Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Sociologies of Science and Technology"

L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è (ri)costruire il processo di emergenza del campo di ricerca dei “Science and Technology Studies” (STS) come risultato di una complessa opera di negoziazioni disciplinari. In funzione di questo obiettivo, abbiamo elaborato una metodologia che abbiamo battezzato come “Socio-epistemologia storica”. Dal punto di vista storico, questa tesi di dottorato propone una dettagliata ricostruzione del processo di emergenza del campo interdisciplinare degli STS fra gli anni ’60 e la metà degli anni ’80 (grazie anche a ricerche d’archivio e storia orale). In primo luogo, ci siamo occupati di tracciare alcune traiettorie intellettuali, accademiche e socio-politiche in funzione di una disamina delle condizioni di possibilità dell’emergere di tale campo (fra gli anni ’30 e gli anni ’60). Nel capitolo seguente abbiamo invece proposto una cartografia dei principali centri di ricerca e programmi pedagogici nei principali casi nazionali come: U.K., U.S., Francia, Repubblica democratica tedesca, Repubblica federale tedesca, Austria, e Paesi Bassi. Infine, un ulteriore capitolo è invece dedicato alla ricostruzione della nascita delle prime reti di ricerca internazionali (società e associazioni professionali) in ambito STS. I risultati di questa ricerca storica sono stati interpretati e organizzati tramite il framework della “sociologia dei campi accademici” e della “sociologia della conoscenza”. A completare la nostra disamina, l’approccio filosofico ha reso possibile un’analisi epistemologica basata sui concreti processi storici e sociali di negoziazione disciplinare che hanno reso possibile il programma di ricerca interdisciplinare degli STS. In questo senso, abbiamo sostenuto che le frontiere disciplinari nelle scienze sociali siano al contempo elaborate socialmente, tramite un lungo processo di negoziazione storica, e sulla base di rivendicazioni epistemiche.
The aim of this work is to (re)construct the emergence process of the “Science and Technology Studies” (STS) field, as a result of broad disciplinary negotiations (especially between history of science, sociology of science and philosophy of science). In order to achieve this, I proposed an integrated methodology that I labelled “Socio-Historical Epistemology”. From the historical point of view, my Ph.D thesis provides a detailed survey of the academic emergence of the “STS” interdisciplinary field, from the 60s to the mid 80s (made also through archive research and oral history). First of all, I traced some intellectual, academical and socio-political trajectories, in order to explain the conditions of the emergence of this field (from the 30s to the 60s). In the following chapter I proposed a cartography of the major research units and pedagogical programs in U.K., U.S., France, German Democratic Republic, Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Netherlands. Finally, another chapter is dedicated to the professional and international societies in STS. The results of this historical inquiry have been interpreted and organised through the framework of the “sociology of scientific fields” and the “sociology of knowledge”. Furthermore, the philosophical approach has made possible an epistemological analysis of both the historical and the sociological genesis and development of the interdisciplinary context of research of the “STS”. In this sense I argued that disciplinary boundaries in social sciences are, at the same time, diachronically constructed and reconstructed, through a collective process of controversies and negotiations and due to epistemological claims.

Cette thèse étudie les cryptomonnaies (CM) Bitcoin et Ethereum et leur gouvernance, en interrogeant les prétentions libérales-technicistes qui les présentent comme des monnaies acéphales, décentralisées, autonomes, neutres et apolitiques du fait de leur nature technique. Ces prétentions reposent sur un « technologisme » dissociant technique et société, un premier écueil à dépasser, dominant dans la littérature axée sur les caractéristiques techniques des CM. Le second écueil est le « sociologisme » inverse, réduisant toute nature socio-politique à leur origine libertarienne. Au-delà, les CM sont des infrastructures composites et négociées où technique et monde social s’influencent mutuellement dans un va-et-vient politique. Notre approche croise l’institutionnalisme monétaire, l’ethnographie économique et la sociologie des sciences et techniques, et repose sur des matériaux quantitatifs et qualitatifs tirés d’une enquête multiniveau (en ligne et hors ligne) alliant analyses documentaires, immersions participantes, observations participantes et entretiens. La gouvernance des CM est examinée au travers de deux crises : Bitcoin CVE 2018 et le Hard Fork d’Ethereum suite à « The DAO ».La conception de Bitcoin et Ethereum, notamment le consensus PoW et l’émission monétaire des UCN, résulte de négociation hybride idéelle et matérielle. Un protocole ne devient CM qu’en tant qu’infrastructure, confronté à des usages, à d’autres arrangements pour s’y connecter, à une maintenance et des évolutions qui en renégocient formes, contenus et normativité. Réductible ni aux desseins de Nakamoto, ni à ses frontières protocolaires, Bitcoin est « sans couture » à l’aune d’un développement carnavalesque en trois phases (preuve de concept, péché et maturation). La comparaison avec Ethereum met en lumière sa propre normativité ainsi que celle de Bitcoin, dont elle vise à s’émanciper. Dans la controverse sur le statut monétaire des CM, nous affirmons que celles-ci sont des monnaies. Nous rejetons les perspectives monétaires orthodoxes – en termes d’exclusivité et d’homogénéité – les reléguant au statut d’actifs financiers, depuis un institutionnalisme monétaire intéressé aux usages. Empiriquement, les CM donnent lieu à des usages en compte et en paiement et sont des monnaies communautaires. Leur singularité monétaire réside dans une logique fiduciaire à consensus distribué : leur valeur et pouvoir d’achat sont garantis par des institutions et des acteurs sociaux dans le cadre d’une gouvernance polycentrique. Le phénomène de crise permet d’identifier deux types de crises de CM - les crises de vulnérabilité et les crises d’évolution – et une gouvernance de crise à deux volets : de huis clos, routinière à consensus local, ou publique, conflictuelle et à consensus global. La première est encadrée par des spécialistes (Core Devs) tandis que, en cas de dissensus, la seconde mobilise largement les parties prenantes pour rechercher une légitimité communautaire à travers des débats et des mesures de consensus. Dans tous les cas, la gouvernance polycentrique permet la formation d’un consensus tout en garantissant traçabilité, vérification et participation aux décisions. Finalement, nous démontrons que le consensus social (espace de la discrétion) prime toujours face aux codes irrespectueux de l’esprit communautaire (espace de la règle)
This thesis studies the Bitcoin and Ethereum CMs and their governance, questioning the liberal-technicist claims that portray them as acephalous, decentralized, autonomous, neutral and apolitical currencies by virtue of their technical nature. These pretensions are rooted in a “technologism” that dissociates technology and society, a first pitfall to overcome, dominant in the literature focused on CMs’ technical traits. The second pitfall is an inverse “sociologism” that reduces any socio-political nature to their libertarian origins. Beyond this, CMs are composite, negotiated infrastructures where technology and the social world mutually influence each other in a political interplay.Our approach crosses monetary institutionalism, economic ethnography and the sociology of science and technology, and relies on quantitative and qualitative material drawn from a multi-level survey (online and offline) combining documentary analysis, participant immersions, participant observations and interviews. CM governance is examined through two crises - Bitcoin CVE 2018 and Ethereum's hard Fork after “The DAO”.The design of Bitcoin and Ethereum, notably the PoW consensus and the monetary issuance of UCNs, results from ideal and material hybrid bargaining. A protocol becomes CM only as an infrastructure, confronted with uses, other arrangements enabling connection, maintenance and evolutions that renegotiate its form, content and normativity. Neither reducible to Nakamoto’s designs nor its protocol boundaries, Bitcoin is ‘seamless’ through its carnivalesque three-phase development (proof of concept, sin, and maturation). In comparison, Ethereum’s own normativity contrasts it with Bitcoin’s, from which it seeks to emancipate. In the controversy surrounding the monetary status of CMs, we assert that CMs are currencies, rejecting orthodox monetary perspectives – in terms of exclusivity and homogeneity – relegating CMs to the status of financial assets. From a monetary institutionalist’s point of view, CMs are empirically used as accounts and payments, and are community currencies. Their monetary uniqueness lies in their unprecedented fiduciary logic of distributed consensus : their value and purchasing power are guaranteed by institutions and social players within the bounds of their polycentric governance. The crisis phenomenon allows us to identify two types of CM crises – vulnerability crises and evolution crises – and a two-fold crisis governance: huis clos, routinized with local consensus or public, conflictual with global consensus. The former is overseen by specialists (Core Dev), while in the event of dissensus, the latter widely mobilizes all stakeholders to seek community legitimacy through debate and consensus-building measures. In all cases, polycentric governance enables consensus-formation while guaranteeing traceability, verification and participation in decision-making. In the end, we find that social consensus (the space of discretion) always takes precedence over disrespectful codes of community spirit (the space of rule)

Orientador: Leila da Costa Ferreira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Neste trabalho investigam-se os significados de ciência, técnica e tecnologia em dicionários e enciclopédias de Sociologia e Ciências Sociais. Partindo do pressuposto de que é prática das Ciências Sociais, e da Sociologia em particular, definir o sentido dos conceitos, categorias e termos com os quais trabalha, aborda-se a importância de definir e atribuir significados aos termos. Em seguida, analisa-se o papel dos dicionários de Sociologia e Ciências Sociais, distinguindo-os dos dicionários de língua. Para desenvolver a pesquisa, recorre-se a procedimentos quantitativos com o objetivo de caracterizar as obras que compõem o corpus do trabalho, e a procedimentos qualitativos, como a análise de conteúdo, para analisar os significados dos termos ciência, técnica e tecnologia nos dicionários e enciclopédias de Sociologia e Ciências Sociais. Constatou-se que o termo ciência é empregado, sobretudo, com as seguintes acepções: sistema de verdades gerais, de conhecimentos sistemáticos, de leis, de princípios gerais; busca pelo conhecimento, processos de investigação; construção ideal e abstrata da realidade; atividade humana condicionada pela estrutura social; conhecimento mais valorizado. No termo técnica os sentidos mais comuns são: ciência ou arte; conjunto de meios e habilidades que os seres humanos utilizam para transformar a natureza e satisfazer necessidades e desejos; conhecimento, maneira de pensar, mentalidade técnica, racionalização; atividade humana, elemento da cultura. Por sua vez o termo tecnologia apresenta as seguintes acepções: arte, ciência e indústria; fator de produção, sentido econômico; trabalho e mediação das atividades humanas; objeto de estudo da Antropologia Cultural; estudo sistemático da técnica; ciência aplicada; cultura; objetos e artefatos; fonte de poder; sinônimo de técnica. Ao analisar os significados das definições dos termos técnica e tecnologia, se identificou como temas recorrentes: cultura; produção; visão otimista x visão pessimista; determinismo tecnológico e neutralidade; trabalho; poder; mentalidade técnica. Conclui-se que a variedade de significados e temas presentes nas definições dos termos, deve-se: i) à falta de definição de sentido com o qual o termo está sendo empregado; ii) à característica dos dicionários e enciclopédias que tem por finalidade apresentar definições de caráter geral e pretensamente neutro: iii) as definições registrarem acepções empregadas na área da Sociologia e das Ciências Sociais em períodos e contextos diferentes. A diversidade de temas - trabalho, produção, relações de poder e cultura presentes nas definições de técnica e tecnologia - evidencia que a questão tecnológica está articulada com dimensões importantes das relações socioculturais. Este trabalho apresenta contribuições para os estudos de ciência e tecnologia. Ademais, por usar dicionários que têm função pedagógica relaciona teoria sociológica e educação
Abstract: In this work the meanings of science, technique and technology in dictionaries and encyclopedias of Sociology and Social Sciences are investigated. Assuming that it is a practice of Social Sciences, and more particular in Sociology, to define the meaning of concepts, categories and terms with which it works, the importance of defining and assigning meanings to the terms is approached. Then the role of Sociology and Social Sciences dictionaries are analyzed by distinguishing them from language dictionaries. Quantitative procedures were used to develop the research with the objective of characterizing the works which make up the corpus of the work. Qualitative procedures, such as the content analysis, were also used in order to analyze the meanings of the terms science, technique and technology in the dictionaries of Sociology and Social Sciences as well as in encyclopedias. It has been found that the term science is mostly used with the following definitions: system of general truths, of systematic knowledges, of laws, of general principles; search for knowledge, investigation processes; ideal and construction of reality; human activity conditioned by social structure; most valuable knowledge. As for the term technique, the most common senses are: science or art; group of means and abilities that human beings use in order to transform nature and satisfy one's needs and desires; knowledge, way of thinking, technique mentality, rationalization; human activity, culture element. As for its part, the term technology has the following definitions: art, science and industry; production factor, economic sense; work and mediation of human activities; object of study of Cultural Anthropology; systematic study of technique; applied science; culture; objects and artifacts; power source; synonym of technique. The analysis of the meanings of the definitions of the terms technique and technology identified as recurrent themes: culture; production; optimistic vision versus pessimistic vision; technological determinism and neutrality; work; power; technical mentality. It is concluded that the variety of meanings and topics present in the terms definitions is due to: i) the lack of definition of the sense in which the term is being used; ii) the characteristic of dictionaries and encyclopedias which intends to introduce definitions of general and allegedly neutral nature; iii) the definitions record meanings used in distinct periods and contexts. The diversity of themes - work, production, power relations and culture present in the definitions of technique and technology - make evident that the technology matter is articulated in important dimensions of sociocultural relationships. This work has contributions to the studies of science and technology. Also, by using dictionaries which have pedagogical function, it links sociological theory and education
Doutorado
Sociologia
Doutor em Sociologia

Cette these a pour but de montrer la vie d'un milieu scientifique sovietique au cours de la perestrojka. Elle presente les resultats d'une enquete sociologique menee pendant l'hiver 1988-1989 aupres de l'institut d'histoire des sciences naturelles et de la technologie de l'academie des sciences de l'urss, a moscou, ainsi que les analyses des productions issues de ce meme institut ou de son champ cisciplinaire. Dans les premieres parties, c'est la vie sociale et humaine d'une institution de recherche en crise qui est analysee a partir des donnees collectees sur la base d'entretiens semi-directifs et d'un systeme de notes d'observation ; suit l'examen des clivages caracteristiques du milieu, les divisions entre chercheurs bureaucrates et chercheurs "veritables", entre jeunes et moins jeunes, entre dirigeants et simples chercheurs. La vie institutionnelles, la carriere des chercheurs et leurs rapports avec le pouvoir et l'ideologie dominante constituent le troisieme volet. La derniere partie rend compte des productions savantes de ce milieu, de sa culture, aussi bien philosophique que methodologique, de ses rapports avec l'occident ainsi que de ses difficultes a sortir de son conservatisme
This thesis examines the life of a soviet scientific milieu during the perstrojka period. The results are based on a sociological survey carried out in winter 1988-1989 on the institute of the history of natural sciences and technology of the ussr academy of sciences, in moscow, together with analyses of materials produced by the institute and or the dixeipline more generally. The first parts study the human and social interactions within a research institution in a state of crisis. The analysis is the outcome of numerous focus interviews conducted with institute members, and complemented by a system of observation notes. The findings highlight the fractures and sharp divisions which exist within the milieu itself. The tird part concentrates on the various activities of the institution, the career of researchers, their relation to power and reigning ideology. The last part reviews the learned output of the milieu through the prism of its culture - philosophical and methodological - its attitude to the west, and its difficulties in liberating itself from a deep-seated conservatism

