Teses / dissertações: "Social sciences -> history -> european history"

1

Spadafora, Andrew Jeffrey. "Freedom from Value Judgments: Value-Free Social Science and Objectivity in Germany, 1880-1914". Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11055.

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This dissertation addresses a central issue in the methodological debates that raged in the German academy around the turn of the twentieth century. The idea of "value-free" social science, or "value-freedom," was passed down to subsequent decades as a way of thinking about the objectivity of knowledge, but because of its name it has been widely misunderstood. Moreover, it has been seen either as a clever invention of the polymath scholar Max Weber, or as some form of ideology masquerading as neutrality (or both). Instead, a contextually sensitive historical analysis of the work of five German and Austrian scholars—Carl Menger, Ferdinand Tönnies, Georg Jellinek, Hermann Kantorowicz, and Gustav Radbruch—demonstrates that value-freedom was a complex doctrine with widely ramified sources in the intellectual history of economics, sociology, and law. It was accepted on a variety of grounds and by individuals of differing personalities, politics, philosophical training, and academic disciplines. "Value-free" social science in the work of these men meant anything but the removal of values from scholarly consideration. Instead, its advocates promoted a focus on the subjectivity and the will of the individual, goal-directed agent. Value-freedom took the form of several interrelated distinctions, between theory and practice, fact and value, "is" and "ought," means and ends; but each of these scholars coupled his preferred formulation with the shared view that human values are incapable of rational justification. They insisted on the importance of the analytical separation of the positive and normative but recognized a legitimate role for the social sciences in the positive discussion of values. However, the attempt to bridge the subjective world of human values and the objective world of social scientific fact foundered for most of them on the inherently subjective choices made by the individual scholar, leading them to face the possibility that value-freedom could not provide a successful theory of objectivity without reformulation. The dissertation spans three decades and several disciplines, including the work of important jurists whose social scientific credentials have been neglected owing to their disciplinary backgrounds.
History

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2

Moreland, Chris MB. "The Unbreakable Circle: An Intellectual History of Michel Foucault". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/8.

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The following is a chronologically ordered internal intellectual history of Michel Foucault. The objective of this analysis is to determine whether or not Foucault provides a viable critical social theory of bourgeois society. In order to examine this topic, I trace the development of Foucault’s thought during his early, pre-archaeological stage, his archaeological stage, and his genealogical stage. I frame Foucault’s stages as attempts to overcome Kant’s subject/object division—or the paradox that man operates as both a meaning-giving subject and an empirical object—that one encounters in discourses pertaining to the social sciences. Foucault’s pre-archaeological stage is characterized by two humanistic modes of thought: hermeneutics and phenomenology. Hermeneutics involves the interpretation of historical events in pursuit of existential meaning. By contrast, phenomenology seeks to uncover meaning in subjective experience. After the publication of Mental Illness and Psychology, Foucault rejects hermeneutics and phenomenology on the grounds that the search for meaning through interpretation will inevitably obscure truth under endlessly multiplying interpretations. Neither method offers a coherent resolution to the subject/object division. Foucault’s archaeological method attempts to overcome the subject/object division by studying the relationships—or patterns appearing in language—between empirical observations. Archaeology does not account for the truth-value associated with codified empirical observations (or statements). In other words, archaeology studies the language patterns comprising claims to objective truth. Archaeology consequently assumes a relativistic and objective position that escapes the subject/object division. However, this method suffers from internal instabilities; the rules governing language pertaining to empirical observation are objective, yet the analysts are themselves a product of these rules. This contradiction casts doubt up archaeology’s claim to objectivity. Foucault’s genealogical method does not seek to resolve Kant’s subject/object division; rather, genealogy embraces the notion that the interaction between subject and object remains unknowable. Genealogy, therefore, retains archaeology’s relativistic stance regarding claims to truth while forgoing the former method’s pursuit of objective analysis. During his genealogical stage, Foucault directs his attention away from language patterns and toward the interaction between power and knowledge. Foucault conceptualizes power as a multidirectional, decentralized, and self-perpetuating force that manifests itself as the material result of interpersonal, institutional, and society-level conflicts. Knowledge complements power by defining normal and abnormal behavior. In doing so, knowledge establishes the cognitive field comprising the individual’s self-concept. Genealogy is an analytic of the power/knowledge interaction; the method provides a relativistic means of conceptualizing the reciprocal influence between force relations and discourses. While genealogy does not constitute an objective critical theory, the method has a concrete basis in the form of the positive manifestations of the power/knowledge interaction. Based on my assessment of the above methods, I conclude that genealogy is a viable social theory. Moreover, Foucault consistently deconstructs narratives comprising bourgeois society. From this recurrence it is apparent that Foucault is a para-Marxist; he provides a critique of bourgeois society and attempts to test the limits of individual experience within that society. This conclusion supports the continued relevance of Foucauldian analysis in the social sciences.

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3

Kadow, Alexander. "Essays in European integration and economic inequalities". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3403/.

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The ongoing process of economic integration in Europe and beyond has already led to profound changes that are likely to manifest themselves further. Within Europe, formerly centrally planned economies have joined the European Union (EU) with the intention to ultimately introduce the common currency. On a more global scale, marginalised farmers in developing countries seek to become integrated in the world trading system to lift themselves out of poverty. However, issues surrounding economic inequalities are no longer exclusively confined to emerging economies. Indeed, awareness of income inequalities and their impact on the domestic economy is increasing among industrialised nations. This dissertation seeks to contribute to these topical debates in the form of three self-contained essays. The first essay is concerned with monetary integration in Europe. More specifically, we consider the EU member countries from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) that seek to adopt the euro in the foreseeable future. Our analysis is based on a global VAR (GVAR) model to investigate to what extent central banks in CEE follow the European Central Bank’s lead. We look in another core chapter at the economic implications of the Fair Trade (FT) movement. This is a fairly novel topic to the economics profession and we thus aim to provide intuitive insights. One of the key elements of our trade model is that FT generates and hinges upon economic inequalities. We combine these two aspects in the third core chapter. In particular, we analyse how monetary policy operates in an environment which is characterised by wage inequalities using a New Keynesian model that features heterogeneous labour. The third essay is motivated by the case of the United States, where, similar to many European countries, there is strong empirical evidence for rising internal economic divergence. Overall, the thesis not only combines and investigates topical issues, it moreover does so employing various techniques with the intention to also make contributions on the methodological level. We conclude the monograph by highlighting policy implications and by providing directions for future research.

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4

Button, Lee. "German Foreign Policy & Diplomacy 1890-1906". TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2206.

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From 1871 to 1914, Germany experienced its first taste of world power and the failure of controlling and retaining that power. German power after 1871 had sought only a dominance of continental politics and a maintenance of a status quo in Europe favorable to Germany. Following 1890, however, the German course deviated to include a vision of world power. German foreign policy until 1890 was based on two things: hegemonic control of the heart of Europe and the force of will of one man, Otto von Bismarck. Yet despite relative control of the European situation and a cautious and able statesman at the helm, Germany was quickly intoxicated by its new power as much as reacting against the almost oppressive control of Bismarck. By all measures, the German appetite for power was growing faster than ordinary diplomatic conquests could satisfy it. The need for instant gratification caused a recklessness in foreign policy and diplomacy best characterized by Krisepolitik, or crisis diplomacy. This dilemma not only resulted from a growing appetite for power, but also from a lack of understanding of international politics. The European reaction to the new German aggressiveness and to the lack of direction in German policy was one of suspicion. With the cancellation of the Reinsurance Treaty with Russian in 1890, every German move was viewed by increasingly hostile eyes. Axes of power began to form which much threatened the growing world power of Germany, a Germany which saw the need to contest the powers on as many points as possible, while avoiding war, to retain its power in the 1890s and the first years of the twentieth century.

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5

Feeley, Christopher J. "Fifteen years on| An examination of the Irish Famine curricula in New York and New Jersey". Thesis, Drew University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618225.

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Since the early 1980s Holocaust education and genocide studies programs at the primary, secondary and post-secondary educational levels have become commonplace and an accepted element of public school curriculum. As these programs and their curricula gained acceptance within public education, efforts to increase awareness of genocidal events outside and beyond the European Holocaust as well as increased attention paid to ethnic studies programs have also gained traction in public schooling. These efforts manifested themselves in the mid to late 1990s to include the Great Irish Famine (1845–1852) as a sub-study of greater Holocaust/genocide studies in both the states of New Jersey and New York. More than ten years after the formal adoption of the official state-sponsored Great Irish Famine curricula, their impact, influence and utilization remain unclear. This paper examines the history behind the creation of both New Jersey and New York Famine Curricula, compares and contrasts the two documents, examines their use in both states’ public schools, and suggests potential revisions to each Famine curriculum.

