Livros: "Small-scale miners"

1

Caballero, Evelyn. Gold from the gods: Traditional small-scale miners in the Philippines. Quezon City: Giraffe Books, 1996.

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2

Jennings, Norman. Social and labour issues in small-scale mines: Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on Social and Labour Issues in Small-scale Mines, Geneva, 1999. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1999.

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3

Veiga, Marcello M. Protocols for environmental and health assessment of mercury released by artisanal and small-scale gold miners. Vienna: Global Mercury Project, UNIDO, 2004.

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4

Veiga, Marcello M. Protocols for environmental and health assessment of mercury released by artisanal and small-scale gold miners. Vienna: Global Mercury Project, UNIDO, 2004.

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5

Kaseko, E. S. Small-scale mining in Malawi and regulatory environment. Blantyre [Malawi: s.n., 1999.

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6

Tshikalange, Humbulani. Small-scale mining: An annotated bibliography. Braamfontein: MEPC, 1996.

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7

K, Ghose Ajoy, Mining, Geological, and Metallurgical Institute of India., United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. e International Conference on Small-scale Mining (1991 : Calcutta, India), eds. Small-scale mining: A global overview. New Delhi: Mining, Geological, and Metallurgical Institute of India, Calcutta, and Oxford & IBH Pub., 1994.

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8

K, Ghose Ajoy, National Institute of Small Mines (Calcutta, India) e Global Conference on Small and Medium Scale Mining (1996 : Calcutta, India), eds. Small/medium scale mining: A global perspective. Calcutta: National Institute of Small Mines, 1997.

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9

M, Hilson Gavin, ed. Small-scale mining, rural subsistence and poverty in West Africa. Rugby, Warwickshire: Practical Action Publishing, 2006.

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10

United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa., ed. Compendium on best practices in small-scale mining in Africa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Economic Commission for Africa, 2002.

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11

Hentschel, Thomas. Artisanal and small-scale mining: Challenges and opportunities. London: IIED, 2003.

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12

Resources, Sierra Leone Ministry of Mineral. Details of policy measures relating to small scale and artisanal mining and marketing of precious minerals. Freetown, [Sierra Leone]: Ministry of Mineral Resources, 2005.

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13

Sierra Leone. Ministry of Mineral Resources. Details of policy measures relating to small scale and artisanal mining and marketing of precious minerals. Freetown, [Sierra Leone]: Ministry of Mineral Resources, 2005.

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14

USAID Mission to the Republic of Malawi. Rural Enterprise and Agrobusiness Development Institutions Project., ed. Promoting small and medium scale manufacturing of products from the minerals and rocks of Malawi. [Lilongwe]: R.E.A.D.I. Project, 1990.

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15

Christopher, Healy, Heemskerk Marieke, Fontaine Michelet, Vieira Rickford e WWF-Guianas, eds. Situation analysis of the small-scale goldmining in Suriname. [Paramaribo, Suriname]: World Wildlife Fund, Guianas Regional Program, 2005.

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16

Raw Materials Research and Development Council (Nigeria). Directory of small scale mine operations in Nigeria. [Garki, Abuja: The Council, 1999.

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17

E, McKelvey G., Allen Michael S e Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Application of grade and tonnage deposit models: The search for ore deposits possibly amenable to small-scale mining. [Menlo Park, CA]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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18

E, McKelvey G., Allen Michael S e Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Application of grade and tonnage deposit models: The search for ore deposits possibly amenable to small-scale mining. [Menlo Park, CA]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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19

Priester, Michael. Small-scale gold-mining: Processing techniques in developing countries. Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1992.

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20

Tripartite, Meeting on Social and Labour Issues in Small-scale Mines (1999 Geneva Switzerland). Note on the proceedings [of the] Tripartite Meeting on Social and Labour Issues in Small-scale Mines, Geneva, 17-21 May 1999. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1999.