Depuis la dernière décennie, l'intelligence artificielle (IA) se révèle être un outil de choix dans la recherche scientifique, comme en témoigne son utilisation toujours plus accrue dans presque toutes les disciplines.Cette dernière suscite de nombreuses réflexions et critiques, notamment sur sa capacité à supplanter d'autres outils traditionnellement mobilisés dans ces disciplines et à créer de nouvelles connaissances capables de révolutionner des paradigmes théoriques déjà bien établis.Dans ce contexte, cette thèse s'intéresse à l'impact épistémique de l'IA dans la recherche scientifique, et plus particulièrement dans un domaine multi-disciplinaire, les neurosciences.A travers l'identification et l'explication des mécanismes d'intégration et de diffusion de l'IA au sein de ces dernières, cette thèse vise notamment à établir dans quelle mesure elle devient omniprésente (ou non) dans la production des savoirs propres à ce domaine de recherche.S'appuyant sur une méthode multi-échelle, cette thèse se divise en deux temps.Premièrement, au moyen d'une analyse numérique de données bibliométriques représentant la littérature neuroscientifique entre 1970 et 2020, nous montrons que l'IA s'applique bel et bien à un vaste ensemble de thématiques portées par les neurosciences entre 1970 et 2020 (généricité en application), mais peine à s'articuler avec les cadres théoriques majeurs de ces dernières (généricité en conceptualisation), ne lui permettant donc pas de bousculer des paradigmes entiers.L'étude de ce corpus révèle également que quelques scientifiques bien particuliers recourent à l'IA dans leurs écrits : formés et évoluant au sein des mathématiques, de l'informatique ou de divers pans de l'ingénierie, ces derniers publient majoritairement ensemble et peu aux côtés de neuroscientifiques plutôt impliqués dans la recherche médicale et constituant pourtant le cœur des professionnels recensés dans notre base de données.Deuxièmement, en mobilisant des données d'entretiens semi-directifs réalisés en 2021 auprès de membres d'une équipe de recherche clinique spécialisée dans la neuro-imagerie et les neurosciences computationnelles, nous montrons une réalité du travail interdisciplinaire de construction de l'IA par divers acteurs des recherches informatique et médicale, et ce à travers deux éléments.D'abord, les spécialistes de l'IA, premiers diffuseurs de cet instrument de recherche, doivent se conformer aux attendus des professionnels de santé et ainsi transformer leurs pratiques de recherche qu'ils ont pu acquérir dans le passé avant de rentrer dans l'équipe.Ensuite, l'IA se retrouve progressivement adoptée par l'ensemble des informaticiens et cliniciens affiliés à cette dernière, car elle participe à l'accroissement de la visibilité des recherches produites auprès d'autres scientifiques et institutions représentant les mondes académique et industriel, et ce malgré des performances encore limitées ou similaires à des outils déjà utilisés pour les tâches scientifiques à accomplir dans l'équipe.Ces deux approches qualitatives et quantitatives montrent finalement que l'IA est loin de remplacer l'ensemble des outils de recherche utilisés par les neurosciences, en raison de sa généricité encore limitée
Over the past decade, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been increasingly used by a wide range of scientific disciplines to advance their respective research agendas.This phenomenon is the subject of ongoing discussions and criticism, particularly with regard to its potential to supplant other tools traditionally used in these disciplines, and to create new knowledge capable of revolutionizing already well-established theoretical paradigms.In this context, this thesis examines the epistemic impact of AI in scientific research, and specifically in a multidisciplinary field, neuroscience.By identifying and explaining the mechanisms of integration and diffusion of AI within the latter, this thesis aims to determine the extent to which AI is becoming pervasive (or not) in the production of knowledge specific to this research domain.Using a multiscale approach, this thesis is divided into two parts.Firstly, a numerical analysis of bibliometric data representing the neuroscience literature between 1970 and 2020 demonstrates that AI is applicable to a vast array of topics covered by neuroscience in these years, but fails to merge with the fundamental knowledge that structures the core of their respective conceptual frameworks, and therefore to become a central part of knowledge creation or entire paradigms upheaval.Thus, we argue that AI is generic in neuroscience in terms of applications, but not conceptualization.The study of this corpus also reveals that only a small number of scientists, mostly mathematicians, computer scientists, or engineers segregated at the periphery of the entire neuroscience collaboration network, employ AI in their publications.In particular, they tend to publish mostly together and little alongside neuroscientists engaged primarily in medical research, who nevertheless represent the core of the professionals listed in our database.Secondly, by mobilizing data from semi-structured interviews conducted in 2021 with members of a clinical research team specializing in neuroimaging and computational neuroscience, we demonstrate the interdisciplinary nature of AI development, which involves various collaborators from computer science and medical research.We distinguish two elements.First, AI specialists, as the initial broadcasters of this research tool, are required to align their practices with the expectations of healthcare professionals, and thus transform the research practices they may have acquired in the past before joining the team.Second, although its performance remains limited or comparable to tools that are already used for the scientific tasks carried out in the team, AI is rapidly adopted by all the members of the team, whether they are computer scientists or clinicians, as it contributes to enhance the visibility of the output of their research to other scientists and institutions within academic and industrial realms.The combination of these two qualitative and quantitative approaches finally demonstrates that AI is far from replacing all the research tools used by neuroscientists, due to its current limited genericity

This thesis is the result of a project done on the subject of queuing, looking mainly at the behavior of the people doing it and relating it to the context they are in. The focus is on the notion that queues are not only made up of individuals but also groups, a notion that has previously been overlooked in studies of queues. This thesis is based on ethnographic studies and is strongly related to design of technology for supporting queuing situations. The main focus in the design is on supporting groups, flexibility and mobility in queues.
Den här D-uppsatsen är ett resultat av ett projekt inom köande. Efter fältstudier analyseras här hur köande är uppbyggt och tittar främst närmare på gruppbildningar inom köande, ett område som är väldigt outforskat. Uppsatsen är starkt ritad mot design av ny teknik för att stödja olika kösituationer och den presenterar även ett designförslag gjort av författaren.
To contact the author you can send an email to: anders.eriksson@tgk.net

The research problem explored in this thesis is how technology and work practice are related in coordinative situations (collocated and over distance). Further, the problem of how this kind of research results can be transformed and used in the development of new technology is discussed.

Air Traffic Control and Emergency Call Centers are the two domains where the complex process of coordination in a time and safety critical setting has been studied. The methodological approach taken in the field studies is ethnographic, a qualitative method with a descriptive outcome. Air traffic controllers focus on keeping the airspace organized so that the aircraft are separated at all times, as well as are given an economic route by e.g. slowing down so that they do not have to wait in the air for traffic ahead. In order to manage the control of the national airspace, it is divided into geographical sectors each of which is controlled by 1-2 controllers. The aircraft cross many sectors during one flight and each time they cross a sector border there is a handover of responsibility between the controllers. The controllers have a large number of tools that they orchestrate in order to maintain control and keep records of the orders given to the pilots. The situation in one sector has therefore been locally stored at their work position. It is shown in the thesis how the social interaction and the technology support are ordered to broadcast the locally stored information.

Emergency call centers at SOS Alarm are in contrast to the ATC centers fully computerized. The operators use CoordCom, a system that is currently in the process of being renewed. When a telephone call to the emergency number 112 is received in one of the 20 local centers in Sweden, a receiving operator initiates the case by interviewing the caller in order to categorize the incident. Often, an incident consists of a number of conditions that together make an emergency. It is shown that accountability of decisions and local knowledge of the center’s responsibility area are two important parts of coordination at SOS Alarm.

A question that has been of interest during the studies is what possibilities ethnographic observations provide when used as a starting point in a design project. The final study provided a description of how the ethnographic material from the emergency call center study was explored and transformed in order to create concrete functionality and design.

The thesis contributes with examples from the workplace studies of how people interact with each other through the technology and how skills, local knowledge and professional concerns shape the interaction. It also contributes with reflections on how descriptions and experiences of work practice and technology use in the field can serve as a foundation in shaping and designing new ideas and new functionality for future systems.

The papers included in this thesis shows results on four issues in relation to coordination and technology:

-Coordinative work practice and implications in using video/audio in a distributed setting

-Support for accountability in decision-making in a distributed setting

-The role of local knowledge and combined expertise in a local collocated center

-The transformation of ethnographic observations in the design process

The thesis also shows the importance of a further definition of the dichotomy of collocated and distributed work in order to inform technology. An analysis of the dichotomy based on the field study results is presented in the thesis.

Cette thèse a pour but démontrer l’influence du développement scientifique et technique sur le droit de la responsabilité civile, en étudiant comme ce développement constitue un facteur de mutation juridique. Pour démontrer la portée de ce phénomène, tout au long de notre travail nous avons observé qu’il est possible de lier la nouveauté au bien-être matériel, mais aussi aux risques et aux incertitudes porteurs de l´inconnu. La distinction entre risque et incertitude est marquée par le développement de la science quant à la démonstration scientifique des éventualités que l’on peut attribuer à chaque point de développement. Ce constat étant fait, le droit de la responsabilité civile s´imprègne des innovations juridiques qui prennent en charge les risques et les incertitudes, mais aussi les angoisses et les peurs générés par l´évolution scientifique et technique. Cela a provoqué des mutations bien précises qui vont dans l’esprit du refus de l’homme d’aujourd’hui à tolérer qu’une quelconque manifestation technique puisse lui produire un dommage. Ces mutations nous les abordons depuis une double perspective : Par rapport au rôle de la responsabilité civile, et par rapport à sa mise en œuvre. À travers cette problématique nous démontrons que l´inconnu compris dans l´innovation est la source d´un processus d´imprégnation de nouveauté dans les bases fondamentales de la responsabilité civile, à conséquence duquel le droit s´adapte, notamment par rapport à la constatation de nouveaux faits générateurs, de nouvelles postes de préjudice, et de nouveaux approximations concernant au lien de causalité
This thesis aims to demonstrate the influence of scientific and technical development on the civil liability, studying how this development constitutes a factor of mutation of this. To demonstrate the significance of this phenomenon, throughout our work we have observed that it is possible to link novelty to material well-being, but also to the risks and uncertainties of the unknown. The distinction between risk and uncertainty is marked by the development of science as to the scientific demonstration of the contingencies that can be attributed to each point of development. Done this reasoning, the law of torts is imbued with legal innovations that deal with risks and uncertainties, but also the anxieties and fears generated by scientific and technological change. This has provoked precise changes which go in hand with the rejection of the man of today to tolerate that any technical manifestation may injure him. These changes take us from a double perspective: In relation to the role of civil liability, and in relation to its implementation. Through this problem, we demonstrate that the unknown understood in innovation is the source of a process of impregnation of novelty in the fundamental bases of civil liability; in particular, with to the observation the new sources of injury, new injury items, and new approximations to the causal link

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The Sociology of Science, presently also known by the Social Studies of Science and Technology, with theoretical and methodological inheritance from the Sociology of Knowledge, debates subjects about the nature of scientific activity and the relationship and interactions between science, technology and society. In this way this research centers on mapping the field of Sociology of Science by its scientific production, as a way to display its trajectory and reflect on its institutionalization as a field of knowledge. The studies about the analysis of scientific production can be included in the field of Sociology of Science and be made ever more frequent. The motivation to investigate this theme is justified by the fact that after the coming of the Internet a variety of different knowledge bases of scientific articles were available online which made much easier the process of data collection and also the treatment of the same. In light of this, the studies of the analysis of scientific production become ever more recurrent. Confronting this reality the research objective of this research was created as to investigate how the field of Sociology of Science configures itself from its scientific production represented by the data base Scopus. The objectives of study were: a) identify and analyze the scientific production on the field of Sociology of Science up from the articles indexed in the database Scopus; b) to understand how the field of Sociology of Science is internationally build, by constructing bibliometric indicators of scientific production like themes in the scope, published journals, authorship, temporal, institutional and geographic distribution of the articles. On the methodological point of view the research is supported on the bibliometric approach and the achieved results shows that a) the field of Sociology of Science follows a parallel growth with the field of Social Studies of Science and Technology; b) the Network Actor Theory is the methodology with the greatest representation in the field, with a growth rate, followed by Ethnographic studies. This exponential growth on the Network Actor Theory is the points to the existence of a trend by other fields in its use; c) around 40% of articles were written in collaboration.
A Sociologia da Ciência, atualmente também conhecida pelos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia, com heranças teóricas e metodológicas da Sociologia do Conhecimento, debate assuntos sobre a natureza da atividade científica e as relações e interações entre ciência, tecnologia e sociedade. Dessa forma esta pesquisa concentra-se no mapeamento do campo da Sociologia da Ciência a partir de sua produção científica, a fim de revelar sua trajetória e refletir acerca da sua institucionalização enquanto área do conhecimento. Por sua vez, os estudos sobre a análise da produção do conhecimento científico podem ser incluídos no campo da Sociologia da Ciência e se tornam cada vez mais frequentes. A motivação para investigar esse tema justifica-se pelo fato de que após o surgimento da Internet várias bases de dados de artigos científicos foram disponibilizadas online o que tornou mais fácil não só o processo da coleta de dados, mas também no tratamento dos mesmos. Em vista disso, os estudos de análise da produção científica se tornaram cada vez mais recorrentes. Diante dessa realidade constitui-se como problema de pesquisa dessa dissertação investigar como se configura o campo da Sociologia da Ciência a partir de sua produção científica representada na base de dados Scopus. Os objetivos do estudo foram: a) identificar e analisar a produção científica no campo da Sociologia da Ciência a partir dos artigos científicos indexados na base de dados Scopus; b) compreender como o campo da Sociologia da Ciência se constitui internacionalmente, por meio da construção de indicadores bibliométricos da produção científica, tais como temas abordados, periódicos publicadores, autoria, distribuição temporal, institucional e geográfica dos artigos. Do ponto de vista metodológico a pesquisa apoia-se na abordagem bibliométrica e os resultados obtidos apontaram que a) o campo da Sociologia da Ciência segue em crescimento paralelamente com o campo dos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia; b) a Teoria Ator Rede é a metodologia com maior representatividade dentro do campo, com uma taxa de crescimento, seguida pelos Estudos Etnográficos. Esse crescimento exponencial da Teoria Ator Rede aponta a existência de certo modismo por outras áreas do conhecimento em sua utilização; c) cerca de 40% dos artigos foram escritos em colaboração.

Habitués à considérer que la science est dépourvue d’émotions et à opposer l’émotion à la raison, les scientifiques n'ont pu reconnaitre la place centrale qu'occupent les affects dans leurs pratiques de recherche. Cette thèse se propose d'appréhender le rôle joué par de multiples affects et émotions dans la diffusion de la notion scientifique de Services Écosystémiques (SE) à partir d’une étude multi-sites informée par des entretiens avec des scientifiques et des praticiens de la conservation de la nature ainsi que par des observations participantes de leur travail et de leurs interactions. Émergeant du contexte apocalyptique d'anxiété suscité par la dégradation de l'environnement, la notion de SE offre un espoir aux protecteurs de la nature par le fait qu'elle combine l'écologie et l'économie et souligne la dépendance des sociétés humaines au fonctionnement des écosystèmes. La thèse montre comment la notion a attiré et même séduit un nombre croissant de scientifiques. Ceux-ci ont élaboré des jeux participatifs, des scénarios et des cartes pour communiquer avec des gestionnaires des espaces naturels et des décideurs politiques en créant des atmosphères émotionnelles spécifiques. Dans le domaine de la protection de la nature, la notion a touché de nouveaux publics, motivés non seulement par un amour de la nature ou par un sens de la responsabilité, mais aussi par de l'espoir et un sens de l’opportunité. Documenter comment la vie affective des SE s'est formée dans les rencontres entre les scientifiques et les praticiens, comment elle a été ciblée par de multiples formes de pouvoir, et comment elle a interagi avec des conditions affectives collectives, met en évidence l’importance méthodologique des affects et des émotions et leurs aptitudes à médier et organiser la vie sociale, y compris dans la science
The tendency to view science as void of emotions and to oppose emotion and reason has prevented acknowledging the central place of affects in research practices. Drawing on a multi-site study informed by interviews with scientists and conservation practitioners, and participatory observation of their work and interaction, this thesis attends to the role played by multiple affects and emotions in the diffusion of the scientific notion of Ecosystem Services (ES). Emerging from the apocalyptic context of and anxiety over environmental degradation, ES offers hope for conservationists by combining ecology and economics, and by illuminating the dependence of human societies on the functioning of ecosystems. The thesis shows how the notion has attracted and even seduced ES scientists. ES scientists, then, designed participatory games, scenarios and maps to interact with nature managers and decision-makers through specific emotional atmospheres. In nature conservation, the notion reached new kinds of affective publics not only motivated by a love of nature or a sense of responsibility, but also by hopefulness and a sense of opportunity. Documenting how the affective life of ES has formed in encounters between scientists and practitioners, how it has been targeted by multiple forms of power, and how it has interacted with collective affective conditions, the thesis emphasises the methodological significance of affects and emotions and the varied ways in which they mediate and organise social life, including science