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6

Rerceretnam, Marc. "Black Europeans, the Indian coolies and empire : colonialisation and christianized Indians in colonial Malaya & Singapore, c. 1870s - c. 1950s". Phd thesis, Faculty of Economics and Business, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7626.

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7

Maxson, Brian. "Review of Healthy Living in Late Renaissance Italy". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6203.

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This work offers an interdisciplinary study of preventative health in 16th and 17th century Italy. Previous studies on the practice and prescription of early modern preventative health are few, and scholars have tended to assume that medical understanding of the body's humors remained relatively static during this period.

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8

Sobrevias, Ester Oliveras. "The new Spanish accounting regulatory framework : a case study of accounting regulation change in a European economy in transition". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1998. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/1876/.

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In this thesis the Spanish accounting regulatory framework is considered as a research case study. The main objective is to illustrate the issues faced by accounting systems in European economies in transition. Many Eastern European countries undergoing an economic transition have applied for European Union membership. The emergence of new accounting systems in these economies will be strongly influenced by the obligation to comply with European Union legislation and the Spanish case may offer some useful lessons. Spain, as a case study, illustrates a European country that has undergone an economic transition in the last twenty-five years. The Spanish accounting regulatory framework has successfully undergone several changes in order to comply with European legislation and fit into a global market economy. The research case study comprises five sub-units of study. Firstly, the activities of the Spanish government with regard to new accounting requirements as well as the changes experienced by the accounting standards-setting bodies exemplifies the important role of the government's response to European Union legislation. Secondly, the evolution of accounting and professional bodies represents a society responding to the issues arising from the changes occurring at a national legislative level. Thirdly, the unique interaction between the Spanish public and professional accounting bodies is an example of joint effort in times when rapid change is required and the amount of professional expertise may be limited. The fourth sub-unit of study explores the role of the Spanish academic community which emerges as a full participant during the accounting reforms. Its influence in the new accounting regulatory framework is strongly felt through the increase in academic publications and with direct participation in the accounting standards -setting process. Finally, the fifth sub-unit of study looks at the 'true and fair view' requirement which was adopted by the European Union's Fourth Directive in 1978 as the ultimate objective of financial reporting. The origins and history of 'true and fair view' have given rise to a considerable amount of academic debate on the issues stemming from its implementation by European national legislators. The Spanish decision to adopt this Directive in full shows the high degree of commitment to compliance with the European Union. The response of the Spanish government and the profession to a requirement alien to the Spanish accounting tradition and philosophy has been dramatic. It is concluded that the changes in the accounting regulatory framework have not only been successful, but Spain has also embraced the European Directives in its national legislation to a greater extent than other European countries. The Spanish experience may therefore becorne a model to be looked to by Eastern European countries with an interest in becoming European Union members.

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9

St, John Sarah K. "The struggle for power in education : the nation-state versus the supranational in the evolution of European Union education policy, 1945-1976". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30580/.

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European integration is a curious concept. There is stark disparity between some areas of policy that seemingly glide through the integration process, while others lag behind and despite decades of attempts, never reach the status of a fully-fledged area of European Union competence. Once such area is education. Through integration theories, political scientists have sought to explain how policies develop and are implemented at European level. This interdisciplinary study borrows the opposing theories of neofunctionalism and intergovernmentalism with the aim of identifying the influence of the supranational and the strength of the state in the evolution of a European Union education policy. It seeks to pinpoint how education can be placed within the construction of Europe and the process of early European integration to determine the feasibility of these integration theories in explaining the journey of education policy in the European context. Historical methodology is adopted, based on archival research at the Historical Archives of the European Union, using documentary analysis to trace the history of activities and initiatives relating to education between 1945-1976. Collective biography methodology is adopted to give space to the role of states in driving the scope, direction and extent of integration based on domestic interests, while a case study implements methodological triangulation to stress-test the case of education. The study proposes that education is a complex case that does not slot neatly into a theory of integration. Education is multifaceted, a cultural – while at the same time – economic component: it is woven into the fabric of nation-states, it contributes to increasing global competitiveness, it diversifies across borders, and its development is attached to temporality and context. Despite suggestions that the state is diminishing in power, education serves as an example to demonstrate that the state is very much alive and at the centre of certain areas of policy development at European level.

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10

Hasdemir, A. Seven. "A Critique Of The Histories Of European And Ottoman States: From". Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613528/index.pdf.

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In this thesis two &ldquo
western modern state&rdquo
and three Ottoman &ldquo
state tradition&rdquo
scholars (Gianfranco Poggi, Christopher Pierson, Serif Mardin, Metin Heper and Ç
aglar Keyder) are elaborated in the way how they write the the history for their theorization attempts. The specially emphasized processes in these histories are asserted to be reconstructed as the sources of an &ldquo
idealized&rdquo
-type that is assumed to be fulfilled by &ldquo
the West&rdquo
and should also be followed by &ldquo
the rest&rdquo
. The description of this form of a state entails a covert expectation on the requirement of an effective, limited but primarily strong state. Since the mainstream historical knowledge builds the foundations of both our academic studies and daily political arguments, it should be subjected to a critique. And state theory should be rethought with comparative and alternative perspectives. This work does not only trace the histories of political development constituted on &ldquo
modernization revisionist&rdquo
and &ldquo
state traditional&rdquo
theses, it also aims to cast new perspectives for the theorization of state-formation momentums and mechanisms by making a potpourri from some alternative readings of historical theses. As a result some central debates are brought into the picture on the historical transformation of state-society relationships. Along with the attempts for more comprehensive thinking exersizes on the states, theorization does not deal with two separate states or separate narratives of the the history but rather with the experiences thought together and watched through the different forms they takes in each particular historical momentums.

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11

Malfoy, Jordan I. "Britain Can Take It: Civil Defense and Chemical Warfare in Great Britain, 1915-1945". FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3639.

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This dissertation argues that the origins of civil defense are to be found in pre-World War II Britain and that a driving force of this early civil defense scheme was fear of poison gas. Later iterations of civil defense, such as the Cold War system in America, built on already existing regimes that had proven their worth during WWII. This dissertation demonstrates not only that WWII civil defense served as a blueprint for later civil defense schemes, but also that poison gas anxiety served as a particular tool for the implementation and success of civil defense. The dissertation is organized thematically, exploring the role of civilians and volunteers in the civil defense scheme, as well as demonstrating the vital importance of physical manifestations of civil defense, such as gas masks and air raid shelters, in ensuring the success of the scheme. By the start of World War II, many civilians had already been training in civil defense procedures for several years, learning how to put out fires, recognize bombs, warn against gas, decontaminate buildings, rescue survivors, and perform first aid. The British government had come to the conclusion, long before the threat became realized, that the civilian population was a likely target for air attacks and that measures were required to protect them. World War I (WWI) saw the first aerial attacks targeted specifically at civilians, suggesting a future where such attacks would occur more frequently and deliberately. Poison gas, used in WWI, seemed a particularly horrifying threat that presented significant problems. Civil defense was born out of this need to protect the civil population from attack by bombs or poison gas. For the next five years of war civil defense worked to maintain British morale and to protect civilian lives. This was the first real scheme of civil defense, instituted by the British government specifically for the protection of its civilian population.

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12

Dorina, Nikolla. "The Reconstruction Of Albanian Politics And Identity In The Context Of European Integration". Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605554/index.pdf.

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This thesis analyses the change of the Albanian national identity and ideology during its contemporary history, beginning from the national awakening period up to post-communism. The break with the dictatorial Enver Hoxha regime marked the begining of a new era for the Albanian ideology and politics. To this regard, the political elite, played a prominent role in the process of transition and the opening of Albania to the world.The prospect for the EU membership became the major motivation of the Albanian political class for the break with the past authoritarian regime and change. The European integration process has notably affected political elite'
s imagination of Albanian culture and history and Albania'
s place in Europe. The desire for a rapid integration urged Albanian political elite to re-establish the relations with the neighbouring countries by re-designing the foreign policy in compliance with the new imperatives of geopolitics.

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13

Verschueren, Nicolas. "Fermer les mines en construisant l'Europe: une histoire sociale de l'intégration européenne". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210001.

