Bibliografias temáticas / Social sciences -> history -> african history

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Social sciences -> history -> african history"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 31 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Social sciences -> history -> african history"

Khokholkova, Nadezhda E. "Voices of Africa: Podcastas a New Form of Oral History". Observatory of Culture 18, n.º 1 (24 de maio de 2021): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2021-18-1-22-31.

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At the beginning of the 21st century, the digital revolution has become global. Digitalization has overcome the boundaries of the field of information technology and began to provoke the metamorphosis of sociocultural reality. Gradually, society itself and, as a consequence, social sciences are changing. African studies, despite the fact that digital transformations in the region have been slow, is no exception. New plots and sources started to appear; new practices and methods began to develop and apply. This article is devoted to the evolution of the oral tradition of the Africans and representatives of the global African diaspora in terms of the “digital turn”. It emphasizes the importance of oral history as one of the main directions in the study of the history and culture of Africa, introduces and analyzes the terms of “orature” and “cyberture”. The author focuses on the transformation of the form and content of African narratives in the post-colonial era. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is the first time an African podcast is considered as an oral historical digital source. The article provides a brief overview of podcasts created by people from Sub-Saharan and Southern Africa in the 2010s, describes the prerequisites for creating these projects, their thematic field, and analyzes their features. Particular emphasis is placed on issues of representations and interpretations of the cultural and historical experience of Africans and members of the African diaspora. The main dilemmas of placing podcasts into the context of oral history are articulated at the end of the article. The author also concludes that African podcasts are in line with the metamodern discourse.

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Smith, Edwin T. "Jacob Diamini and the hidden history tradition of South African historiography". Historia 68, n.º 2 (4 de janeiro de 2024): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-8392/2023/v68n2a5.

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Hidden histories are pervasive globally, particularly since the advent of 'history from below' as social history in the 1960s. Jacob Dlamini's body of work is firmly located within South African historiography's hidden histories tradition and practice. His most recent studies, both published in 2020, Safari Nation: A Social History of the Kruger National Park and The Terrorist Album: Apartheid's Insurgents, Collaborators, and the Security Police, are a remarkable contribution to this practice, indicating the purchase it has in developing and improving South African historiography. This article seeks, first, to demonstrate how Dlamini's Safari Nation deepens and enriches environmental and nature conservation historiography by incorporating the traditionally marginalised experiences of black South Africans in the making of the Kruger National Park and the development of nature conservation and leisure in South Africa. Secondly, it demonstrates how The Terrorist Album contributes to and improves South African struggle history through the telling of an often neglected or overlooked interface between surveillance technology and subterfuge in the liberation struggle.

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Webster, Anjuli. "South African Social Science and the Azanian Philosophical Tradition". Theoria 68, n.º 168 (1 de setembro de 2021): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/th.2021.6816806.

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This article discusses the contemporary history of South African social science in relation to the Azanian Philosophical Tradition. It is addressed directly to white scholars, urging introspection with regard to the ethical question of epistemic justice in relation to the evolution of the social sciences in conqueror South Africa. I consider the establishment of the professional social sciences at South African universities in the early twentieth century as a central part of the epistemic project of conqueror South Africa. In contrast, the Azanian Philosophical Tradition is rooted in African philosophy and articulated in resistance against the injustice of conquest and colonialism in southern Africa since the seventeenth century. It understands conquest as the fundamental historical antagonism shaping the philosophical, political, and material problem of ‘South Africa’. The tradition is silenced by and exceeds the political and epistemic strictures of the settler colonial nation state and social science.

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Echeverri Zuluaga, Jonathan. "Tropes of Social Becoming Along a History of Circulation Within West Africa and From There to Latin America". REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 31, n.º 67 (abril de 2023): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880006704.

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Abstract Since the turn of the 21st century, the circulation of people from West Africa in and out of the African continent has intensified, turning Latin America into an emergent destination and transit zone. Drawing both from scholarly works and fiction, this article reflects on tropes of social becoming within a history of West African human movement that precedes present day circulation. By tropes of social becoming, I mean narratives around people realizing aspirations, in which scholars, storytellers, literary persons, and the media bring it into existence. While some of the tropes this article addresses seem to stretch to pre-colonial times, others are the product of colonial rule, and yet others emerge in times of structural adjustment. These tropes offer an entry point to understanding how present circulations of Africans in West Africa and Latin America relate to continuity and change.

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Swart, Sandra. "Writing animals into African history". Critical African Studies 8, n.º 2 (3 de maio de 2016): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21681392.2016.1230360.

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Hyslop, Jonathan. "E.P. Thompson in South Africa: The Practice and Politics of Social History in an Era of Revolt and Transition, 1976–2012". International Review of Social History 61, n.º 1 (abril de 2016): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859016000031.

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AbstractThe work of E.P. Thompson has had an enormous impact on the writing of history in South Africa since the 1970s. This article traces the rise of this historiographical trend, focusing especially on the History Workshop at Wits University (Johannesburg). It outlines how a South African version of Thompsonian historical practice was theorized, and sketches some of the ways in which Thompson’s ideas were utilized by South African historians. The article shows how the History Workshop attempted to popularize their research, and examines the political projects behind these activities. Finally, the article suggests that although the influence of Thompson-style South African social historians has declined, their work has had a lasting impact on the country’s literary culture, well beyond the academy.

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Rassool, Ciraj. "Rethinking Documentary History and South African Political Biography". South African Review of Sociology 41, n.º 1 (abril de 2010): 28–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21528581003676028.

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Roos, Neil. "South African History and Subaltern Historiography: Ideas for a Radical History of White Folk". International Review of Social History 61, n.º 1 (abril de 2016): 117–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859016000080.

