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Matsumoto, Yui K., e Kazuo Okanoya. "Mice modulate ultrasonic calling bouts according to sociosexual context". Royal Society Open Science 5, n.º 6 (junho de 2018): 180378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180378.
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Mice produce various sounds within the ultrasonic range in social contexts. Although these sounds are often used as an index of sociability in biomedical research, their biological significance remains poorly understood. We previously showed that mice repeatedly produced calls in a sequence (i.e. calling bout), which can vary in their structure, such as Simple, Complex or Harmonics. In this study, we investigated the use of the three types of calling bouts in different sociosexual interactions, including both same- and opposite-sex contexts. In same-sex contexts, males typically produced a Simple calling bout, whereas females mostly produced a Complex one. By contrast, in the opposite-sex context, they produced all the three types of calling bouts, but the use of each calling type varied according to the progress and mode of sociosexual interaction (e.g. Harmonic calling bout was specifically produced during reproductive behaviour). These results indicate that mice change the structure of calling bout according to sociosexual contexts, suggesting the presence of multiple functional signals in their ultrasonic communication.
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Trogrlić, Aleksandra, Milan Oljača, Dušanka Mitrović e Ninoslava Marčeta. "GENDER, SOCIOSEXUAL ORIENTATION, AND PERSONALITY TRAITS AS PREDICTORS OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS SEX". Primenjena psihologija 13, n.º 2 (9 de julho de 2020): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.2.149-167.
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The aim of the present study was to examine relations among gender, personality traits, and a behavioral component of sociosexual orientation on the one hand, and four dimensions of attitudes towards sex on the other hand. Participants (N = 266) from the general population of Serbia completed Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI), the brief Sexual Attitudes Scale (BSAS) and Big Five Plus Two, shorten version (BF+2). Results pointed to a very modest contribution of gender to the prediction of sexual attitudes. Small effects of openness on instrumentality, extraversion on communion, and neuroticism on permissiveness were noted, and sociosexual orientation predicted all these three dimensions of attitudes towards sex. Results also indicated a significant effect of interaction between neuroticism and gender, as well as a positive valence and gender on instrumental attitude towards sex. The relationship in both cases was positive for males and negative for females.
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Hicks, Kimani D., Alana W. Sullivan, Jinyan Cao, Emily Sluzas, Meghan Rebuli e Heather B. Patisaul. "Interaction of bisphenol A (BPA) and soy phytoestrogens on sexually dimorphic sociosexual behaviors in male and female rats". Hormones and Behavior 84 (agosto de 2016): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.06.010.
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Nivesjö, Sanja. "Making Space for Women’s Sexual Selves in Olive Schreiner’s From Man to Man". English in Africa 48, n.º 1 (21 de julho de 2021): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/eia.v48i1.6.
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In this article I argue that Olive Schreiner’s novel From Man to Man or Perhaps Only– (1926) explores the female subject’s relationship to sexuality in late nineteenth-century colonial South Africa in spatial terms. Reading the novel through Sara Ahmed’s (2006) idea of “queer phenomenology” and the concepts of “bodily horizon,” “extension,” and “orientation,” I claim that it is in the interaction of body and space that the potential lies for both oppression and resistance in relation to sexual and racial norms in the novel. The analysis focuses on how the main characters, Rebekah and Bertie, respond to restrictive sociosexual norms through their orientation in space. The article further considers how Rebekah and Bertie attempt to manage their troubled relation to colonial domesticity, and ultimately transform it, through their relationships with the servants Dorcas and Clartje and with Rebekah's adopted daughter Sartje; the former of which are ultimately imbued with notions of sexualised invasion. This article reveals how the spatial and embodied practices of the main characters are essential in negotiating their sexual positions in late nineteenth-century South African society.
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Chu, Xi, e Anders Ågmo. "Studies of Sociosexual Interactions in Rats in an Externally Valid Procedure: Are They Relevant for Understanding Human Sexual Behavior?" International Journal of Psychological Research 9, n.º 2 (1 de julho de 2016): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.2339.
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When a prolonged observation of groups of rats in a seminatural environment is used as testing procedure, different behavioral patterns are shown compared with what observed in a pair housed in a small cage. Males and females copulate simultaneously, they show a promiscuously and random copulatory pattern. Females remain completely receptive from the first lordosis displayed in the period of behavioral estrus until the last. There is no reduction in paracopulatory behaviors and no increase in rejections towards the end of estrus. Female paracopulatory behavior and receptivity change in a most abrupt way at both initiation and termination of behavioral estrus. It appears that, in the seminatural environment, males copulate in bouts, and males do not pursue the females unless they are fully receptive. Non-sexual, social behavior including affiliative and nonaffiliative interaction among rats is rather unrelated to sexual activities in both sex.
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Gréco, Béatrice, David A. Edwards, Doris Zumpe, Richard P. Michael e Andrew N. Clancy. "Fos Induced by Mating or Noncontact Sociosexual Interaction Is Colocalized with Androgen Receptors in Neurons within the Forebrain, Midbrain, and Lumbosacral Spinal Cord of Male Rats". Hormones and Behavior 33, n.º 2 (abril de 1998): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.1998.1443.
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Liu, Wei, Zhaoyang Guo e Rui Chen. "Lonely heart? Warm it up with love: the effect of loneliness on singles’ and non-singles’ conspicuous consumption". European Journal of Marketing 54, n.º 7 (28 de maio de 2020): 1523–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-01-2018-0054.