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Cette recherche a pour ambition de contribuer aux études sur l’histoire sociale de la construction européenne. En prenant pour point d’appui le cas de l’industrie charbonnière, il a été possible de mettre en évidence une tentative de préservation et de prolongement des politiques sociales d’après-guerre à l’intérieur de la Communauté. Les débats sur le logement ouvrier, les discussions paritaires et la tentative d’instauration d’un statut européen du mineur reflètent cette continuité entre les niveaux nationaux et européens. L’échec de politiques sociales d’envergure sonnait le glas d’un élan initié par quelques syndicalistes et militants européens pour un approfondissement de l’Europe sociale dont l’expression commençait à prendre consistance. La crise charbonnière de 1958 allait transformer les politiques de la Haute Autorité où la réponse aux crises régionales prenait une place majeure. En ce sens, la reconversion du Borinage était le premier test social d’envergure pour le maintien du consensus politique d’après-guerre. Malgré les mesures nationales et européennes pour la relance économique du bassin borain, aucune industrie n’est parvenue à remplacer les fosses tant du point de vue économique qu’identitaire. Les conflits sociaux apparus dans les années 1970 ont alors mis en lumière les transformations sociales et culturelles du Borinage en reconversion.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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14

Dittrich, Julia. "“We Have to Record the Downfall of Tyranny”: The London Times Perspective on Napoleon Bonaparte’s Invasion of Russia". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1457.

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"We Have to Record the Downfall of Tyranny": The London Times Perspective on Napoleon Bonaparte's Invasion of Russia aims to illustrate how The London Times interpreted and reported on Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia. This thesis explains how England feared its grip on Europe was slipping away due to a French takeover of the continent. This work details the English struggle in order to provide a broader analysis through a newspaper of how nations indirectly involved in the Napoleonic wars understood the conflict.

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15

Paone, Martina. "From Civilising Mission to Civilian Power: Rethinking EU Peacebuilding from a Postcolonial Perspective". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/278921/4/phd.pdf.

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This research intends to explore the reverberations of the colonial experience in the European Union (EU) peacebuilding policy-making towards the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In particular, it aims at reconstructing the link between the European colonial past and the EU, in order to address to what extent such historical heritage is manifested in the discursive practices of EU peacebuilding policy-making towards the Democratic Republic of Congo.Thus, the thesis seeks to answer to the following research question: “How does the EU address the European colonial legacy in peacebuilding policy-making towards the Democratic Republic of Congo?” To do so, the research position itself in a critical conversation with EU Studies and Postcolonial Studies, and mobilises Discourse-Historical Approach influenced by Colonial Discourse Theory as a methodological tool. After having gathered interviews with EU Officials working on peacebuilding policies, having conducted archival research in the Historical Archives of the European Union and having undertaken participant observation at the European External Action Service, the results of this research are mainly twofold. Firstly, this study shows that within EU peacebuilding policy-makers the colonial legacy is hardly addressed. Yet, the EU relies on a dehistoricised regime where selective historical events are mobilised to the objective of legitimising EU peacebuilding actions. Secondly, the research identifies discursive strategies that reproduce colonial discourses in EU peacebuilding policy-making. These strategies, mainly based on racial stereotypes, connote an unchanging order based on a fixed donor/recipient binary. Such pervasive discourses tend to perpetuate dependency, instead of reaffirming an independent peace process that is supposed to be the final goal of EU peacebuilding policies.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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16

Glover, Victoria E. C. ""To Conceive With Child is the Earnest Desire if Not of All, Yet of Most Women": The Advancement of Prenatal Care and Childbirth in Early Modern England: 1500-1770". VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5694.

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This thesis analyzes medical manuals published in England between 1500 and 1770 to trace developing medical understandings and prescriptive approaches to conception, pregnancy, and childbirth. While there have been plenty of books written regarding social and religious changes in the reproductive process during the early modern era, there is a dearth of scholarly work focusing on the medical changes which took place in obstetrics over this period. Early modern England was a time of great change in the field of obstetrics as physicians incorporated newly-discovered knowledge about the male and female body, new fields and tools, and new or revived methods into published obstetrical manuals. As men became more prominent in the birthing chamber, instructions in the manuals began to address these men as well. Overall these changes were brought about by changes in the medical field along with changes in culture and religion and the emergence of print culture and rising literacy rates.

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17

Holtgrefe, Jon Mark 1987. "The characterization of civil war: Literary, numismatic, and epigraphical presentations of the 'year of the four emperors'". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11626.

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viii, 113 p.
This thesis analyzes various literary, numismatic, and epigraphical narratives of the Roman civil war of 69CE, and the representations of the four emperors who fought in it. In particular the focus is on how the narratives and representations relate to one another. Such an investigation provides us with useful insight into the people and events of 69 and how contemporaries viewed the actors and the events. These various presentations, most notably the works of five ancient historians and biographers, give 69 the distinction of being one of the best documented years in all antiquity. Historical scholarship has typically sought to determine which of these authors was the most accurate on the points which they disagreed. These points of difference, largely subjective opinion and therefore equally valid, illuminate instead the diverse ways in which an event can be interpreted. This thesis will focus on why there is such diversity and its usefulness to the historian.
Committee in charge: Dr. John Nicols, Chair; Dr. Sean Anthony, Member; Dr. Mary Jaeger, Member

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18

Lawson, Michael David. "Children of a One-Eyed God: Impairment in the Myth and Memory of Medieval Scandinavia". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3538.

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Using the lives of impaired individuals catalogued in the Íslendingasögur as a narrative framework, this study examines medieval Scandinavian social views regarding impairment from the ninth to the thirteenth century. Beginning with the myths and legends of the eddic poetry and prose of Iceland, it investigates impairment in Norse pre-Christian belief; demonstrating how myth and memory informed medieval conceptualizations of the body. This thesis counters scholarly assumptions that the impaired were universally marginalized across medieval Europe. It argues that bodily difference, in the Norse world, was only viewed as a limitation when it prevented an individual from fulfilling roles that contributed to their community. As Christianity’s influence spread and northern European powers became more focused on state-building aims, Scandinavian societies also slowly began to transform. Less importance was placed on the community in favor of the individual and policies regarding bodily difference likewise changed; becoming less inclusive toward the impaired.

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19

Misich, Courtney Misich. "Social and Spatial Mobility in the British Empire: Reading and Mapping Lower Class Travel Accounts of the 1790's". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1505864270348148.

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20

Sente, Christophe. "L'étude des idées politiques au sein des partis de la social-démocratie européenne: de l'utilité du concept du révisionnisme". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210006.

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La thèse s'attache à étudier la validité conceptuelle de la notion de révisionnisme pour la compréhension de la dynamique idéationnelle et programmatique de la social-démocratie européenne.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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21

Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves. "Sociabilité, Franc-maçonnerie et réseaux relationnels. Contributions pour une histoire sociale et culturelle de l'espace européen des Lumières". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134596.