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AbstractIn considering how “radical” histories of ordinary whites under apartheid might be written, this essay engages with several traditions of historical scholarship “from” and “of” below. For three decades, Marxist-inspired social history dominated radical historiography in South Africa. It has, however, proved little able to nurture historiography of whites that is politically engaged and acknowledges post-Marxist currents in the discipline. I advocate a return to theory and suggest that new sources may be drawn from the academy and beyond. Historiographies “of” below need not necessarily be historiographies “from” below and this article proposes the idea of a “racial state” as an alternative starting point for a history of apartheid-era whites. It goes on to argue that Subaltern Studies, as a dissident, theoretically eclectic and interdisciplinary current in historiography offers useful perspectives for exploring the everyday lives of whites in South Africa. After suggesting a research agenda stemming from these theoretical and comparative insights, I conclude by reflecting on the ethics of writing histories of apartheid-era whites.

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Simensen, Jarle. "Value-Orientation in Historical Research and Writing: The Colonial Period in African History". History in Africa 17 (janeiro de 1990): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171816.

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The aim of this paper is to use African historiography as an example of how value-orientations influence historical research and writing. This can be seen as a contribution to the never-ending discussion about the problem of objectivity in history. African historiography is particularly well suited for such an analysis. Its birth as a separate area of academic study after World War II was partly the result of internal, professional developments, such as the establishment of African universities, the postwar development of the social sciences, interdisciplinary research, and a more global orientation in the Western academic world. But it was also closely related to external political and ideological developments, like African nationalism, decolonization, the cold war, development aid, and the rise of new left movements in the Western world. The subject matter of modern African history is of obvious significance not only for Africans, but also for the self-image of Europe and for the relationship between Africa and the West: the nature of European expansion, the role of capitalism in the development of the modern world, the concept of imperialism, and the global relevance of democracy and socialism. The interconnections between ideology and history are therefore particulary clear in this field.The plan of the paper is to discuss how value-orientations within the different schools of history in this field reveal themselves in the choice of themes, in causal explanation, in basic concepts and in counterfactual argument. The term “value-orientation” I will define so as to cover interests, ideals, and personal identification. I will distinguish between three main “schools,” the term being used in the broadest sense of the word: the colonial school, also covering later historians writing in the same tradition; the Africanist school, dominant since the late 1950s; and the radical (“neo-Marxist,” “dependency,” “under-development”) school, influential since its emergence in the 1970s.

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O'Brien, Jay, e Jane I. Guyer. "Feeding African Cities: Studies in Regional Social History". International Journal of African Historical Studies 22, n.º 1 (1989): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219226.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Social sciences -> history -> african history"

Rehman, Jonas. "From Bantu Education to Social Sciences : A Minor Field Study of History Teaching in South Africa". Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Didactic Science and Early Childhood Education, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8022.

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The thesis concerns History teaching in South Africa 1966-2006. Focus lies on the usage of History as a tool of power and empowerment. Primary sources for the survey are textbooks, curricula’s and syllabuses. From a theoretical perspective the thesis discusses power, usage of history and pedagogic literature. The survey is done in a qualitative, hermeneutic way in order to find, discuss and explain underlying structures in the collected data. The thesis results show that History teaching in South Africa was based on an idea of a shared historical consciousness, apartheid, which legitimised the hegemony of the white people. The educational system was an important tool of power and empowerment for the government. The apartheid ideology was reproduced by the pedagogic literature. Today History is a part of Social Sciences and the subject has a focus on natural sciences and technology, which results in certain dilemmas educational-wise.

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Trembanis, Sarah L. ""They opened the door too late": African Americans and baseball, 1900-1947". W&M ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623506.

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During Jim Crow, the sport of baseball served as an important arena for African American resistance and negotiation. as a (mostly) black enterprise, the Negro Leagues functioned as part of a larger African American movement to establish black commercial ventures during segregation. Moreover, baseball's special status as the national pastime made it a significant public symbol for African American campaigns for integration and civil rights.;This dissertation attempts to interrogate the experience and significance of black baseball during Jim Crow during the first half of the twentieth century. Relying on newspapers, magazines, memoirs, biographies, and previously published oral interviews, this work looks at resistance and political critique that existed in the world of black sport, particularly in the cultural production of black baseball.;Specifically, this dissertation argues that in a number of public and semi-public arenas, African Americans used baseball as a literal and figurative space in which they could express dissatisfaction with the strictures of Jim Crow as well as the larger societal understanding of race during the early twentieth century. African Americans asserted a counter-narrative of black racial equality and superiority through their use of physical space in ballparks and on the road during travel, through the public negotiation of black manhood on the pages of the black press, through the editorial art and photography of black periodicals, and through the employment of folktales and nicknames.;The African American experience during Jim Crow baseball and the attendant social and cultural production provide a window into the subtle and unstated black resistance to white supremacy and scientific racism. Thus this dissertation explores and identifies the political meanings of black baseball.

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Stuck, Kenneth Edward. "Social Stratification in York County, Virginia, 1860-1919: A Study of Whites and African-Americans on the Lands of the Yorktown Naval Weapons Station". W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625955.

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Knapp, Kathryn Anderson. ""True to me"| Case studies of five middle school students' experiences with official and unofficial versions of history in a social studies classroom". Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618880.

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This qualitative study addressed the problem of students' lack of trust of and interest in U.S. history and focused on students' experiences with official and unofficial versions of history in the middle school social studies classroom. A collective case study of five African American students was conducted in an eighth grade classroom at Carroll Academy, a public, urban charter school in Ohio. Interviews, questionnaires, observations, artifacts, and logs were collected and analyzed with a critical, interpretivist lens.