La seconde moitié du XXe siècle donna lieu à un accroissement des tentatives de redéfinir en termes opérationnels divers domaines de l'activité sociale tant scientifique, militaire, administratif ou industriel. Ces tentatives tirèrent parti des innovations scientifiques et techniques de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, puis de la généralisation de l'automatique. Cette thèse en propose une sociologie historique, menée à partir du cas particulier de l’archéologie. Ce domaine scientifique fait alors l’objet d’efforts accrus de disciplinarisation et de professionnalisation. C’est également le cas des mathématiques appliquées puis de l’informatique : cette étude porte précisément sur les rapports établis à l’intersection de ces trois domaines. En France, au cours des années 1950 et 1960, les innovations méthodologiques et conceptuelles y ont été particulièrement importantes. Pourtant, par la suite, leur réception s’est révélée relativement mineure. En archéologie, les innovations relatives aux mathématiques appliquées, à la formalisation du langage et à l’automatique n’ont pas donné lieu au développement d’une spécialité fondée sur le calcul. Cette situation contraste avec celle d’autres disciplines ou d’autres pays, et ceci alors même que les redéfinitions théoriques et méthodologiques de la « New Archaeology » anglophone se diffusaient à l’échelle internationale. La thèse explore les cas de trois entreprises collectives, menées respectivement autour de Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin et Jean Lesage, entre France, Espagne et Italie. Ces cas sont complétés par ceux d’un ensemble d’acteurs ayant été à la fois ingénieurs et archéologues. D’un point de vue général, cette étude porte sur les statuts cognitifs et sociaux des contributions méthodologiques dans l’activité scientifique. Trois modèles de relations entre spécialistes d’un domaine scientifique et spécialistes des sciences formelles sont identifiés et décrits. Les transformations entraînées par l’introduction des mathématiques et de l’automatique dans la division du travail et la distribution des formes de reconnaissance sont analysées. La réception de ces propositions méthodologiques est discutée à l’aune de différents facteurs et modèles de l’innovation scientifique. Ce sont, au final, des éclairages nouveaux sur le développement de l’archéologie de sauvetage puis préventive et sur la genèse des recours aux technologies « numériques » en sciences de l'homme qui sont proposés.L’analyse tire parti de 82 entretiens, 23 fonds d’archives et de plusieurs jeux de données bibliométriques (pré-existants ou constitués pour cette étude). En écho aux travaux pris pour objets, cette thèse entend également être une proposition et une illustration d’un usage possible de la formalisation et de l’informatique en sciences sociales. Fondées sur l’emploi d’un wiki et les principes de la programmation lettrée et de la reproductibilité des analyses, les architectures documentaire et démonstrative de cette étude font elles-mêmes l’objet d’une analyse
During the second half of the 20th century, attempts were made to operationally redefine various social activities, including those related to science, the military, administration and industry. These attempts were aided by scientific and technical innovations developed in the Second World War, and subsequently by the increase in use of automation in various domains. This Ph.D. thesis addresses these attempts from a sociohistorical perspective, focusing on the specific case of archaeology. During this period, the domain of archaeology underwent a process of disciplinarisation and professionalisation. The same occurred in applied mathematics and then computer science: this thesis focuses on the relationships between these three domains. In France, during the 1950's and 1960's, there were significant methodological and conceptual innovations. Their subsequent scientific recognition, was, however, relatively minor. In archaeology, innovations related to applied mathematics and automatics did not lead to the emergence of an archaeological speciality based on computation. This situation was in striking contrast to what happened in other scientific domains and in archaeology in other countries, where new theoretical and methodological Anglophone definitions in ‘New Archaeology’ were spreading worldwide.This thesis explores three collective attempts to redefine the conceptual and methodological basis of archaeology, led by Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin and Jean Lesage, across France, Spain and Italy. These cases are completed by other people who had significant careers in both engineering and archaeology. In general, this thesis studies a scientific activity by investigating the cognitive and social aspects of peoples’ methodological contributions. Three models of the relationships between experts in a scientific domain and experts in an applied science (here mathematics and computing) are empirically identified and described. The effects of introducing mathematical and automation procedures on the division of labour and the distribution of recognition are analysed. The success or failure of the methodological propositions are discussed with reference to several factors and models of scientific innovation. This thesis generates new information on the development of rescue and preventive archaeology and on the use of digital technologies in human sciences.The analysis draws on 82 interviews, 23 archives and several bibliometric datasets (extracted from pre-existing databases or constructed for the purpose of this research). Mirroring the archaeological propositions under study, this research also intends to illustrate the possible use of computing and formalised procedures in social sciences. The documentation and demonstrative principles underlying this work, implemented by using Wiki, the methods of literate programming and reproducible research, are themselves analysed

Comment penser la relation entre les cultures scientifiques contemporaines et l’usage grandissant de l’ordinateur dans la production des savoirs ? Cette thèse se propose de donner une réponse à telle question à partir de l’analyse historique et sociologique d’un domaine scientifique fondé par le Santa Fe Institute (SFI) dans les années 1980 aux États-Unis : les « sciences des systèmes complexes » (SSC). Rendues célèbres par des publications grand-public, les SSC se répandent au cours des années 1990 et 2000 en Europe et dans d’autres pays du monde. Ce travail propose une histoire de la fondation de ce domaine en se concentrant sur le SFI et sur le Réseau National des Systèmes Complexes français. Avec un regard sociologique ancré dans les Science & Technology Studies et dans le courant pragmatiste, elle pose ensuite des questions sur le statut socio-épistémique de ce domaine, sur les modalités de l’administration de la preuve dans des savoirs fondés sur la simulation numérique et enfin sur les engagements épistémiques tenus par les spécialistes des systèmes complexes. Le matériau empirique – composé d’environ 200 entretiens, plusieurs milliers de pages d’archives et quelques visites de laboratoire – nous amène non seulement à mieux connaître ce champ de recherche – dont le langage est très répandu aujourd’hui, mais peu étudié par les historiens et les sociologues ; il nous porte aussi à questionner trois opinions courantes dans la littérature humaniste à propos des sciences numériques. À savoir : 1) l’ordinateur produit des connaissances de plus en plus interdisciplinaires, 2) il donne vie à des savoirs de type nouveau qui nécessitent une toute autre épistémologie pour être pensés et 3) il fait inévitablement advenir des visions du monde néolibérales. Or, cette thèse déconstruit ces trois formes de déterminisme technologique concernant les effets de l’ordinateur sur les pratiques scientifiques, en montrant d’abord que, dans les sciences computationnelles, les rapports interdisciplinaires ne se font pas sans effort ni pacifiquement ou sur pied d’égalité ; ensuite que les chercheurs et les chercheuses des SSC mobilisent des formes d’administration de la preuve déjà mises au point dans d’autres disciplines ; et enfin que les engagements épistémiques des scientifiques peuvent prendre une forme proche de la vision (néo)libérale, mais aussi des formes qui s’en éloignent ou qui s’y opposent
How to think the relationship between contemporary scientific cultures and the rising usage of computer in the production of knowledge ? This thesis offers to give an answer to such a question, by analyzing historically and sociologically a scientific domain founded by the Santa Fe Institute (SFI) in the 1980s in the United States : the « complex systems sciences » (CSS). Become well-known thanks to popular books and articles, CSS have spread in Europe and in other countries of the world in the course of the 1990s and the 2000s. This work proposes a history of the foundation of this domain, by focussing on the SFI and on the French Complex Systems National Network. With a sociological take rooted into Science & Technology Studies and into pragmatism, it then asks some questions about the socio-epistemic status of such a domain, about the modalities of production of evidence as they are employed in the context of digital simulation and, finally, about the epistemic engagements hold by complexity specialists. Empirical material – composed by circa 200 interviews, several thousands archival pages and a small number of laboratory visits – allows us not only to improve knowledge about this field – whose language is very common today, but little studied by historians and sociologists ; it also brings us to question three current opinions in the human and social sciences literature regarding digital sciences. That is : 1) that the computer produces more and more interdisciplinary knowledge, 2) that it gives birth to a new type of knowledge which needs an entirely new epistemology to be well understood and 3) that it inevitably brings about neoliberal visions of the world. Now, this thesis deconstructs these three forms of technological determinism concerning the effects of computer on scientific practices, by showing firstly that, in digital sciences, the interdisciplinary collaborations are not made without any effort and in a symetrical and pacific way ; secondly, that CSS’ researchers mobilize a kind of evidence production techniques which are well known in other disciplines ; and, thirdly, that scientists’ epistemic engagements can take (neo)liberal forms, but also other forms that depart from neoliberalism or that stand against it

Les changements globaux ont mis sur le devant de la scène politique et scientifique les forêts, appréhendées comme des dispositifs de lutte contre le changement climatique, et comme des écosystèmes menacés par les climats futurs. Chercheurs, ingénieurs et gestionnaires forestiers déploient des stratégies pour anticiper leurs dynamiques futures afin de les préparer aux enjeux écologiques, socio-économiques et politiques de demain. Ces préoccupations pour l’avenir des forêts ne sont pourtant pas nouvelles, elles sont au cœur des sciences et de la gestion des forêts depuis la fin du XVIIIème siècle, comme le grand récit de la « mort des forêts » (das Waldsterben) ou celui des « puits de carbone » pour atténuer le changement climatique. Cette thèse étudie d’un point de vue historique et sociologique comment sont façonnés les futurs des forêts françaises. S’inscrivant dans le courant des Science and Technology Studies (STS), ce travail s’appuie sur le concept d’infrastructures de recherche forestière pour décrire et analyser comment les forêts sont transformées en chiffres et en données, comment elles sont quantifiées, modélisées et simulées informatiquement pour être gérées et gouvernées. Les infrastructures de recherche forestières renvoient alors aux assemblages sociotechniques, organisationnels et scientifiques qui visent à surveiller les forêts, et rendre leurs futurs anticipables et gouvernables. L’enquête au cœur de ces infrastructures a été menée dans plusieurs laboratoires français de recherche forestière et s’appuie sur des entretiens réalisés avec des chercheurs, ingénieurs et gestionnaires, ainsi qu’une analyse documentaire de leurs productions. L’étude des pratiques de quantification, de modélisation et de simulation des forêts, et des acteurs, collectifs et institutions qui les portent, dévoile alors les dimensions sociotechniques de la production des futurs des forêts. Ces futurs ont une histoire et une matérialité : ils suivent les trajectoires prises par les infrastructures de recherche forestière. Ces futurs sont pluriels : les acteurs portent des visions concurrentes sur les rôles joués par les forêts dans les climats futurs, et sur les savoirs, technologies et pratiques à mettre en œuvre pour les adapter aux changements globaux
Global changes have put forests at the forefront of the political and scientific agendas. Then, they are understood as devices to fight climate change as well as ecosystems threatened by future climates. Forest researchers, engineers and managers are thus developing strategies to anticipate their future dynamics so as to prepare them for tomorrow ecological, socio-economic and political challenges. However these concerns for forest futures are not new. They have been at the core of forest science and management since the end of 18th century, such as the major narrative of the “death of forests” (das Waldsterben) or the one of the “carbon sink” to mitigate climate change. This PhD-thesis investigates from an historical and sociological perspective how French forest futures are shaped. Following the Science and Technology Studies (STS) approach, this study draws on the concept of forest research infrastructures to describe and understand how forests are transformed into numbers and data and how they are quantified, modeled and computer-simulated to be managed and governed. Forest research infrastructures thereby refer to the sociotechnical, scientific and organizational assemblages aiming to monitor forests and make their futures anticipable and governable. The investigation into these infrastructures has been conducted in several French forest research laboratories and relies on interviews with researchers, engineers and managers, and on a documentary analysis of their productions. Studying forest quantification, modeling and simulating practices, and the actors, collectives and institutions that carry them out, reveals the sociotechnical dimensions of the production of forest futures. These futures are both historical and material: they reflect the trajectories taken by forest research infrastructures. These futures are plural: actors have competing visions of the role to be played by forests in future climates, as well as of the knowledge, technologies and practices to be mobilized in order to adapt them to climate changes

Nas últimas décadas um grande esforço governamental tem sido feito na adoção de políticas públicas e arranjos institucionais com o objetivo ampliar o índice de inovação tecnológica do País. No entanto, os estudos que dão suporte e influenciam a formulação de políticas públicas nem sempre levam em consideração elementos históricos, sociais, culturais que também condicionam este setor. Nesta pesquisa, a C&T é considerada um campo social com regras próprias, dentro do qual atores (indivíduos e instituições) estabelecem relações de poder e jogos de interesses que permeiam e condicionam a produção científica e tecnológica. A análise do campo científico é baseada no modelo estruturalista de Pierre Bourdieu e em alguns conceitos da Teoria Ator-Rede de Bruno Latour. O estudo de caso analisou a história e os desenvolvimentos da Divisão de Processamento de Imagens (DPI), do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). O foco de análise voltou-se para à combinação dos condicionantes macro-políticos com os elementos micro-sociológicos que atuam e orientam as práticas científicas e tecnológicas. Apesar de os elementos estruturais determinarem as ações dos sujeitos, o estudo de caso mostrou como é possível tal equação se inverter, ou seja, atores e instituições modificarem a estrutura, de um ponto de vista do construtivismo, mesmo que de forma limitada. A análise procurou trazer uma contribuição aos estudos de políticas de ciência e tecnologia a partir da perspectiva das ciências humanas, diferente da visão econômica que domina a área.
In the last decades, a great governmental effort has been made to adopt public policies and institutional arrangements to increase the national index of technological innovation. However, the studies that support as well as influence the formulation of public policies not always take into consideration historical, social and cultural elements that condition this specific area. In this research, S&T is considered a social field with its own rules, in which actors (individuals and institutions) establish power relations and interest games that permeate and condition technological and scientific production. Scientific field analysis is based on Pierre Bourdieu structural model and on some concepts of Actor-Net Theory from Bruno Latour. The case study has examined the history and the developments of Image Processing Department (DPI) of National Institute of Space Research (INPE). The analysis focus has been applied to the combination of macro political conditionings and micro sociological elements s that act over and direct technological and scientific practices. Although the structural elements determine individual or institutional actions, the case study has demonstrated how it is possible to invert that equation, that is, actors and institutions can change the structure, from a constructivist point of view, even if in a limited way. The analysis has intended to offer a contribution to scientific and technological policies from a human science perspective, different from the economic view which dominates this area.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo entender as diferentes dinâmicas estabelecidas entre contracultura, economia e ciência a partir da noção de matriz de entrelaçamento. A empresa Google Inc e o objeto que melhor permite analisar as zonas fronteiriças que entrelaçam esses três elementos, preservando seus referentes e suas fronteiras.Assim este e um trabalho que tenta explorar por meio de quais processos as praticas e valores da contracultura e da produção de conhecimento científico que, ao mesmo tempo em que não eram frontalmente anti-mercado, mas que inicialmente não estavam subordinadas à produção capitalista, acabam muitas vezes se impondo aos objetivos de mercado, à forma de produção de conhecimento do capitalismo flexível, por provarem sua eficiência tecnica e sucesso comercial. Irei me referir a esses três elementos dentro de uma perspectiva dos regimes, que estabelece que cada regime tem sua base histórica, possui sua própria divisão de trabalho, seus próprios modos de produção cognitiva e de artefatos e tem audiências específicas.
This research aims to understand the different dynamics between established counterculture, economics and science from the notion of entanglement matrix. The company Google Inc. is therefore the best subject for an analysis of edge cases that intertwine these three elements, preserving their referents and their boundaries. In this manner, this research attempts to explore which processes the practices and values of counterculture and the production of scientific knowledge that, while they were not outright anti-market, but initially were not subordinated to capitalist production, often end up imposing marketing objectives, influencing the production of knowledge in a flexible capitalism for proving its technical efficiency and \"commercial\" success. I will refer to these three elements within a perspective of the regimes, which states that each regime has its historical basis, has its own division of labor, their own modes of cognitive production and has specific audiences.

This thesis argues that while the evolution of the African Political Community is based upon both human physiological needs and historical developments, modernity and its challenges and impositions, which are constantly changing the 'memories', imagination and re-imagination of the desires of the human species, also influence it. These desires for collective dignity and respect both as desires in themselves and as vehicles to secure and protect first-order needs have been articulated by David Mitrany's Functional theory of politics. However, in his work, A Working Peace System (1946), Mitrany missed the human and political preconditions and contingencies of Functionalism. He failed to recognise that needs and desires while central in the evolution of political communities cannot by themselves guarantee the success of such communities. In the case of the African continent and its people, it is the authentic articulation of Functionalism, based on the Spiritual basis of identity - the 'cyclical' link between 'the living dead - (ancestors)" 'the living - (present generations), and 'the many generations (future children) yet to be born' and their relationship to the geographical space - called Homeland, - what I have described as Ntu, which forms the African conception of nationality that facilitates success. Therefore, the success of African Political Communities is only possible on the basis of satisfied needs and placated desires which incorporate a Spiritual basis of identity, - what I have described as 'physiological security'. Thus, a circle is drawn, both in this theoretical statement and also, in the framework of African political history that has escaped what I have called the prevailing paradigm of African discourse. The framework, which I illustrate in this thesis, would make more rigorous the teHing of African History - which I agree, has become more sympathetic and elegant (Davidson, 1994: Oliver, 1991). The thesis introduces an African-centred social science paradigm with International Relations - IR as a discipline, at its centre, based on Understanding Africa through the marrying of a macro International Relations (IR) approach and the concerns of micro historical sociologies. This stands as an alternative to those approaches which, aim at explaining the continent as a site of resistance to an external world. The project also introduces a theory of Functional politics aimed at African continental integration based on the ideals of the African Economic Community - AEC (Abuja) Treaty of 1991.