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Purpose This study aims to examine how loneliness, romantic relationship status (single/non-single) and romantic attachment factors (sociosexual orientation index (SOI), satisfaction with current relationship) interactively affect conspicuous consumption. Design/methodology/approach Five quasi-experimental studies were conducted with different measures of conspicuous consumption across a variety of samples (N = 1189). Findings Study 1 shows that loneliness increased singles’ but not non-singles’ conspicuous consumption. Study 2A further shows the mediating role of the mating motive amongst singles. Study 2B compared conspicuous and inconspicuous consumption and showed no interaction effect between loneliness and romantic relationship status in the domain of inconspicuous consumption. Studies 3 and 4 tested whether the effects of loneliness on non-singles’ conspicuous consumption were moderated by SOI and satisfaction with current relationship, respectively. Specifically, lonely non-singles with high SOI or low satisfaction with current relationship sought conspicuous consumption, but those with low SOI or high satisfaction with the current relationship avoided conspicuous consumption. Research limitations/implications This study did not specifically consider different roots of loneliness (lack of romantic love, friendship or family attachment) between singles and non-singles, which future research should explore. Practical implications The findings have implications for both marketers and policymakers regarding marketing campaigns for conspicuous products, support programmes satisfying the specific social attachment needs of different lonely people, etc. Originality/value This study identifies a specific social attachment desire of the lonely, namely, romantic motive, by which loneliness influences singles’ and non-singles’ conspicuous consumption in different ways. The findings suggest the value of distinguishing types of loneliness.
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Doležel, David. "Sociosexual interactions: A clock synchronized by smell". Current Biology 34, n.º 7 (abril de 2024): R284—R286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.065.
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Martin, G. B., J. Rodger e D. Blache. "Nutritional and environmental effects on reproduction in small ruminants". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, n.º 4 (2004): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd04035.
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Animals live in environments that are both complex and continually changing, so they have to respond to short- and long-term variations in a wide range of factors, such as photoperiod, nutrition and sociosexual signals. Before they were domesticated, animals developed reproductive strategies that coped with these changes and often took advantage of them. The physiological processes that implement these strategies have been modified to some extent during several millennia of controlled breeding, but most persist. Thus, many genotypes still exhibit profound responses to external inputs, such as the induction of ovulation by sociosexual signals and the doubling of litter size by a change in nutrition. The complexity in these responses is now becoming clearer. For example, with sociosexual signals, we now need to consider the stimulatory effects of males on females, of females on males and of females on females. Similarly, the impact of nutrition has been extended beyond the control of puberty and the production of gametes to include phenomena such as ‘fetal programming’, with its potentially profound effects on the life-long performance of the animals. Fortunately, our capacity to research these phenomena has been greatly enhanced by technical improvements in hormone assays, molecular and cellular biology, and real-time ultrasound. This has brought us a better understanding of several of the environmental influences on reproduction, including: the cellular processes within ovarian follicles that mediate the effect of nutrition on ovulation rate; the neuroendocrine pathways through which nutritional inputs affect the brain centres that control appetite and reproduction; and the intracerebral pathways through which sociosexual signals (olfactory and non-olfactory) stimulate the reproductive axis. Importantly, we are now beginning to realise that, as well as considering interactions between environmental inputs and genotype, we need to take into account interactions between the environmental factors themselves, just as the animals do. We still have a long way to go for a complete understanding, but we are nevertheless in a position where we can begin to use this information to develop new management systems for our animals to improve their productivity.
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Lone, Shahnaz Rahman, e Vijay Kumar Sharma. "Or47bReceptor Neurons Mediate Sociosexual Interactions in the Fruit FlyDrosophila melanogaster". Journal of Biological Rhythms 27, n.º 2 (abril de 2012): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730411434384.
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Walldén, C., M. Westerlund, A. Gunst, P. Santtila e J. Antfolk. "Finding the Mating Gear: The Development and Validation of a Mate Access Scale". Evolutionary Psychology 18, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 2020): 147470492093558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704920935583.
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Difficulties in finding mates may have broad consequences for well-being. Previous studies often assume that only personal characteristics or competition limits mating success without considering the impact of the social context. We developed and evaluated a questionnaire for measuring context-dependent mate access by surveying 528 Finnish adults. We found support for our hypothesized two-factor structure divided into preferred encounters (i.e., the amount of interactions the individual has with potential mates) and perceived possibilities (i.e., the individual’s perception of their mating opportunities). We also investigated the relationship between these factors and respondents’ social context, negative affect regarding poor mate access, mate value, and sociosexual desire. Individuals in more sociable contexts reported higher mate access, and individuals with less perceived possibilities reported more negative affect. Theoretical associations with mate value and sociosexual desire were supported. The current scale can be used along existing measures to study human mating and its psycho-behavioral correlates.
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Taylor, G. T., J. Scherrer, J. Weiss e J. Pitha. "Endocrine interactions: adrenal steroids and precursors". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 266, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1994): E676—E681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.4.e676.
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Adult male rats (n = 48) were castrated and treated daily for 4 wk with adrenal steroids in the presence or absence of adjuvant testosterone. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and androstenedione (2 mg/kg body wt) were administered as cyclodextrin complexes to mimic the pharmacodynamics of the endogenous products. Although they are the substrates for testosterone synthesis in target tissues, supplements of adrenal steroids alone were unable to maintain integrity of sociosexual responses and androgen target tissues after castration. More surprising, groups administered adrenal precursor plus testosterone showed substantial suppression of the typical restoration of reproductive systems in castrates receiving androgen therapy. The adrenal steroids, however, were not functionally identical. Each steroid interacted with testosterone to leave its own distinctive “footprint” on androgen-sensitive systems. The conclusion is that the endogenous adrenal products are not simply passive precursors of testosterone. Adrenal steroids may serve as endocrine regulators of androgen bioavailability and bioactivity.