The findings included: (a) the students were suspicious of the official historical story in the form of their textbook and teacher; (b) they shared similar rationales for the perceived motivations behind the dishonest accounts in their textbooks, and the rationales changed in similar ways throughout the course of the project; (c) although they had limited experience with unofficial history before the project, they preferred to use unofficial historical sources with the condition that one eventually corroborates accounts with official sources; (d) the experience of studying family histories created race-related instances of contradiction between unofficial and official accounts in the classroom, and (e) students developed productive forms of resistance to the grand narrative in U.S. history by the end of the study.

The findings of the study offer implications for teachers of social studies. By using family history projects, teachers can engage students while helping them learn critical and historical thinking skills. They can provide a more inclusive social studies curriculum and can better understand their students' backgrounds and historical knowledge.

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Smith, Alicia Jean. "A historical analysis of blackface in the media and its effects on contemporary African American stereotypes". Scholarly Commons, 2004. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2735.

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The purpose of this study was to explore and expose racial stereotypes of African Americans in the mass media. The research was conducted as a historical analysis using historical artifacts from as early as 1619. These historical artifacts include journal articles, books, websites, research papers, and films that are both explanation pieces and examples of black stereotypes. All of the historical artifacts were found through Internet search engines and article databases including the University of the Pacific's library database. Other materials given to pinpoint information for this study were also given by University of the Pacific professors. All of the information was examined and synthesized into this study. In order to expose and uncover past and contemporary African American stereotypes, the historical information collected for this study was organized. The results revealed three categories: (1) the initial stereotypes that blackface created, (2) the extent to which initial racial stereotypes affect today's status of African American depictions and, (3) the occurrences of blackface in today's contemporary media. This historical analysis provides a rich background to past stereotypes of African Americans as well as develops a framework for critiquing the status of black stereotypes in today's contemporary media. The analysis of the historical artifacts found that the initial depiction of blackface (one of the original forms of African American stereotypes) is not necessarily a thing of the past. In addition this study concluded that the initial stereotypes of African Americans have not only influenced the African American depictions of today but also that in many ways the portrayals are the same and just “packaged” differently.

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Kruger, Sandra Carolina. "The use of rubrics in the assessment of social sciences (history) in the get band in transformational outcomes-based education". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1910.

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Thesis (MTech (Education))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 2007
With the advent of implementing transformational outcomes-based education in South African schools, educators have had to adopt a standards-based assessment approach. Rubrics as an assessment scoring tool have been acclaimed as one of the most effective assessment tools with which standards-based assessment can be implemented and managed. This study explores the ways in which educators manage assessment in their classrooms whilst promoting the basic tenets of transformational outcomes-based education. The demand is on competencies that illustrate the ability to think and perform critically. Bloom's Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain is put forward as an instrument to use in designing and using rubrics in order to achieve the desired learning outcomes. Effecting change is not an easy process and this study investigates the challenges educators are facing in implementing this aspect of educational reform.

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Whisson, Michael G. 1937. "Interesting times, 1954-2004: a short history of the Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University". Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020595.

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On entering the Rhodes University Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER) at 6 Prince Alfred Street, visitors are confronted by a glass cabinet in which is displayed the four volumes of the Keiskammahoek Rural Survey (1947-1952); six of the volumes which emanated from the Border Regional Survey (1956-1964) of which three are the Xhosa in Town trilogy, and a modest paperback From Reserve To Region (1997), which records the changes which took place in Keiskammahoek between the birth of apartheid in 1948 and its demise in 1994. Together these may be seen as the charter documents of the ISER - rooted in empirical research in the Eastern Cape, multidisciplinary, substantial works of scholarship and, in the case of The Xhosa in Town trilogy, at least, of international repute.

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Gondek, Abby S. "Jewish Women’s Transracial Epistemological Networks: Representations of Black Women in the African Diaspora, 1930-1980". FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3575.

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This dissertation investigates how Jewish women social scientists relationally established their gendered-racialized subjectivities and theories about race-gender-sexuality-class through their portrayals of black women’s sexuality and family structures in the African Diaspora: the U.S., Brazil, South Africa, Swaziland, and the U.K. The central women in this study: Ellen Hellmann, Ruth Landes, Hilda Kuper, and Ruth Glass, were part of the same “political generation,” born in 1908-1912, coming of age when Jews of European descent experienced an ambivalent and conditional assimilation into whiteness, a form of internal colonization. I demonstrate how each woman’s familial origin point in Europe, parental class and political orientations, were important factors influencing her later personal/professional networks and social science theorizing about women of color. However, other important factors included the national racial context, the political affiliations of her partners, her marital status and her transracial fieldwork experiences. One of the main problems my work addresses is how the internal colonization process in differing nations within the Jewish diaspora differently affected and positioned Jewish social scientists from divergent class and political affiliations. Gendering Aamir Mufti’s primarily male-oriented argument, I demonstrate how Jewish internal divergences serve as an example that highlights the lack of uniformity within any “identity” group, and the ways that minority groups, like Jews, use measures of “abnormal” gender and sexuality, to create internal exiled minorities in order to try to assimilate into the majority colonizing culture. My dissertation addresses three problems within previous studies of Jewish social scientists by creating a gendered analysis of the history of Jews in social science, an analysis of Jewish subjectivity within histories of women (who were Jewish) in social science, and a critique of the either-or assumption that Jewishness necessarily equated with a “radical” anti-racist approach or a “colonizing” stance toward black communities. The data collection followed a mixed methods approach, incorporating archival research, ethnographic object analysis, site visits in Brazil and South Africa, consultations with library, archive and museum professionals, and interviews with scholars connected to the core women in the study.

