hyo-Sang Chung, Makoto Suzuki e Jian-yu Wang. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.977436.

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M B McGechan. "Modelling Through Soil Losses of Phosphorus to Surface Waters". In 2001 Sacramento, CA July 29-August 1,2001. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.7372.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Soil phosphorus"

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Henning, Stanley. Soil and Crop Responsesto Foliar-Applied Phosphorus. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2270.

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Mallarino, Antonio P., e David Rueber. Alfalfa Hay and Soil-Test Phosphorus Responses to Long-term Phosphorus Fertilization Strategies. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2571.

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Henning, Stanley. Corn, Soybean, and Soil Responses to Phosphorus Fertilizer. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2501.

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Henning, Stanley. Crop and Soil Responses to Phosphorus and Potassium. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2505.

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Doorenbos, Russell, e Stanley Henning. Crop and Soil Responses to Phosphorus and Potassium. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-404.

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Mallarino, Antonio, John Jones, Louis Thompson e Kenneth Pecinovsky. Corn and Soybean Grain Yield Response to Different Phosphorus Fertilization Rates and Soil-Test Phosphorus Levels. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1987.

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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen e Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, junho de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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8

Shetterly, Benjamin. Soil Phosphorus Characterization and Vulnerability to Release in Urban Stormwater Bioretention Facilities. Portland State University Library, janeiro de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6247.

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Currie, Steven, Christine VanZomeren e Jacob Berkowitz. Utilizing wetlands for phosphorus reduction in Great Lakes watersheds : a review of available literature examining soil properties and phosphorus removal efficiency. Environmental Laboratory (U.S.), outubro de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/24838.

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10

Mallarino, Antonio P., e David Rueber. Grain Yield, Phosphorus Removal, and Soil Phosphorus Long-Term Trends as Affected by Fertilization and Placement Methods in Corn-Soybean Rotations. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-278.

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