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L'inédit de cette HDR replace l'expansion foudroyante et durable de l'ordre maçonnique dans son environnement social et culturel en l'intégrant au « commerce de société » des élites européennes marqué par le renouvellement rapide de l'offre et les exigences nouvelles en terme de loisir aristocratique.
Le premier chapitre propose un programme et un agenda de relance de la recherche française en histoire maçonnique qui, pionnière dans les années 1960, n'a pas remplacé ses cadres, s'est progressivement isolée au sein de la communauté historienne, quand elle ne s'est pas égarée dans une « maçonnologie » (sic) a-scientifique, qui tranche sur le dynamisme que l'on peut observer en Autriche, en Allemagne, en Italie, en Espagne, et aux Etats-Unis.
Présentés dans le chapitre II, les nouvelles archives et les nouveaux outils accessibles aux chercheurs permettent cette relance et constituent autant d'opportunités à saisir pour une véritable histoire culturelle des sociabilités européennes au XVIIIe siècle. L'ouverture à partir de l'année 2002 des fonds « russes » d'archives maçonniques françaises des XVIIIe-XXe siècles rapatriés de Moscou en décembre 2000, la mobilisation des exceptionnelles ressources documentaires des archives du Grand Orient des Pays-Bas à La Haye, ou du Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz à Berlin, permettent de rompre avec la mono-exploitation paresseuse du fonds maçonnique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, pour l'essentiel constitué de listes de membres et de correspondances administratives stéréotypées entre les loges et leur obédience. Les écrits du « for privé » également dénommés « ego-documents », aujourd'hui au centre des préoccupations des historiens, élargissent le corpus. Leur étude et l'attention portée aux réseaux sociaux –mis à l'épreuve de leur fonctionnement matériel, des échanges qu'ils véhiculent et orientent, et non pas réduits à l'utilisation métaphorique d'un concept à la mode-, aux stratégies individuelles qui s'y déploient, permettent de restituer la Franc-maçonnerie dans son environnement profane –social, culturel, familial, professionnel, confessionnel- à des échelles imbriquées plus qu'emboîtées –la famille, la nébuleuse huguenote et le réseau négociant européen par exemple. Avant d'être une institution, la loge est d'abord une communauté de pairs où un individu s'insère en société.
Intégrer la dimension européenne, c'est également prendre en compte l'existence d'une Maçonnerie brillante –objet du chapitre III-, offrant une offre de divertissement mondain variée –bals, concerts et théâtre amateurs- dans un espace qui transcende la frontière entre espaces domestique et public pour intégrer le temple de la loge, la vie de société, les châteaux et les hôtels particuliers. On met ainsi en évidence la plasticité et la résistance d'un modèle aristocratique –que l'on redécouvre également à propos des salons- de sociabilité maçonnique, qui permet de contester la thèse de Ran Halevi sur Les loges maçonniques dans la France d'Ancien Régime. Aux origines de la sociabilité démocratique et de nuancer le modèle de Jürgen Habermas d'une sociabilité maçonnique « bourgeoise » laboratoire de L'Espace public. Les loges de cour existent au XVIIIe siècle, elles ont un pouvoir d'attraction considérable qui déborde largement la sphère aristocratique.
Le chapitre IV propose une histoire interculturelle de la Franc-maçonnerie européenne en s'appuyant sur le cas saxon. La Saxe électorale, malgré sa situation apparemment périphérique dans l'espace européen, constitue en effet un laboratoire pour l'éclosion des différentes formes de sociabilité maçonnique : Maçonnerie de cour, ordres initiatiques mixtes, réforme maçonnique d'essence chevaleresque et chrétienne, loges négociantes cosmopolites. Ces innovations intègrent rapidement et avec succès l'offre de sociabilité offerte aux élites européennes.

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Furtado, Michael Anthony 1958. "Islands of Castile: Artistic, Literary, and Legal Perception of the Sea in Castile-Leon, 1248-1450". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12098.

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xiii, 322 p. : col. ill.
Before Spain encountered the Americas, it first encountered the sea. This dissertation explores the roots of that encounter by examining perceptions of the sea in late medieval Castile-Leon reflected in art, literature, and law. It analyzes the changing attitudes of the Castilians towards the sea through an examination of its perceived place in their world, underscoring the complexity of Castilian attitudes toward the dangers and opportunities presented by the marine environment. Conceptual separation and union serve as the two foundational concepts employed for the analysis of evidence from each of the three genres under examination. Each genre highlights in various ways either the strong contrast drawn between land and sea or their seeming union conceptually. These complexities are manifest in a broad variety of sources, from collections of miracle tales to fifteenth century romances. Analysis of legal distinctions between land and sea reveal significant differences in perception regarding the nature of each environment and the rights and responsibilities of Castilians acting in either. Findings include that artistic sources reveal that a fearful attitude toward the sea accentuated by helplessness before its power dominated thirteenth century imagery, contrasting with the greater unity of land and sea reflected in miniatures from fifteenth century sources. A similar pattern of separation and union emerges in the literary evidence, where fear of the loss of agency when traveling at sea in early sources gives way to fifteenth century examples that praise its value. A comparison of the laws contained in the Siete Partidas with the late medieval records of the Cortes of Castile-Leon reveals that while the Castilian monarchs tended to consider the sea as firmly outside of their realm throughout the majority of the period of this study, strategic necessity led to an inexorable growth in the importance of the sea in the affairs of the kingdom generally. Together, the evidence supports the conclusion that by the mid-fourteenth century the view of the sea as other, typical of all early Castilian sources, gave way to a fifteenth century perspective that welcomed it in many respects, laying the foundation for the development of a great maritime empire.
Committee in charge: Lisa Wolverton, Chairperson; Robert Haskett, Member; David Luebke, Member; David Wacks, Outside Member

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Abel, Jonathan 1985. "Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte, Comte De Guibert: Father of the Grande Armée". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700071/.

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Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte, comte de Guibert (1743-1790) dedicated his life and career to creating a new doctrine for the French army. Little about this doctrine was revolutionary. Indeed, Guibert openly decried the anarchy of popular participation in government and looked askance at the early days of the Revolution. Rather, Guibert’s doctrine marked the culmination of an evolutionary process that commenced decades before his time and reached fruition in the Réglement of 1791, which remained in force until the 1830s. Not content with military reform, Guibert demanded a political and social constitution to match. His reforms required these changes, demanding a disciplined, service-oriented society and a functional, rational government to assist his reformed military. He delved deeply, like no other contemporary writer, into the linkages between society, politics, and the military throughout his career and his writings. Guibert exerted an overwhelming influence on military thought across Europe for the next fifty years. His military theories provided the foundation for military reform during the twilight of the Old Regime. The Revolution, which adopted most of Guibert’s doctrine in 1791, continued his work. A new army and way of war based on Guibert’s reforms emerged to defeat France’s major enemies. In Napoleon’s hands, Guibert’s army all but conquered Europe by 1807. As other nations adopted French methods, Guibert’s influence spread across the Continent, reigning supreme until the 1830s. This dissertation adopts a biographical approach to examine Guibert’s life and influence on the creation of the French military system that led to Napoleon’s conquest of Europe. As no such biography exists in Anglophone literature, such a work will fill a crucial gap in understanding French military success to 1807. It examines the period of French military reform from 1760 to the creation and use of Napoleon’s Grande Armée from 1803 to 1807, illustrating the importance of Guibert’s systemic doctrine in the period. Moreover, the work argues that Guibert belongs in the ranks of authors whose works exerted a primary influence on the French Enlightenment and Revolution by establishing Guibert as a “Great Man” of the Republic of Letters between 1770 and his death in 1790.

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Selden, Dianne. "Resurrecting the Red Dragon: A Case Study in Welsh Identity". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1282926500.

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Laguna, Alexis M. "“I Almost Hope I Get Hit Again Soon”: The Wartime Service and Medical History of Leon C. Standifer, WWII American Infantryman". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2620.

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The American GI’s experience in hospital during World War II is absent from official military histories, most scholarly works, and even many oral history collections. Utilizing the papers of WWII infantryman, Leon Standifer, this thesis offers the reader a rare glimpse of WWII military hospital life and chronicles one soldier’s journey from willing obedience to subversive action. This thesis compares the stated goals and procedures of the US Army medical department to the experience of Leon Standifer, an infantryman who served in northern France during the last year of the war and the American occupation of Bavaria, whose service was marked by several periods of protracted hospitalization. Over the course of five hospitalizations, during which Standifer was treated for bullet wounds, trench foot, and pneumonia, he consistently wrote letters to his family describing his experience. A careful reading of Standifer’s wartime correspondence in conjunction with his published and unpublished writings, secondary source material, and military records, suggest that while isolated in the hospital, after killing and experiencing the death of his comrades, Standifer lost his desire to fight. He began to make calculated decisions based on his knowledge of the military medical system in an attempt to ensure his survival and control the remainder of his military service.

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Sandu, Traian. "" Mutations géopolitiques et radicalité politique en Roumanie dans le contexte centre-européen au XXe siècle "". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690048.

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Les petites puissances centre-européennes (re)naissent au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale sur la base d'un discours nationaliste quarante-huitard de liberté des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes, mais avec un personnel politique marqué par le nationalisme conservateur et affairiste de la Realpolitik bismarckienne et un monde intellectuel déjà sensible à un mix idéologique modernisateur fait de mobilisation nationaliste, d'ingénierie sociale hygiéniste et de préférence ethnique agressive. Dès lors, ces pays apparaissent bien davantage que de simples objets, victimes des deux totalitarismes qui encadrent géographiquement leur espace et chronologiquement leur destin durant le " siècle des extrêmes ". À ce titre, la Roumanie est emblématique, ayant massivement généré entre les deux guerres mondiales le personnel politique autochtone d'un extrémisme de droite avec une forte composante fasciste capable de s'intégrer aux projets impérialistes et génocidaires nazis. Puis, après une phase de stalinisme imposé, elle a élaboré un modèle de national-communisme mêlant volontarisme productiviste stalinien, ultranationalisme mobilisateur recyclant les anciens idéologues fascistes opportunément sortis des prisons, immixtion étatique jusque dans la vie la plus intime de la société et modèle diplomatique hétérodoxe sachant séduire les partenaires occidentaux. Enfin, après 1989, la démocratisation et la transition dans un contexte socioéconomique difficile ont favorisé la continuité d'un populisme aux formes multiples, y compris avec des références explicites au fascisme et au national-communisme - avec reprise du personnel parfois -, malgré l'adoption des institutions et des règles nécessaires aux intégrations de structures euro-atlantiques fort peu regardantes.