Interaction is a foundation of sociology, the complexity of which has produced over time numerous theoretical approaches and methods to define and analyze this concept. It is a process of varying duration between two or more actors who direct their actions by influencing the motivations and performance of these actions, producing reciprocal effects. The present research work analyzes a particular form of interaction, that between humans and machines: Human-Robot-Interaction (HRI). The interdisciplinary character of the relationship between humans and machines and its relationship with many sociological concepts is evident from the name itself: Human-Robot Interaction, a union of technological aspects concerning the robot, an artifact produced by human ingenuity, and human aspects related to social interaction. Science fiction has always been attracted by robots, often placed in a dystopian future in which they determine the increase of unemployment or reduce human beings to slavery. Robotics, more than other emerging technologies, stimulates symbolic imagery because of its form, the body of the robot that moves through space interacting with humans. The shift from recognizable machines to anthropomorphic robots amplifies these aspects, generating in people contradictory attitudes of enthusiasm and fear at the same time. During the last decade, the pervasiveness of these artifacts and their increasing diffusion in human environments and daily routines have increasingly motivated researchers to study the impact, perception, acceptability and acceptance of robotics. The analyses conducted aim to give a contribution in this sense also through an articulated survey work. The robot, as a social agent and actor, activates in the interaction with humans a complex system of symbols and categories. Science has opened new scenarios to describe the way in which human beings learn, as well as robots; the haptic dimension and the importance of touch as a primary sense put at the center, before others, the dimension of the body, the embodiment. The dimension of corporeality assumes considerable importance; two orientations emerge: the recognition of the robot in its machine form, on the one hand, and in its aspect more similar to a human being, on the other. The analyses conducted show that the interaction between humans and robots is a very complex phenomenon that activates social processes capable of influencing the representation of robots and the degree of acceptability. The resluts confirm that the word robot recalls a complex, multidimensional structure and determines a range of polysemic meanings belonging to different domains. The process of socialization with the robot, overall and in every single phase, appears to be influenced by symbolic systems, values, representations, mechanisms of memory and mind functioning and cognitive biases. Attitudes toward robotics are multifaceted and have a high level of interconnectedness. Like many new phenomena, socialization with robots will require a process of socialization and integration, the outcomes of which are not at all obvious at the moment. Perhaps, after a period of transition, the integration of robots into society will become a fact. This also seems to depend on the ability of research to reduce the divide between disciplines in order to open up to fully consider the ethical and social aspects underlying robotics.

La France se prépare à accueillir les Jeux Paralympiques de 2024 à Paris. C’est une occasion exceptionnelle de rendre visible la communauté du handicap en France, pouvant véhiculer un message fort qui impactera les facteurs d'intégration sociaux-économiques des personnes en situation de handicap. La pratique sportive apporte des bienfaits sur la santé physique et psychologique des pratiquants. Au niveau des handi-sportifs professionnels, ces jeux seront une occasion de se démarquer via leurs compétences physiques, mais également grâce à des équipements sportifs adaptés. En effet, les paralysés moteurs sont dépendants des matériaux technologiques pour sublimer leurs performances physiques. Chaque équipement doit ainsi être adapté et optimisé pour le sportif et selon le sport pratiqué. Les paralysés moteurs ont des besoins particulièrement importants en matière de santé physique et psychologique, qui passe par la pratique d'une activité physique régulière. Or la technologie de pointe est souvent inaccessible chez les sportifs non-professionnels paralysés moteurs. Une réflexion sur la manière de rendre le sport accessible aux paralysés moteurs est à envisager. Cette thèse comporte une première partie sociologique, avec un chapitre sur l'histoire du handicap, du handisport, et les regards de la société sur le handicap. Le second chapitre portera sur les bienfaits d'une pratique sportive, amenant à une réflexion autour de l'accessibilité du handisport, notamment sur le transfert de la technologie sportive de pointe vers la personne en situation de handicap. Il sera suivi d'un questionnement sur l'impact sociétal des Jeux Paralympiques 2024 sur la société. Une piste est également envisagée autour des aspects éthiques et philosophiques de la recherche pour et avec le handicap. Le second chapitre portera sur les bienfaits d'une pratique sportive, amenant à une réflexion autour de l'accessibilité du handisport, notamment sur le transfert de la technologie sportive de pointe vers la personne en situation de handicap. Il sera suivi d'un questionnement sur l'impact sociétal des Jeux Paralympiques 2024 sur la société. Une piste est également envisagée autour des aspects éthiques et philosophiques de la recherche pour et avec le handicap.Une seconde partie technique à pour objectif d’améliorer le fauteuil d’athlétisme afin d'optimiser les performances de handi-sportifs. Le premier chapitre présente le fauteuil roulant et ses déclinaisons sportives. Le second chapitre détaille le fauteuil d'athlétisme et ses caractéristiques physiques à améliorer. Le troisième chapitre comporte une étude d'optimisation de la résistance au roulement du fauteuil d'athlétisme, avec une étude théorique analysant la géométrie du fauteuil de course. La résistance au roulement d’une roue est également étudiée de manière expérimentale selon divers paramètres, comme le carrossage et l’alignement du pneumatique.Enfin, trois annexes ouvriront des perspectives de notre travail. La première présente les prototypes de montage et la calibration du capteur utilisés lors de nos expériences. La seconde concerne un dispositif technique dédié au handisport, la balance multi-axes. La troisième annexe met en avant la récupération musculaire des paralysés moteurs par stimulation électrique fonctionnelle
France is preparing to host the 2024 Olympics and Paralympics Games, which will take place in Paris. The Paralympic Games are an exceptional opportunity to make the disability community apparent in France. It will convey a strong message that will impact the factors of social and economic integration of disable people. Sports practice is a source of motivation and inspiration for a large number of individuals, which bring benefits for practitioners' physical and psychological health. For professional athletes with disabilities, Paralympics games will be an opportunity to stand out through their physical skills, but also thanks to adapted sports equipment. Actually, paralyzed people are dependent on technological materials to enhance their physical performance. Each piece of equipment must therefore be adapted and optimized for each athlete according to the sport practiced. Motor paralyzed people have particularly important needs in terms of physical and psychological health, which involves to practice a regular physical activity. They must use adapted sports chairs for the discipline they practiced, however advanced technology is often financially inaccessible for non-professional athletes. Thoughtfulness of how to make sport accessible for paralyzed people should be considered. This thesis includes a first sociological part, with a chapter on the history of disability, disabled sports, and on society's views on disability. The second chapter will focus on the benefits of sport practice, leading to a reflection on the accessibility of disabled's sports, particularly on the transfer of advanced sports technology to the disabled people. It will be followed by a questioning on the societal impact of the 2024 Paralympic Games on society. A track is also envisaged around the ethical and philosophical aspects of research for and with disabilities.\\A second technical part aims to improve the athletic chair in order to optimize the performance of disabled athletes. The first chapter presents wheelchair and its sporting variations, while the second chapter details the athletic wheelchair and its physical characteristics to improve. The third chapter includes a study to optimize the rolling resistance of the athletic chair, with a theoretical study analyzing the geometry of the racing chair. The rolling resistance of a wheel is also studied experimentally according to various parameters, such as the camber and the tire's alignment. Finally, three appendices will open up perspectives of our work. The first presents the mounting prototypes and the calibration of the sensor used during our tire rollingresistance experiments. The second appendix concerns a technical device dedicated to adapted sport, the multi-axis balance. The third appendix introduce muscular recovery of the paralyzed motor by functional electrical stimulation

Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: A tese discute os efeitos sociais da regulação jurídica das patentes sobre elementos biológico-informacionais humanos sob três aspectos: alteração do papel social do direito; a decisão política a respeito das opções tecnológicas; o delineamento de uma nova concepção de humano. Partimos da análise da aceleração como experiência central de temporalidade e como fenômeno transversal que perpassa o projeto moderno e o processo de modernização. Aceleração que atinge um ponto crítico com a virada cibernética em razão da guinada que esta provoca na lógica operatória da técnica ao possibilitar o acesso total ao controle instrumental pela reciprocidade informacional que permeia a matéria inerte, o ser vivo e o objeto técnico; e ao propiciar um rearanjo na aliança estabelecida entre o capital, a ciência e a tecnologia, que coloca a tecnociência como o motor de uma acumulação com a pretensão de abarcar todo o mundo existente, inclusive o humano, como matéria-prima à disposição do trabalho tecnoeconômico. Tendo como pressuposto a aceleração tecnoeconômica, percorremos a construção histórica do sistema internacional de patentes e os rearranjos nos requisitos de patenteabilidade ocorridos para adequá-los ao ritmo e à demanda dessa aceleração. Discutimos a formulação do discurso e da prática jurídicos para enquadrar os elementos biológico-informacionais humanos no sistema de patentes para, então, problematizarmos os riscos para o devir tecnológico, operado pelo bloqueio da modulação e da recombinação da informação, bem como a reconfiguração da concepção do humano que o direito está contribuindo para construir. Por fim, analisamos como o direito opera politicamente, mesmo que fora dos parâmetros do poder soberano clássico, quando assume uma posição diante da relação humano-máquina, reduzindo essa relação aos ditames da aceleração tecnoeconômica; e como o direito está mudando seu papel social, ao abandonar sua pretensão normatizadora e assumir um papel de regulador das relações sociais
Abstract: This dissertation discusses the social effects of the legal regulation of patents on human biologico-informational elements in view of three aspects: the change in the social role of Law; the political decision regarding technological options; the delineation of a new concept of human. It starts with the analysis of acceleration as a central temporality experience and as a transversal phenomenon that passes through the modern project and the modernization process. Acceleration reaches its critical point with the cybernetic upturn, derived from the shift that it provokes in the operating logic of technique as it allows full access to instrumental control thanks to the informational reciprocity that suffuses inert matter, living beings, and the technical object; and as it allows rearrangement in the alliance established among capital, science, and technology that places technoscience as the driver of kind of accumulation that intends to seize the whole existing world, including the human, as raw-material available to techno-economic labor. Premised on techno-economic acceleration, this paper goes over the historical construction of the international patent system and the rearrangements in patentability requisites made to adjust them to the rhythm and demand of such acceleration. It also discusses the formulation of legal discourse and practice to fit the human biologic-informational elements into the patent system, before problematizing the risks to technological upcoming developments, operated by the blockage of modulation and information recombination, as well as the reconfiguration of the concept of human that Law is helping to build. Lastly, the paper analyses how Law operates politically, even when outside the parameters of classic sovereign power, as it takes on a stance before the human-machine relationship, reducing this relationship to the dictates of techno-economic acceleration; and how Law is changing its social role by abandoning its standardizing intent to assume the role of social relationships regulator
Doutorado
Sociologia
Doutor em Sociologia

Cette recherche prend pour objet l’Union bancaire, à savoir la principale réforme des institutions de l’Union européenne souhaitée par les chefs d’État et de gouvernement en réponse à la crise financière de 2008. La réforme confie notamment à la Banque centrale européenne la charge de superviser les banques de la zone euro à partir de novembre 2014. À la croisée d’une sociologie de la finance en discussion avec une sociologie des sciences et des techniques, et d’une sociologie politique attentive aux instruments d’action publique, la thèse propose d’analyser les nouvelles pratiques de supervision comme un problème de gouvernement au sens de Michel Foucault. Elle décrit ainsi l’Union bancaire comme un agencement institutionnel, à savoir un assemblage d’acteurs, de pratiques de vérification et de dispositifs de contrôle, au sein duquel s’invente une forme inédite d’intervention. Cet agencement produit une expertise européenne centralisée sur un territoire de gouvernement. Sur celui-ci, la problématisation de la bonne conduite des établissements vise à garantir un devenir pérenne des actifs des investisseurs, sans agir de façon dirigiste sur les flux financiers. Les autorités de supervision des États prenant part à l’agencement sont en charge de relayer les décisions collectivement actées à Francfort sur leurs banques considérées comme nationales. La thèse contribue aux débats académiques contemporains relatifs à la finance et à la construction européenne, en rendant visibles par l’enquête les effets d’une action publique tournée vers le problème de la gestion de l’investissement en Europe. Elle permet notamment de saisir la recomposition des souverainetés étatiques en matière de politique bancaire qui, loin de s’effacer, jouent un rôle décisif dans la constitution du territoire étudié. Les développements sont élaborés à partir d’une enquête qualitative, incluant une ethnographie de l’Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution (ACPR), une campagne d’entretiens et une analyse documentaire
This research is focused on the Banking Union, the main reform of the European Union's institutions called for by the Heads of State and Government in response to the 2008 financial crisis. This reform entrusts the European Central Bank in particular with the task of supervising banks in the euro zone from November 2014. At the crossroads of a sociology of finance in discussion with a sociology of science and technology studies, and a political sociology, the thesis proposes to analyse new supervisory practices as a problem of government in the sense defined by Michel Foucault. The Banking Union is portrayed as an institutional arrangement, namely an assemblage of actors, auditing practices and control devices, at the heart of which a new form of intervention is invented. The purpose of this arrangement is to produce a centralized European expertise on a developing territory of government. In this territory, the problematization of good banking conduct aims at ensuring a sustainable future for investors' assets without acting on the financial flows in a constraining way. The supervisory authorities of the states involved in the arrangement are now in charge of applying the decisions made collectively in Frankfurt about banks still considered as national. Through this inquiry, the thesis contributes to contemporary debates on finance and on the European construction by enlightening the effects of public policies geared towards the issue of investment management in Europe. It especially improves our understanding of the reshaping of national sovereignties in banking policies, and shows that far from disappearing, those play a decisive role in the constitution of the territory studied. Developments are based on a qualitative inquiry, including an ethnography of the Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution (ACPR), an interview campaign and a documentary analysis

Esta tese trata, de forma ampla, da relação ciência e sociedade. Especificamente procura compreender o processo de construção do sistema biotecnológico em face do contexto ao qual está relacionado. A argumentação teórica estrutura-se em torno de questões levantadas pelos estudos sociais da ciência e tecnologia, e tem como marco teórico a teoria dos sistemas sociais de Niklas Luhmann, que parte da diferença sistema/entorno para compreender a relação ciência e sociedade. A questão levantada refere-se à estrutura de reprodução da ciência contemporânea e sua relação com o entorno. A hipótese argumenta que a estrutura do sistema biotecnológico sofreu uma mudança, da reprodução baseada na "verdade" à reprodução baseada no "funcionamento". Esta última forma de reprodução emerge em função das perturbações do entorno da ciência, principalmente em função do contexto caracterizado por exigências tecnológicas. Vinculadas a tais exigências estão ainda exigências de aplicação, legalidade, lucratividade, segurança, inovação. A pesquisa utilizou entrevista semi-estruturada com líderes de grupos de pesquisa em biotecnologia em seis estados da federação, e pesquisa documental, como métodos de coleta de dados, e utilizou técnicas qualitativas de análise, especificamente, a análise de conteúdo temática. De maneira mais específica, a investigação localiza-se na periferia do sistema global de ciência e tecnologia, e apresenta como a diferenciação centro/periferia também incide na reprodução do sistema biotecnológico. Para tanto, constrói-se o conceito de regime de produção de conhecimento, um regime de perturbações recíprocas entre sistemas, limitado pelas configurações institucionais dos Estados nacionais. Tal regime, no Brasil, foi caracterizado pelos sistemas do direito, da economia, da política e da ciência, e as perturbações dos três primeiros na biotecnologia é o que se investiga nesta pesquisa. Conclui-se que a pesquisa biotecnológica produz um outro tipo de verdade, a saber, a verdade eficaz.
This thesis deals with the relationship between science and society. It particularly seeks to understand the process of construction of biotechnology and its context. Beyond this, it searches to link biotechnology research to the global society and to the specific context of peripheral science The theoretical argument is structured around issues raised by social studies of science and technology, and uses the theoretical framework of the theory of social systems of Niklas Luhmann, who considered the difference system / environment to understand the relationship between science and society. The main question raised refers to the structure of the reproduction of contemporary science and its relation with the environment. Therefore, our hypothesis argues that the structure of the biotechnology has changed from a reproduction based on "truth" to a reproduction based on "operation". The latter form of reproduction emerges in the light of disturbances around the science, especialy in a context characterized by technological requirements. Besides theses, there are requirements for application, legality, profitability, safety and innovation. This research was conducted using semi-structured interviews with leaders of biotechnology research groups from six brazilian states. Besides, a documentary research was conducted and a thematic content analysis was performed. Particularly, this research is located at the periphery of the global system of science and technology, and presents how the differentiation center/periphery also affects the reproductive system of biotechnology. In this sense, we construct the concept of knowledge production regime, a regime of mutual disturbances between systems, which is limited by the institutional configurations of national states. In Brazil, such regime was characterized by systems of law, economy, policy and science. This research has focused on the disturbance of the first three on biotechnology. It is concluded that research biotechnology produces another kind of truth, namely truth effectively.

Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Neste trabalho são analisadas as práticas e o discurso da tecnociência contemporânea, definida não apenas como fusão entre ciência e tecnologia mas como acontecimento que funciona no interior de uma específica economia de poder e que é caracterizado pela interação e a retroalimentação mútua do capitalismo, da ciência e da tecnologia. São mapeados movimentos e rupturas no funcionamento da tecnociência, examinando a fonte dos financiamentos para a pesquisa, o ethos dos cientistas, as fomlas de apropriação do conhecimento e as políticas de C&T à luz dos conceitos foucaultianos de govemamentalidade e dispositivo. O discurso tecnocientífico atual é analisado a partir do monitoramento de documentos oficiais e declarações públicas de cientistas-empreendedores, policy-makers, ONGs etc. O cruzamento de tais elementos mostra que ciências, técnicas e capitalismo funcionam entrelaçados. Em alguns casos, impulsionando-se mutuamente: cada parte se apoia nos sucessos, na autoridade, nos efeitos de verdade e na potência das outras. Noutros casos, há dissonâncias e atritos. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que a tecnociência atual é, ao mesmo tempo, piramidal e reticular, inexorável e modulável. De um lado, retrata si mesma como fundamentada num saber a-político, neutral, objetivo, universal, que "cai" na sociedade quando aplicado, divulgado, transformado em objeto técnico e em mercadoria. A tecnociência aparece como o bonde que não podemos perder, cuja marcha é automática e cuja regulação deve ser deixada com os especialistas. Por outro lado, no neoliberalismo a tecnociência precisa receber inúmerosfeedbacks, escutar as demandas do mercado e as preocupações do cidadão. Conclui se que a tecnociência atual é um dispositivo qe geometria variável modulado por parâmetros que nem sempre podem ser estabelecidos' nG, il1terior de uma tecnocracia. Funciona ativando mecanismos de despolitização e de inv.isibilização dos conflitos; e constitui-se como implacável politicamente através de repetidas performances voltadas para a mobilização da população e a afirmação de inevitabilidade. No entanto, sua configuração atual é um acontecimento apoiado em terrenos (epistêmicos, econômicos e sociais) movediços
Abstract: ln this work practices and discourse of contemporary technoscience are analyzed. Technoscience is defined not only as the merging between science and technology, but as an event, functioning inside a certain economy of power and characterized by the interaction and reciprocal feedback of capitalism, science and technology. Movements and ruptures in technoscience are mapped by means of the examination of the sources of funding for research, the ethos of scientists, the forms of appropriation of knowledge and S&T policies, using concepts by Michel Foucault, such as govemmentality and apparatus (dispositif). The contemporary technoscientific discourse is analyzed by monitoring official documents and public declarations by entrepreneurs-scientists, policy-makers, NGOs, etc. By crossing such elements, it is shown that sciences, techniques and capitalism function today inside an entanglement. ln some cases, they boost each other: every part is supported by the successes, the authority, the truth effects of the other ones. In other cases, dissonance and friction exist. The results of this research show that contemporary technoscience is, at the same time, pyramidal and reticular; it may seem inexorable, but it may also be modulated. Technoscience depicts itself as grounded on an a-political, neutral, objective, universal knowledge, "falling" down into society when applied, popularized and transformed in a technical object or a product. Its progress is told to be semi-automatic, and its regulation should be left with the experts. On the other side, in neoliberalism, technoscience needs also to receive feedback, to listen to the demands of the market and to the worries of the citizens. It can be concluded that contemporary technoscience is a dispositlf of.variable geometry, modulates by parameters that cannot be always established by a technocracy. It functions by acting mechanisms of depolitization and invisibilization of conflict; it constitutes itself as politically implacable by means of continuous performances of inevitability and mobilization of population. However, its configuration is an event grounded on shifting epistemic, economic and social lands
Doutorado
Sociologia da Cultura
Doutor em Sociologia

Orientador: Lea Maria Leme Strini Velho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Os programas habitacionais brasileiros, embora apresentem facilidades às famílias de baixa renda, tendem a excluir os futuros moradores da participação nas decisões sobre sua própria casa. O projeto da casa popular ou ¿habitação social¿ apresenta uma arquitetura padrão e fechada que não leva em consideração as necessidades individuais das famílias moradoras, gerando frustrações com relação ao produto final. Os futuros moradores, excluídos da fase de elaboração do desenho de suas casas, acabam encarando uma segunda luta pela moradia adequada: a adaptação da casa padrão de forma a transformá-la em uma moradia que realmente atenda às necessidades de sua família. No entanto, o processo de transformação das casas populares passa a ser uma batalha individual para essas famílias, sem o apoio do Estado. O presente trabalho analisa o processo de planejamento, negociação, construção e transformação de casas populares em um Projeto Habitacional brasileiro, destacando a participação das famílias mutirantes ¿ futuros moradores ¿ nesses processos. Utiliza-se o referencial teórico do Construtivismo Social da Tecnologia, com destaque para as relações entre gêneros. Desta forma, alguns aspectos foram observados, como: os grupos sociais relevantes, os conflitos de interesses entre os grupos, a influência dos moradores no processo de decisão e implementação dos acordos entre grupos, fechamento das situações de conflito, além da participação das mulheres na construção física e social das casas populares. A análise se baseia, principalmente, na observação direta da atuação do grupo de moradores e representantes da Prefeitura durante reuniões para discussão dos rumos do Projeto Habitacional no bairro Jardim dos Lírios, em Americana/SP. Algumas entrevistas com os principais atores envolvidos no caso estudado contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. A organização dos futuros moradores ¿ em especial das mulheres ¿ com o objetivo de criar estratégias para influenciar o processo de desenvolvimento do artefato, conquistando alterações no desenho inicial das casas tem-se mostrado um grande avanço na busca por projetos habitacionais mais participativos e democráticos
Abstract: Although the Brazilian housing programs presents some facilities to low-income families, they tend to exclude future residents from the participation in the decision-making process about their own houses. The ¿social housing¿ project presents a standard and closed design, which does not take into consideration the residents¿ needs and life styles.The tenants, after receiving the standard houses, have to struggle again, by rebuilding and transforming the received units, in order to achieve what they consider as adequate housing. At this stage, however, the process of transformation of the popular houses becomes an individual battle for these families, without State support. The present work analyzes the process of planning, negotiation, construction and transformation of popular houses in a Brazilian Housing Project, with a special focus on the participation of the future residents in these processes. The research is undertaken in line with the framework of the social construction of technology (SCOT). As such, it is concerned with the social process of building of popular houses in a Brazilian Housing Project, identifying all relevant social groups involved, their interests and views about the final artefact (the house unit), as well as their strategies to shape the artefact. The analysis has also identified situations of conflict among social actors, negotiation processes and agreements reached. Special attention was given to the women¿s role in the whole process. The analysis is based, mainly, on direct observation of the performance of the participants during the meetings between the group of future residents and representatives of the City Hall. Interviews with key actors in the housing project contributed to the development of the research. The organization of the group of residents - in special of the women - to influence the construction process and to search alterations in the initial design of the house has proved to be a new and successful route to more participative and democratic housing projects
Mestrado
Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Depuis les années 2000 il y a eu des amplifications et des intensifications de la communauté de chercheurs/euses et des outils scientifiques engagés dans l’Éducation Physique (EP). Ce processus s’est produit/se produit dans diverses tensions qui ont commencé à être problématisées dans des études et des débats. Incitée par ce processus et ces problématisations, je me suis approchée des Études Sociales de la Science et de la Technologie, qui ont permis la réalisation de cette recherche, guidée par la question suivante: de quelle façon fait-on la science dans l’EP Brésilienne? Pour la répondre, j’ai fait une étude ethnographique auprès de deux groupes de recherche de l’EP, ayant une durée d’environ un an et quatre mois dans chacun, où j’ai suivi des humains et des non-humains, des associations et des controverses. En accompagnant/vivant le quotidien de ces groupes je suis arrivée à la conclusion qu’il y a de multiples sciences en EP. Il a été possible d’identifier que, dans la pratique, la science de l’EP est celle développée: par des scientifiques qui s’intéressent au domaine des sciences exactes; travaillant à plein temps comme chercheurs/euses dans le laboratoire; avec l’utilisation des outils technologiques; avec l’établissement de rapports avec des entreprises privées, avec des réponses à des questions sur des comparaisons de forces, de moments de force et d’exercices; avec des méthodologies scientifiques qui offrent des réponses à la question ‘comment va-t-on mesurer (?)’; avec l’utilisation de logiciels qui traduisent en nombres les résultats obtenus dans différents tests et équipements; avec l’analyse statistique; et avec de nombreux processus de ‘purifications’. Au-delà de celle-ci, la science de l’EP est aussi celle qui est développée: par des scientifiques qui sont professeurs d’EP dans l’enseignement scolaire; basée sur des questions concernant l’éducation; visant ‘comprendre’; avec des expériences acquises dans les écoles; avec des méthodologies qualitatives de recherche; avec des outils méthodologiques qui permettent de ‘donner la voix’ aux professeurs et aux élèves enquêtés; avec des décisions sur les ‘catégories d’analyses’; avec des résultats dans le format d’un texte descriptif et herméneutique, avec des repères qui ‘est un texte pour l’univers académique’; avec des descriptions ‘sur qui’ et ‘où’ les faits scientifiques ont été construits; et en se plaçant en tension avec une science historiquement hégémonique dans l’EP. Face à ces constatations j’ai commencé à comprendre/proposer qu’on fasse de la science dans l’EP Brésilienne à partir de différentes ontologies, celles qui, d’après les espaces/temps où elles sont promulguées, existent de manière indépendante ou coexistent pour que, ensemble, elles deviennent une seule science dans l’EP. Appuyée sur la notion de distribution, j’ai identifié que les faits scientifiques, les routines des chercheurs/euses, les textes produits et les choix avec qui dialoguer établissent des indépendances académiques entre les sciences vécues par les groupes enquêtés. Par contre, en analysant les relations que ces groupes ont établies auprès d’un programme de Post- Graduation en EP, et les processus d’évaluation et le soutien régis par Capes et CNPQ, à travers la notion de coordination, j’ai constaté que, pour en devenir ‘une’, les multiples sciences de l’EP coexistent de manière hiérarchique et face à la calibration de leurs différences. Et à partir de la notion d’inclusion j’ai réfléchi sur les engagements des sciences étudiées en s’associant à différentes pratiques d’intervention de l’EP. Finalement, en comprenant que les sciences de l’EP sont multiples, le principal acheminement/provocation de cette thèse c’est qu’en réfléchissant/en rapportant/en questionnant à propos de la science de l’EP (ici, il faut remarquer le singulier) il devient indispensable de réfléchir/rapporter /questionner à propos des types de rapports qui ont été et sont aujourd’hui établis entre les sciences de l’EP (ici, il faut remarquer multiples), et quelles en sont leurs conséquences.
Desde os anos 2000 ocorreram ampliações e intensificações da comunidade de pesquisadores/as e dos aparatos científicos comprometidos com a Educação Física (EF). Esse processo aconteceu/acontece em meio a diversos tensionamentos que passaram a ser problematizados em estudos e debates. Instigada por esse processo e problematizações me aproximei dos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia, os quais provocaram a realização desta pesquisa, guiada pela seguinte questão: de que modo se faz ciência na EF brasileira? Para respondê-la realizei um estudo etnográfico em dois grupos de pesquisa da EF, com a duração aproximada de um ano e quatro meses em cada um deles, em que segui humanos e não-humanos, associações e controvérsias. Ao acompanhar/viver o dia a dia desses grupos cheguei à conclusão de que há múltiplas ciências da EF. Foi possível identificar que, na prática, a ciência da EF é aquela desenvolvida: por cientistas que possuem interesse pelas áreas exatas; com a dedicação exclusiva dos/das pesquisadores/as ao laboratório; com a utilização de aparatos tecnológicos; com o estabelecimento de relações com empresas privadas; com respostas às questões sobre comparações de forças, torques e exercícios; com metodologias científicas que ofereçam respostas à pergunta ‘como vamos medir(?)’; com a utilização de softwares que traduzem para o formato de números os resultados obtidos em diferentes testes e equipamentos; com análise estatística; e com inúmeros processos de ‘purificações’. Além dessa, a ciência da EF também é aquela desenvolvida: por cientistas que são professores de EF escolar; com base em questões sobre educação; com objetivos de ‘compreender’; com experiências adquiridas nas escolas; com metodologias qualitativas de pesquisa; com instrumentos metodológicos que permitem ‘dar voz’ ao professorado e aos estudantes investigados; com decisões sobre as ‘categorias de análises’; com resultados no formato de um texto descritivo e hermenêutico, com demarcações que ‘é um texto para o universo acadêmico’; com descrições ‘sobre quem’ e ‘onde’ os fatos científicos foram construídos; e posicionando-se em tensão com uma ciência historicamente hegemônica na EF. Mediante essas constatações passei a compreender/propor que se faz ciência na EF brasileira a partir de diferentes ontologias, as quais, conforme os espaços/tempos em que são promulgadas, existem de maneira independente ou coexistem para que, juntas, se tornem uma única ciência da EF. Apoiada na noção de distribuição identifiquei que os fatos científicos, as rotinas dos/as pesquisadores/as, os textos produzidos e as escolhas com quem dialogar estabelecem independências acadêmicas entre as ciências vivenciadas pelos grupos investigados. Já, ao analisar as relações que esses grupos estabelecem com um programa de pós-graduação em EF, e os processos de avaliação e fomento regidos pela Capes e CNPQ, por meio da noção de coordenação, constatei que, para se tornam ‘uma’, as múltiplas ciências da EF coexistem de maneira hierárquica e mediante a calibração de suas diferenças. E a partir da noção de inclusão refleti sobre os comprometimentos das ciências investigadas ao se associarem a diferentes práticas de intervenção da EF. Enfim, ao compreender que as ciências da EF são múltiplas, o principal encaminhamento/provocação desta tese é que ao se pensar/referir/indagar sobre a ciência da EF (nota-se, no singular) passa a ser indispensável pensar/referir/indagar sobre os tipos de relações que foram e estão sendo estabelecidas entre as ciências da EF (nota-se múltiplas), e quais são as suas consequências.
Since the beginning of the years 2000, there has been an enlarging and intensifying movement within the community of researchers and the scientific devices committed with Physical Education (PE). This process occurred and occurs among diverse tensions that have become the object of studies and debates. Incited by such process and discussions, I approached the Social Studies on Science and Technology which led me to carry out this research guided by the following question: how is science performed in Brazilian Physical Education? In order to get an answer to this question, I made an ethnographic study in two research groups of PE with an approximate duration of one year and four months on each, where I followed up humans and non-humans, associations and controversies. Upon following-up and experiencing the daily activities of these groups, I found out that there are multiple sciences on PE. It was possible to identify that, in practice, the PE science is developed by scientists interested on exact areas with exclusive dedication to laboratory research by utilizing technological devices and establishing relations with private companies; by trying to find answers to questions regarding the comparison of strengths, torques and exercises; by applying scientific methodologies that offer answers to the question ´how to measure…?`; by utilizing software that convert into digits the results obtained in different tests and equipment with statistical analysis and numberless ´purification` processes. Besides, the PE Science is also developed by scientists that are teachers of school PE based on issues about education with the objective of ´understanding` through experiences acquired in the schools; with qualitative research methodologies; with methodology instruments that allow ´giving voice` to inquired teachers and students; with decisions about ´analysis categories`; with results in the format of a descriptive and hermeneutical text; with demarcations identifying that ´it is a text for the academic universe`; with descriptions ´about who` and ´where` the scientific facts were constructed; and positioning itself n tension with a science that has been historically hegemonic in PE. These findings have led me to understand and to propose that one makes science in the Brazilian PE from different ontologies which, according to the spaces and times where and when they are enacted, exist in an independent way or which co-exist so that, together, they become a sole PE science. Supported by the distribution notion, I identified that the scientific facts, the routines of the researchers, the texts produced and the choices of the dialogue counterparts establish academic independences among the sciences experienced by the investigated groups. Meanwhile, the analyses of the relations that these groups establish with a post-graduation program in PE and of the processes to assess and to foster ruled by Capes and CNPQ, by means of the coordination notion, I have found out that in order to become ´one` the multiple PE sciences co-exist in hierarchic mode and through the calibration of their differences. From the notion of inclusion, I have thought over the commitments of the investigated sciences when they connect with different intervention practices of PE. In short, upon understanding that PE sciences are multiple, the main referral and provocation of this dissertation is that when one thinks, refers and enquires about PE science (that is, in the singular) it becomes essential to think, to refer and to enquire about the types of relations that have been or are being established among PE sciences (that is, multiple) and which are their consequences.
Desde los años 2000 han ocurrido ampliaciones e intensificaciones de la comunidad de investigadores/as y de los aparatos científicos comprometidos con la Educación Física (EF). Ese proceso sucedió/sucede en medio de diversas que comenzaron a ser problematizadas en estudios y debates. Instigada por ese proceso y por esas problematizaciones me aproximé a los Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y Tecnología, los cuales motivaron la construcción de esta investigación, guiada por la siguiente interrogante: ¿de qué modo se hace ciencia en la EF brasilera? Con el fin de dar respuesta a dicha pregunta realicé un estudio etnográfico en dos grupos de investigación de la EF, con la duración aproximada de un año y cuatro meses en cada uno de ellos, en los cuales seguí a humanos y no-humanos, asociaciones y controversias. Al acompañar/vivir el día a día de esos grupos llegué a la conclusión de que existen múltiples ciencias de la EF. Fue posible identificar que, en la práctica, la ciencia de la EF es aquella desarrollada: por científicos que tienen interés en las ciencias duras; con dedicación exclusiva de los/as investigadores/as al laboratorio; con el uso de instrumentos tecnológicos; con el establecimiento de relaciones con empresas privadas; con respuestas a las cuestiones sobre comparaciones de fuerzas, torques y ejercicios; con metodologías científicas que ofrezcan respuestas a la pregunta ‘cómo vamos a medir(?)’; con la utilización de softwares que traducen al formato de números los resultados obtenidos en diferentes tests y equipamientos; con análisis estadístico; y con innumerables procesos de ‘purificación’. Además de esa, la ciencia de la EF es también aquella desarrollada: por científicos que son profesores de EF escolar; con base en cuestiones sobre educación; con objetivos de ‘comprender’; con experiencias adquiridas en las escuelas; con metodologías cualitativas de investigación; con instrumentos metodológicos que permiten ‘dar voz’ al profesorado y a los estudiantes investigados; con decisiones sobre las ‘categorías de análisis’; con resultados en el formato de un texto descriptivo y hermenéutico, con demarcaciones de que ‘es un texto para el universo académico’; con descripciones ‘sobre quien’ y ‘dónde’ los hechos científicos fueron construidos; y posicionándose en contraposición a una ciencia históricamente hegemónica en la EF. Mediante esas constataciones pasé a comprender/proponer que se hace/produce ciencia en la EF brasilera a partir de diferentes ontologías, las cuales, conforme los espacios/tiempos en que son promulgadas, existen de forma independiente o coexisten para que, juntas, se conviertan en una única ciencia de la EF. Apoyada en la noción de distribución identifiqué que los hechos científicos, las rutinas de los/as investigadores/as, los textos producidos y las elecciones de con quien dialogar establecen independencias académicas entre las ciencias vivenciadas por los grupos investigados. A su vez, al analizar las relaciones que esos grupos establecen con un programa de posgrado en EF, y los procesos de evaluación y fomento regidos por la Capes y el CNPQ, a través de la noción de coordinación, constaté que, para que se transformaran en ‘una’, las múltiples ciencias de la EF coexisten de manera jerárquica y a través de la asimilación de sus diferencias. Y a partir de la noción de inclusión reflexioné sobre los compromisos de las ciencias investigadas al asociarse con diferentes prácticas de intervención de la EF. Finalmente, al comprender que las ciencias de la EF son múltiples, el principal direccionamiento/ provocación de esta tesis es que al pensar/referir/indagar sobre la ciencia de la EF (nótese, en el singular) pasa a ser indispensable pensar/referir/indagar sobre los tipos de relaciones que fueron establecidas y se establecen entre las ciencias de la EF (nótese múltiples), y cuáles son sus consecuencias.