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Mbioh, Will Robinson. "Post-coloniality and the movements and readings of scientific and legal practices : the history of HIV/AIDS in Africa, patents, and the multilateral governance of generic drugs". Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54170/.

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This thesis examines the history, political economy, and global response to HIV/AIDS in Africa. It is particularly interested in how Africa’s colonial past and postcolonial struggles with European science and law influenced these issues. It therefore explores the many ways that the colonial encounter coloured how scientific knowledge about HIV/AIDS travelled to and was read and contested in Africa. In addition, it sets out how this encounter informed the political economy of debates about access to and the global governance of generic HIV/AIDS drugs in the continent. It draws on an interdisciplinary and theoretically-informed scholarship to unpack these issues. However, it aims not to produce new theoretical insights or make original theoretical contributions to this scholarship. Rather, it seeks to contribute to and fill-in gaps in the historiography of HIV/AIDS in Africa and scholarship on the global governance of generic HIV/AIDS drugs. Accordingly, it examines two areas that have not received adequate, academic attention in these areas. Firstly, Project SIDA—the first major research project on HIV/AIDS in Africa; and, secondly, the World Health Organization Prequalification Programme for Generic HIV/AIDS drugs—the primary, regulatory regime that governs the production, certification, and importation of generic HIV/AIDS drugs in the continent. It situates these subjects within a wider discussion about the colonial encounter and postcolonial struggles in Africa around European science and law. It argues that the encounter influenced how Project SIDA, and the scientific knowledge that it produced, was read and contested in Africa. It also contends that postcolonial struggles, especially around the global patent regime, informed the political economy within which the Prequalification Programme emerged and, importantly, the technical capacity of African generic manufactured to certify their generic drugs for HIV/AID treatment programmes in the continent.

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Maman, Saley. "Contribution à l'étude de l'histoire des Hausa: les Etats tsotsebaki des origines au XIXe siècle". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212656.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Social sciences -> history -> african history"

Freund, Bill. The African City: A History. Leiden: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Ferry, Joseph. The history of African American civic organizations. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2003.

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Daniels, Douglas Henry. Pioneer urbanites: A social and cultural history of Black San Francisco. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

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B, Haviser Jay, e MacDonald Kevin C, eds. African re-genesis: Confronting social issues in the diaspora. Abingdon: UCL, 2006.

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Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. African women: A modern history. Boulder, Colo: WestviewPress, 1997.

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Zewde, Bahru, e Congrès international des historiens africains (4th : 2007 : Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), eds. Society, state, and identity in African history. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Forum for Social Studies, 2008.

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Grimshaw, Allen Day. A social history of racial violence. New Brunswick: AldineTransaction, a division of Transaction Publishers, 2009.

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Smith, Jessie Carney. The handy African American history answer book. Detroit: Visible Ink Press, 2014.

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K, Asante Molefi. The African American people: A global history. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Social sciences -> history -> african history"

Omobowale, Ayokunle Olumuyiwa, Olayinka Akanle e Dauda Busari. "Social Science Foundations of Public Policy". In Public Policy and Research in Africa, 29–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99724-3_3.

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AbstractThis chapter presents and discusses the social science basis of public policy. It briefly presents the history, epistemological thoughts (theories) and science of public policy, disciplinary paradigms and influences on public policy and cross-disciplinary dimensions in social science-oriented public policy.

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Augé, Marc. "Art, Contemporaneity, History". In Architecture and the Social Sciences, 13–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53477-0_2.

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Langdon, John H. "Life History and Reproduction". In Springer Texts in Social Sciences, 651–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14157-7_21.

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Thomas, Keith, e Mauro Baranzini. "Session IV: History — Social Sciences". In Truth in Science, the Humanities and Religion~, 89–115. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9896-3_5.

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Olstein, Diego. "Thinking History Globally: Conceptualizing through Social Sciences". In Thinking History Globally, 113–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137318145_7.

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Santos, João Manuel Casquinha Malaia. "Brazilian Football and History". In Football and Social Sciences in Brazil, 85–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84686-2_6.

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Nanetti, Andrea, e Siew Ann Cheong. "Computational History: From Big Data to Big Simulations". In Computational Social Sciences, 337–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95465-3_18.

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Cooper, Frederick. "African Studies: History". In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 286–91. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.10116-3.

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Cooper, F. "African Studies: History". In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 250–55. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/03240-x.

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Sichone, Owen. "The Social Sciences in Africa". In The Cambridge History of Science, 466–81. Cambridge University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521594424.027.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Social sciences -> history -> african history"

Nasution, Abdul, Flore Tanjung e Arfan Diansyah. "Development of African History-Based Multiculturalism for Historical Education Students". In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Studies (formerly ICCSSIS), ICCSIS 2019, 24-25 October 2019, Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.24-10-2019.2290631.

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M. Tyali, Siyasanga. "Re-reading the propaganda and counter-propaganda history of South Africa: on African National Congress’s (ANC) anti-apartheid Radio Freedom". In 2nd International Conference on Modern Approach in Humanities and Social Sciences. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icmhs.2019.11.707.

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Williams, Titus, Gregory Alexander e Wendy Setlalentoa. "SOCIAL SCIENCE STUDENT TEACHERS’ AWARENESS OF THE INTERTWINESS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE IN MULTICULTURAL SCHOOL SETTINGS". In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end037.