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21

Jörg, Janzen, ed. Artisanal and small-scale mining in Mongolia: The global perspective and two case studies of Bornuur sum / Tuv aimag and Sharun gol Sum / Darkhan-Uul aimag. Ulaanbaatar: Admon, 2007.

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22

Hangi, A. Y. Environmental impacts of small scale mining: A case study of Merelani, Kahama, Nzega, Geita, and Musoma. Oysterbay, Dar es Salaam: Centre for Energy, Environment, Science, and Technology, 1996.

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23

Theije, Marjo de, Leontien Cremers e Judith Kolen. Small-scale gold mining in the Amazon: The cases of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Suriname. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Centre for Latin American Studies and Documentation, 2013.

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24

R, Milne Grant, Marongwe D. A, Chidawanyika H e Zimbabwe. Ministry of Environment and Tourism., eds. Small scale gold panning in Zimbabwe: Economic costs and benefits and policy recommendations : results of a pilot study in Mashonaland Central Province for 1993. Causeway, Harare: Ministry of Environment and Tourism, 1995.

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25

Economic and Social Research Foundation (Tanzania). Gemstone and gold marketing for small scale mining in Tanzania: Final report for phase I : USAID Equity and Growth through Economic Research trade policy studies : Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF) Tan Discovery [sic], and International Business Initiatives (IBI). Rosslyn, Va: International Business Initiatives, 1998.

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26

Eyes of the World: Mining the Digital Age in the Eastern DR Congo. University of Chicago Press, 2021.

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27

H, Smith James. Eyes of the World: Mining the Digital Age in the Eastern DR Congo. University of Chicago Press, 2021.

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28

Eyes of the World: Mining the Digital Age in the Eastern DR Congo. University of Chicago Press, 2021.

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29

Baker, Randy F., e Marcello M. Veiga. Protocols for Environmental And Health Assessment of Mercury Released by Artisanal And Small Scale Gold Miners. United Nations Pubns, 2006.

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30

Ghose, Ajoy K. Small-Scale Mining: A Global Overview. Aa Balkema, 1994.

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31

Huggins, Chris. Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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32

Small/medium scale mining: A global perspective. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co, 1997.

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33

Ghose, Ajoy K. Mining on a Small and Medium Scale: A Global Perspective. Practical Action, 1997.

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34

Jennings, Norman. Social and Labor Issues in Small Scale Mines. International Labour Office, 2005.

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35

The socio-economic impacts of artisanal and small-scale mining in developing countries. Lisse [Netherlands]: A.A. Balkema, 2003.

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36

Small Scale Mining: A New Entrepreneurial Approach. United Nations Pubns, 2003.

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37

Makorokoza: Small-scale gold mining in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press, 2006.

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38

Heemskerk, Marieke. Driving forces of small-scale gold mining among the Ndjuka Maroons: A cross-scale socioeconomic analysis of participation in gold mining in Suriname. 2000.

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39

Chattopadhyay, Swati. Small Spaces. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350288256.

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Small Spaces recasts the history of the British empire by focusing on the small spaces that made the empire possible. It takes as its subject a series of small architectural spaces, objects, and landscapes and uses them to narrate the untold stories of the marginalized people—the servants, women, children, subalterns, and racialized minorities—who held up the infrastructure of empire. In so doing it opens up an important new approach to architectural history: an invitation to shift our attention from the large to the small scale. Taking the British empire in India as its primary focus, this book presents fourteen short, readable chapters to explore an array of overlooked places and spaces. From cook rooms and slave quarters to outhouses, go-downs, and medicine cupboards, each chapter reveals how and why these kinds of minor spaces are so important to understanding colonialism. With the focus of history so often on the large scale – global trade networks, vast regions, and architectures of power and domination – Small Spaces shows instead how we need to rethink this aura of magnitude so that our reading is not beholden such imperialist optics. With chapters which can be read separately as individual accounts of objects, spaces, and buildings, and introductions showing how this critical methodology can challenge the methods and theories of urban and architectural history, Small Spaces is a must-read for anyone wishing to decolonize disciplinary practices in the field of architectural, urban, and colonial history. Recasting the Architecture of the British Empire is an invitation to shift our attention to the small spaces that have long been considered insignificant because of their size or location, or the minor role they seemingly play in economic and political histories. Such spaces are discontinuous, never front and center. They are work spaces, storage spaces, cook rooms, and bottlekhanas—spaces with uncertain names and hazy genealogies. Spaces of privacy and privation, they tremor with unanticipated potential. Drawing on the archive of the British empire, Chattopadhyay offers a new approach to spaces such as the kitchen and verandah, and artifacts like the book shelf and a box of homeopathic medicine to demonstrate how attention to small scale and size, and the lived worlds of small spaces might help us rethink empire as a global enterprise.