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Lucas, Anne M. "Strategic Nonviolence and Humor: Their Synergy and Its Limitations: A Case Study of Nonviolent Struggle led by Serbia’s Otpor". Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1292889981.

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Dugdale, Hannah L. "The evolution of social behaviour : the effect of mating system and social structure in the European badger Meles meles". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7ed20660-75ff-4984-98d3-792a7bf88668.

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Studies of mating systems and social organisation have been central to understanding of the evolution of social behaviour. The European badger Meles meles is a good species in which to study these processes, as its complex social system provides an opportunity to investigate how both natural and kin selection shape the evolution of mating systems and social structure. In this thesis, I use behavioural and genetic data to describe the mating system and social organisation of a high-density badger population and examine the occurrence of cooperative breeding. I genotyped 915 (85%) badgers trapped in Wytham Woods (1987–2005), 630 of which were cubs, and assigned both parents to 331 cubs with 95% confidence. This revealed a polygynandrous mating system, with up to five mothers and five fathers per social group. Mounting behaviour was also polygynandrous and I show the strongest evidence to date for multiple-paternity litters. I demonstrate, for the first time, that groups consisted of close and distant kin: approximately one third of group members were first-order kin, and overall group members had slightly lower relatedness levels than half-siblings. Within groups, adult and yearling females had higher pairwise relatedness than males, and neighbouring groups contained relatives. These findings result from the high level (42%) of extra-group paternities, 86% of which were assigned to neighbouring males. For the first time I show that females avoided inbreeding by mating with extra-group males; however, incestuous matings did occur. Promiscuous and repeated mountings were observed, which may reduce male–male aggression and infanticide, but may also promote sperm competition, genetic diversity, and / or genetic compatibility. Just under a third of adult males and females were assigned parentage each year and I quantify, for the first time, reproductive skew within badger groups. Correlations between relatedness, group productivity, and reproductive skew were not consistent with the predictions of incomplete-control models; rather, resource availability may play a role. Older and younger badgers displayed reduced annual breeding success, with male success increasing initially with experience. The Restraint, Constraint, and Selection Hypotheses did not explain the age-related breeding pattern in females. Variance in lifetime breeding success (LBS) was greater for males. Males that only bred within or only outside of their groups had half the LBS of males that did both. Females that were assigned maternity probably bred cooperatively and allonursed non-offspring, which has not been demonstrated previously. No benefit was established, however, in terms of litter size, probability of offspring breeding, or offspring lifetime breeding success, with more mothers in a group. In conclusion, badger social groups are fostered through kinship ties. Polygynandry and repeated mounting may have evolved originally to reduce male–male aggression and infanticide by males, through paternity masking. Although plural breeding occurs, group living appears to be costly. Motivation to disperse may be reduced through high-levels of extra-group paternities, which may also reduce inbreeding. Cooperative breeding among mothers may represent a low-cost behaviour with indirect benefits due to high levels of relatedness between female group-members. Badger sociality therefore represents an early stage in the evolution of social behaviour.

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Magnette, Paul. "Citoyenneté et construction européenne: étude de la formation du concept de citoyenneté et de la recomposition de ses formes institutionnelles dans le cadre de la construction européenne". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211973.

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Canihac, Hugo. "La fabrique savante de l'Europe : une archéologie du discours de l'Europe communautaire (1870-1973)". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0617.

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Cette thèse prend pour objet la construction d’un discours politique et social nouveau - celuide l’Europe communautaire. Ce processus est appréhendé comme le résultat du travail demultiples collectifs d’acteurs politiques et savants. Ces collectifs ont contribué à l’invention duvocabulaire communautaire, d’une part, et à la normalisation de certains savoirs etinterprétations des Communautés, d’autre part. Il s’agit alors de mettre en lumière lesconditions historiques de ce travail collectif dans deux Etats fondateurs de la constructioneuropéenne – la France et l’Allemagne. L’enjeu est d’explorer tout à la fois les conditions depossibilité de l’innovation politique et les conditions de légitimation d’un objet politiquenouveau.En mobilisant des sources historiques variées, ce travail retrace les carrières dans les débatscommunautaires de deux des définitions largement utilisées pour définir l’Europecommunautaire jusqu’à aujourd’hui - la « supranationalité » et « l’économie sociale demarché ». L’étude croisée de leurs usages permet d’examiner les controverses politicoacadémiquesdans lesquelles l’Europe communautaire a été définie comme type institutionneldistinct (de l’Etat-nation) et comme mode de gouvernement spécifique (du marché). A reboursde l’hypothèse d’une « révolution communautaire », la thèse invite à réinscrire l’inventioncommunautaire dans le temps plus long de la construction des Etats nationaux et de leurssavoirs. A l’opposé d’une lecture génétique de la construction communautaire commedéploiement d’un sens défini depuis les années 1950, elle donne à voir la diversité desinterprétations et des savoirs qui ont été produits et se sont affrontés dans les premières, etidentifie les conditions de leurs succès différenciés
This dissertation aims to understand the construction of a new type of political and socialdiscourse: that of the European Economic Community (EEC). This process is taken, on theone hand, to be the invention on the part of political actors and scholars of a vocabulary andconceptual apparatus which made the EEC thinkable. On the other hand, the process isunderstood as the constitution of specialized disciplines which, by more or less successfullyasserting their legitimacy to produce discourse on the EEC as an object, have contributed torendering certain interpretations obligatory. The dissertation highlights the historical conditionsin which actors have contributed to the emergence, circulation and stabilization of suchknowledge in two founding member states of the EEC - France and Germany – up to the firstenlargement of the EEC in 1973. Beyond the specific case of European integration, thechallenge is to explore the conditions both for political innovation and for the legitimization ofa new political object.Making use of several types of historical source, the thesis retraces the careers of two of thedefinitions widely used to define the EEC up to the present - "supranationality" and the "socialmarket economy". Examination of the uses of these terms makes it possible to identify andinvestigate politico-academic controversies in which the EEC has been defined as a distinctinstitutional type (of the nation-state) and as specific mode of government (of the market).In contrast to the hypothesis of a "revolution" in the EEC, the thesis calls for the reinsertion ofthe invention of the EEC into the longer history of construction of national states andgovernment sciences. Contrary to a genetic interpretation of European integration as a definiteproject from the 1950s, it reveals the diversity of interpretations and knowledges which wereproduced and which competed with one another in the early years of the EEC, and identifiesthe conditions for their unequal success. Finally, the dissertation leads us to qualify thehypothesis of the formation of "common sense" about the EEC, emphasizing the national anddisciplinary differences which persist in their interpretations

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Solbrig, Jacob H., e Jacob Hagen Solbrig. "Stasi Brainwashing in the GDR 1957 - 1990". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2431.

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This thesis examines the methods used by the Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MfS), more commonly known as the Stasi, or East German secret police, for extraction of information from citizens of the German Democratic Republic for the purpose of espionage and covert operations inside East Germany, as it pertains to the deliberate brainwashing of East German citizens. As one of the most efficient intelligence agencies to ever exist, the Stasi’s main purpose was to monitor the population, gather intelligence, and collect or turn informants. They used brainwashing techniques to control the people of the GDR, keeping the populace paralyzed with fear and paranoia. By surrounding themselves with a network of informants they prevented actions against the dictatorial communist regime. Using the video testimonies of former prisoners, and former confidential informants who worked closely with and collaborated with Stasi agents, in combination with periodicals and previous historical studies, this work argues that the East German Police State’s brainwashing techniques had long and lasting consequences both for German citizens, and for the psychiatric health of former GDR citizens. The scope and breadth of the techniques and data compiled for use by the Stasi were exhaustive, and the repercussions of their use are still being felt and discovered twenty five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall. This study aims to show the lasting effects brainwashing had on former informants and the Stasi’s victims.