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This qualitative study is an exploration of final year Social Science education students awareness of the intertwined nature of Social Science as a subject and the role of social justice in the classroom of a democratic South Africa. This study finds that South African Social Science teachers interpret or experience the teaching of Social Science in various ways. In the South African transitional justice environment, Social Science education had to take into account the legacies of the apartheid-era schooling system and the official history narrative that contributed to conflict in South Africa. Throughout the world, issues of social justice and equity are becoming a significant part of everyday discourse in education and some of these themes are part of the Social Science curriculum. Through a qualitative research methodology, data was gathered from Focus Group Discussion (FGD) sessions with three groups of five teacher education students in two of the groups and the third having ten participants from the same race, in their final year, specializing in Social Science teaching. The data obtained were categorised and analysed in terms of the student teacher’s awareness of the intertwined nature of Social Science and social justice education. The results of the study have revealed that participants had a penchant for the subject Social Science because it assisted them to have a better understanding of social justice and the unequal society they live in; an awareness of social ills, and the challenges of people. Participants identified social justice characteristics within Social Science and relate to some extent while they were teaching the subject, certain themes within the Social Science curriculum. Findings suggest that the subject Social Science provides a perspective as to why social injustice and inequality are so prevalent in South Africa and in some parts of the world. Social Science content in its current form and South African context, emanates from events and activities that took place in communities and in the broader society, thus the linkage to social justice education. This study recommends different approaches to infuse social justice considerations Social Science; one being an empathetic approach – introducing activities to assist learners in viewing an issue from someone else’s perspective, particularly when issues of prejudice or discrimination against a particular group arise, or if the issue is remote from learners’ lives.

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Moy, James S. "SOVEREIGN GEOGRAPHIES, ERRANT PARTS & EVERYTHING IN ITS PLACE". In 2024 SoRes Dubai –International Conference on Interdisciplinary Research in Social Sciences, 19-20 February. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2024.128149.

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We exist in a significant geo-political nexus in the history of global development. African nations of the Sahel and indigenous peoples around the world have begun to kinetically resist neo-colonial initiatives to reimpose past suppressions. This paper surveys developments from 15th and 16th Century Papal Bulls through, government legislation and policy developments including the American Indian removal act of 1830, Berlin Conference of 1884-85, the Morgenthau Plan, late 20th Century Neo-Colonial exploitation and continuing early 21st century attempts at re-inscription of emergent rentier oppressions and trajectories. Within this context, this piece concludes with a pointed discussion of social media and its place in subverting the governmental attempts to control the narrative of the global order in light of recent geo-political developments and the global history of suppression.

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Ba Trinh, Nguyen. "Human History Is Convergent History". In 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences in the 21st Century. GLOBALKS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.ics21.2020.03.117.

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Ogechi, Nnenna Okereke, Rosa Maria Ortega, Dr. Ramos e Philomena Akpoveso Oke-Oghene. "Prevalence of Depression Among Medical Students Of The American International University, West Africa". In 28th iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary Research Conference AIUWA The Gambia. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v28n2p13.

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Background: Depression is one of the major mental disorders experienced by people of various age groups and works of life all over the world. Those in the medical field are not excluded. With the intense training and high level of physical, mental and emotional demands placed on medical students, they tend to become depressed. This not only affects their learning process or overall academic performance; it also affects them professionally in the future, which in turn would lead to compromise in patient care. In The Gambia, there is a lack of data on the prevalence of depression and the impacts it has on medical students. Thus, this study assessed the prevalence of depression among students of the American International University West Africa (AIUWA), The Gambia. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among medical students of AIUWA over a two-month period (June to July 2021). A self-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics. Diagnosis of depression was assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). A total of 100 students were included in this study. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: The overall prevalence of depression among the participants was 36%, with PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10. With regards to the severity of depression, 26 (26%), 21 (21%), 11 (11%), and 4(4%) students were classified as having mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression respectively. Efficiency of monthly allowance (p = 0.022, Φ = 0.251, V= 0.251), self-rated academic performance (p = 0.012, Φ = 0.297, V = 0.297) and prior history of depression (p = 0.001, Φ = 0.347, V = 0.347), were independently associated with depression. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among medical students of the American International University, is high, and is associated with inefficient monthly allowance, consumption of alcohol, average academic performance and prior history of depression. It is recommended that there should be an implementation of a guidance and counseling department within the university., Keywords: Depression, Medical Students, AIUWA, University, West Africa Proceedings Reference Format

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Nuhiyah, Supriatna e Nana. "Local History for Creative History Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic". In 6th International Conference on Education & Social Sciences (ICESS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210918.046.

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Maniatis, Antonios. "Zambian constitutional history". In 4th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.04.12141m.

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"A Study of Chinese Urban History from the Perspective of Global History". In 2017 International Conference on Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. Francis Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/ssah.2017.60.

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Abbas, Prof Dr Nada Mousa. "AL-YAQOUBI'S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY". In I. International Dubai Social Sciences and Humanities Congress. Rimar Academy, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/dubaicongress1-2.

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The philosophy of history needs the availability of basic components, namely: historical material (cognitive), historical thought (historical mentality represented by sense and historical awareness), and a balanced academic method (organized and precise) in order for the rational philosophical vision to emerge from comprehensive study of a civilizational nature for which laws (theories) can be formulated. ), with realistic evidence and evidence, called the philosophy of history! . Al-Yaqubi (third century AH / ninth century AD) showed comprehensive analysis with his sense and historical awareness, and through his historical criticism and his renewal of the method of historical recording, he distinguished himself from those who preceded him and those who followed him with his book entitled “The Problem of People of Their Time and What Predominates in Every Age,” thus revealing the beginning of For the idea of the philosophy of history, where he laid the foundations for the theory of the problem (imitation, imitation) as one of the engines of the wheel of history, a factor influencing the spirituality of the era, the natures of the members of society, and an important and vital part in the formation of human civilizations . The law of problematization, in its philosophical theory, requires AlYaqoubi to reveal the characteristics of each caliph in his policies, interests, and social behaviors, which applies to those with power, influence, prestige, and authority, and as a symbol and role model for society (an elite group), in a collective imitation of their behaviors (at all times and places) by individuals. Human societies. Accordingly, Al-Yaqubi assumed that rulers have a fundamental role in preserving states and societies, and developing civilizations. They can either reform or corrupt them at all levels of civilization, and therefore the problem changes according to the trends of the elite symbols !