BACKGROUND This PhD dissertation looks at ways to “translate” knowledge and techniques of molecular oncology into novel clinical applications. Using translational research in the field of molecular oncology as a case study, my investigation examines the social interaction between activities in medicine and in research and development and between medical staff and scientists. From a theoretical point of view, my reflection about translational research contrasts with the pipeline representations that social theorists have often adopted, where the trajectory of the translational imperative is shown as both linear and progressive. In this text, I analyse and describe the character of translational research in biomedicine as a new style of practice. This concept points to the complex and heterogeneous set of places and interactions that make up translational research in the molecular oncology domain and the subsequent shaping of new technologies of life and clinical objects, such as new molecular diagnostic tests. My work highlights the fact that translational biomedicine is a complex socio-technical area where research in molecular oncology is performed through heterogeneous practices and various actors are engaged in the construction of new clinical technologies and objects, regulations and cures for disease. The observations I have made over the past year, through ethnographic research in two different settings, have led me to recognize translational research as a complex mixture of the mutual interaction between different disciplines, practices, technologies and forward-looking statements about the future of medicine. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The main goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the respective sociological literature about medicine, science and society by providing an alternative and empirically based understanding of translational biomedicine in action. In order to do this, I provide descriptive ethnographic material through observing both clinical and research activities in molecular oncology. I then explore the ways in which scientists relate to the clinical practices governing their fields and examine how different actors and practitioners handle communication between scientific laboratories and clinical spaces. RESEARCH METHODS This study draws on empirical data gathered through ethnographic observation in laboratories and clinical trials, and through documentary analysis and interviews with scientists, clinicians, those who coordinate experiments and data managers
PREMESSA Nel corso di questa tesi di dottorato ho rivolto l’attenzione ai processi attraverso i quali le conoscenze biomediche in oncologia molecolare vengono tradotte in nuove applicazioni cliniche. Più precisamente, mi sono focalizzato sulla cosiddetta ricerca traslazionale nel campo dell'oncologia molecolare al fine di indagare le relazioni tra la ricerca scientifica e la medicina, e tra il personale clinico e i ricercatori. Da un punto di vista teorico, la mia riflessione sulla ricerca traslazionale traccia una discontinuità rispetto ai modelli adottati dalle scienze sociali per studiare i rapporti fra scienza, medicina e società, in cui la traiettoria traslazionale di innovazione è stata tradizionalmente concepita come un meccanismo lineare e progressivo. Nel condurre la ricerca ho adottato una prospettiva maturata dal dialogo fra la sociologia della medicina e della salute e gli studi sociali sulla scienza e la tecnologia, che mi ha permesso di costruire una rete di concetti capaci di cogliere le dinamiche che portano comunità biomediche differenti a convergere e dialogare fra loro. Più in particolare, questa prospettiva mi ha consentito di indagare la ricorsività fra le aspettative, le visioni scientifiche, gli oggetti tecnologici e le pratiche tecnoscientifiche attraverso le quali medici e ricercatori cercano di consolidare e materializzare le narrazioni scientifiche sui “futuri clinici” improntati al nuovo paradigma traslazionale. Da questo punto di vista, l'intersezione fra la clinica e il laboratorio definisce e circoscrive uno spazio bioclinico ibrido, rappresentato dalla ricerca traslazionale. Quest'ultima è stata considerata nei termini di un nuovo stile di pratiche, ovvero come l'esito emergente di un lavoro scientifico che ha stimolato il dialogo e la convergenza fra attori umani e dispositivi tecnologici, risorse linguistiche e pratiche discorsive al fine di comprendere in che modo le aspettative e le aspirazioni su possibili futuri clinici possono essere manipolate e gestite entro i contesti laboratoriali dove conoscenza biomedica e nuove indicazioni terapeutiche vengono prodotte e condivise. OBIETTIVI DELLA RICERCA In primo luogo, lo scopo di questa tesi è di contribuire in modo innovativo alla comprensione dei processi di innovazione nella biomedicina contemporanea, cercando di mettere in dialogo diverse prospettive teoriche maturate in seno alla sociologia della medicina e agli studi sociali sulla scienza e la tecnologia. In secondo luogo, nel corso della tesi vengono esplorati in profondità i modi in cui gli scienziati si relazionano alle pratiche e ai problemi clinici che disciplinano il loro campo d'azione, esaminando così in che modo i diversi attori presenti sulla scena della biomedicina traslazionale costruiscono il dialogo tra laboratori scientifici e gli spazi della cura. METODOLOGIA Il disegno dell'indagine, costruito in relazione al quadro teorico e agli obiettivi della ricerca, ha previsto l'analisi documentale e l'osservazione etnografica – della durata complessiva di un anno – condotta all'interno dei laboratori e degli spazi clinici localizzati in due differenti setting biomedici del Nord Italia, nei quali la ricerca e la cura oncologica sono gestite secondo un approccio traslazionale. Inoltre sono state realizzate ventitré interviste etnografiche con scienziati, medici, coordinatori di sperimentazione clinica e infermieri impegnati nei diversi contesti empirici presi in considerazione.

Cette thèse analyse les relations de pouvoir qui se jouent autour des enjeux environnementaux (gestion de l'eau et changement climatique) dans le processus de construction étatique de l'Autorité palestinienne, entité gouvernementale sous régime d'aide et marquée par l'occupation israélienne. Elle mobilise la sociologie de l'action publique, la political ecology et les science and technology studies afin d'étudier les processus multi-échelles de co-construction de l'ordre social et de l'environnement à travers les savoirs, la définition des problèmes et les politiques adoptées pour y répondre. Cette recherche analyse les liens entre l'aide internationale, le développement, l'environnement et la volonté de consolidation du pouvoir de l'Autorité palestinienne. Elle se penche sur la circulation et l'hybridation des savoirs et des solutions d'action publique. En dehors de l'action des décideurs nationaux et internationaux, d'autres acteurs (ONG, organisations humanitaires) interviennent et mobilisent d'autres représentations des problèmes environnementaux et des solutions à apporter en interactions avec leurs représentations du territoire et du conflit. Cette thèse se fonde sur une série d'entretiens et de discussions informelles, la littérature grise sur le sujet et de nombreuses observations participantes
This thesis analyses the power relations involved in environmental issues (water management and climate change) and the process of state building of the Palestinian Authority, an entity dependent on international aid and under israeli occupation. This thesis mobilises sociology of public action, political ecology and science and technology studies in order to examine the multi-level processes of co-construction of social order and environment through knowledges, problems definition and public policies adopted to tackle them. This research analyses the interactions between international aid, development and environment and the objective of empowerment of the Palestinian Authority. It focuses on the circulation and hybridisation of knowledge and public policy solutions. Beyond national and international decision makers, other actors such as NGOs or humanitarian organisations participate and mobilise other representations of environmental problems and solutions in relation with their representations of the territory and the conflict. This thesis is based on a series of interviews, informal discussions, grey literature dealing with the subject and observational work

Cette thèse analyse la circulation et la matérialisation du discours qui promeut l’augmentation de la production agricole et l’investissement privé en Afrique afin d’assurer la sécurité alimentaire et le Développement. Elle est fondée sur l’étude de la constellation agropolitique à l’œuvre au Nord du Mozambique, ensemble d’acteurs en interaction autour des enjeux de production agricole. Cette thèse explore à la fois la transformation d’espaces investis et d’espaces gris, laissés pour compte par la politique agricole et les projets de Développement et d’investissement. Cette thèse mobilise la géographie, la political agronomy, et l’étude des sciences et sociétés afin d’étudier les mécanismes de savoir, de pouvoir, d’ignorance, de violence, et de ruse, à plusieurs échelles et dans différents espaces. Ce travail repose sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle les objectifs productifs de sécurité alimentaire et de Développement s’accompagnent de stratégies de gouvernement de populations, de conquêtes de territoires ou encore de capture de ressources portées par une diversité d’acteurs. Cette recherche explore alors la façon dont les représentations de l’agriculture sont articulées pour servir divers enjeux, comment elles participent à des asymétries de pouvoir et de savoir, ainsi que la manière dont elles contribuent à reconfigurer les espaces ruraux. Cette thèse se penche sur la circulation des représentations de l’agriculture au sein de la politique agricole et de projets de développement et d’investissement ciblant le corridor de Nacala. Elle explore l’écart entre ces représentations et celles des sociétés Makhuwa qui l’habitent, ainsi que les mécanismes permettant aux représentations de coexister et de se matérialiser. L’analyse ancrée d’espaces investis et gris montre que les interactions entre les discours sur l’agriculture, leur matérialisation, et le contexte économique et politique Nord mozambicain, alimente des mécanismes de violence structurelle et une politisation des habitants. Cette recherche inductive se fonde sur des méthodes de recherche qualitative : observations, entretiens semi-structurés, immersions dans les sociétés Makhuwa et étude de la littérature grise. Elle est le fruit d'un travail de terrain totalisant un an au Nord du Mozambique
This thesis analyzes the circulation and the materialization of the discourse promoting the intensification of agricultural production and private investments in Africa to achieve food security and Development. It is based on the study of the agropolitical constellation, i.e. the set of actors interacting around the issue of agricultural production, in northern Mozambique. This thesis explores the transformation of spaces targeted by investments and of grey spaces, neglected by the agricultural policy, Development, as well as investment projects. Theoretical concepts from Geography, Political Agronomy, and Science and Technology Studies, are arrayed to analyze the knowledge and power relations, the ignorance, the manipulations, and the mechanisms of violence interacting over multiple scales and across different spaces. This work relies on the assumption that the productive logic of food security and Development is accompanied with various strategies aiming at the government of populations, the conquest of territories or the capture of resources. This thesis explores the manner in which the representations of agriculture are articulated to serve multiple stakes, the manner they contribute to power and knowledge asymmetries, as well as the processes by which they reshape rural spaces. This thesis investigates the circulation of agricultural representations in the agricultural policy and in several Development and investment projects targeting the Nacala corridor. It documents the gap separating these representations from those of the Makhuwa societies inhabiting the corridor. It sheds light on the mechanisms enabling their coexistence and their materialization. The grounded analysis of grey spaces and spaces targeted by investments reveals the manner the interactions between the discourse on agriculture, its materialization, and the economic and political context of northern Mozambique generate mechanisms of structural violence and a politicization of inhabitants. This inductive research is based on qualitative research methods: observations, semi-structured interviews, immersions in Makhuwa societies, and analysis of grey literature. It is based on field work totaling one year in northern Mozambique

Science plays an important role in students' education, even when time is limited by restrictions from other subject areas such as reading and mathematics. In this study, students' computer classes were integrated with a current and relevant science topic (alternative energy resources) to gauge 1) whether students were able to better understand the content presented and 2) how their attitudes towards science were affected by the science instruction. Students completed nine lessons that focused on the use, benefits, and drawbacks of two types of alternative energy: wind energy and algae biofuel. Each lesson was integrated with technology-based activities to enhance student understanding. Student interviews, unit pretests and posttests, journals entries, and attitude surveys were used to monitor student learning and progress throughout the project. The data collection indicated that students came into the project with little science background knowledge and an average interest in science. As the study progressed, students developed a deeper understanding of alternative energy resources. Student attitudes towards the science learning process improved a small amount as well. At the conclusion of the study, all of the students had increased scores on the content tests and most students had small increases on the attitude measures.

The work deals with the issue of science and technology development. The main purpose of science and technology is to free a person from performing physically difficult or routine work in order to improve the efficiency and productivity of work, the rational use of natural resources, as well as reducing chance of human error when performing complex operations.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar, duma forma geral, a produção de conhecimento em Moçambique, tendo em conta fatores educacionais e sócioculturais, perceber de que forma os mesmos influenciam a produção de conhecimento no país. O trabalho não pretende avaliar as políticas educacionais e de ciência e tecnologia, mas partindo delas buscou-se elaborar uma análise sociológica da relação que existe entre o papel da educação e os fatores sociais e culturais na produção de conhecimento e da relevância da ciência e tecnologia para o desenvolvimento do país. Apesar da ênfase dada, em termos de políticas, à importância da ciência e tecnologia para o desenvolvimento, as ações práticas demonstram que o habitus existente no sistema de ensino, condicionado por uma herança colonial onde o conhecimento era transmitido de forma limitada e, pela ausência duma cultura científica que afeta o sistema de ciência e tecnologia e certos segmentos da sociedade moçambicana, contribui para a manutenção duma visão de pouca relevância da atividade científica e tecnológica para o desenvolvimento do país.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar, duma forma geral, a produção de conhecimento em Moçambique, tendo em conta fatores educacionais e sócioculturais, perceber de que forma os mesmos influenciam a produção de conhecimento no país. O trabalho não pretende avaliar as políticas educacionais e de ciência e tecnologia, mas partindo delas buscou-se elaborar uma análise sociológica da relação que existe entre o papel da educação e os fatores sociais e culturais na produção de conhecimento e da relevância da ciência e tecnologia para o desenvolvimento do país. Apesar da ênfase dada, em termos de políticas, à importância da ciência e tecnologia para o desenvolvimento, as ações práticas demonstram que o habitus existente no sistema de ensino, condicionado por uma herança colonial onde o conhecimento era transmitido de forma limitada e, pela ausência duma cultura científica que afeta o sistema de ciência e tecnologia e certos segmentos da sociedade moçambicana, contribui para a manutenção duma visão de pouca relevância da atividade científica e tecnológica para o desenvolvimento do país.