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Defraigne, Jean-Christophe P. L. G. "De l'intégration nationale à l'intégration continentale: analyse de la dynamique d'intégration supranationale européenne et de ses liens avec les changements technologiques des processus de production dans une perspective de long terme". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211359.

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Malone, Chad Allen. "A Socio-Historical Analysis of U.S. State Terrorism from 1948 to 2008". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1216592463.

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Gueslin, Julien. "LA FRANCE ET LES PETITS ÉTATS BALTES :RÉALITES BALTES, PERCEPTIONS FRANÇAISES ET ORDRE EUROPEEN(1920-1932)". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00126331.

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En 1920, la naissance des trois Etats Baltes (Estonie, Lettonie, Lituanie) est un résultat inattendu de la victoire française. Compte-tenu de leur faiblesse et des ambitions des puissances voisines, l'opinion française craint de voir l'Europe du Nord-Est se " balkaniser ". Or en 1932, le dynamisme des jeunes démocraties baltes a contredit ces prévisions. L'équilibre baltique semble devenir indissociable du maintien d'un ordre européen que la puissance française cherche à établir avec la coopération plus ou moins directe des autres puissances. L'ambition de cet étude est donc de montrer comment une relation bilatérale entre une puissance et des petits États inconnus a pu progressivement s'instaurer à travers les perceptions françaises des stratégies étrangères et des interrogations sur le modèle républicain français. Mais le temps n'a t-il pas manqué pour faire disparaître tous les handicaps lourds qui ont freiné le dialogue franco-balte, en particulier dans le domaine économique ?

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Mboyi, Moukanda Laure Cynthia. "La pratique des échanges commerciaux dans la société précoloniale du Gabon : XVIe-[XIXe] siècles". Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984318.

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Cette thèse porte sur la pratique des échanges et du commerce dans la société précoloniale du Gabon. L'enjeu est d'étudier cette pratique en privilégiant un angle d'approche général au départ, et en mettant en œuvre une démarche analytique progressive, afin de saisir les acteurs, les modes de production mais également les produits faisant l'objet de ces échanges. L'objet " La pratique des échanges commerciaux dans la société précoloniale du Gabon : XVIe-XIXe siècle " se situe à la croisée des relations internationales, de l'analyse des contacts avec les peuples de " l'extérieur ", de processus d'européanisation et peut donc faire l'objet d'approche différentes selon les variables qu'on entend privilégier. Nous avons choisi de l'étudier selon une démarche non seulement historique mais anthropologique et sociologique qui nous conduisent à privilégier certains concepts clés : historique des peuples, étude de leur milieu et mode de vie, configurations de relations entre acteurs structurant un nouvel espace social d'interactions. D'un point de vue méthodologique, cette étude s'appuie sur une démarche qualitative et privilégie l'usage des entretiens : le corpus de compose d'une cinquantaine d'entretiens, complétés par l'audio-visuel, la littérature spécialisée et grise sur le sujet. Elle se compose de deux parties, découpées en six (6) chapitres totaux. Dans une première partie, la thèse se concentre sur l'historique des peuples du Gabon précolonial en prenant en compte les facteurs, les circuits et les dénouements des migrations, en l'occurrence les implantations de ces groupes ethniques dans leur habitat actuel. Elle s'étend ensuite sur l'étude de l'organisation sociale politique et culturelle des peuples à travers l'analyse des structures parentale, matrimoniale, juridique et culturelle. Enfin, cette partie précise le contexte et le jeu des différents acteurs à l'origine du développement de ces échanges : la production agricole et artisanale favorisée d'une part par la division sociale du travail et la spécialisation des groupes et d'autre part par les failles écologiques (l'inégal répartition de ressources, aridité des sols, animaux dévastateurs des cultures). Dans un second temps, la thèse fait porter l'analyse sur le déroulement des activités d'échange d'une part et de commerce d'autre part. Elle met en relief les différents circuits empruntés par les acteurs et les produits ainsi que les zones d'aboutissement. D'abord, elle fait une description des échanges en milieu local mettent en scène les membres des mêmes milieux ou des milieux proches les uns des autres. Cette interdépendance observée au sein des groupes avait comme base les liens de familiarité ou d'amitié entre ces différents groupes d'acteurs concernés. Ensuite, est évoqué le système d'échange hors des territoires, quoi que le concept territoire ne soit qu'employé de façon péjorative. Cette catégorie d'échange fait naître des contacts entre les populations avec celles des localités environnantes du nord au sud, de l'est à l'ouest. Enfin, le poids de l'abolition de la traite des noirs joue à un niveau macro comme obstacle des activités économiques des européens, ce qui soulève dès lors des enjeux capitalistes pour ces derniers. La naissance de cette économie de traitre, mais également son déroulement et son ascendance sur l'économie traditionnelle préexistante font l'objet de notre troisième et dernier chapitre de cette seconde partie. Entre héritage et ajustements de nature, ces politiques économiques vont mettre en place de types de monnaies, de produits et d'habitudes. Là encore, le poids des cultures et des habitudes étrangères à ces peuples, limitaient la pratique des échanges traditionnels, développant les effets d'apprentissage aux métiers pourvoyeur du gain.

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Tallgren, Eva. "The Concept of'European Citizenship': National Experiences and Post-National Expectations?" Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2004.

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The aim of this thesis is to interpret and understand the concept of citizenship in general, and the European citizenship in particular, placed within a broad theoretical framework. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine whether the development of a European citizenship indicates an emergence of a new ‘post-national’ model of citizenship, based on residence rather than nationality or place of birth. In order to address this, the status of third- country nationals (TCN’s), who are legally long-term residents within the Union, in relation to EU citizens has been analysed from the theoretical perspectives.

Different models of citizenship provide the paper with a theoretical framework, through which the empirical data has been examined. The theoretical approaches dealt with in this paper are the liberal, the republican/communitarian and the ‘post-national’ models of citizenship respectively. Fundamental ‘key concepts’ have been derived from these different models of citizenship, which have facilitated the analysis by providing the interpretation of the EU citizenship with an analytical framework.

To find answers to the initial research questions and fulfil the aim of the paper, a qualitative and hermeneutic study has been carried out, aiming at interpreting and understanding the European citizenship placed within its socio-political context. Text and language constitute the units of analysis and, hence, a textual analysis has been conducted of official EU documents. Following a conceptual history approach, concepts are not just reflections of historical processes, but can themselves contribute to historical change by making new things imaginable. As emphasised throughout the paper, concepts embrace at the same time a ‘space of experience’ and a ‘horizon of expectation’.

The main conclusions drawn from the research can be summarised in a number of points. First, while the concept of European citizenship was originally connected to a formal and economic view upon citizenship, close to a liberal/neo-liberal notion of citizenship, the texts express an aim of a more active citizenship, emphasised in the republican/communitarian tradition. Secondly, despite a multicultural and post-national rhetoric concerning the status of long-term resident TCN’s, the gaining of ‘full’ EU citizenship can still only be attained through nationality in a Member State. Thirdly, the importance of interpreting a concept placed within its socio-political context has been clear from the study. The semantic analysis has showed a close link between the European citizenship andthe goal to create an ‘area of freedom, security and justice’ throughout the Union. This goal is interpreted as a response to recent occurrences in the world, but at the same time it expresses expectations about the EU citizenship, and it can thus itself affect future developments in this field.

To sum up, while the concept of European citizenship is post-national to the extent that it applies to all EU citizens irrespective of where in the Union they live, it is still not completely based on the principle of residence. Only nationals of an EU Member State can obtain citizenship of the Union. Thus, the concept of European citizenship, while establishing a citizenship across national borders, is still based on nationality.

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McCann, Michael Charles 1959. "Occult Invention: The Rebirth of Rhetorical Heuresis in Early Modern British Literature from Chapman to Swift". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12081.

