Artigos de revistas: "Soil microbiology"

1

DRIJBER, RHAE A. "Soil Microbiology". Soil Science 160, n.º 5 (novembro de 1995): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199511000-00008.

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Balkybeki, E. Z. H. "MICROBIOLOGY OF RICE SOIL". Pochvovedenie i agrokhimiya, n.º 4 (2021): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51886/1999-740x_2021_4_72.

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Doran, John W., E. A. Paul e F. E. Clark. "Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry". Journal of Range Management 51, n.º 2 (março de 1998): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003217.

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Wolf, Duane C. "MILESTONES IN SOIL MICROBIOLOGY". Soil Science 171, Suppl. 1 (junho de 2006): S97—S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000227580.33425.32.

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Wallenstein, Matthew D. "Modern Soil Microbiology (second Edition)". Soil Science Society of America Journal 71, n.º 6 (novembro de 2007): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0021br.

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Schadt, Christopher W., e Aimée T. Classen. "Soil Microbiology, Ecology, and Biochemistry". Soil Science Society of America Journal 71, n.º 4 (julho de 2007): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0017br.

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Cleghorn, Sean. "Soil microbiology and soiled reputations". Lancet Infectious Diseases 13, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2013): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70338-9.

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Whitman, William B. "Modern Soil Microbiology, second ed." Agricultural Systems 100, n.º 1-3 (abril de 2009): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2008.12.004.

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Burns, Richard G., e Julie A. Davies. "The Microbiology of Soil Structure". Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 3, n.º 2-3 (janeiro de 1986): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01448765.1986.9754465.

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Germida, J. J. "Environmental Microbiology". Soil Science 167, n.º 6 (junho de 2002): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200206000-00006.

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TATE, ROBERT L. "Antarctic Microbiology". Soil Science 157, n.º 4 (abril de 1994): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199404000-00009.

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Burns, Richard G. "Environmental Microbiology". Soil Science 170, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2005): 1050–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000190508.10804.a3.

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Coyne, M. S. "A Cartoon History of Soil Microbiology". Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 25, n.º 1 (março de 1996): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jnrlse.1996.0030.

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14

Zwolinski, Michele D. "DNA Sequencing: Strategies for Soil Microbiology". Soil Science Society of America Journal 71, n.º 2 (março de 2007): 592–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0125.

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15

Fonseca, Maria João. "Soil microbiology and sustainable crop production". Journal of Biological Education 45, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2011): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2011.611154.

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Gray, T. R. G. "Book Review: Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry." Outlook on Agriculture 19, n.º 2 (junho de 1990): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709001900212.

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Hopkins, D. W. "Book Review: Tate, R.L. Soil Microbiology". European Journal of Soil Science 52, n.º 1 (março de 2001): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.03735.x.

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Thwaites, Richard. "Soil Microbiology and Sustainable Crop Production". Plant Pathology 60, n.º 5 (5 de setembro de 2011): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02510.x.

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O'Donnell, Anthony G., e Heike E. Görres. "16S rDNA methods in soil microbiology". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 10, n.º 3 (junho de 1999): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(99)80039-1.

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Glick, Bernard R. "Soil Microbiology. N. S. Subba Rao". Quarterly Review of Biology 75, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2000): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/393662.

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Skipper, Horace D. "Methods in Microbiology". Soil Science 156, n.º 1 (julho de 1993): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199307000-00010.

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Khan, Shaheer, Umar Khalid, Haris Khan, Mehboob Ul Haq, Afnan Shafqat, Saira Bano, Khansaa Abid, Mohammed Tauqir, Iqbal Nisa e Sabir Shah. "Antimicrobial Activity of Soil Borne Microbes against Pathogenic Bacterial Strain". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, n.º 11 (30 de novembro de 2022): 508–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221611508.

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Background: Soil is a rich source of microbes including those that have the ability to impede the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Objective: The current study was designed to explore the antimicrobial activity of soil borne microbes against pathogenic bacterial strain. Methodology: This study was conducted in the microbiology laboratory of University of Swabi. The antimicrobial potential of soils was evaluated against five pathogenic strains (Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Citrobacter and E.coli) using well diffusion assay. Antimicrobial activity of soils was assessed from the zone of inhibition around the wells. Results: Among the pathogenic strains, Citrobacter proved relatively more susceptible towards soils of both lawns in concentration dependent manner. Pseudomonas was susceptible towards the soil of Pharmacy lawn but did not respond to soil of Microbiology Lawn. Growth of other bacterial strains was not hampered by soil of any lawn. Conclusion: Based on current findings it is inferred that soils of both lawns are rich in microbes that produce secondary metabolites capable of inhibiting growth pathogenic strains. Keywords: Antimicrobial Activity; Soil Borne Microbes; Pathogenic Bacteria

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Nikitin, D. I. "Soil Microbiology at the Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences". Microbiology 73, n.º 5 (setembro de 2004): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mici.0000044248.73273.4c.