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Mas, Manuel, Blas Fumero e JoséLuis González-Mora. "Voltammetric and microdialysis monitoring of brain monoamine neurotransmitter release during sociosexual interactions". Behavioural Brain Research 71, n.º 1-2 (novembro de 1995): 69—IN5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(95)00043-7.
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Caselli, Marta, Emilio Russo, Jean-Pascal Guéry, Elisa Demuru e Ivan Norscia. "More Than Just Kibbles: Keeper Familiarity and Food Can Affect Bonobo Behavior". Animals 13, n.º 3 (26 de janeiro de 2023): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13030410.
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The welfare of captive animals relies on numerous factors. Keepers can affect animals’ welfare and this could especially apply to emotionally and cognitively complex species, such as great apes. We collected video data over three months on 17 bonobos (La Vallée des Singes, France) and extracted five behaviours (play, aggression, anxiety, gestures, sociosexual interactions) —during two-minute slots—under three conditions: keeper-present/food-unavailable; keeper-present/food-available; keeper-absent/food-unavailable. We ran generalized linear models to investigate whether behavioral frequencies were affected by food presence/quality and keeper familiarity. Anxiety-related behaviors increased when the keeper was present and in absence of food, due to food expectation. Sociosexual interactions increased in presence of more familiar keepers and in absence of food, maybe to decrease the tension around food. Gestures increased in presence of more familiar keepers and with low-quality food, which was provided in large ‘catchable‘ pieces. Aggression levels increased with high-quality food with no effect of keeper. Play behavior was not affected by any variable. Hence, bonobos were affected not just by food but also by keeper features. Considering multiple variables in the ‘welfare equation’ can improve captive management and increase the well-being of bonobos, a species that is much closer to humans than to other non-human animals.
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De Aquino, Itzel, Diana Platas-Neri, José Carlos Sánchez-Ferrer, Said Jiménez e Jairo Muñoz-Delgado. "Tactical deception in sociosexual behaviour of stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides): an exploratory study". Behaviour 158, n.º 11 (16 de junho de 2021): 945–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10102.
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Abstract Tactical deception (TD) is a social strategy in which a subject performs an action to its own benefit causing disadvantage for a competitor. In primates, the cognitive mechanisms involved in TD have been described at different levels. Sneaky mating is a common context within which to study TD because in many primate groups, dominant males monopolize access to females and subordinate males must find a way to copulate with females avoiding the alpha’s presence. The objective of this study was to explore which of the TD behavioural strategies are involved in the male sociosexual behaviour of a group of stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides). We found that the subordinate males participated in more interactions when they were in a section of the enclosure where the alpha male was not present. The alpha male had more copulation interactions, but the beta male’s interactions lasted longer on average. Our data offer evidence in support of the hypothesis that stump-tailed macaques may use TD strategies that are related to operant conditioning.
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Bell, Margaret R., e Cheryl L. Sisk. "Dopamine Mediates Testosterone-Induced Social Reward in Male Syrian Hamsters". Endocrinology 154, n.º 3 (1 de março de 2013): 1225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-2042.
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Abstract Adolescent maturation of responses to social stimuli is essential for adult-typical sociosexual behavior. Naturally occurring developmental changes in male Syrian hamster responses to a salient social cue, female hamster vaginal secretions (VS), provide a good model system for investigating neuroendocrine mechanisms of adolescent change in social reward. Sexually naïve adult, but not juvenile, males show a conditioned place preference (CPP) to VS, indicating that VS is not rewarding before puberty. In this series of experiments, the authors examined the roles of testosterone and dopamine receptor activation in mediating the adolescent gain in positive valence of VS. Experiment 1 showed that testosterone replacement is necessary for gonadectomized adult hamsters to form a CPP to VS. Experiment 2 showed that testosterone treatment is sufficient for juvenile hamsters to form a CPP to VS, and that the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol blocks formation of a CPP to VS in these animals. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that the disruption of VS CPP with low doses of haloperidol is the result of a reduction in the attractive properties of VS and not attributable to aversive properties of haloperidol. Together, these studies demonstrate that the unconditioned rewarding properties of a social cue necessary for successful adult sociosexual interactions come about as the result of the pubertal increase in circulating testosterone in male hamsters. Furthermore, this social reward can be prevented by dopamine receptor antagonism, indicating that hypothalamic and/or mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic circuits are targets for hormonal activation of social reward.
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Iyilikci, Onur, Samantha Baxter, Jacques Balthazart e Gregory F. Ball. "Fos expression in monoaminergic cell groups in response to sociosexual interactions in male and female Japanese quail." Behavioral Neuroscience 128, n.º 1 (2014): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035427.
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Koppik, Mareike, Julian Baur e David Berger. "Increased male investment in sperm competition results in reduced maintenance of gametes". PLOS Biology 21, n.º 4 (4 de abril de 2023): e3002049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002049.