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40

Düring, Bleda S. Millennia in the Middle? Reconsidering the Chalcolithic of Asia Minor. Editado por Gregory McMahon e Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0036.

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This article focuses on how people lived in Asia Minor between about 5500 and 3000 BCE. It argues that the idea of a period dominated by small-scale, largely autarchic farming societies does not stand up to scrutiny. Although farming was of significant importance at many Chalcolithic societies in Asia Minor, the idea that wild food resources were no longer important is clearly mistaken. The Chalcolithic people were expanding their economies in multiple and often ingenious ways, and were increasingly partners in large exchange networks. Apart from farming, the exploitation of marine resources such as mollusks and fish has been documented. The rise of seafaring can be recognized through the distribution of Melos obsidian and the emergence of a cultural horizon in the northern Aegean that included western Asia Minor and the Aegean islands.

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41

Hinton, David A. The Medieval Workshop. Editado por Christopher Gerrard e Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.21.

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Archaeological evidence of medieval production is mostly in the form of residues rather than of workshops, although pits and hearths have been excavated. Apart from bone and antler, few organic products survive, unlike metal objects. This chapter considers the evidence for agricultural processing and production, textiles, metal-working, carcass products such as tanning, shoe-making, and bone-working, as well as stone, mineral (e.g. salt), and the more familiar clay products of pottery and tile production. Most recent developments have been in analyses, distribution studies, and considerations of the financial values and personal meanings of medieval objects. Most workshops were small scale and often temporary; only the cloth industry had the capacity to raise the capital required for substantial investment.

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42

Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington e Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Disorders of acid–base balance. Editado por Patrick Davey e David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0178.

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Normal metabolism results in a net acid production of approximately 1 mmol/kg day−1. Physiological pH is regulated by excretion of this acid load (as carbon dioxide) by the kidneys and the lungs. A series of buffers in the body reduces the effects of metabolic acids on body and urine pH. For acid–base disorders to occur, there must be excessive intake (or loss) of acid (or base) or, alternatively, an inability to excrete acid. For these changes to result in a substantially abnormal pH, the various buffer systems must been overwhelmed. The pH scale is logarithmic, so relatively small changes in pH signify large differences in hydrogen ion concentration. Most minor perturbations in acid–base balance are asymptomatic, as small changes in acid or base levels are rapidly controlled through consumption of buffers or through changes in respiratory rate. Alterations in renal acid excretion take some time to occur. Only when these compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed do symptoms related to changes in pH develop. This chapter reviews the causes and consequences of acid–base disorders.

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43

Whitesell, Lloyd. Beautiful Uselessness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843816.003.0006.

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This chapter explores special cases where glamour conventions demonstrate aestheticist values, that is, the exaltation of style for its own sake. At such times, the aesthetic intensity of glamour seems to offer an escape to a world of pure artifice, beauty, and style. The discussion identifies the central values of aestheticism as expressed in the high-art milieu and illustrates the same values at work in glamorous numbers. To analyze ultrastylishness in musical arrangement, it considers finesse on a small scale (e.g., contrapuntal ornamentation, textural and harmonic ingenuity) before turning to ingenuity of overall design in numbers such as “Dancing in the Dark,” from the film The Band Wagon, and “This Heart of Mine,” from Ziegfeld Follies.