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24

Hopkins, D. W., K. Alef e P. Nannipieri. "Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry." Journal of Applied Ecology 33, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1996): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2405027.

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25

Entry, James A., DeEtta Mills, Krish Jayachandran e Thomas B. Moorman. "Symposium: Molecular-Based Approaches to Soil Microbiology". Soil Science Society of America Journal 71, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 2007): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.mbasm.

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Cook, Kimberly. "Soil Microbiology, Ecology, and Biochemistry, Fourth Edition". Soil Science Society of America Journal 79, n.º 6 (novembro de 2015): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.0006br.

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O'Donnell, Anthony G., Iain M. Young, Steven P. Rushton, Mark D. Shirley e John W. Crawford. "Visualization, modelling and prediction in soil microbiology". Nature Reviews Microbiology 5, n.º 9 (setembro de 2007): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1714.

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Coyne, Mark S. "Soil Microbiology, Ecology, and Biochemistry, 3rd Edition". Vadose Zone Journal 8, n.º 4 (novembro de 2009): 1087–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0053br.

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29

Bottomley, Peter J. "Review of Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry 1996." Soil Science 162, n.º 9 (setembro de 1997): 684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199709000-00010.

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ALEXANDER, MARTIN. "SOIL MICROBIOLOGY IN THE NEXT 75 YEARS". Soil Science 151, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1991): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199101000-00007.

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Mocali, Stefano, e Anna Benedetti. "Exploring research frontiers in microbiology: the challenge of metagenomics in soil microbiology". Research in Microbiology 161, n.º 6 (julho de 2010): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2010.04.010.

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Mazzola, Mark, Shashika S. Hewavitharana, Sarah L. Strauss, Carol Shennan e Joji Muramoto. "Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation andBrassicaSeed Meal Amendment Alter Soil Microbiology and System Resistance". International Journal of Fruit Science 16, sup1 (20 de julho de 2016): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2016.1195310.

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33

Quiquerez, Amélie, Jean-Pierre Garcia, Samuel Dequiedt, Christophe Djemiel, Sébastien Terrat, Olivier Mathieu, Audrey Sassi e Lionel Ranjard. "Legacy of land-cover changes on soil microbiology in Burgundy vineyards (Pernand-Vergelesses, France)". OENO One 56, n.º 2 (24 de junho de 2022): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.2.5432.

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Present-day soil physicochemical characteristics, land use/land cover (LULC), and field management practices are commonly recognised as the main drivers shaping archaeal/bacterial and fungal communities in vineyard soils. Few studies have investigated the legacy of past land uses on soil microbial biodiversity, yet anthropogenic disturbances have already been proven to affect soil characteristics over decades. In this study, we explore the possibility of long-lasting impacts of forest-to-vineyard conversion on present-day soil archaeal/bacterial and fungal communities after 15 years of vine cultivation.The selected study area is in a Burgundian vineyard (Pernand-Vergelesses, Burgundy, France), where it was possible to reconstruct the history of land cover and land use for the past 40 years. Soil samples were collected from five zones managed under similar pedo-climatic conditions but with different land-use histories (a 70-year-old vineyard, a 15-year-old vineyard converted from pine forest, a 15-year-old vineyard converted from mixed forest, a pine forest and a mixed forest). For each zone, basic physicochemical parameters (organic carbon, total nitrogen, copper, C:N ratio, and soil texture) were measured, and DNA was extracted to characterise the microbial biomass, and also the richness and taxonomic composition of archaeal/bacterial and fungal communities (16S and 18S).Our results show that changes in LULC lead to differential responses in soil microbial biomass, and in archaeal/bacterial and fungal richness and taxonomic composition. After 15 years of cultivation, the present-day microbial biomass and indigenous archaeal/bacterial communities of recent vineyard soils are shown to be partly inherited from past LULC, but no evidence was found of long-term impacts of past land use on fungal communities. Past land-use history should therefore be added to the well-established set of environmental drivers, providing valuable information to explain the spatial variability of soil microbiology, observed at intra-plot, plot, and landscape scales. Integrating the history of changes in LULC is therefore recommended to evaluate and adopt the best strategies to develop sustainable management practices.