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Male animals often show higher mutation rates than their female conspecifics. A hypothesis for this male bias is that competition over fertilization of female gametes leads to increased male investment into reproduction at the expense of maintenance and repair, resulting in a trade-off between male success in sperm competition and offspring quality. Here, we provide evidence for this hypothesis by harnessing the power of experimental evolution to study effects of sexual selection on the male germline in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We first show that 50 generations of evolution under strong sexual selection, coupled with experimental removal of natural selection, resulted in males that are more successful in sperm competition. We then show that these males produce progeny of lower quality if engaging in sociosexual interactions prior to being challenged to surveil and repair experimentally induced damage in their germline and that the presence of male competitors alone can be enough to elicit this response. We identify 18 candidate genes that showed differential expression in response to the induced germline damage, with several of these previously implicated in processes associated with DNA repair and cellular maintenance. These genes also showed significant expression changes across sociosexual treatments of fathers and predicted the reduction in quality of their offspring, with expression of one gene also being strongly correlated to male sperm competition success. Sex differences in expression of the same 18 genes indicate a substantially higher female investment in germline maintenance. While more work is needed to detail the exact molecular underpinnings of our results, our findings provide rare experimental evidence for a trade-off between male success in sperm competition and germline maintenance. This suggests that sex differences in the relative strengths of sexual and natural selection are causally linked to male mutation bias. The tenet advocated here, that the allocation decisions of an individual can affect plasticity of its germline and the resulting genetic quality of subsequent generations, has several interesting implications for mate choice processes.
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Moschilla, Joe A., Joseph L. Tomkins e Leigh W. Simmons. "Males adjust their manipulation of female remating in response to sperm competition risk". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, n.º 1934 (2 de setembro de 2020): 20201238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1238.
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To reduce the potential for sperm competition, male insects are thought to inhibit the post-mating reproductive behaviour of females through receptivity-inhibiting compounds transferred in the ejaculate. Selection is expected to favour phenotypic plasticity in male post-copulatory expenditure, with males investing strategically in response to their perceived risk of sperm competition. However, the impact that socially cued strategic allocation might have on female post-mating behaviour has rarely been assessed. Here, we varied male perception of sperm competition risk, both prior to and during mating, to determine if a male's competitive environment impacts the extent to which he manipulates female remating behaviour. We found that female Australian field crickets ( Teleogryllus oceanicus ) mated to males that were reared under sperm competition risk emerged from a shelter in search of male song sooner than did females mated to males reared without risk, but only when mating occurred in a risk-free environment. We also found that females reared in a silent environment where potential mates were scarce emerged from the shelter sooner than females exposed to male calls during development. Collectively, our findings suggest complex interacting effects of male and female sociosexual environments on female post-mating sexual receptivity.
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Steklis, Netzin G., Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre, Horst Dieter Steklis e Isabel Herrera. "Why Were Zebras Not Domesticated? A Review of Domesticability Traits and Tests of Their Role in Ungulate Domestications with Macroevolutionary Models". Animals 14, n.º 16 (14 de agosto de 2024): 2355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14162355.
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Since Darwin, many evolutionary and behavioral researchers have considered the role of phenotypic traits that favor the domestication of nonhuman animals. Among such proposed traits are a species’ social structure, level of intra- and interspecific agonistic interactions, sociosexual behaviors, parental strategies, reaction to humans, habitat preference, dietary habits, developmental trajectories, and utility to humans. However, little to no comparative phylogenetic evidence exists concerning the importance of these attributes for the domestication of animals. Moreover, rather than considering domestication as a dichotomous event (non-domesticated vs. domesticated), humans and their potential domesticates encountered numerous socioecological challenges/obstacles during the domestication process before reaching the stage of full domestication. The present study explored the influence of adult body mass, gregariousness, dietary breadth, and reaction to humans on the domestication process of ungulates. The phylogenetic comparative model revealed that capture myopathy (CM), as a proxy for reaction to humans, negatively and significantly influenced the domestication process. The present paper also explored the evolution of CM in equine species in response to the presence of large carnivoran predators during the Pleistocene. Ecologies that preserved most of the large carnivoran predators of equine species also featured more equine taxa with CM (e.g., zebras), which were thus less suitable for domestication.
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POOLE, JOHN H., FAITH C. TOBIAS e SOPHIA VINOGRADOV. "The functional relevance of affect recognition errors in schizophrenia". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6, n.º 6 (setembro de 2000): 649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561770066602x.
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To evaluate the clinical and ecological validity of affect recognition (AR) measures in a sample of community-dwelling schizophrenic outpatients (N = 40), we analyzed the relation of facial and vocal AR to intellectual, symptomatic, and quality-of-life criteria. Facial and vocal AR showed virtually identical patterns of association with these criteria, suggesting that both modalities of AR draw on the same underlying heteromodal capacity. Specifically, AR was correlated with a subset of intellectual abilities (verbal–semantic, executive–attentional), but was unrelated to age, education, or neuroleptic dose. In terms of clinical and ecological criteria, AR errors correlated with more severe psychotic symptoms (positive and disorganized) and with lower quality of life (relationships, community participation, and richness of intrapsychic experience). Even after controlling for subjects' intellectual abilities and illness severity, inaccurate AR was associated with bizarre behaviors (involving sociosexual interactions, clothing, appearance) and with impoverished interpersonal relations. Thus, while difficulty identifying basic affective cues is related to general cognitive and illness-severity factors, it appears to have specific functional implications that do not depend on generalized impairment. Assessment of AR may identify a subgroup of schizophrenic patients who have a central defect in the heteromodal monitoring of emotional-social displays, associated with dysregulation of social behaviors and disruption of interpersonal relations. (JINS, 2000, 6, 649–658.)
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Taylor, G. T., M. Bardgett, S. Farr, S. Womack, D. Komitowski e J. Weiss. "Steroidal interactions in the ageing endocrine system: absence of suppression and pathology in reproductive systems of old males from a mixed-sex socially stressful rat colony". Journal of Endocrinology 137, n.º 1 (abril de 1993): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1370115.
