Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Simulation de trafic routier"
Crie uma referência precisa em APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, e outros estilos
Veja os 50 melhores trabalhos (teses / dissertações) para estudos sobre o assunto "Simulation de trafic routier".
Ao lado de cada fonte na lista de referências, há um botão "Adicionar à bibliografia". Clique e geraremos automaticamente a citação bibliográfica do trabalho escolhido no estilo de citação de que você precisa: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
Você também pode baixar o texto completo da publicação científica em formato .pdf e ler o resumo do trabalho online se estiver presente nos metadados.
Veja as teses / dissertações das mais diversas áreas científicas e compile uma bibliografia correta.
Sulface, Allain. "Simulation du trafic routier et communication inter-véhicules". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28507/28507.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMoreau, Guillaume. "Modelisation du comportement pour la simulation interactive : application au trafic routier multimodal". Rennes 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN10123.
Texto completo da fonteKsontini, Feirouz. "Modèle d'agent fondé sur les affordances : application à la simulation de trafic routier". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VALE0027/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe work described in this thesis aims to improve the validity of traffic simulations in urban and suburban areas. We propose to consider the driving context, the heterogeneity of vehicles (motorized two-wheelers, vehicle, truck, etc.) and the driver behavior in terms of space occupation. The purpose is to produce in simulation the observed real world phenomena such as faufilement behavior (two-wheelers, emergency vehicles, cases of intersections). We address the traffic simulation byconsidering a behavioral approach based on multi-agent systems. Previous work have proposed non- generic solutions, for the particular case of motorized two-wheelers. We propose a new agent model to better take into account the context of driving and driver behavior in terms of space occupation. We endow agent driver with an ego-centered representation of the environment based on the concept of affordances. We use the affordances to identify the possible actions, in terms of space occupation, afforded by environment. The proposed agent model was implemented with ArchiSim. This implementation has allowed to reproduce a real traffic situation and to compare the results to real data. Different experiments were conducted to assess the quality of the proposed solution
KSONTINI, Feirouz. "Modèle d'agent fondé sur les affordances : application à la simulation de trafic routier". Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982059.
Texto completo da fonteHatchi, Roméo. "Analyse mathématique de modèles de trafic routier congestionné". Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090048/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is devoted to the mathematical analysis of some models of congested road traffic. The essential notion is the Wardrop equilibrium. It continues Carlier and Santambrogio's works with coauthors. With Baillon they studied the case of two-dimensional cartesian networks that become very dense in the framework of $\Gamma$-convergence theory. Finding Wardrop equilibria is equivalent to solve convex minimisation problems.In Chapter 2 we look at what happens in the case of general networks, increasingly dense. New difficulties appear with respect to the original case of cartesian networks. To deal with these difficulties we introduce the concept of generalized curves. Structural assumptions on these sequences of discrete networks are necessary to obtain convergence. Sorts of Finsler distance are used and keep track of anisotropy of the network. We then have similar results to those in the cartesian case.In Chapter 3 we study the continuous model and in particular the limit problems. Then we find optimality conditions through a duale formulation that can be interpreted in terms of continuous Wardrop equilibria. However we work with generalized curves and we cannot directly apply Prokhorov's theorem, as in \cite{baillon2012discrete, carlier2008optimal}. To use it we consider a relaxed version of the limit problem with Young's measures. In Chapter 4 we focus on the long-term case, that is, we fix only the distributions of supply and demand. As shown in \cite{brasco2013congested} the problem of Wardrop equilibria can be reformulated in a problem à la Beckmann and reduced to solve an elliptic anisotropic and degenerated PDE. We use the augmented Lagrangian scheme presented in \cite{benamou2013augmented} to show a few numerical simulation examples. Finally Chapter 5 is devoted to studying Monge problems with as cost a Finsler distance. It leads to minimal flow problems. Discretization of these problems is equivalent to a saddle-point problem. We then solve it numerically again by an augmented Lagrangian algorithm
Mint, Moustapha Jyda. "Modélisation mathématique et simulation du trafic routier : analyse statistique de modèles d'insertion et simulation probabiliste d'un modèle cinétique". Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1113/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe first part of this thesis is dedicated to the optimization of the lengths of acceleration lanes using microscopic data collected from real traffic. The insertions on the highway junctions can indeed be especially dangerous considering the difference between the speeds on the on ramp merge lane and those on the highway lanes. We develop and analyse some microscopic merging models. We first propose a statistical model based on the logistic regression techniques. Statistical hypothesis tests allow to select the most significant descriptive variables in the merging decision process. A behavioural modelling taking those variables into account is next proposed to better capture the interactions by including some thresholds on the gaps between the merging vehicles and freeway vehicles. The models are validated using real traffic data collected at the SAROT site near Angers. Secondly, traffic simulation at the mesoscopic scale is mostly based on deterministic numerical schemes. However, these methods have a high computational cost. The objective of the second part of this thesis is to present a new method to simulate the Paveri-Fontana kinetic model through a probabilistic approach. We interpret the evolution equation in this model as a Fokker-Planck equation and deduce an approximation based on a system of interacting particles. The algorithmic complexity of this method is optimized. We have performed a numerical comparison between the probabilistic method and a deterministic method on some cases study. The qualitative analysis highlights the benefits of the particle method such as its computation cost and its ability to reproduce some typical traffic effects
Jiménez, Tania. "Simulation de trafic routier : étude des méthodologies de modélisation et parallélisation et mise en œuvre". Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5436.