Le champ de la recherche scientifique et de la formation à la recherche est traversé depuis quelques dizaines d'années par plusieurs courants et discours associés au changement, mais peu de travaux empiriques permettent de comprendre ce qui change concrètement. C'est la contribution originale de cette thèse au champ de l'éducation, plus spécifiquement à l'étude sociologique de l'enseignement supérieur où sont concentrées les activités liées à la triade thématique du programme doctoral dans lequel elle a été produite : recherche, formation et pratique. L'enquête-terrain a été réalisée en 2009 et 2010 auprès de 808 répondants affiliés à 60 établissements au Québec et a produit un vaste matériau de nature mixte (données quantitatives et qualitatives). Un portrait de la nébuleuse biotechnologique qui touche les secteurs des sciences de la santé, des sciences naturelles et du génie a été réalisé. Ce domaine concerne des dizaines de disciplines et se révèle de nature transdisciplinaire, mais les pratiques n'y sont pas davantage marquées par le changement que celles d'autres domaines connexes. Les dynamiques sociales ont fait l'objet d'analyses comparatives dans quatre contextes: le choix des programmes, des objets et des méthodes, le financement, la diffusion et la planification de la carrière. Les résultats indiquent que les échanges entre les agents traditionnellement situés au coeur des activités de recherche dominent ces dynamiques dans tous les contextes étudiés. L'étude des représentations au fondement des pratiques a révélé l'existence de trois écoles de pensée qui coexistent dans le champ scientifique: académique, pragmatique et économiste. Ces écoles permettent de catégoriser les agents en fonction des zones de fractures qui marquent leurs oppositions tout en identifiant ce qu'ils ont en commun. Les représentations et les pratiques liées à la formation témoignent d'un habitus plutôt homogène, alors que les contradictions semblent plus souvent ancrées dans des luttes universitaires que scientifiques, concentrées sur la négociation du capital scientifique, symbolique et économique en jeu dans la formation doctorale, dans les carrières auxquelles elle mène, et dans les qualités du titre de Ph.D. Au final, la confusion entre des logiques opposées peut être réduite en réinterprétant le changement comme tradition du champ scientifique.

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The theme of this research is the conformation of the new production of science, especially that realized in the ambit of the seven National Institutes of Science and Technology of São Carlos (city of the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil). From the theoretical point of view, this study is part of the field of Social Studies of Science and Technology, seeking in the Sociology of Science theoretical elements that allow us to understand the complexities of the new modes of producing scientific knowledge. The research was guided by the following question: do the science, technology and innovation indicators of the São Carlos’ INCTs point to changes in the form of production of science after its implementation? The hypotheses were that the São Carlos’ INCTs provided: a) the strengthening of university interaction with the productive sector and the transfer of knowledge produced; and b) the impact on society in terms of scientific education and dissemination of science. The general objective was to identify and evaluate ST&I indicators of the São Carlos’ INCTs, which allowed examining the dynamics of knowledge production and the scientific, educational and social impacts achieved since the implementation of this Program in São Carlos. The following specific objectives were also established: 1) to seek in the theoretical framework of Sociology of Science elements that allow to understand the organization of the scientific community, the forms of production of knowledge and the policies of science, technology and innovation; 2) to describe the profile of the INCTs, placing them in the main teaching and research institutions of São Carlos-SP; 3) analyze the dynamics of the INCTs from five dimensions: advancement of knowledge; Networking; Transfer of knowledge to society; Advancement of competence and internationalization; 4) to analyze the scientific and technological production and networks of scientific collaboration of the principal investigators of the INCTs; 5) identify the practice, results and impact of education and scientific dissemination within the scope of the INCTs; and 6) present the coordinators’ perception of this new configuration and organization of science and its impacts on society. The research is an exploratory and descriptive case study developed based on quantitative and qualitative approaches, through bibliometric and scientometric analyzes, social networks analysis, and the analysis of the perceptions of the coordinators obtained with the questionnaire. The methodological procedures involved data collection from different sources (Curriculum Lattes, Project Monitoring Reports and other documents) and questionnaire application to the INCT coordinators. Among the main results obtained are the high index of international bibliographic production published by the INCT in the period between 2009 and 2013, with emphasis on scientific articles and works in events; the training of human resources and the involvement with activities of education and scientific dissemination, particularly in the INCTs of USP. The evaluation of the INCTs in the view of the coordinators was that these programs produced important results in terms of advancement of knowledge, training of human resources, transfer of knowledge to society, internationalization, diffusion and scientific education, contributing to society in the solution of health problems, security and energy, the environment and learning and education.
O tema desta pesquisa é a conformação da nova produção da ciência, especialmente aquela realizada no âmbito dos sete Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia de São Carlos (cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil). Do ponto de vista teórico a realização deste estudo insere-se no campo dos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e da Tecnologia buscando na Sociologia da Ciência elementos que permitam compreender as complexidades dos novos modos de produção do conhecimento científico. A pesquisa foi norteada pela seguinte questão: os indicadores de CT&I dos INCTs de São Carlos apontam mudanças na forma de produção da ciência após a sua implantação? As hipóteses aventadas foram que os INCTs de São Carlos propiciaram: a) o fortalecimento da interação da universidade com o setor produtivo e a transferência do conhecimento produzido e b) o impacto na sociedade em termos de educação cientifica e divulgação da ciência. O objetivo geral foi identificar e avaliar indicadores de CT&I dos INCTs de São Carlos que permitiram examinar a dinâmica da produção do conhecimento e os impactos científicos, educacionais e sociais alcançados a partir da implantação deste Programa em São Carlos. Constituíram-se ainda como objetivos específicos: 1) buscar no referencial teórico da Sociologia da Ciência elementos que permitam compreender a organização da comunidade científica, as formas de produção do conhecimento e as políticas de ciência, tecnologia e inovação; 2) descrever o perfil dos INCTs situando-os nas principais instituições de ensino e pesquisa de São Carlos-SP; 3) analisar a dinâmica dos INCTs a partir de cinco dimensões: avanço do conhecimento; formação de redes; transferência de conhecimentos para a sociedade; avanço da competência e internacionalização; 4) analisar a produção científica e tecnológica e as redes de colaboração científica dos pesquisadores principais dos INCTs; 5) identificar a prática, os resultados e o impacto da educação e divulgação científica no âmbito dos INCTs e 6) apresentar a percepção dos coordenadores quanto a essa nova configuração e organização da ciência e seus impactos na sociedade. A pesquisa é um estudo de caso de cunho exploratório e descritivo desenvolvido com base em abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas, por meio de análises bibliométrica e cientométrica, de redes sociais, e da análise das percepções dos coordenadores obtidas com o questionário. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram coleta de dados em diferentes fontes (Currículo Lattes, Relatórios de Acompanhamento de Projetos e outros documentos) e aplicação de questionário aos coordenadores dos INCTs. Entre os principais resultados obtidos destacam-se o alto índice de produção bibliográfica internacional publicada pelos INCTs no período entre 2009 e 2013, com destaque para os artigos científicos e trabalhos em eventos; a formação de recursos humanos e o envolvimento com as atividades de educação e divulgação científica, particularmente nos INCTs da USP. A avaliação dos INCTs na visão dos coordenadores foi que esses Programas produziram resultados importantes em termos de avanço do conhecimento, formação de recursos humanos, transferência do conhecimento para a sociedade, internacionalização, difusão e educação científica, contribuindo com a sociedade na solução de problemas de saúde, segurança e energia, ao meio ambiente e à aprendizagem e educação.

La tesi, partendo dall'interesse nei confronti della diffusione della metafora della rete in diversi contesti disciplinari così come in diversi contesti della vita quotidiana, esplora la connessione tra la reticolarità delle tecnologie informatiche e la reticolarità delle pratiche all'interno di ambienti lavorativi tecnologicamente densi; la cornice teorica all'interno della quale si iscrive questo lavoro è quella dei Science and Technology Studies e dei Workplace Studies. I due casi studio sono stati scelti all'interno del settore dei nuovi media, per vedere l'interazione tra metafore organizzative reticolari e tecnologie che incorporassero lo script della rete (e della Rete). I due ambienti hanno rivelato due opposti tipi di reticolarità: "tecnologica" nel caso di Cloud, laddove gli artefatti tecnologici entrano come attanti nelle pratiche lavorative della redazione; organizzativa nel caso di Intranet, perché la divisione del lavoro riproduce la forma della Rete, senza però che vengano mutuate le caratteristiche di collaborazione, condivisione, circolazione dei saperi tipiche del Web. In conclusione si è rilevato il ruolo fondamentale della tecnologia di rete nel dar forma alla reticolarità pratica, non solo perché essa coadiuva o crea attività e pratiche lavorative, ma perché parte della cultura organizzativa, dell'auto-narrazione e dell'auto-percezione dei soggetti.

La thèse traite de la valorisation comme un processus à la fois continu, constructif et contesté. Elle aborde cette question théorique au travers de l'étude d'un objet de valorisation complexe : le traitement des déchets nucléaires aux États-Unis. Objet ontologiquement ambivalent, les déchets nucléaires peuvent être valorisés ou dévalorisés selon des perspectives très variées, qui offrent à la sociologie de l'évaluation un banc d'essai pertinent. La thèse s'appuie sur l'étude d'une série de situations où la formulation des valeurs du nucléaire pose problème. Ce sont, notamment, l'ordonnancement et les vicissitudes du processus budgétaire mis en œuvre pour financer le programme de gestion des déchets nucléaires Nord-américain, les plans conçus pour répartir la responsabilité financière dans le traitement d'un matériau qui selon toutes prévisions restera dangereux pendant un million d'années, les efforts d'un groupe d'acteurs pour attacher l'avenir de leur communauté à celui des déchets nucléaires, ou les utilisations d'une convention pour estimer la valeur économique du combustible usé. La thèse montre que les processus de valorisation et dévalorisation sont loin de se limiter à l'objet soumis à évaluation ; ces processus rendent d'autres valeurs explicites, les valeurs "de l'État", d'une communauté politique, d'une convention économique. La thèse propose d'utiliser la notion de « révaluation », d'une part, parce qu'elle permet d'expliciter l'imbrication des relations entre les processus d'évaluation et de valorisation et, d'autre part, parce qu'elle permet de souligner la particularité de la période sur laquelle porte la recherche, à savoir une période où la relance de l'énergie nucléaire a été publiquement débattue et où le gouvernement américain cherchait à reformuler sa politique de gestion des déchets nucléaires
This thesis approaches valuation as an on-going, constructive and contested process. She addresses this theoretical issue through the study of a very complex object of valuation: nuclear waste in the context of the United States. As an ontologically ambivalent object, nuclear waste can be valued or devalued from many angles, which provides an intriguing and exciting test bed to unfold a sociology of valuation. The thesis examines a multitude of sites where the question of the formulation of nuclear values is being raised. These sites are, for example, the design and vicissitudes of the budgetary process conceived to finance the North American nuclear waste program, the trials set up in order to distribute the financial responsibility of a material expected to remain hazardous during the next million years, the efforts of a group of actors to attach the future of their community to the future of nuclear waste, or the uses of an economic convention to estimate the economic value of spent nuclear fuel. This thesis shows that processes of valuation are never limited to the object that is subjected to valuation and proposes the notion of revaluation, first, to articulate the intertwined relationship between the processes of evaluation and valuation, and second, to signify the particularity of the period during which the research has been undertaken, namely a moment when the revival of nuclear energy was publicly debated, and a moment when the U.S. government was seeking to reformulate its nuclear waste policy

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les rapports science-industrie à partir de l’intégration d’un laboratoire de mécanique et technologie (le LMT-Cachan) dans les processus industriels, et notamment, dans l’industrie aéronautique. Les recherches menées au sein du LMT-Cachan partent de défis industriels pour introduirede nouvelles formes d’intégration science-industrie, rompant ainsi le modèle linéaire de « découverte scientifique-industrialisation ». Sur la base d’un travail ethnographique, nous avons conduit des entretiens avec les membres du laboratoire et leurs interlocuteurs industriels du secteur aéronautique. Nous avons aussi participéà des réunions de projets collaboratifs et nous avons notamment séjourné au laboratoire pendant un an. Notre travail commence avec la question de l’histoire du laboratoire au sein de l’ENS de Paris-Saclay (ENSPS). Depuis sa création, cette institution a été principalement une école de formation de professeurs des matièrestechniques. Ainsi, le développement de la recherche en mécanique sous l’impulsion de Jean Lemaître et de Pierre Ladevèze a marqué un nouveau tournant pour l’ENSPS. Ensuite nous abordons les coopérations entre les entreprises et le laboratoire pour rendre compte de dynamiques qui vont de l’exploration des nouveaux procédés et méthodes d’analyse des matériaux à leur exploitation industrielle. Le travail de recherche du LMT Cachan dans le contexte d’une industrie très régulée occupe une place centrale dans cette thèse. Nous nous interrogeons aussi sur le rôle du laboratoire dans le processus de certification des structures aéronautiques fabriquées à partir d’un matériau appelé composite. Il s’agit d’un type de matériau très important pour l’industrie (à cause des avantages qu’il présente par rapport à d’autres matériaux notamment les métaux) et pour le laboratoire. Le concours d’intérêts industriels et de recherche permettent d’avancer vers la création d’une zone de coopération entre les deux mondes. Finalement, nous avons observé que le développement de l’informatique a permis de « déchiffrer » ces matériaux, mais a aussi transformé la mécanique en tant que discipline. La maitrise des méthodes de la mécanique numérique a donné lieu à la constitution d’une sorte de culture, avec son langage, ses méthodes et ses objets. Cette culture de la mécanique numérique se distingue aussi par l’émergence d’un nouveau type de mécanicien, le metteur-en-code
Based on the integration of a Laboratory of Mechanics and Technology (LMT-Cachan) in the industrial process, this thesis studies the science-industry relations on the field of computational mechanics oriented to the aeronautical applications. LMT-Cachan research projects find their roots in industrial challenges. Such projects introduce new forms of science-industry integration, breaking the linear model of "scientific discovery-industrialization". Through an ethnographical approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with the members of the laboratory and their industrial partners in the aeronautical sector. We also observed collaborative project meetings and stayed in the laboratory for an entirely academic year. Our work begins with the question about the history of the laboratory within the ENS de Cachan. Since its foundation, the ENS of Cachan has mainly been a training school for teachers of technical subjects. Thus, the introduction of research in engineering sciences by Jean Lemaître and Pierre Ladevèze marked a new direction for this institution. Then we study the cooperation between companies and the laboratory to better understand the dynamics of the exploration of new engineering methods and their industrial exploitation. Scientific work in the context of a highlyregulated industry is a central aspect of this Thesis. We also wonder about the impact of the laboratory in the certification process of aeronautical structures made of a material called composite. It is a very important material for the industry (because of its mechanical proprieties compared with other materials, especially metals) and for the laboratory. The concurrence of industrial and research interests enable the creation of a zone of cooperation between the two worlds. Finally, we have observed that the development of computer science hasfacilitated the knowledge production about these materials but has also transformed mechanics as a discipline. The mastery of computational mechanics gave rise to a sort of culture, with its own language and objects. This culture of computational mechanics is also characterized by the emergence of a new type of agent, thecode-maker. This social actor presents the particularity of master both informatics and engineering sciences

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes special report study entitled: Relationship between man and nature in Chinese traditional architecture. Includes bibliographical references.