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ABSTRACT A paradigm using chronic social stress and multiple measures of the reproductive system were used to assess changes with ageing in the dynamics of endogenous steroid interactions. The 22- to 24-month-old male rats lived for 8 weeks in one of four types of colony, in groups of the same sex or groups of mixed sex including familiar or unfamiliar old males. Measures of endocrinology (circulating steroid levels), behaviour (exploration and sociosexual responses), physiology (body and organ weights and epididymal sperm count) and histology (adrenal and ventral prostate glands) served as markers of activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axes. Old males living under stable conditions as familiar same-sex colonies served as the comparison group. Results indicated clear chronic activation of the HPA axis in the unfamiliar all-male colonies and of the HPT axis in the familiar males from mixed-sex colonies, whereas both steroidal axes were stimulated in colonies of unfamiliar males and females. Findings from aged males under chronic stress suggested that reproductive dysfunction may be limited to situations in which activation of the HPA axis occurs without concurrent stimulation of the HPT axis. Data on steroidal interactions from mixed-sex groups suggested that (1) chronic excitation of the HPA failed to suppress function in the reproductive system of the old males, (2) their stress responses were little affected by chronic HPT activation and (3) there was no evidence for stress-induced pathology, even in the vulnerable prostate gland. The conclusion is that increased risks for urogenital pathology with long-term exposure to stress is not an inevitable outcome for ageing male rats nor, perhaps, for other social species living under conditions in which multiple endocrine systems typically undergo simultaneous activation. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 137, 115–122
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Clarke, Heather M. "#Metoo or #Hertoo? A Moderated Mediation Model of Gender Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment". Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20 de julho de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02344-1.
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AbstractSexual harassment continues to pervade workplaces due, at least in part, to gender differences in the perception of sociosexual behaviors. Some scholars have argued that such differences are minimal and inconsistent. This study examined and demonstrated several reasons why this conclusion is fallacious. Approximately equal numbers of gay men (n = 191), heterosexual men (n = 193), lesbians (n = 190), and heterosexual women (n = 196) reported their perceptions of scenarios describing an interaction between a target and their manager. The target was either a fictional female, a fictional male, or the participant. As predicted, only heterosexual men’s perceptions of sociosexual behaviors varied by the target of the behaviors. Heterosexual men viewed the behaviors as harassment only when the target was female. Further, women and gay men, but not heterosexual men, viewed the sociosexual behaviors as discrimination. The results also supported a moderated mediation model where, following exposure to sociosexual behaviors, the effect of participant group on perceived sexual harassment was mediated by fear and perceived discrimination and moderated by target. This study contributes to research on workplace sexual harassment by explaining alleged inconsistent results of studies of gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment and by proposing and testing a novel process following exposure to sociosexual behaviors in the workplace.
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Ávila-González, Daniela, Italo Romero-Morales, Lizette Caro, Alejandro Martínez-Juárez, Larry J. Young, Francisco Camacho-Barrios, Omar Martínez-Alarcón et al. "Increased proliferation and neuronal fate in prairie vole brain progenitor cells cultured in vitro: effects by social exposure and sexual dimorphism". Biology of Sex Differences 14, n.º 1 (2 de novembro de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13293-023-00563-2.
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Abstract Background The prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) is a socially monogamous rodent that establishes an enduring pair bond after cohabitation, with (6 h) or without (24 h) mating. Previously, we reported that social interaction and mating increased cell proliferation and differentiation to neuronal fate in neurogenic niches in male voles. We hypothesized that neurogenesis may be a neural plasticity mechanism involved in mating-induced pair bond formation. Here, we evaluated the differentiation potential of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of both female and male adult voles as a function of sociosexual experience. Animals were assigned to one of the following groups: (1) control (Co), sexually naive female and male voles that had no contact with another vole of the opposite sex; (2) social exposure (SE), males and females exposed to olfactory, auditory, and visual stimuli from a vole of the opposite sex, but without physical contact; and (3) social cohabitation with mating (SCM), male and female voles copulating to induce pair bonding formation. Subsequently, the NPCs were isolated from the SVZ, maintained, and supplemented with growth factors to form neurospheres in vitro. Results Notably, we detected in SE and SCM voles, a higher proliferation of neurosphere-derived Nestin + cells, as well as an increase in mature neurons (MAP2 +) and a decrease in glial (GFAP +) differentiated cells with some sex differences. These data suggest that when voles are exposed to sociosexual experiences that induce pair bonding, undifferentiated cells of the SVZ acquire a commitment to a neuronal lineage, and the determined potential of the neurosphere is conserved despite adaptations under in vitro conditions. Finally, we repeated the culture to obtain neurospheres under treatments with different hormones and factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, estradiol, prolactin, oxytocin, and progesterone); the ability of SVZ-isolated cells to generate neurospheres and differentiate in vitro into neurons or glial lineages in response to hormones or factors is also dependent on sex and sociosexual context. Conclusion Social interactions that promote pair bonding in voles change the properties of cells isolated from the SVZ. Thus, SE or SCM induces a bias in the differentiation potential in both sexes, while SE is sufficient to promote proliferation in SVZ-isolated cells from male brains. In females, proliferation increases when mating is performed. The next question is whether the rise in proliferation and neurogenesis of cells from the SVZ are plastic processes essential for establishing, enhancing, maintaining, or accelerating pair bond formation. Highlights Sociosexual experiences that promote pair bonding (social exposure and social cohabitation with mating) induce changes in the properties of neural stem/progenitor cells isolated from the SVZ in adult prairie voles. Social interactions lead to increased proliferation and induce a bias in the differentiation potential of SVZ-isolated cells in both male and female voles. The differentiation potential of SVZ-isolated cells is conserved under in vitro conditions, suggesting a commitment to a neuronal lineage under a sociosexual context. Hormonal and growth factors treatments (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, estradiol, prolactin, oxytocin, and progesterone) affect the generation and differentiation of neurospheres, with dependencies on sex and sociosexual context. Proliferation and neurogenesis in the SVZ may play a crucial role in establishing, enhancing, maintaining, or accelerating pair bond formation.
