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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Smog photochimique – Effets de la pollution atmosphérique":
Schadkowski, Corinne. "Étude de la pollution photochimique à l'échelle régionale par modélisation eulérienne 3D et mesures spectroradiométriques". Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-245.pdf.
Cui, Xiaojuan. "Research of trace gases detection methods based on mid-infrared modern photonic instruments". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0519.
This thesis includes two parts: Development and application of a continuous-wave quantum cascade laser (CW-QCL) based instrument for measurements and study of nitrous acid (HONO) and a broadly tunable mid-infrared laser system based on difference frequency generation (DFG) in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) for trace gas ( HCl, CH2O, HONO) monitoring. The OH radical is one of the key species in photochemical cycles responsible for ozone formation, which can lead to the so-called "photochemical smog" pollution. The hydroxyl radical also drives the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) is a major source of the OH radical in the early morning and daytime. So HONO directly affects the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and indirectly contributes to secondary pollutants which are products of that oxidation. High accurate and precise concentration measurement of the atmospheric HONO requires high sensitivity and stability, good temporal and spatial resolution. One part of this thesis has been firstly devoted to the design of an optical instrument based on a continuous-wave (CW) quantum cascade laser (QCL) operating at 8 μm (~1255 cm ֿ ¹) for HONO detection. The sensitivity and specificity of the instrument were evaluated and described using HONO sample generated by chemical reaction of H₂SO₄ and NaNO₂. The generated HONO concentration was quantified by means of a denuder system associated with a conventional NOX analyzer. Moreover, within the limits of the QCL frequency, only 5 absorption line intensities of HONO can be found from the reference, so we measured the relative frequencies and line intensities of the remaining absorption lines especially the one which was used to do trace gas measurement. Line strengths of 19 stronger absorption lines observed are found to be around (3-90)×10-21 cm. Direct absorption spectroscopy technique combined with a 125 m multi-pass cell was applied to develop trace gas detection of HONO. In order to improve the sensitivity, wavelength modulation technique was applied, the minimum detectable HONO concentration resulting in a noise-equivalent signal was found to be about 400 ppt in 1 second integration time and fit for field measurements. HONO losses resulted from the optical cell wall was experimentally investigated. The rate constant of HONO determined in the present work might be helpful for field measurements of HONO, especially the measurements using absorption cell. Finally,the QCL-based instrument developed in the present work has been evaluated with in-door simultaneous measurements of HONO and i i CH4. The concentration of the two species obtained in the laboratory were 116 ppb and 1.5 ppm, and the corresponding 1 σ minimum detectable concentrations (MDC) in 1-second integration time are 396 ppt and 6 ppb for HONO and CH4, respectively. The other part of this thesis is focused on highly sensitive trace gas detection employing a room-temperature, broadly tunable and narrow linewidth mid-infrared difference frequency generation laser source. The mid-infrared laser system is based on quasi-phase-matched (QPM) and DFG with a multi-grating temperature-controlled periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) crystal employing two near-infrared diode lasers as pump sources. The mid-infrared coherent radiation is tunable from 3.2 μm to 3.7 μm. Detection of HCl, CH2O has been carried out. According to the absorption band (3590 cm-1) of HONO from references, another DFG laser sources employing a Ti: Sapphire laser and an Yb fiber laser as pump sources was developed, and the output frequency calibration was carried out using pure CO2 gas. HONO measurement in this wavelength range will be performed in the next work