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44

Claes, Koenraad. The Late-Victorian Little Magazine. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474426213.001.0001.

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Fed up with the commercial and moral restrictions of the mainstream press of the late Victorian era, the diverse avant-garde groups of authors and artists of the Aesthetic Movement developed a new genre of periodicals in which to propagate their principles and circulate their work. Such periodicals are known as ‘little magazines’ for their small-scale production and their circulation among limited audiences, and during the late Victorian period they were often conceptualized as integrated design project or ‘Total Works of Art’ in order to visually and materially represent the ideals of their producers. Little magazines like the Pre-Raphaelite Germ, the Arts & Crafts Hobby Horse and the Decadent Yellow Book launched the careers of innovative authors and artists and provided a site for debate between minor contributors and visiting grandees from Matthew Arnold to Oscar Wilde. This book offers detailed discussions of the background to thirteen little magazines of the Victorian Fin de Siècle, situating these within the periodical press of their day and providing interpretations of representative content items. In doing so, it outlines the earliest history of this enduring publication genre, and of the Aesthetic Movement that developed along with it.

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45

Sobczyk, Eugeniusz Jacek. Uciążliwość eksploatacji złóż węgla kamiennego wynikająca z warunków geologicznych i górniczych. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/onermin/0222.

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Hard coal mining is characterised by features that pose numerous challenges to its current operations and cause strategic and operational problems in planning its development. The most important of these include the high capital intensity of mining investment projects and the dynamically changing environment in which the sector operates, while the long-term role of the sector is dependent on factors originating at both national and international level. At the same time, the conditions for coal mining are deteriorating, the resources more readily available in active mines are being exhausted, mining depths are increasing, temperature levels in pits are rising, transport routes for staff and materials are getting longer, effective working time is decreasing, natural hazards are increasing, and seams with an increasing content of waste rock are being mined. The mining industry is currently in a very difficult situation, both in technical (mining) and economic terms. It cannot be ignored, however, that the difficult financial situation of Polish mining companies is largely exacerbated by their high operating costs. The cost of obtaining coal and its price are two key elements that determine the level of efficiency of Polish mines. This situation could be improved by streamlining the planning processes. This would involve striving for production planning that is as predictable as possible and, on the other hand, economically efficient. In this respect, it is helpful to plan the production from operating longwalls with full awareness of the complexity of geological and mining conditions and the resulting economic consequences. The constraints on increasing the efficiency of the mining process are due to the technical potential of the mining process, organisational factors and, above all, geological and mining conditions. The main objective of the monograph is to identify relations between geological and mining parameters and the level of longwall mining costs, and their daily output. In view of the above, it was assumed that it was possible to present the relationship between the costs of longwall mining and the daily coal output from a longwall as a function of onerous geological and mining factors. The monograph presents two models of onerous geological and mining conditions, including natural hazards, deposit (seam) parameters, mining (technical) parameters and environmental factors. The models were used to calculate two onerousness indicators, Wue and WUt, which synthetically define the level of impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in relation to: —— operating costs at longwall faces – indicator WUe, —— daily longwall mining output – indicator WUt. In the next research step, the analysis of direct relationships of selected geological and mining factors with longwall costs and the mining output level was conducted. For this purpose, two statistical models were built for the following dependent variables: unit operating cost (Model 1) and daily longwall mining output (Model 2). The models served two additional sub-objectives: interpretation of the influence of independent variables on dependent variables and point forecasting. The models were also used for forecasting purposes. Statistical models were built on the basis of historical production results of selected seven Polish mines. On the basis of variability of geological and mining conditions at 120 longwalls, the influence of individual parameters on longwall mining between 2010 and 2019 was determined. The identified relationships made it possible to formulate numerical forecast of unit production cost and daily longwall mining output in relation to the level of expected onerousness. The projection period was assumed to be 2020–2030. On this basis, an opinion was formulated on the forecast of the expected unit production costs and the output of the 259 longwalls planned to be mined at these mines. A procedure scheme was developed using the following methods: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) – mathematical multi-criteria decision-making method, 2) comparative multivariate analysis, 3) regression analysis, 4) Monte Carlo simulation. The utilitarian purpose of the monograph is to provide the research community with the concept of building models that can be used to solve real decision-making problems during longwall planning in hard coal mines. The layout of the monograph, consisting of an introduction, eight main sections and a conclusion, follows the objectives set out above. Section One presents the methodology used to assess the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is reviewed and basic definitions used in the following part of the paper are introduced. The section includes a description of AHP which was used in the presented analysis. Individual factors resulting from natural hazards, from the geological structure of the deposit (seam), from limitations caused by technical requirements, from the impact of mining on the environment, which affect the mining process, are described exhaustively in Section Two. Sections Three and Four present the construction of two hierarchical models of geological and mining conditions onerousness: the first in the context of extraction costs and the second in relation to daily longwall mining. The procedure for valuing the importance of their components by a group of experts (pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria on the basis of Saaty’s 9-point comparison scale) is presented. The AHP method is very sensitive to even small changes in the value of the comparison matrix. In order to determine the stability of the valuation of both onerousness models, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which is described in detail in Section Five. Section Six is devoted to the issue of constructing aggregate indices, WUe and WUt, which synthetically measure the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in individual longwalls and allow for a linear ordering of longwalls according to increasing levels of onerousness. Section Seven opens the research part of the work, which analyses the results of the developed models and indicators in individual mines. A detailed analysis is presented of the assessment of the impact of onerous mining conditions on mining costs in selected seams of the analysed mines, and in the case of the impact of onerous mining on daily longwall mining output, the variability of this process in individual fields (lots) of the mines is characterised. Section Eight presents the regression equations for the dependence of the costs and level of extraction on the aggregated onerousness indicators, WUe and WUt. The regression models f(KJC_N) and f(W) developed in this way are used to forecast the unit mining costs and daily output of the designed longwalls in the context of diversified geological and mining conditions. The use of regression models is of great practical importance. It makes it possible to approximate unit costs and daily output for newly designed longwall workings. The use of this knowledge may significantly improve the quality of planning processes and the effectiveness of the mining process.