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Lupwayi, Newton Z., e Robert E. Blackshaw. "Soil Microbiology in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn Cropping Systems". Agronomy Journal 104, n.º 4 (julho de 2012): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0054.

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35

Hashim, Z. E., L. A. Alzubaidi e A. T. Al-Madhhachi. "The Influence of Microbiology on Soil Aggregation Stability". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 870 (18 de julho de 2020): 012110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/870/1/012110.

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36

Insam, Heribert. "Developments in soil microbiology since the mid 1960s". Geoderma 100, n.º 3-4 (maio de 2001): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(01)00029-5.

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Cupples, Alison M. "Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology, Second Edition". Journal of Environment Quality 34, n.º 2 (2005): 731—a. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0731a.

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Thompson, Ian P., Mark J. Bailey, Elaine M. Boyd, Nicola Maguire, Andrew A. Meharg e Richard J. Ellis. "Concentration effects of 1,2-dichlorobenzene on soil microbiology". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, n.º 9 (setembro de 1999): 1891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180904.

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EKELUND, F. "Meeting on the Microbiology of Soils, Autumn 2001Estimation of protozoan diversity in soil". European Journal of Protistology 37, n.º 4 (2002): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0932-4739(04)70031-0.

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40

Chen, Danmei, Yuqi Duan, Yan Jin, Yuhong Yang e Ling Yuan. "Soil quality and microbiology in response to fertilizations in a paddy-upland rotation with multiple crops and frequent tillage". Experimental Agriculture 56, n.º 2 (14 de outubro de 2019): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000322.

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AbstractBoth short- and long-term effects of fertilizers on crops and soils are often studied only in arid or paddy soils, whereas less is known about the long-term effects in paddy-upland rotations, particularly with multiple crops and frequent tillage in subtropical areas. Therefore, an 18-year field experiment was initialized to assess the effects of different types of fertilization (no fertilizer; chemical fertilizer (CF); and manure in combination with CF (MCF)) on yield and soil chemical and microbial properties in a crop rotation involving rice (Oryza sativa L., summer), rapeseed (Brassica campestris L., winter), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., the following summer), and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth, the following winter). MCF caused higher yields of rapeseed grains and tobacco leaves than CF after 3 or 4 years of implementing the experiment, while rice yields varied little between MCF and CF, with one exception in 2011. Compared with the initial soil properties, providing soil with MCF increased organic matter (OM), while the opposite trend was found with CF. Higher microbial biomasses, enzyme activities, bacterial operational taxonomic units, and richness and diversity indexes of bacterial communities were found in soils receiving MCF, implying the improvement of soil microbial properties in the paddy-upland rotation system with multiple crops and frequent tillage. The experimental soils under varying fertilization were dominated by four bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and unclassified groups), which accounted for approximately 70% of the 16S rDNA sequences. Among the top 20 predominant bacteria, 14 were commonly found in all soil samples irrespective of which fertilizer treatment was implemented. Thus, the presence of those bacteria was stable in the soil and to some extent was influenced by fertilization. Most of them were facultative anaerobic bacteria, which can adapt to both anaerobic paddy soil and aerobic drylands. The dominant bacteria at various taxonomic levels found in soils might reflect multiple soil processes such as OM turnover, nutrient cycling, physical structure formation, and xenobiotic detoxification.

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Manter, Daniel K. "Manual of Environmental Microbiology, third edition". Soil Science Society of America Journal 72, n.º 2 (março de 2008): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0001br.

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Richards, B. N., e ROBERT L. TATE. "The Microbiology of Terrestrial Ecosystems. 1987". Soil Science 145, n.º 5 (maio de 1988): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198805000-00011.

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Wojcik, Robin, Johanna Donhauser, Beat Frey, Stine Holm, Alexandra Holland, Alexandre M. Anesio, David A. Pearce, Lucie Malard, Dirk Wagner e Liane G. Benning. "Linkages between geochemistry and microbiology in a proglacial terrain in the High Arctic". Annals of Glaciology 59, n.º 77 (dezembro de 2018): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2019.1.

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ABSTRACTProglacial environments are ideal for studying the development of soils through the changes of rocks exposed by glacier retreat to weathering and microbial processes. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents as well as soil pH and soil elemental compositions are thought to be dominant factors structuring the bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities in the early stages of soil ecosystem formation. However, the functional linkages between C and N contents, soil composition and microbial community structures remain poorly understood. Here, we describe a multivariate analysis of geochemical properties and associated microbial community structures between a moraine and a glaciofluvial outwash in the proglacial area of a High Arctic glacier (Longyearbreen, Svalbard). Our results reveal distinct differences in developmental stages and heterogeneity between the moraine and the glaciofluvial outwash. We observed significant relationships between C and N contents,δ13Corgandδ15N isotopic ratios, weathering and microbial abundance and community structures. We suggest that the observed differences in microbial and geochemical parameters between the moraine and the glaciofluvial outwash are primarily a result of geomorphological variations of the proglacial terrain.