本论文主要包括两个部分:一是基于室温连续波量子级联激光器光源,设 计并搭建了一套测量HONO 气体的系统,然后用该系统进行了HONO 气体的 探测和研究。二是利用室温操作的宽调谐差频产生中红外激光器系统进行痕量 气体(HCl, CH2O,HONO)的探测。OH 自由基是光化学循环的主要物种之一,并对臭氧的形成有重要影响,从而导致所谓的“光化学烟雾”污染。OH 自由基同时也影响着大气中烃类的氧化 能力。气态亚硝酸是清晨和白天OH 自由基的一个主要来源。因此,亚硝酸直 接影响大气的氧化能力,同时也间接推动了由于氧化过程而产生的二次污染物 的形成。大气中亚硝酸浓度的精确测量需要仪器具备高的灵敏度和稳定性,以 及好的时间和空间分辨率。本论文的主要工作之一就是设计一套以8 μm (~1255 cm-1)连续波量子级联激光器为基础对HONO 气体进行探测的装置。并利用由 H2SO4 和 NaNO2 发生化学反应而产生的HONO 气体估算和描述该装置的灵敏度和特性。产生的HONO 浓度由一个溶蚀器系统和一个NOX 分析仪来量化。在该量子级联激光器频率范围内(1254.6-1256.4 cm-1) ,只能从文献中查阅到 HONO 的5 条吸收线线强,因此测量了HONO 用于进行痕量探测的吸收线以及 其他吸收线的相对频率和线强,得到的十九条较强吸收线的线强范围大约在 (3-90)×10-21 cm。用直接吸收光谱技术结合125 m 的多次反射池对HONO 进行 了痕量探测。为了提高灵敏度,开展了波长调制技术的实验研究,得到HONO 的最低探测浓度(SNR=1) 在1 s 的积分时间内为400 ppt,适合进行外场测量。研究了由光学池壁表面而导致的HONO 的衰减效应并得到一个反应率常数,这个常数可能有助于以后HONO 的场测量,特别是用吸收池的测量。测量了实验 室空气中的HONO 和CH4,得到它们的室内浓度分别为116 ppb 和1.5 ppm, 相应的1 s 积分时间内1 σ 最小可以探测的浓度分别为396 ppt 和6 ppb。论文的另一部分工作是利用一个室温操作的,宽调谐窄线宽中红外差频产 生光源进行痕量气体的探测。该中红外差频产生系统是以准相位匹配为基础,利用两台近红外半导体激光器作为泵浦源,在PPLN 晶体中进行差频,得到的 相关中红外差频输出范围为3.2 μm 到 3.7 μm。用该系统进行了HCl 和 CH2O 气体探测,说明了该装置在工业和环境监测领域有一定的应用潜力。根据文献 得到的HONO 的另一个吸收带3590 cm-1,设计了另一套以钛宝石激光器和掺 Yb 光纤激光器作为泵浦源的差频光源系统,用CO2 气体进行了差频输出光频率 校准, 下一步的工作是进行HONO 气体测量实验。
Terrenoire, Étienne. "Application des systèmes MM5-CHIMERE et MM5-FLEXPART à la modélisation de l'ozone et des PM10 sur la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10043/document.
Air pollution is a topical subject affecting both human health and the environment. Nowadays, two kind of pollution have been intensely studied, namely, the ozone and the particulate (PMIO, PM2.5 and PM1) pollution. During the thesis, the MM5-CHIMERE and the MM5-FLEXPART systems have been set up and optimised at the PC2A laboratory in order to study ozone and PM 10 pollution events. The performance of the MM5-CHIIMERE system has been evaluated for different topography and meteorological situations. Firstly, the modelled data are compared against observed data from the Atmo-NPDC air pollution monitoring network over the June-Ju!y 2006 heat wave period. Then, the dynamical and chemical performance of the models is assessed over the Dunkerque area for two periods in April and May 2006. For those two periods, measured data were collected during a field campaign achieved by the Laboratoire de Physicochimie Atmosphérique (LPCA) of the University du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO). Finally, the MM5-FLEXPART system was used to determine the origin of an intense PM10 event over the NPDC region. The influence of anthropogenic primary emission, grid and meteorological data resolution has also becn tested
Terrenoire, Étienne. "Application des systèmes MM5-CHIMERE et MM5-FLEXPART à la modélisation de l'ozone et des PM10 sur la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10043.
Air pollution is a topical subject affecting both human health and the environment. Nowadays, two kind of pollution have been intensely studied, namely, the ozone and the particulate (PMIO, PM2.5 and PM1) pollution. During the thesis, the MM5-CHIMERE and the MM5-FLEXPART systems have been set up and optimised at the PC2A laboratory in order to study ozone and PM 10 pollution events. The performance of the MM5-CHIIMERE system has been evaluated for different topography and meteorological situations. Firstly, the modelled data are compared against observed data from the Atmo-NPDC air pollution monitoring network over the June-Ju!y 2006 heat wave period. Then, the dynamical and chemical performance of the models is assessed over the Dunkerque area for two periods in April and May 2006. For those two periods, measured data were collected during a field campaign achieved by the Laboratoire de Physicochimie Atmosphérique (LPCA) of the University du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO). Finally, the MM5-FLEXPART system was used to determine the origin of an intense PM10 event over the NPDC region. The influence of anthropogenic primary emission, grid and meteorological data resolution has also becn tested
Bertrand, Amélie. "Vieillissement atmosphérique de l'aérosol de combustion de biomasse : du potentiel de formation d'aérosol organique secondaire à la modification de l'empreinte chimique à l'échelle moléculaire". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0149/document.