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Social sciences -> history -> african history"

Devereux, Stephen. Policy Pollination: A Brief History of Social Protection’s Brief History in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), dezembro de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2020.004.

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The relatively recent emergence and sustained rise of social protection as a policy agenda in Africa can be understood as either a nationally owned or ‘donor-driven’ process. While elements of both can be seen in different countries at different times, this paper focuses on the pivotal role of transnational actors, specifically international development agencies, as ‘policy pollinators’ for social protection. These agencies deployed a range of tactics to induce African governments to implement cash transfer programmes and establish social protection systems, including: (1) building the empirical evidence base that cash transfers have positive impacts, for advocacy purposes; (2) financing social protection programmes until governments take over this responsibility; (3) strengthening state capacity to deliver social protection, through technical assistance and training workshops; (4) commissioning and co-authoring national social protection policies; (5) encouraging the domestication of international social protection law into national legislation. Despite these pressures and inducements, some governments have resisted or implemented social protection only partially and reluctantly, either because they are not convinced or because their political interests are not best served by allocating scarce resources to cash transfer programmes. This raises questions about the extent to which the agendas of development agencies are aligned or in conflict with national priorities, and whether social protection programmes and systems would flourish or wither if international support was withdrawn.

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Yaremchuk, Olesya. TRAVEL ANTHROPOLOGY IN JOURNALISM: HISTORY AND PRACTICAL METHODS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, fevereiro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11069.

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Our study’s main object is travel anthropology, the branch of science that studies the history and nature of man, socio-cultural space, social relations, and structures by gathering information during short and long journeys. The publication aims to research the theoretical foundations and genesis of travel anthropology, outline its fundamental principles, and highlight interaction with related sciences. The article’s defining objectives are the analysis of the synthesis of fundamental research approaches in travel anthropology and their implementation in journalism. When we analyze what methods are used by modern authors, also called «cultural observers», we can return to the localization strategy, namely the centering of the culture around a particular place, village, or another spatial object. It is about the participants-observers and how the workplace is limited in space and time and the broader concept of fieldwork. Some disciplinary practices are confused with today’s complex, interactive cultural conjunctures, leading us to think of a laboratory of controlled observations. Indeed, disciplinary approaches have changed since Malinowski’s time. Based on the experience of fieldwork of Svitlana Aleksievich, Katarzyna Kwiatkowska-Moskalewicz, or Malgorzata Reimer, we can conclude that in modern journalism, where the tools of travel anthropology are used, the practical methods of complexity, reflexivity, principles of openness, and semiotics are decisive. Their authors implement both for stable localization and for a prevailing transition.

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Thorsen, Dorte, e Roy Maconachie. Children’s Work in West African Cocoa Production: Drivers, Contestations and Critical Reflections. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), abril de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/acha.2021.005.

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Cocoa farming in West Africa has a long history of relying on family labour, including children’s labour. Increasingly, global concern is voiced about the hazardous nature of children’s work, without considering how it contributes to their social development. Using recent research, this paper maps out the tasks undertaken by boys and girls of different ages in Ghana and how their involvement in work considered hazardous has changed. We show that actions to decrease potential harm are increasingly difficult and identify new areas of inquiry.

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Pédarros, Élie, Jeremy Allouche, Matiwos Bekele Oma, Priscilla Duboz, Amadou Hamath Diallo, Habtemariam Kassa, Chloé Laloi et al. The Great Green Wall as a Social-Technical Imaginary. Institute of Development Studies, abril de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2024.017.

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The Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative (GGWI), launched in 2007 by the African Union, is one of Africa’s most important green transformation projects. From a pan-African environmental movement to a mosaic of locally managed projects to its considerable funding from the international community, the GGWI is now seen as a ‘megaproject’. While this megaproject has been primarily studied along the lines of political ecology and critical development studies, both showing the material limits and effectiveness of the initiative, its impact on the ground remains important in that the Sahelian landscape is shaped by donor and development actors’ discourses and imaginaries. The conceptual debates around the notion of ‘future’ thus make it possible to capture and facilitate the emergence of endogenous practices and environmental knowledge which involve the population, their history, and their culture using specific methods. By implementing the relationship formulated by Jacques Lacan between symbolic, reality and imaginary, this project will make it possible to approach the GGWI project as a social-technical imaginary while considering the complex social-ecological processes that this project involves.

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Horejs, Barbara, e Ulrike Schuh, eds. PREHISTORY & WEST ASIAN/NORTHEAST AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2021–2023. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, dezembro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/oeai.pwana2021-2023.