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Eremina, I. G., e N. V. Kutkina. "Information soil database of Republic of Khakassia". Agrarian science, n.º 4 (21 de maio de 2022): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-358-4-88-92.

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Relevance. Currently, a number of soil information systems of various levels and directions have been created, the studies on the creation and application of soil databases are represented insufficiently in the Republic of Khakassia today.Methods. Were carried out by common methods: at-ground soil and geobotanical studies, cartographic method, physical and agrophysical, agrochemical methods of soil researches. For the database creation the Microsoft Access software package was used, which systematized and unified a large amount of experimental data.Results. Based on the long-term soil research, the database “Agricultural Soils of the foothills of the Western Sayan of Khakassia” with a wide range of soil characteristics for various purposes and uses was formed and registered. The database contains attribute information about the current state of arable and postagrogenic soils in the foothills of the Western Sayan of the Republic of Khakassia. The set of independent materials is presented in the form of tables, queries, forms, reports and catalogues of text files (.docx), photos (.jpeg), which contain information about soil forming factors, soil classification and distribution by natural and climatic zones on the research territory. Currently, the database includes a description of 17 representative soil profiles with an optimal set of indicators, a detailed description of each pedologic horizon, an accurate geographical reference and a digital photography of each reference soil profile. It contains the taxonomic attribute of the dominant and codominant soils in various classification systems (SC RF; WRB, 2006; FAO, 1988). The main information object is the type (subtype) of soil, which includes systematized factors of soil criteria (a list of 18 sets): morphological description of the soil profile, indicators of pedological property, chemical, physico-chemical, agrophysical, hydrophysical and other indicators. The contemporary database with a variety of pedologic properties will serve as a basis for the rational use and protection of soils. Geographical coordinates of soil profiles in the database will allow to display them on the maps of Russia and to put them in the Unified state register of soil resources of Russia.

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Wei, Zhanxi, Hao Wang, Chao Ma, Shuyuan Li, Haimiao Wu, Kaini Yuan, Xiangyuan Meng, Zefeng Song, Xiaofeng Fang e Zhirui Zhao. "Unraveling the Impact of Long-Term Rice Monoculture Practice on Soil Fertility in a Rice-Planting Meadow Soil: A Perspective from Microbial Biomass and Carbon Metabolic Rate". Microorganisms 10, n.º 11 (30 de outubro de 2022): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112153.

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Global agricultural intensification leads to a decline in soil quality; however, the extent to which long-term rice cultivation adversely impacts soil, based on chemical and microbial perspectives, remains unclear. The present study was conducted on a seed multiplication farm in Wuchang, Heilongjiang Province, China, to quantify changes in the nutrient properties and microbial profiles of meadow soil in cultivated (rhizosphere and bulk soil) and uncultivated paddy plots from spring to winter. A non-parametric method was used to compare carbon metabolism characteristics among the three groups of soil samples. Principal component analysis was used to distinguish soil chemical properties and carbon source utilization profiles among the soil samples across different seasons. Under rice cultivation, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen concentrations were generally higher in rhizosphere soils than in bulk or uncultivated soils. However, microbial biomass in cultivated soils was consistently lower than in uncultivated soils. There was a discernible difference in carbon substrate preference between summer and other seasons in the three sample groups. In conclusion, agricultural activities in rice cultivation could reshape soil microbial communities in the long term. Notably, specific cultivation activity may induce distinct soil microbial responses, which are more sensitive than chemical responses.

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Myrold, David D. "Soil Microbe Roles Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry Eldor A. Paul Francis E. Clark". BioScience 39, n.º 11 (dezembro de 1989): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311196.

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Naylor, Dan, Ryan McClure e Janet Jansson. "Trends in Microbial Community Composition and Function by Soil Depth". Microorganisms 10, n.º 3 (28 de fevereiro de 2022): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030540.