Texto completo da fonteHa, Duy-H. "Modélisation statistique et probabiliste du TEMPS INTER-VEHICULAIRE aux différents niveaux de trafic". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01006504.
Texto completo da fonteEl, Hadouaj Sameh. "Conception de comportements de résolution de conflits et de coordination : application à une simulation multi-agent du trafic routier". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066106.
Texto completo da fonteHerviou, David. "La perception visuelle des entités autonomes en réalité virtuelle : Application à la simulation de trafic routier". Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2028.
Texto completo da fonteThe purpose of this thesis is to show the relevance of virtual reality for the creation of tools that help the learning of safe behavior on road. These tools are based on the immersion of learners inside a credible virtual traffic road in which they encounter a wide panel of situations. The teacher uses these situations to explain and make the student acquire knowledge on driving. Thereby, we propose a software system that lies on two fundamental assumptions : - leaners control their virtual car in an abstract manner : they don't have to do and learn technical gestures. Learners can concentrate themselves only on learning how to behave in specific visual strategies and decisions ;- traffic road is modelled following a microscopic approach. Each driver is consider as a set of driving tasks (chronological sequence of actions, visual clue acquisition and decisions in a given situation). Due to the importance of retreiving visual informations while driving, this work was focused on the modeling of virtual drivers' visual perception (focus of attention, memorizing, visual routines. . . ). A prototype has been achieved. It enables to simulate, in real time, traffic road up to fifty vehicles and makes learners face a wide varieties of situations. Two series of experimentations have been conducted to show the validity and the relevance of the modeling principle exposed above. These experimentations concern the pedagogical aspect of the software and the credibility of the generated traffic road
Herviou, David Tisseau Jacques. "La perception visuelle des entités autonomes en réalité virtuelle Application à la simulation de trafic routier /". [s.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.inserr.org/securite_routiere/documents/herviou_these_low_res.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMnassri, Radhia. "Réseaux de Petri Lots Triangulaires pour la modélisation mésoscopique et l'étude de la congestion dans le trafic routier". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4376.
Texto completo da fonteThe excessive use of roads can cause many adverse effects including pollution, insecurity and congestion. The available short-term solution is the implementation of traffic management systems which optimize the flow and reduce congestion without needing additional infrastructures. In this context, we proposed a new formalism, called Triangular Batches Petri Nets (Triangular BPN), which combines modeling and simulation of traffic in mesoscopic level as a discrete event system. The Triangular BPN describing the overall characteristics of the road traffic such as flow, density, speed by representing a new triangular relation flow-density. This relation implies the modification of batches dynamic, which is now used to represent the two road traffic states : fluid and congested, as well as the three behaviors :free, congestion and decongestion. The calculation of the instantaneous firing flows is achieved by adding a constraint that takes into account the state and behavior of batches. A set of controlled events integrated to the Triangular BPN, that allow the variation of the maximum speed of batch place and the maximum flow of batch and continuous transition. These controlled events used to model the control strategies, such as variable speed limit (VSL). All these theoretical contributions implemented in a software that is called SimuleauTri and used to study a motorway portions from real data. The simulation results are close to the measurements on the ground and show the pertinence of Triangular BPN
Ketenci, Utku Görkem. "Modélisation agent de la perception visuelle humaine limitée appliquée à la simulation du comportement des conducteurs en carrefour". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VALE0020/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn the context of traffic modeling, we need some improvements in order to allow to simulate the near accident situations. The most actual agent based traffic simulations tools focuse on the decision activity of drivers. However, the activity of perception is an important precondition of decision. We aim to propose new solutions for agent based modeling of human drivers perception. The proposition include a double activity of perception (passive and active), coupled with a quantitative limitation of percepts (depending on the limit of short term memory). The model has been implemented and tested in the context of a crossroad for which we have a set of observation data. The obtained results confirm the interest of the model to simulate the behaviors of drivers more realistically, and to improve interindividual variations in the driver population
Chen, Yu-Sen. "Utilisation conjointe d'un modèle de génération-distribution et des comptages de circulation pour la reconstitution d'une matrice de trafic routier origine-destination". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529502.