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The long-established research of Prehistory and West Asian/Northeast African archaeology (the former Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, OREA) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences was transformed into a department of the »new« Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2021. This merging of several institutes into the new OeAI offers a wide range of new opportunities for basic and interdisciplinary research, which support the traditional research focus as well as the development of new projects in world archaeology. The research areas of the Department of Prehistory and West Asian/Northeast African Archaeology include Quaternary archaeology, Prehistory, Near Eastern archaeology and Egyptology. The groups cover an essential cultural area of prehistoric and early historical developments in Europe, Northeast Africa and West Asia. Prehistory is embedded in the world archaeology concept without geographical borders, including projects beyond this core zone, as well as a scientific and interdisciplinary approach. The focus lies in the time horizon from the Pleistocene about 2.6 million years ago to the transformation of societies into historical epochs in the 1st millennium BC. The chronological expertise of the groups covers the periods Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. The archaeology of West Asia and Northeast Africa is linked to the Mediterranean and Europe, which enables large-scale and chronologically broad basic research on human history. The department consists of the following seven groups: »Quaternary Archaeology«, »Prehistoric Phenomena«, »Prehistoric Identities«, »Archaeology in Egypt and Sudan«, »Archaeology of the Levant«, »Mediterranean Economies« and »Urnfield Culture Networks«. The groups conduct fieldwork and material analyses in Austria, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Greece, Cyprus, Türkiye, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Sudan and South Africa.

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Hrynick, Tabitha, e Megan Schmidt-Sane. Roundtable Report: Discussion on mpox in DRC and Social Science Considerations for Operational Response. Institute of Development Studies, junho de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.014.

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On 28 May 2024, the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) organised a roundtable discussion on the mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) outbreak which has been spreading in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) since early 2023.1 The objective was to appraise the current situation, with a particular focus on social science insights for informing context-sensitive risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) and wider operational responses. The roundtable was structured into two sessions: 1) an overview of the situation in DRC, including the current knowledge of epidemiology and 2) contextual considerations for response. This was followed by an hour-long panel discussion on operational considerations for response. Each session was initiated by a series of catalyst presentations followed by a question-and-answer session (Q&A). Details of the agenda, speakers and discussants can be found below. Despite estimates that less than 10% of suspected cases in DRC are being laboratory screened, the country is currently reporting the highest number of people affected by mpox in sub-Saharan Africa. It is notable that clade 1 of mpox is linked to this outbreak, which results in more severe disease and a higher fatality rate. While early cases of mpox were reported to be in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), the disease is now being detected more widely in DRC. The majority of those affected are children (up to 70% by some estimates2), which is a cause for concern. The outbreak is occurring on top of an overall high burden of disease and significant challenges to the health system and humanitarian interventions. The apparently heterogeneous picture of mpox across DRC – affecting different geographies and population groups – is shaped in part by social, economic and political factors. For instance, in South Kivu, accounts indicate that transmission via intimate and sexual contact is significant in mining areas, with an estimated one third of cases of disease reported in female sex workers. This raises questions about transactional sex and related stigma in these areas, as well as the implications of cross-border mobility linked to mining livelihoods for the spread of disease. A history of conflict and militia activity has additional implications for humanitarian intervention and is a factor in uptake and implementation of control strategies such as vaccination. Severe limitations in government health facilities in remote areas and a plural landscape of biomedical and non-biomedical providers are additional factors to consider for patterns of care-seeking and the timely provision of biomedical care. The limited reach of formal healthcare, including surveillance, makes it difficult to estimate the extent of cases and control disease spread through conventional epidemiological strategies. There are likely further challenges in accessing less visible populations such as GBMSM, as research in Nigeria has suggested.3,4 These complex contextual realities raise significant questions for mpox response. The roundtable convened a diverse range of expertise to offer perspectives from existing research and knowledge, with an emphasis on social science evidence. This roundtable report presents a synthesised version of the roundtable discussion with additional context as needed.

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Manning, Nick, e Mariano Lafuente. Leadership and Capacity Building for Public Sector Executives: Proceedings from the 2nd Policy and Knowledge Summit between China and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, fevereiro de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007965.

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This discussion paper summarizes the proceedings at the Second China-Latin America and the Caribbean Policy and Knowledge Summit, focusing on leadership and capacity building for public sector executives. The event, sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Inter-American Development Bank, was held in Beijing and Shanghai, China in 2015. The paper discusses practices related to the management and training of public executives in China, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, and Peru, and provides a general context for these practices in OECD and Latin American and Caribbean countries. The Summit identified common challenges among the countries, despite the obvious differences in terms of size and history, such as finding a balance between political neutrality and technical capacity and ensuring high ethical standards to address low citizen trust in the public sector.

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Wagner, Daniel. The Ocean Exploration Trust 2023 Field Season. Ocean Exploration Trust, abril de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62878/vud148.

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This annual report marks the fifteenth year anniversary of Ocean Exploration Trust’s (OET) E/V Nautilus exploring poorly known parts of our global ocean in search of new discoveries. Since its first season in 2009, E/V Nautilus has conducted a total of 158 expeditions that explored our ocean throughout the Black Sea, Mediterranean, Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific for a total of 1,970 days at sea (~5.5 years). These scientific expeditions included a total of 1,017 successful ROV dives, as well as mapped over 1,053,000 km2 of seafloor. The results of these exploratory expeditions have been summarized in over 300 peer-reviewed scientific publications covering a wide range of scientific disciplines, including marine geology, biology, archaeology, chemistry, technology development, and the social sciences. Throughout its 15-year history, E/V Nautilus has been not only a platform for ocean exploration and discovery, but also an inclusive workspace that has provided pathways for more people, especially those early in their careers, to experience and enter ocean exploration professions. It has also catalyzed numerous technological innovations, multi-disciplinary collaborations, and inspired millions through OET’s extensive outreach initiatives. The 2023 field season was no exception, with E/V Nautilus undertaking 12 multi-disciplinary expeditions that explored some of the most remote and poorly surveyed areas in the Pacific, all of which included numerous activities to share expedition stories with diverse audiences across the globe.