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46

Lynas, Mark, e Sarah Davidson Evanega. The Dialectic of Pro-Poor Papaya. Editado por Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.33.

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The development and rapid adoption of genetically engineered, virus-resistant papaya for Hawaii was an early, rare successful case of a small-scale horticultural crop improved for farmers of mostly modest means by the public sector. Demand was potentially great because the technology addressed a crop-destroying disease for which there were—and are—no alternative solutions. The developers of the technology promoted diffusion with a philanthropic spirit of public-sector universities and personal commitment. Success in Hawaii demonstrated that the technology could benefit papaya growers world-wide. To replicate that success, Thailand was among the first countries to work to adapt the technology. The greatest challenge facing those charged with introducing virus-resistant transgenic papaya into Thailand turned out not to be a technical but political one as Greenpeace targeted virus-resistant papaya as the likely first GE crop to be grown in the country and thus, a gateway for other GE crops. The subsequent anti-GE papaya campaigns foiled biotechnology in Thailand and throughout Southeast Asia, which is puzzling because many biotech crops being developed in that region have similar potential to benefit smallholder farmers, impact the environment positively, and address major nutritional challenges. Many are developed by the public sector. Had Thailand successfully promoted transgenic papaya despite opposition from Greenpeace, governments and scientific agencies across Southeast Asia might have been encouraged by the success story and continued to use the tools of biotechnology in their own agricultural sectors to confront rapidly mounting global agricultural challenges. That this best-case scenario for biotechnology—a pro-poor papaya developed in the public sector without multinational property claims—has not reached resource-poor farmers in the developing world almost twenty years after its release in Hawaii offers lessons larger than a minor crop. The case aids in understanding the reasons for the limited spread of biotechnology for small farmers globally and the dimensions of opposition and reasons for success of opposition to all transgenics technologies.

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