Biomass burning is in winter a main source of air pollution by particulate matter, especially in France. While primary emissions have been characterized extensively before, few studies have addressed the aging of these emissions in the atmosphere and large uncertainties remain. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis was to study in a smog chamber the aging of the aerosol emitted by 3 different woodstoves used for residential heating (fabricated from between 2000 and 2010, and representative of the policy engaged by the French environmental agency to renew the appliances across the country), with a specific focus on the Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) production potential and the modification of the chemical fingerprint of the emissions at the molecular level during their transport in the atmosphere. The experiments showed the SOA production potential can be significant. The OA concentration can be increased by up to a factor of 7 (1.5 – 7.1) after being aged in the smog chamber with a time equivalent to 5 hours in the atmosphere. The study also further demonstrated the influence of the combustion efficiency on the emissions and implicitly the role of the operator. The study of the composition of the aerosol at the molecular level showed the formation of compounds, likely to serve as markers for aged biomass burning, mainly nitrocatechols. Finally, the work also illustrates the influence of the volatilization of levoglucosan, main marker of biomass burning, during the dilution process occurring in the atmosphere, and challenge the pertinence of the degradation rate constant determined previously in smog chamber
Boulon, Julien. "Approche multi-échelle de la formation des particules secondaires". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697022.
Zimmer, Alexis. "Brouillards mortels : une histoire de la production de météores industriels, 19e/20e siècles : le cas de la vallée de la Meuse". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAB014/document.
From the 1st to the 5th December 1930, a thick fog spread in the Meuse valley. Many losing their lives. One year later, experts came to conclusions: coal and sulphuric compound of it combustion were implicated. But how does "coal" come to participate in the production of fogs and to befoul, fatally, the lungs of those forced to inhale it ? The « coal - toxic fog - lungs » links is not obvious. This study aims to reconstitute the historic conditions of their construction. By considering this disaster over the period necessary for its production - as a process and not as an hiatus - ; by following the trail of the materials of its constitution - their progress and the technical, social, political and discursive assemblies - necessary for their transformation; by studying the role and the effects of the scientific practices, this work allows an understanding of the joint transformation, by the industrialization, of bodies and environments and the production of new meteorological phenomena
Ammar, Rachid. "Etude des réactions atmosphériques photoinduites à l’interface air/solide : application au dépôt urbain". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10028/document.
The atmosphere contains a wide variety of solid and liquid particles, named Aerosol. These particles can affect the radiatif balance, air quality in urban environment and can change the composition of the atmosphere. The atmospheric gas phase can react with the vegetation and the buildings containing the urban grime. This work is focused on the investigations of the heterogeneous chemistry between atmospheric gas phase and the urban grime. The aim of the present work is to study the effect of the irradiation on the heterogeneous kinetic of NO2 on pur organic films (pyrene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene) and on organic/inorganic films (pyrene/KNO3, pyrene/Fe2O3, pyrene/KNO3/Fe2O3) as a first attempt to simulate the complexity of the urban grime. A coated flow tube reactor coupled with a NOx analyzer is used to study this kinetic. This work demonstrates the effect of solar radiation on the heterogeneous reaction between gasphase NO2 and the urban grime. The uptake coefficient calculated is a function of the initial NO2 concentration, the relative humidity and the irradiation intensity. We identified after this reaction the formation of nitrous acid and nitric oxide, nitrite ions and 1‐nitropyrene.The nitrous acid is an important compound which dissociates to form the hydroxyl radical and can promote the ozone formation. The results discussed herein suggest that PAHcontaining urban grime on windows and buildings may be a key player in urban air pollution
Livros sobre o assunto "Smog photochimique – Effets de la pollution atmosphérique":
Robert, Guderian, e Becker K. H, eds. Air pollution by photochemical oxidants: Formation, transport, control, and effects on plants. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.
Guderian, Robert, W. Fricke, K. H. Becker, R. Guderian e J. L. Löbeö. Air Pollution by Photochemical Oxidants: Formation, Transport, Control, and Effects on Plants. Springer London, Limited, 2012.
Guderian, Robert. Air Pollution by Photochemical Oxidants: Formation, Transport, Control, and Effects on Plants. Brand: Springer, 2011.