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Mishra, Sukriti, Nisha Sharma e Shahnaz Rahman Lone. "Understanding the impact of sociosexual interactions on sleep using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism". Frontiers in Physiology 14 (21 de agosto de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1220140.
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Sleep is conserved across species, and it is believed that a fixed amount of sleep is needed for normal neurobiological functions. Sleep rebound follows sleep deprivation; however, continuous sleep deprivation for longer durations is believed to be detrimental to the animal’s wellbeing. Under some physiologically demanding situations, such as migration in birds, the birth of new offspring in cetaceans, and sexual interactions in pectoral sandpipers, animals are known to forgo sleep. The mechanisms by which animals forgo sleep without having any obvious negative impact on the proper functioning of their neurobiological processes are yet unknown. Therefore, a simple assay is needed to study how animals forgo sleep. The assay should be ecologically relevant so it can offer insights into the physiology of the organisms. Equally important is that the organism should be genetically amenable, which helps in understanding the cellular and molecular processes that govern such behaviors. This paper presents a simple method of sociosexual interaction to understand the process by which animals forgo sleep. In the case of Drosophila melanogaster, when males and females are in proximity, they are highly active and lose a significant amount of sleep. In addition, there is no sleep rebound afterward, and instead, males engaged in sexual interactions continue to show normal sleep. Thus, sexual drive in the fruit flies is a robust assay to understand the underlying mechanism by which animals forgo sleep.
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Pronk, Tila M., Johan C. Karremans, Andrew Demetriou, Leander van der Meij e Jaap J. A. Denissen. "The role of self-control and sociosexual orientation in partner selection: A speed-dating study". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9 de dezembro de 2020, 026540752097767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407520977675.
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Self-control is a crucial factor in maintaining an established romantic relationship, but its role in relationship formation is understudied. The current study tested whether trait self-control is related to a more selective approach toward romantic partners. Over 4 years, we organized 11 speed-date events at which a total of 342 single, heterosexual participants met potential partners. Our results indicated that there was no main effect of self-control on selectivity. However, there was an interaction between self-control and sociosexual orientation (SOI) in predicting selectivity. Specifically, self-control was positively related to selectivity for people with a restricted SOI (i.e., interested in a long-term, stable relationship). For people with an unrestricted SOI (i.e., interested in a short-term, sexual relationship), however, self-control was related to lower selectivity. Our findings point to the flexibility of self-control in facilitating goal progress, stimulating people to refrain from—or act on—their impulses, depending on their own personal mating goals.
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Brandon, Jenna. "2. The Effects of Sociosexual Orientation, Gender and Relationship Context Cues in Audio Narratives on Heterosexual Men's Genital and Subjective Sexual Response." Inquiry@Queen's Undergraduate Research Conference Proceedings, 5 de fevereiro de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/iqurcp.9069.
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Past research suggests that heterosexual men show a category-specific pattern of sexual arousal, showing greater arousal to stimuli depicting women than those depicting men.Gender is not, however, the only factor affecting sexual arousal in men. Research has shown that men regard relationship context as an important factor in sexual arousal.Additionally, men show greater sexual arousal to novel than to familiar sexual stimuli. Sociosexuality, the preference for committed or uncommitted sexual relationships,affects behaviour and partner preferences. The current study investigates the relationship between sociosexuality, gender cues, relationship context cues, and sexual arousal in menby assessing 25 heterosexual men’s genital and subjective sexual arousal to 18 audio narratives describing sexual or neutral encounters with female and male strangers,friends, or long-term relationship partners. I expect that heterosexual men will show greater subjective and genital arousal in response to stimuli depicting a sexual encounter with a woman than to stimuli depicting a sexual encounter with a man, replicating previous research. I hypothesize that there will be an interaction between gender cues and relationship context, such that men will show greater sexual arousal to stimuli depicting novel female sexual partners (strangers and friends) than to stimuli depicting familiar female sexual partners (long-term partners). I predict that higher sociosexuality scores, indicating a greater preference for uncommitted sexual relationships, will correlate with greater sexual arousal to uncommitted relationship contexts (strangers or friends), whereas lower sociosexuality scores, will correspond with greater sexual arousal to the committed relationship context (long-term partner).
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Simmons, Leigh W., e Maxine Lovegrove. "Interacting phenotypic plasticities: Do male and female responses to the sociosexual environment interact to determine fitness?" Evolution, 18 de setembro de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpae122.
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Abstract Socially induced plasticity in reproductive effort is a widely documented phenomenon. However, few empirical studies have examined how male and female plastic responses to the social environment might interact in determining fitness outcomes. In field crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus, males respond to rival song by increasing expenditure on seminal fluid proteins that enhance competitive fertilization success at the cost of reduced embryo survival. It remains unknown whether plastic responses in females could moderate the effects of male competitiveness on offspring performance. Here we used a fully factorial design to explore the interacting effects on fitness of male and female plasticity to the sociosexual environment. We found that female crickets exposed to male song increased the number of eggs produced during early life reproduction, which came at a cost of reduced offspring size. There was evidence, albeit weak, that interacting effects of male and female sociosexual environment contributed to variation in the hatching success of eggs laid by females. Lifetime offspring production was unaffected by the sociosexual environments to which upstream male and female plastic responses were made. Our data offer a rare test of the theoretical expectation that male and female plasticities should interact in their effects on female fitness.