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Wafula, Caleb Maikuma. Nomadic Pastoralism and Everyday Peace: Key Evidence and Lessons for Peacebuilding and Conflict Mitigation from Kenya’s Turkana North. RESOLVE Network, julho de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/lpbi2024.2.

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This research report is a case study on local peace practices within pastoralist communities in Kenya’s Turkana North (a subcounty of Kenya’s Turkana County). While significant existing research and analysis has focused on the concern that pastoralist communities across the African continent may contribute to growing violent conflict—and in particular to violent extremism—this report instead situates these communities within the theoretical framework of “everyday peace.” This framework centers on understanding the myriad ways in which ordinary people in conflict-affected contexts engage in small acts of peace and forge pro-social relationships that contribute to peace and stability within their communities. This report explores these everyday practices of peace within pastoralist communities in Kenya’s Turkana County, and Turkana North subcounty, a borderland territory that connects Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Uganda with a long history of conflict around inter-clan livestock raiding and cross-border movement/land access. Informed by a multi-method research methodology that included semi-structured interviews, focus groups, historical profiling, transect walks, and non-participant observational data collected in August 2022, the findings from this study highlight both the existing local systems and resources for peacebuilding and conflict mitigation in pastoralist communities in Turkana, as well as the stressors and challenges that affect them. Lessons from this research contribute to our broader understanding of how policymakers and practitioners can work to better assess and coordinate violence prevention and reduction efforts in light of specific pastoralist needs and everyday practices of peace, particularly in areas impacted by violent conflict and/or violent extremism where pastoralist communities exist.

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HEFNER, Robert. IHSAN ETHICS AND POLITICAL REVITALIZATION Appreciating Muqtedar Khan’s Islam and Good Governance. IIIT, outubro de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.001.20.

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Ours is an age of pervasive political turbulence, and the scale of the challenge requires new thinking on politics as well as public ethics for our world. In Western countries, the specter of Islamophobia, alt-right populism, along with racialized violence has shaken public confidence in long-secure assumptions rooted in democracy, diversity, and citizenship. The tragic denouement of so many of the Arab uprisings together with the ascendance of apocalyptic extremists like Daesh and Boko Haram have caused an even greater sense of alarm in large parts of the Muslim-majority world. It is against this backdrop that M.A. Muqtedar Khan has written a book of breathtaking range and ethical beauty. The author explores the history and sociology of the Muslim world, both classic and contemporary. He does so, however, not merely to chronicle the phases of its development, but to explore just why the message of compassion, mercy, and ethical beauty so prominent in the Quran and Sunna of the Prophet came over time to be displaced by a narrow legalism that emphasized jurisprudence, punishment, and social control. In the modern era, Western Orientalists and Islamists alike have pushed the juridification and interpretive reification of Islamic ethical traditions even further. Each group has asserted that the essence of Islam lies in jurisprudence (fiqh), and both have tended to imagine this legal heritage on the model of Western positive law, according to which law is authorized, codified, and enforced by a leviathan state. “Reification of Shariah and equating of Islam and Shariah has a rather emaciating effect on Islam,” Khan rightly argues. It leads its proponents to overlook “the depth and heights of Islamic faith, mysticism, philosophy or even emotions such as divine love (Muhabba)” (13). As the sociologist of Islamic law, Sami Zubaida, has similarly observed, in all these developments one sees evidence, not of a traditionalist reassertion of Muslim values, but a “triumph of Western models” of religion and state (Zubaida 2003:135). To counteract these impoverishing trends, Khan presents a far-reaching analysis that “seeks to move away from the now failed vision of Islamic states without demanding radical secularization” (2). He does so by positioning himself squarely within the ethical and mystical legacy of the Qur’an and traditions of the Prophet. As the book’s title makes clear, the key to this effort of religious recovery is “the cosmology of Ihsan and the worldview of Al-Tasawwuf, the science of Islamic mysticism” (1-2). For Islamist activists whose models of Islam have more to do with contemporary identity politics than a deep reading of Islamic traditions, Khan’s foregrounding of Ihsan may seem unfamiliar or baffling. But one of the many achievements of this book is the skill with which it plumbs the depth of scripture, classical commentaries, and tasawwuf practices to recover and confirm the ethic that lies at their heart. “The Quran promises that God is with those who do beautiful things,” the author reminds us (Khan 2019:1). The concept of Ihsan appears 191 times in 175 verses in the Quran (110). The concept is given its richest elaboration, Khan explains, in the famous hadith of the Angel Gabriel. This tradition recounts that when Gabriel appeared before the Prophet he asked, “What is Ihsan?” Both Gabriel’s question and the Prophet’s response make clear that Ihsan is an ideal at the center of the Qur’an and Sunna of the Prophet, and that it enjoins “perfection, goodness, to better, to do beautiful things and to do righteous deeds” (3). It is this cosmological ethic that Khan argues must be restored and implemented “to develop a political philosophy … that emphasizes love over law” (2). In its expansive exploration of Islamic ethics and civilization, Khan’s Islam and Good Governance will remind some readers of the late Shahab Ahmed’s remarkable book, What is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic (Ahmed 2016). Both are works of impressive range and spiritual depth. But whereas Ahmed stood in the humanities wing of Islamic studies, Khan is an intellectual polymath who moves easily across the Islamic sciences, social theory, and comparative politics. He brings the full weight of his effort to conclusion with policy recommendations for how “to combine Sufism with political theory” (6), and to do so in a way that recommends specific “Islamic principles that encourage good governance, and politics in pursuit of goodness” (8).

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