Le interfacce aptiche, ovvero le tecnologie che trasmettono delle sensazioni tattili digitalizzate, si stanno diffondendo in vari contesti sociali come telerobotica, comunicazione mobile, arte, videogiochi e cinema. Queste tecnologie stanno permettendo agli ingegneri di realizzare qualcosa mai fatto prima: la digitalizzazione del tatto (che ora può quindi essere registrato e mediatizzato). L’obbiettivo di questa tesi è di decostruire il tatto digitalizzato come un artefatto tecnologico socialmente costruito, il quale sta prendendo forma in un sistema di pratiche interrelate performate da attori in campi disparati della conoscenza. Questi attori si muovono all’interno e attorno ad una comunità di ingegneri apticisti. Adottando un approccio ispirato alla grounded theory, sono stati raccolti dati qualitativi attraverso interviste presso un campo etnografico multi-situato composto da laboratori europei e conferenze internazionali, in cui la conoscenza riguardo il tatto è collettivamente creata e condivisa. Due framework teorico-metodologici sono stati presi in considerazione: la tradizione dei Science and Technology Studies (STS) è stata scelta come principale guida metodologica; in seguito, l’intreccio tra pratiche sociali e tecnologie è stato approfondito attraverso una prospettiva practice-based tipica della cosiddetta ‘practice theory’. Al fine di cogliere il processo in corso di costruzione sociale e flessibilità che caratterizzano il tatto digitalizzato, lo studio si è concentrato sull'assenza di standardizzazione che caratterizza gli aspetti sia hardware che software di questa tecnologia emergente. Inoltre, è stata prestata attenzione alla distinzione controversa e scivolosa tra feedback tattile simbolico e realistico usata nel gergo degli apticisti. Infine, sono stati analizzati i diversi significati, o potenzialità d'uso, che gli intervistati attribuiscono a questa tecnologia. Questi significati si collegano a specifici immaginari sociotecnici geograficamente situati, ad ampi discorsi sociali riguardo l’innovazione tecnologica, e a diverse visioni riguardo le pratiche che possono beneficiare dell’implementazione di queste interfacce.
Devices that provide tactile feedback, called haptic interfaces, are spreading in various contexts such as tele-robotics, prosthetics, videogames, mobile communication, and arts. These technologies are allowing engineers to accomplish something never done before: the digitization of touch (which can now be stored and mediatized). This dissertation aims to deconstruct the digitized touch as a socially constructed technological product, emerging from a system of interrelated practices enacted by actors performing in disparate fields which revolve around the community of haptics engineers. Using a grounded-theory inspired approach, qualitative data were collected through interviews in a multi-sited ethnographic field consisting in European laboratories and international conferences, where knowledge about touch is collectively created and shared. Two theoretical-methodological frameworks have been taken into consideration: the tradition of Science and Technology Studies (STS) has been chosen as the main methodological guide; moreover, the interlacements between social practices and technology have been deepened through the adoption of a practice-based perspective proposed by different approaches in social sciences gathered under the umbrella term ‘practice theory’. In order to grasp the ongoing process of social construction and flexibility that characterize digitized touch, the study focused on the absence of standardization involving both hardware and software aspects of this emerging technology. Furthermore, attention has been paid to the controversial and slippery distinction between ‘symbolic’ and ‘realistic’ tactile feedback which is used in engineers’ jargon. Finally, the different meanings or potentialities of use, which respondents attributed to this technology, have been analysed. These meanings are connected to geographically located socio-technical imaginaries, to broad social discourses about technological innovation, and to different visions regarding the practices that can benefit from the implementation of these interfaces.

Le interfacce aptiche, ovvero le tecnologie che trasmettono delle sensazioni tattili digitalizzate, si stanno diffondendo in vari contesti sociali come telerobotica, comunicazione mobile, arte, videogiochi e cinema. Queste tecnologie stanno permettendo agli ingegneri di realizzare qualcosa mai fatto prima: la digitalizzazione del tatto (che ora può quindi essere registrato e mediatizzato). L’obbiettivo di questa tesi è di decostruire il tatto digitalizzato come un artefatto tecnologico socialmente costruito, il quale sta prendendo forma in un sistema di pratiche interrelate performate da attori in campi disparati della conoscenza. Questi attori si muovono all’interno e attorno ad una comunità di ingegneri apticisti. Adottando un approccio ispirato alla grounded theory, sono stati raccolti dati qualitativi attraverso interviste presso un campo etnografico multi-situato composto da laboratori europei e conferenze internazionali, in cui la conoscenza riguardo il tatto è collettivamente creata e condivisa. Due framework teorico-metodologici sono stati presi in considerazione: la tradizione dei Science and Technology Studies (STS) è stata scelta come principale guida metodologica; in seguito, l’intreccio tra pratiche sociali e tecnologie è stato approfondito attraverso una prospettiva practice-based tipica della cosiddetta ‘practice theory’. Al fine di cogliere il processo in corso di costruzione sociale e flessibilità che caratterizzano il tatto digitalizzato, lo studio si è concentrato sull'assenza di standardizzazione che caratterizza gli aspetti sia hardware che software di questa tecnologia emergente. Inoltre, è stata prestata attenzione alla distinzione controversa e scivolosa tra feedback tattile simbolico e realistico usata nel gergo degli apticisti. Infine, sono stati analizzati i diversi significati, o potenzialità d'uso, che gli intervistati attribuiscono a questa tecnologia. Questi significati si collegano a specifici immaginari sociotecnici geograficamente situati, ad ampi discorsi sociali riguardo l’innovazione tecnologica, e a diverse visioni riguardo le pratiche che possono beneficiare dell’implementazione di queste interfacce.
Devices that provide tactile feedback, called haptic interfaces, are spreading in various contexts such as tele-robotics, prosthetics, videogames, mobile communication, and arts. These technologies are allowing engineers to accomplish something never done before: the digitization of touch (which can now be stored and mediatized). This dissertation aims to deconstruct the digitized touch as a socially constructed technological product, emerging from a system of interrelated practices enacted by actors performing in disparate fields which revolve around the community of haptics engineers. Using a grounded-theory inspired approach, qualitative data were collected through interviews in a multi-sited ethnographic field consisting in European laboratories and international conferences, where knowledge about touch is collectively created and shared. Two theoretical-methodological frameworks have been taken into consideration: the tradition of Science and Technology Studies (STS) has been chosen as the main methodological guide; moreover, the interlacements between social practices and technology have been deepened through the adoption of a practice-based perspective proposed by different approaches in social sciences gathered under the umbrella term ‘practice theory’. In order to grasp the ongoing process of social construction and flexibility that characterize digitized touch, the study focused on the absence of standardization involving both hardware and software aspects of this emerging technology. Furthermore, attention has been paid to the controversial and slippery distinction between ‘symbolic’ and ‘realistic’ tactile feedback which is used in engineers’ jargon. Finally, the different meanings or potentialities of use, which respondents attributed to this technology, have been analysed. These meanings are connected to geographically located socio-technical imaginaries, to broad social discourses about technological innovation, and to different visions regarding the practices that can benefit from the implementation of these interfaces.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a legitimidade das atividades relativas à comercialização da ciência através da participação de cientistas em mecanismos de transferência de tecnologia e conhecimento para empresas em uma universidade pública no Brasil. O ponto de partida da pesquisa remete às discussões em torno da relação universidade-empresa, estudadas por distintas perspectivas que ressaltam desde a emergência de novos paradigmas na produção do conhecimento científico, tais como os argumentos da universidade empreendedora, até análises mais críticas, ora sublinhando os efeitos negativos, ora demonstrando a manutenção de fronteiras institucionais entre as duas organizações. A investigação utilizou dois métodos: 1) levantamento da participação de pesquisadores em processos de transferência de tecnologia para a indústria, utilizando dados secundários; e 2) pesquisa qualitativa por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, identificando os diferentes tipos de manipulação de lógicas institucionais nas práticas acadêmicas, ora voltadas para a comercialização, ora imersas na ciência pública. Verificou-se elevado crescimento de interações da universidade com a indústria. Entretanto, dois aspectos são ponderados. O primeiro diz respeito à predominância de mecanismos tradicionais de transferência de tecnologia, comparado aos outros tipos de interações. O segundo refere-se ao baixo nível de legitimação de práticas empreendedoras nos casos analisados, visto a defesa da lógica científica sobre a lógica comercial. Para a avaliação da incorporação de novos valores e normas sociais na ciência pública, estabeleceram-se tipologias de orientações científicas: orientação tradicional, orientação tradicional híbrida e orientação empreendedora. A partir dos resultados, conclui-se que o argumento da universidade empreendedora apresenta sérias limitações, visto a baixa legitimidade de novos processos de transferência de tecnologia na amostra analisada. Assim, a difusão de novas práticas científicas orientadas para o maior contato com as demandas econômicas, não necessariamente expressam um processo de institucionalização do empreendedorismo acadêmico, como a incorporação de novos valores, normas e orientações científicas.
The objective of this study was to investigate the legitimacy of the activities related to commercialization of science, through the participation of scientists in mechanisms for transferring technology and knowledge to companies in a public university in Brazil. The starting point of the research refers to the discussions around the relationship between universities and business, studied by different perspectives that highlight since the emergence of new paradigms in the production of scientific knowledge, such as the arguments of the entrepreneurial university, even more critical analysis, sometimes stressing negative effects, sometimes demonstrating the maintenance of institutional boundaries between the two organizations. The research used two methods: 1) raising the participation of researchers in the process of technology transfer to industry, using secondary data and 2) qualitative research using semi-structured interviews, identifying the different types of institutional logics handling academic practices, now focused on marketing, sometimes immersed in public science. There was considerable growth in the university's interactions with industry. However, two aspects are considered. The first concerns the predominance of traditional mechanisms of technology transfer, compared to other types of interactions. The second refers to the low level of legitimation of entrepreneurial practices in the cases analyzed, since the defense of scientific logic on the business logic. To evaluate the incorporation of new values and social norms in public science, settled types of scientific orientations: traditional orientation, hybrid traditional orientation and entrepreneurial orientation. From the results it is concluded that the argument of the entrepreneurial university has serious limitations, as the low legitimacy of new processes of technology transfer in the sample. Thus, the diffusion of new scientific practices oriented more contact with the economic demands, not necessarily express a process of institutionalization of academic entrepreneurship, such as the incorporation of new values, norms and scientific orientations.

Americium could be seen as the most troublesome element that is presentin nuclear fuel. This thesis offers different points of view on the possibility ofamericium transmutation. The first point of view elaborates simulations ofamericium-bearing facilities, namely nuclear data, a popular computationalcode and modeling techniques. The second point of view is focused on practicalusage of the simulations to examine upper limit of americium in a specificreactor.
Americium är ett av det mest besvärande elementen i använt kärnbränsle.Denna avhandling behandlar olika aspekter av möjligheten att transmuteraamericium i snabba reaktorsystem. I den första varianten utarbetas simuleringaroch beräkningsmodeller för neutrondatamätningar av betydelse föracceleratordrivna system avsedda att transmutera americium. I den senareundersöks mer praktiska tillämpningar, i synnerhet beräknas gränser för hurmycket americium som kan laddas i bränslet för kritiska bykylda reaktorer.
QC 20120806

Thesis (Ph. D.)--George Mason University, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jan. 17, 2008). Thesis director: Don E. Kash Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy. Vita: p. 330. Includes bibliographical references (p. 289-329). Also available in print.

I have been studying Economics of Enterprise for 4 years. It fascinates me from year to year more and more. And now I am the student of two universities: Sumy State University and Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST) (Tianjin, China). I have never been to China before so I have known nothing about this country. My first impression was good both about the country and about people with their traditions and customs.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-79).
Knowledges are not distinct entities. They cannot be held in isolation as if bounded, discrete, or systematic. They are far too dynamic and complex to be thought of in this way. 'Scientific' and 'Indigenous' knowledge, however, are often discussed polemically and held in dialogical tension against one another. They are part of a set of dualisms that work under certain universal assumptions critical to Western epistemology. These dualisms include modernity/tradition; nature/culture; and subject/object. This study examines the multiple perspectives, including both scientists and local trackers, involved in the Western Kgalagadi Conservation Corridor Project (WKCC) in an attempt to resolve some of these dualisms. It focuses on the dimensions of tracking animals and data collection with a GPS technology known as 'Cybertracker'. Involving both scientists and people from the Kalahari with knowledge of tracking animals, the dynamics of knowledge production and the movement of knowledge are explored. Their work together demonstrates ways that movement and embodiment are central to the production of knowledge. Knowledge production and the relationship between diverse knowledges and approaches in the WKCC project are investigated without reducing them to the same epistemological foundation or holding them in dualistic opposition. Knowledges become part of networks and engage with one another through their movement, embodiment, and interaction with various non-human subject-objects. The use of the Cybertracker databasing technology shows that an engagement of multiple perspectives, the significance of movement, performance, historical connections, and subject-object relations in a variety of contexts are key to understanding the production of knowledge. The movement, agency, and relatedness demonstrated in various 'knowledge objects', including data, shows that the complexities involve a continual exchange of influence in which knowledges are always changing. The presence of diverse knowledges, expressed in both their relatedness and their tensions, are evident in their very movement in these networks as actors and the interwoven trails they leave behind. In the process, the boundaries between the dualisms become blurred, if not irrelevant.

Drawing on material from economic, business and social history as well as history of science and technology, this study considers the relationship between science, technology and daily life by looking at food in Britain between 1870 and 1939. Food offers an interesting case study for a variety of reasons, not least its centrality to daily life. Neither the food industry itself, nor the scientific investigation of food has been studied in much detail, ensuring that this study covers new ground in both economic history and the history of science and technology. It stresses the need to draw on a variety of approaches which have been developed by historians working on a diverse range of problems in order to establish a more comprehensive understanding of the ways in which science and technology have changed daily life. This includes incorporating the insights gained from studies of British industrial research, and research in industrial laboratories more generally, with work on the relationships between science, technology and society, and with discussions of the activities of scientists and engineers themselves. While each of these different bodies of literature offers important insights which can be used in the study of science, technology and daily life, none of them seeks to address this area directly. The literature on British food history, which concentrates on dietary change is discussed and explanations for these changes analysed. Such explanations, it emerges, are rarely comprehensive, and several possible agents of change seem to have received little attention in the literature. Among these are the development of the food manufacturing industry, which produced many of the convenience foods which became a standard part of the British diet after 1870, and the role of science and scientists. This is surprising given the rapid growth of the food manufacturing industry from the mid-19th century, and the tendency of firms to employ scientists to assist in production operations. The examination of the growth and development of the food industry and the large firms which came to dominate it reveals the striking degree of similarity in their business strategies as they grew from small family owned operations to businesses employing thousands of people. The increasing use of scientists by these firms can be attributed to their need to gain control over as many aspects of their operations as possible, and the prompting of legislation, which meant that lack of attention could lead to prosecution. In the years up to 1939 most of the large food firms began to employ their own scientists, and their activities within the firm, as well as the services offered by outside consultants are given detail consideration. The foundation, growth and development of the Chemists' department at the firm of Cadburys is examined closely in an effort to explore the full range of functions of industrial scientists and their role within the firm. This includes consideration not just of research and development, but of routine work as well, and attention to the effects of the activities of scientists on other workers within the firm, and on its advertising strategy. Scientific research on food which eventually had an impact on the national diet was also funded by the government, and here the focus is on those organisations which undertook research which was aimed at that part of the food chain between primary producer and consumer. This is placed in the context of government funded food research in general, which also included agricultural and medical research. The main focus is on the Food Investigation Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and the food research associations which were also under the auspices of the same body. Government funded food research of this type was much smaller in scale than that undertaken by industry itself, and involved a very different scientific approach. This study ends by considering the scientists themselves and explores the nature of the different groups which made up the British food science community, and how they interacted. It reveals the very divided nature of the British science community, and the importance of including industrial scientists in any examination of the social structure of British science during this period. At the same time it shows how these different groups were able to meet and share information, a process which benefitted industrial scientists in particular, and ensured that new scientific findings were incorporated into commercial practice.

China's scientific development has gone through several phases over the past 50 years. In 1956, the first generation of leaders called on the whole country to "march towards science," drafting China's first scientific development plan. In 1978, the then Chinese leaders sponsored a national science conference and mapped out scientific development strategies for a new period of reform and opening-up policies. In 1985, the central government issued a "Decision on the Reform of Scientific and Technological Systems," with the aim of accelerating the application of technological discoveries to promote productivity. Since then, China has implemented a series of projects to spur the take-off of the rural economy. In 1995, at a national conference on science and technology, the Chinese leaders put forward the strategy of "revitalizing the country through science, technology and education." The central government listed this strategy along with the policy of sustainable development as the basic principles for China's long-term economic and social development. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references.
A dynamic theory relating alliances and acquisitions to the evolution of technology and market structure is proposed. Three case studies demonstrate how companies used different alliance and acquisition strategies as technology and the market evolved. Data from the semiconductor and computer hardware industries is presented as empirical evidence in support of the proposed technological life cycle model. The literature of alliances and acquisitions is reviewed and further empirical studies of the economics of the strategic alliances are conducted. As a technology evolves, the high-technology companies that use it or sell it in the marketplace face a changing set of challenges and priorities. The decision to form alliances or make acquisitions relies not only on firm-specific competencies and needs, but also on the evolution of technology and market structure. A firm's propensity to ally or acquire is related to the growth rate of the market, changes in products and processes, the need for resources, its market position relative to its competitors, and the availability of alliance partners and acquisition targets.
by Wenyun Liu.
Ph.D.