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xiv, 234 p. : ill.
The twentieth-century project of American rhetorician Kenneth Burke, grounded in a magic-based theory of language, reveals a path to the origins of what I am going to call occult invention. The occult, which I define as a symbol set of natural terms derived from supernatural terms, employs a method of heuresis based on a metaphor-like process I call analogic extension. Traditional invention fell from use shortly after the Liberal Arts reforms of Peter Ramus, around 1550. Occult invention emerged nearly simultaneously, when Early Modern British authors began using occult symbols as tropes in what I refer to as the Occult Mode. I use six of these authors--George Chapman, William Shakespeare, John Donne, Abraham Cowley, John Dryden, and Jonathan Swift--as examples of how occult invention arises. In appropriating occult symbolism, authors in the Occult Mode began using the invention methods of the occult arts of magic, alchemy, astrology, and cabala to derive new meanings, transform language, develop characters and plots, and reorient social perspectives. As we learn in tracking Burke's project, occult invention combines the principles of Aristotle's rhetoric and metaphysics with the techniques and principles of the occult arts. Occult invention fell from use around the end of the eighteenth century, but its rhetorical influence reemerged through the work of Burke. In this study I seek to contextualize and explicate some of the literary sources and rhetorical implications of occult invention as an emergent field for further research.
Committee in charge: Dianne Dugaw， Co-Chairperson； John T. Gage， Co-Chairperson； Kenneth Calhoon， Member； Steven Shankman， Member； Jeffrey Librett，Outside Member

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Van, Vleet Eric. "Truffles Have Never Been Modern: An Actor-Network Theorization of 150 Years of French Trufficulture". FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3679.

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Contemporary scholars seeking to increase Tuber Melanosporum truffle production rely almost exclusively on technological advancements to increase yields, while failing to place the cultivation of truffles, trufficulture, in its historical or local landscape contexts. In this dissertation, I describe how truffle scholars’ conceptualization of trufficulture and landscapes has changed over 150 years in France, while focusing on the French département of Lot. I examine changing relations between humans and nonhumans and how they impact truffle harvests. I analyzed the history of French trufficulture through a close reading of historic truffle manuals, archival research and the classification of remotely sensed images. Shifting from the past to the present, from July 2014-August 2016, I conducted semi-structured survey interviews with working truffle-growers (trufficulteurs) and participant observation at meetings of trufficulteurs, truffle hunts and truffle markets. I utilize actor-network theory (ANT) as both a theory and methodology. Actor-network theory allowed me to follow the impacts made by both humans and nonhumans on trufficulture. I found that truffle harvests in the 1880s dropped by 90%. Highly populated, intensively worked landscapes of viticulture, silvopastoralism and cereal cultivation created conditions suitable to truffles. By the 1870s the phylloxera aphid ravaged grapevines, which made trufficulture an important source of revenue. These advantageous conditions would not last. Post-WWI, yields fell for decades because of an ongoing rural population exodus and consequent agricultural abandonment, which promoted reforestation and closed canopy forests in Lot, France. By the 1960s, French trufficulteurs organized associations to share knowledge and promote local truffle markets to revive production. Trufficulteurs’ utilization of tractors, ‘inoculated’ plants and irrigation systems produced a new form of “modern” trufficulture. State subsidies helped trufficulteurs adopt “modern” practices, in hopes of increasing yields. “Modern” trufficulture has not dramatically increased yields. A few highly-capitalized trufficulteurs dominate production in Lot. Many others practice trufficulture as a hobby. Instead of relying on “modern” technological fixes, my findings suggest that trufficulteurs, farmers and states should reinvigorate extensive polyculture farming practices that maintain open canopy forests, which were beneficial to trufficulture in the past. Actor-network theory allowed me to rethink human and nonhuman relations, and to propose alternatives to “modern” trufficulture.

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39

Kessous, Emmanuel. "LE MARCHÉ ET LA SÉCURITÉ La prévention des risques et la normalisation des qualités dans le marché unique européen". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00362987.

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L'objet principal de la thèse est d'analyser les interrelations entre le droit et l'économie et leurs conséquences (définition de la qualité, trajectoire technologique, segmentation des marchés,...). Il ne s'agit pas de décrire ce que le droit " fait dans l'économie " mais comment règles juridiques et règles techniques peuvent se coupler et rendre compatibles des objectifs a priori contradictoires.

La première partie retrace les politiques d'intervention en matière de sécurité et de santé publique, de la révolution au marché unique européen. Les répercussions de la fraude industrielle sur la population ouvrière ont donné naissance à un cadre législatif répressif. La nécessité de contrôler la justesse des transactions s'est accompagnée d'une définition " officielle " des caractéristiques des biens alimentaires. Avec l'émergence d'un droit des consommateurs au 20e siècle et l'accélération du processus d'intégration européenne, les normes techniques sont devenues le mode de preuve privilégié de la sécurité.

La seconde partie traite, à partir d'observations dans les commissions, de l'art et la manière de formaliser les risques d'accidents et de les traduire en tests reproductibles. Les problèmes de coordination entre firmes et les conséquences de la normalisation sur l'évolution des marchés sont analysés. Une attention particulière est portée sur les situations d'interaction entre les produits et leurs environnements ainsi que sur les contraintes de preuves et d'argumentation que doivent respecter les participants pour faire valoir leurs points de vue. Les problèmes concernant l'innovation et l'évolution technologique font l'objet d'un traitement spécifique.

La troisième partie, enfin, est consacrée à la place de la sécurité dans les stratégies industrielles des firmes, aux répercussions de la normalisation sur leurs organisations internes, et aux conséquences politiques de l'élaboration décentralisée des règles substantielles (le décideur public se contentant d'établir des principes). A partir d'une analyse critique des justifications économiques du droit et de l'intervention de l'État, sont mis en évidence les mécanismes institutionnels nécessaires pour que le dispositif de prévention aboutisse à une sécurité effective.

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40

Raterman, Jacob Stuart. "(Mi)lieux critiques : Hybridité et hétérotopie dans La Curée et Au Bonheur des Dames". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1438208762.

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41

Miller, Renee Catherine. "Reflections of the Insanity Defense in German Literature: Enlightenment to Expressionism". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1398896485.

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42

Cavasin, Zachary David. "Hai visto i Canadesi?: A study of the Social Interactions between Canadian Soldiers and Italian Civilians before, during, and after the Battle of Ortona". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28803.

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This thesis is the first study to examine Canadian and Italian interactions in Ortona from December 1943 until April 1944. The Canadian presence in Ortona is not remembered by the people of the town simply in the context of military operations. As the Canadians occupied Ortona and the surrounding areas for four months, interactions occurred within the context of combat operations, periods of relaxation, and throughout the process of rebuilding infrastructure and developing an economy. Canadian military historians have largely neglected to provide accounts of the various engagements between Canadian soldiers and Italian civilians before, during, and after the Battle of Ortona, unless they affected operations, intelligence, and civil control. The result of these civil-military relationships provided numerous benefits to Canadian and Italian alike. Italians provided Canadian soldiers with intelligence, shelter, food, and psychological support. In turn, the Canadians provided the Italians with medical assistance, food, financial support, and technical support in the rebuilding of Ortona. The interactions promoted Canadians as separate from the other Allied forces in the region and created unique friendships that defined the liberator and the liberated through their mutual dependencies. As historians have focused entirely on the unfolding of military operations in the region of Ortona, this thesis argues that the value of the interactions and the reconstruction process help explain why most Ortonesi developed a positive collective memory of Canadian soldiers.

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43

Van, Amberg Joel. "A real presence: Religious and social dynamics of the eucharistic conflicts in early modern Augsburg, 1520-1530". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290052.

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This dissertation explores the nexus of religious, political, and economic issues that led to the socially and religiously divisive intra-Protestant dispute over the proper interpretation and celebration of the Eucharist during the first years of the German Reformation. This dispute roiled cities and territories throughout Germany beginning around the year 1524 as lay men and women began organizing and agitating to promote a symbolic understanding of the Eucharist. The laity saw in this initially academic debate a vehicle through which they could articulate and fight for their own bundle of religious and social concerns. The imperial free city of Augsburg, one of the wealthiest, most populous and most politically powerful cities in the Empire, serves in the dissertation as the case study for a German-wide phenomenon. Chapter one contextualizes the Augsburg eucharistic disputes both by laying out the course of the academic eucharistic debates that raged among Martin Luther, Huldreich Zwingli, and their various supporters and by describing the social and economic tensions unique to Augsburg. Chapter two investigates the Augsburg preaching of the Franciscan friar Hans Schilling, whose congregation began to make connections between the adoption of a symbolic understanding of the Eucharist and their political and economic interests. Chapter three explores the reasons behind the spectacular success of the Augsburg preacher Michael Keller. Keller articulated a symbolic understanding of Christ's presence in the Eucharist which resonated with the concerns of many Augsburg residents that the clergy were denying them the right of self-determination in religious issues, that the political elites were driving them out of their traditional role in civic life, and that the large Augsburg merchants were destroying their economic independence. Chapter four discusses the role of marginalized groups in Augsburg who formed sectarian cells, articulating their alienation from society through their doctrine of the Eucharist. Eventually these groups transitioned to Anabaptism as they found that their doctrine of the Eucharist would not carry the full weight of their sectarian agenda. Chapter five interacts with a series of historiographical questions in light of the evidence presented in the foregoing chapters.