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Mailhos, Alvaro, Damián-Amaro Egea-Caparrós, Álvaro Cabana e Francisco Martínez-Sánchez. "Voice pitch is negatively associated with sociosexual behavior in males but not in females". Frontiers in Psychology 14 (11 de julho de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1200065.
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Acoustic cues play a major role in social interactions in many animal species. In addition to the semantic contents of human speech, voice attributes – e.g., voice pitch, formant position, formant dispersion, etc. – have been proposed to provide critical information for the assessment of potential rivals and mates. However, prior studies exploring the association of acoustic attributes with reproductive success, or some of its proxies, have produced mixed results. Here, we investigate whether the mean fundamental frequency (F0), formant position (Pf), and formant dispersion (Df) – dimorphic attributes of the human voice – are related to sociosexuality, as measured by the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-R) – a trait also known to exhibit sex differences – in a sample of native Spanish-speaking students (101 males, 147 females). Analyses showed a significant negative correlation between F0 and sociosexual behavior, and between Pf and sociosexual desire in males but not in females. These correlations remained significant after correcting for false discovery rate (FDR) and controlling for age, a potential confounding variable. Our results are consistent with a role of F0 and Pf serving as cues in the mating domain in males but not in females. Alternatively, the association of voice attributes and sociosexual orientation might stem from the parallel effect of male sex hormones both on the male brain and the anatomical structures involved in voice production.
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Crespi, Bernard, Tanya Procyshyn e Mika Mokkonen. "Natura Non Facit Saltus: The Adaptive Significance of Arginine Vasopressin in Human Affect, Cognition, and Behavior". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 16 (2 de maio de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.814230.
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Hormones coordinate internal bodily systems with cognition, affect, and behavior, and thereby influence aspects of social interactions including cooperation, competition, isolation, and loneliness. The adaptive significance and contextuality of oxytocin (OXT) and testosterone (T) have been well-studied, but a unified theory and evolutionary framework for understanding the adaptive functions of arginine vasopressin (AVP) remain undeveloped. We propose and evaluate the hypothesis that AVP mediates adaptive variation in the presence and strength of social and sociosexual salience, attention and behavior specifically in situations that involve combinations of cooperation with conflict or competition. This hypothesis can help to explain the ancestral, original functions of AVP-like peptides, and their continuity with the current roles of AVP, for humans, in male-male competition, male-male reciprocity, male-to-female pair bonding, female-female interactions, social integration, and social attention and anxiety. In this context, social isolation and loneliness may be mediated by reduced abilities or interests in navigation of social opportunities and situations, due in part to low AVP levels or reactivity, and in part to reductions in levels of OXT-mediated social reward.
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Leshner, Connor E., e Jessica R. Johnson. "Technically in love: Individual differences relating to sexual and platonic relationships with robots". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19 de fevereiro de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02654075241234377.
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Incremental advancements in technology present researchers with opportunities to examine and predict human behavior before the integration of technology into daily life. Previous studies have identified trends in both the design and reception of current social robotic technologies, including gender biases and social “othering”, which may affect how humans interact with more advanced robotic technologies in the future. The aim of the current study was to explore whether preconceived beliefs about gender inequality, interest in casual sex, and social hierarchies would relate individuals’ interest in engaging in platonic friendships (“robofriendship”) or sexual relationships (“robosexuality”) with hypothetical human-like robots. Two-hundred and twelve participants completed an online survey measuring gender, ambivalent sexism, social dominance orientation, and sociosexual orientation in relation to individuals’ interest in both robofriendship and robosexuality. It was found that hostile sexism positively predicted interest in robosexuality, particularly for men (β = .16, b = .27, 95% CI [.03, .30], t(209) = 2.364, p = .019). Conversely, hostile sexism negatively predicted robofriendship, and significant interactions effects were found in that at lower levels of SDO, women maintained greater interest in robofriendship than men (β = .26, b = .54, 95% CI [.09, .99], t(208) = −2.235, p = .02). The current study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that preconceived beliefs about social hierarchy and gender inequality may impact romantic and platonic interactions between humans and robots. Limitations and future directions are also discussed.
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Böhm, Pia Marlena, Lena Sophie Pflüger, Katharina Elisabeth Pink, Michael Alan Huffman e Bernard Wallner. "Intense Body Contact Increases Homosexual Pair Bond Stability in Female Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)". Archives of Sexual Behavior, 12 de janeiro de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-023-02781-6.
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AbstractThe Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) has become a key species for studying homosexual behavior over recent decades. With the non-conceptive nature, their same-sex consortships illustrate that individual partner preferences can exist beyond direct reproductive benefits or apparent sociosexual strategies. An open question is whether the behavior shared between partners in consortship directly affects their choice to remain with a partner. With this study, we examined behavioral aspects underlying consortship temporal patterns in these promiscuous and bisexual primates. While these patterns could be relevant in both homo- and heterosexual consortships, our study primarily focused on female-female pairs. We hypothesized that the stability of consortships (duration and occurrence) is influenced by a pair’s sexual behavior, mutual sexual stimulation, and close affiliative inter-mount behaviors involving high-intensity body contact. A semi-free population of Japanese macaques was observed over one mating season. In total, 40 h of focal data on female-female consortship behaviors were analyzed. Forty-six percent of all sexually mature females engaged in homosexual interactions. Our behavioral analyses of female-female pairs found that close body contact, rather than grooming or sexual interactions, was correlated with the stability of homosexual consortships. The greater the amount of huddling and embracing a pair engaged in, the more likely they were to stay together and reunite again. However, the frequency of mounting, rubbing or thrusting had no discernable effect on consortship stability. The results of this study thus add important knowledge to partner qualities in promiscuous primates as well as to inter-group differences of homosexual behavior in Japanese macaques.