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Microbial communities play important roles in soil health, contributing to processes such as the turnover of organic matter and nutrient cycling. As soil edaphic properties such as chemical composition and physical structure change from surface layers to deeper ones, the soil microbiome similarly exhibits substantial variability with depth, with respect to both community composition and functional profiles. However, soil microbiome studies often neglect deeper soils, instead focusing on the top layer of soil. Here, we provide a synthesis on how the soil and its resident microbiome change with depth. We touch upon soil physicochemical properties, microbial diversity, composition, and functional profiles, with a special emphasis on carbon cycling. In doing so, we seek to highlight the importance of incorporating analyses of deeper soils in soil studies.

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McDaniel, Marshall D., Marcela Hernández, Marc G. Dumont, Lachlan J. Ingram e Mark A. Adams. "Disproportionate CH4 Sink Strength from an Endemic, Sub-Alpine Australian Soil Microbial Community". Microorganisms 9, n.º 3 (15 de março de 2021): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030606.

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Soil-to-atmosphere methane (CH4) fluxes are dependent on opposing microbial processes of production and consumption. Here we use a soil–vegetation gradient in an Australian sub-alpine ecosystem to examine links between composition of soil microbial communities, and the fluxes of greenhouse gases they regulate. For each soil/vegetation type (forest, grassland, and bog), we measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 fluxes and their production/consumption at 5 cm intervals to a depth of 30 cm. All soils were sources of CO2, ranging from 49 to 93 mg CO2 m−2 h−1. Forest soils were strong net sinks for CH4, at rates of up to −413 µg CH4 m−2 h−1. Grassland soils varied, with some soils acting as sources and some as sinks, but overall averaged −97 µg CH4 m−2 h−1. Bog soils were net sources of CH4 (+340 µg CH4 m−2 h−1). Methanotrophs were dominated by USCα in forest and grassland soils, and Candidatus Methylomirabilis in the bog soils. Methylocystis were also detected at relatively low abundance in all soils. Our study suggests that there is a disproportionately large contribution of these ecosystems to the global soil CH4 sink, which highlights our dependence on soil ecosystem services in remote locations driven by unique populations of soil microbes. It is paramount to explore and understand these remote, hard-to-reach ecosystems to better understand biogeochemical cycles that underpin global sustainability.

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Brandes Ammann, Andrea, Linda Kölle e Helmut Brandl. "Detection of Bacterial Endospores in Soil by Terbium Fluorescence". International Journal of Microbiology 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/435281.

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Spore formation is a survival mechanism of microorganisms when facing unfavorable environmental conditions resulting in “dormant” states. We investigated the occurrence of bacterial endospores in soils from various locations including grasslands (pasture, meadow), allotment gardens, and forests, as well as fluvial sediments. Bacterial spores are characterized by their high content of dipicolinic acid (DPA). In the presence of terbium, DPA forms a complex showing a distinctive photoluminescence spectrum. DPA was released from soil by microwaving or autoclaving. The addition of aluminium chloride reduced signal quenching by interfering compounds such as phosphate. The highest spore content (up to 109spores per gram of dry soil) was found in grassland soils. Spore content is related to soil type, to soil depth, and to soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Our study might provide a basis for the detection of “hot spots” of bacterial spores in soil.

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Mahaney, William C., Jessica Zippin, Michael W. Milner, Kandiah Sanmugadas, R. G. V. Hancock, Susan Aufreiter, Sean Campbell et al. "Chemistry, mineralogy and microbiology of termite mound soil eaten by the chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Western Tanzania". Journal of Tropical Ecology 15, n.º 5 (setembro de 1999): 565–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467499001029.

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Subsamples of termite mound soil used by chimpanzees for geophagy, and topsoil never ingested by them, from the forest floor in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, were analysed to determine the possible stimulus or stimuli for geophagy. The ingested samples have a dominant clay texture equivalent to a claystone, whereas the control samples are predominantly sandy clay loam or sandy loam, which indicates that particle size plays a significant role in soil selection for this behaviour. One potential function of the clays is to bind and adsorb toxins. Although both termite mound and control samples have similar alkaloid-binding capacities, they are in every case very high, with the majority of the samples being above 80%. The clay size material (<2 μm) contains metahalloysite and halloysite, the latter a hydrated aluminosilicate (Al2Si2O4·nH2O), present in the majority of both the termite mound soil and control soil samples.Metahalloysite, one of the principal ingredients found in the pharmaceutical Kaopectate™, is used to treat minor gastric ailments in humans. The soils commonly ingested could also function as antacids, as over half had pH values between 7.2 and 8.6. The mean concentrations of the majority of elements measured were greater in the termite mound soils than in the control soils. The termite mound soils had more filamentous bacteria, whereas the control soils contained greater numbers of unicellular bacteria and fungi.

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