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Maxson, Brian. "Social Historical Approaches to Italian Humanists and Humanism". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6223.

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45

Sridharan, Preetham. ""Agglutinating" a Family| Friedrich Max Muller and the Development of the Turanian Language Family Theory in Nineteenth-Century European Linguistics and Other Human Sciences". Thesis, Portland State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10742847.

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Some linguists in the nineteenth century argued for the existence of a “Turanian” family of languages in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, claiming the common descent of a vast range of languages like Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, Mongol, Manchu, and their relatives and dialects. Of such linguists, Friedrich Max Müller (1823–1900) was an important developer and popularizer of a version of the Turanian theory across Europe, given his influence as a German-born Oxford professor in Victorian England from the 1850s onwards. Although this theory lost ground in academic linguistics from the mid twentieth century, a pan-nationalist movement pushing for the political unity of all Turanians emerged in Hungary and the Ottoman Empire from the Fin-de-siècle era. This thesis focuses on the history of this linguistic theory in the nineteenth century, examining Müller’s methodology and assumptions behind his Turanian concept. It argues that, in the comparative-historical trend in linguistics in an age of European imperialism, Müller followed evolutionary narratives of languages based on word morphologies in which his contemporaries rationalized the superiority of “inflectional” Indo-European languages over “agglutinating” Turanian languages. Building on the “Altaic” theory of the earlier Finnish linguist and explorer Matthias Castrén, Müller factored in the more primitive nomadic lifestyle of many peoples speaking agglutinating languages to genealogically group them into the Turanian family. Müller’s universalist Christian values gave him a touch of sympathy for all human languages and religions, but he reinforced the hierarchical view of cultures in his other comparative sciences of mythology and religion as well. This picture was challenged in the cultural pessimism of the Fin de siècle with the Pan-Turanists turning East to their nomadic heritage for inspiration.

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46

Smith, Andrea Lynn. "The colonial in postcolonial Europe: The social memory of Maltese-origin pieds-noirs". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288807.

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This dissertation considers the social memories of Maltese-origin pieds-noirs, or former colonists of Algeria. Over half of the French colonists of Algeria came to the colony from Spain, Italy, or Malta, among other European countries, during the nineteenth century. Naturalized as French citizens, they "returned" primarily to France at Algerian decolonization in 1962. As "liminal colonists," interstitially situated between colonized and colonist, the Maltese were subject to considerable discrimination in the colony, a discrimination which has had lasting repercussions and which is revealed in the Maltese social memory today. This project was based on nineteen months of ethnographic research conducted among elderly pieds-noirs of Maltese origin, now living in southern France, and archival research on colonial Algerian history. From these two distinct methods, I developed two versions of the Maltese experiences in colonial Algeria: that recorded in archival sources, and that reported in conversations about the past. These two versions of the past were then contrasted and compared. Through this method, I have uncovered what I call "domains" in Maltese social memory. These include the carefully silenced domain of the French-Algerian war; the ambivalent and compound domain concerning family histories and assimilation to French culture, often summarized through the employment of a version of the melting-pot metaphor; the nostalgic iteration of the colonial past; and the related and open-ended domain of memories of difficult or painful encounters with the Metropolitan French.

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47

Frady, Lisa Y. "Constructing social identity in Renaissance Florence: Botticelli's "Portrait of a Lady (Smeralda Brandini)"". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291426.

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Botticelli's Portrait of a Lady (Smeralda Brandini ) (c. 1471) is representative of a largely uninvestigated tendency in Italian Renaissance portraiture to depict female sitters without sumptuous clothing, jewelry, and heraldic devices. Traditionally, these visual cues had been used to construct the elevated social identity of portrait sitters. This study scrutinizes a work within a neglected portion of Botticelli's oeuvre, examining the ways in which its modest, and somewhat ambiguous, visual cues also construct its sitter's elevated social identity, while simultaneously protecting it. This analysis seriously considers a portrait of a woman who is not famous, nor an idealized beauty, nor an allegorical figure. It explores her image, its functions, and its multiple layers of meaning within the confines of late-fifteenth century social relationships, gender roles, and the original domestic viewing context of Renaissance portraits (considering their public display, as well as their relationship to Marian imagery, within the home).

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48

Murray, Narisara. "Lives of the zoo charismatic animals in the social worlds of the Zoological Gardens of London, 1850--1897 (England) /". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3162254.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2004.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-01, Section: A, page: 0316. Chair: Thomas F. Gieryn. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 12, 2006).

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49

Bradshaw, Julia Elena. "European Union citizenship : the long road to inclusion". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/european-union-citizenship-the-long-road-to-inclusion(8d1dd5bb-42cf-49b4-818c-425c83574923).html.

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This thesis considers the development of the concept of citizenship, both historically and in its supranational guise. It addresses the traditional models of citizenship that have arisen in the national arena before turning its focus to supranational citizenship. The development of quasi-citizenship rights at the European level between 1957 and 1992 are discussed whilst asking whether, in fact, these principles amounted to a de facto creation of citizenship as would be formally understood in a national model. Thereafter, post-1992 developments are considered via the activities of the European courts. The courts’ particularly activist role in expanding our understanding of Union citizenship by using existing Union legislation in imaginative ways is highlighted and used as a key factor in determining Union citizenship’s capacity to adapt and develop in the face of new challenges. This thesis plays particular attention to the non-Member State nationals who reside in Union territory and find themselves ostensibly deprived of citizenship rights despite being actively involve in the Union’s activities. Supranational citizenship is viewed through the unusual lens of stateless persons and this thesis suggests that Union citizenship does not live up to its ideals by excluding them from its understanding of the citizenry. It formulates a novel conception of rights-based residence, as opposed to nationality-based, supranational citizenship that is predicated on the Union’s heritage of respect for rights and would include Member State nationals, alongside third-country nationals, the stateless and refugees (who would struggle to gain recognition under a conventional citizenship paradigm), with the aspiration of rendering Union citizenship a more inclusive and rounded conception.

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Preunkert, Susanne. "History of European air pollution inferred from Alpine ice cores". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00701204.

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La possibilité de reconstruire l'histoire de la pollution atmosphérique Européenne a été exploré au Col du Dôme (CDD) (4250 m d'altitude, Massif du Mont Blanc). Pour cela une carotte de 126 m a été analysé à haute résolution pour les ions majeurs, le F- et les carboxylates, et des mesures atmosphériques continues de l'aérosol effectuées sur le site (Observatoire Vallot). Ceci a montré que des informations atmosphériques peuvent être obtenues avec une résolution saisonnière à partir de la glace du CDD et ce au moins sur les 80 dernières années mais que des précautions sont à prendre pour tenir compte du fluage de la glace lors de l'interprétation de ces signaux en terme de changements atmosphériques. Les enregistrements "glace" montrent que les valeurs estivales de SO4 2- suivent l'évolution des émissions anthropiques de SO2 des pays situés à 1000 km autour des Alpes tandis qu'en hiver elles reflètent plus la contamination diffuse de la troposphère libre à l'échelle de l'Europe entière. En utilisant la relation "air/neige" obtenue à Vallot, les concentrations atmosphériques passées de SO4 2- ont été reconstituées et comparées aux simulations des modèles de chimie. Nous avons estimé que les émissions naturelles représentent environ 20% des émissions actuelles de NO. L'évolution passé de NO3- est en bon accord avec l'histoire des émissions anthropiques de NO de l'Europe, il n'en va pas de même pour NH4+ dont la tendance apparait plus importante que ce que l'on peut attendre avec les estimations actuelles d'émission anthropique de NH3. Notre examen du budget de F- et HCl montrent qu'en plus de la combustion du charbon, l'industrie de l'aluminium et l'incinérarion des déchets ont été les sources anthropiques majeures de ces composés entre 1935 et 1975, après 1960, respectivement. Finalement les sources naturelles semblent dominer le budget de l'oxalate depuis 80 ans tandis que le formate et l'acétate indiquent une tendance anthropique entre 1950 et 1980.

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