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Bogacki-Rychlik, Wiktor, Anna Wrona e Michal Bialy. "A Protocol for the Non-invasive Method of Ultrasound Separation During the Sociosexual Vocal-Non-contact Model in Rats". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 16 (25 de maio de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.910591.
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Ultrasonic vocalization (USV) is one of the measurable behavioral parameters of sociosexual interactions in rats. To precisely and accurately describe the neurobehavioral properties of USV and the potentially related specific emotional responsiveness of animals, we need to know which animals vocalize and what is their exact behavioral and physiological response. To this end, we modified the non-contact cage [non-contact erection model (NCE)] by adding a modification [vocalization-non-contact erection (VOC-NCE)] that makes it possible to assign emitted ultrasonic signals to a particular animal. Typically, the NCE cage consists of two compartments separated by perforated baffles. A male is placed in one section, and a receptive female is placed in the other section. This makes possible the accurate description of sexual parameters related to the cues controlled by the experimenter. In VOC-NCE, we completely separated the male USV from the female USV by three appropriately perforated baffles and located microphones combined with ultrasonic screening. We recorded emission in both typical bands, the so-called 22- and 50-kHz bands, with various subtypes, thus highlighting the utility of our protocol to investigate the sexual dimorphism of vocalization. Similar to the anticipatory model, we showed that emission can occur without acoustic feedback from concomitants during the VOC-NCE test. Therefore, we propose a relatively simple method for assigning individual vocalization. We discuss its usefulness and limitations in assessing vocal differentiation related to sexual parameters, adaptive changes during conditioning procedures, and further applications.
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Schuppe, Eric R., Daniel Tobiansky, Franz Goller e Matthew J. Fuxjager. "Specialized androgen synthesis in skeletal muscles that actuate elaborate social displays". Journal of Experimental Biology, 19 de maio de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243730.
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Androgens mediate the expression of many reproductive behaviors, including the elaborate displays used to navigate courtship and territorial interactions. In some vertebrates, males can produce androgen-dependent sexual behavior even when levels of testosterone (T) is low in the bloodstream. One idea is that select tissues make their own androgens from scratch to support behavioral performance. We first study this phenomenon in the skeletal muscles that actuate elaborate sociosexual displays in downy woodpeckers and two songbirds. We show that the woodpecker display muscle maintains elevated T when the testes are regressed in the non-breeding season. Both the display muscles of woodpeckers, as well as the display muscles in the avian vocal organ (syrinx or SYR) of songbirds, express all transporters and enzymes necessary to convert cholesterol into bioactive androgens locally. In a final analysis, we broaden our study by looking for these same transporters and enzymes in mammalian muscles that operate at different speeds. Using RNA-seq data, we find that the capacity for de novo synthesis is only present in “superfast” extraocular muscle. Together, our results suggest that skeletal muscle specialized to generate extraordinary twitch-times and/or extremely rapid contractile speeds may depend on androgenic hormones produced locally within the muscle itself. Our study therefore uncovers an important new dimension of androgenic regulation of behavior.
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Bonaldo, Brigitta, Antonino Casile, Martina Bettarelli, Stefano Gotti, GianCarlo Panzica e Marilena Marraudino. "Effects of chronic exposure to bisphenol A in adult female mice on social behavior, vasopressin system, and estrogen membrane receptor (GPER1)". European Journal of Histochemistry 65, s1 (10 de novembro de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2021.3272.
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Bisphenol A (BPA), an organic synthetic compound found in some plastics and epoxy resins, is classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical. Exposure to BPA is especially dangerous if it occurs during specific “critical periods” of life, when organisms are more sensitive to hormonal changes (i.e., intrauterine, perinatal, juvenile or puberty periods). In this study, we focused on the effects of chronic exposure to BPA in adult female mice starting during pregnancy. Three months old C57BL/6J females were orally exposed to BPA or to vehicle (corn oil). The treatment (4 µg/kg body weight/day) started the day 0 of pregnancy and continued throughout pregnancy, lactation, and lasted for a total of 20 weeks. BPA-treated dams did not show differences in body weight or food intake, but they showed an altered estrous cycle compared to the controls. In order to evidence alterations in social and sociosexual behaviors, we performed the Three-Chamber test for sociability, and analyzed two hypothalamic circuits (well-known targets of endocrine disruption) particularly involved in the control of social behavior: the vasopressin and the oxytocin systems. The test revealed some alterations in the displaying of social behavior: BPA-treated dams have higher locomotor activity compared to the control dams, probably a signal of high level of anxiety. In addition, BPA-treated dams spent more time interacting with no-tester females than with no-tester males. In brain sections, we observed a decrease of vasopressin immunoreactivity (only in the paraventricular and suprachiasmatic nuclei) of BPA-treated females, while we did not find any alteration of the oxytocin system. In parallel, we have also observed, in the same hypothalamic nuclei, a significant reduction of the membrane estrogen receptor GPER1 expression.