Texto completo da fonteEmery, Justin. "La ville sous électrodes : de la mesure à l'évaluation de la pollution atmosphérique automobile. : vers une simulation multi-agents du trafic routier en milieu urbain". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL018/document.
Texto completo da fonteBased on surveys, traffic is constructed from assumptions about the relationship between origins and destinations. In order to rebuild a road traffic wich would be closer to observation and on a wider set of road sections, it appears interesting to use counting data from urban sensors : this is our starting point of view. The insertion of these in-situ dataset in the road traffic measurement provides the opportunity to experience the potential of sensors to estimate Traffic Air Pollution (TAP) levels at the intraurban scale. However, this requires to change the nature of these estimation, here through the construction of a model of multi-agents simulation, in order to extract more information on the road traffic. More generally, this work can be seen as a a knowledge building approach on TAP emisssions which is discussed throughout this work. The implementation of the SCAUP (multi-agent simulation from Urban sensors for traffic air pollution) approach was developped in three stages: 1. Focusing on the quantification of road traffic devices through urban sensors; 2. Proposing a modeling approach for road traffic data simulation ; 3. Using as a reference the national framework used by AASQA to calculate RTA emissions. All is integrated within a technical matrix that forms the spine of the manuscript through three interrelated systems: quantification, modeling and evaluation. This work is part of an experimental approach dedicated to the calculation of TAP emissions based on traffic simulations. Sponsored by the ATMOSF’AIR BOURGOGNE local AASQA, this work could also be used in an operational mode for these organizations in charge of the air quality monitoring. At a time when the big data enters into new questions about the ability of researchers to extract knowledge, we propose a geographical approach that enables to replace the data in the center of an original road traffic simulation approach (data- driven)
El, Hmam Mohamed Said. "Contribution à la modélisation et à la simulation hybride du flux de trafic". Artois, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ARTO0206.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis concerns the hybrid traffic flow modelling and simulation. This approach uses jointly the two classical traffic flow models ; macroscopic and microscopic. It is a matter of adapting the representation to the studied phenomenon. Indeed, the macroscopic model is well adapted to the motorway network representation whereas the microscopic one makes it possible to describe an urban network more finely. Thus, we can obtain detailed information of the traffic state on a crossroads (for example) using the microscopic model and to implement traffic control laws synthesized from a macroscopic one. The final objective is to design and implement a decision-making tool allowing us to test and validate various traffic control strategies. For that, we initially developed a microscopic model founded on the paradigm agent. Then, we have proposed a coupling procedure, which makes it possible to ensure the conservation and the continuity of flow through the transition zone that connect the two worlds ; microscopic and macroscopic. The simulation results of the developed hybrid model show that it is possible to cohabit two models (microscopic and macroscopic) within the same system. To illustrate the relevance of the hybrid model, a traffic flow control application has been proposed. The results show that the vehicles travel total time was reduced. The proposed model represents a first version of a traffic flow hybrid simulator, which will remain to be developed within the furthers works
Lebbah, Mustapha. "Carte topologique pour données qualitatives : application à la reconnaissance automatique de la densité du trafic routier". Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161698.
Texto completo da fonteCe travail de thèse a été réalisé à la direction de la recherche de RENAULT. Le travail s'est focalisé sur le développement d'un modèle de reconnaissance de trafic.
Le premier modèle proposé dans cette thèse est dédié aux données binaires ''BTM''. C'est un modèle de quantification vectorielle de type carte topologique. Ce modèle prend les caractéristiques principales des cartes topologiques. Pour ce nouveau modèle, afin de prendre en compte les spécificités des données binaires, on a choisi de changer la métrique usuelle utilisée dans les modèles de cartes topologiques et d'utiliser la distance Hamming.
Le second modèle est le premier modèle probabiliste de cartes topologiques dédié aux données binaires. Ce modèle s'inspire de travaux antérieurs qui modélisent une distribution par un mélange de mélange de lois de Bernoulli.
Le troisième modèle est un nouveau modèle de carte topologique appelé CTM (Categorical topological Map) adapté à la classification non supervisée des données qualitatives multi-dimensionnelles. Ce nouveau modèle conserve cependant les principales caractéristiques des deux modèles précédents. Afin de maximiser les vraisemblance des données, CTM utilise de manière classique l'algorithme EM.
Dans ce mémoire, on introduit le domaine d'application propre au travail mené chez RENAULT. Nous détaillerons l'apport original de notre travail: utilisation de l'information catégorielle pour traiter de la reconnaissance du trafic. Nous exposerons les différentes analyses effectuées sur l'application des algorithmes proposés.
Chen, Ruiwei. "Uncertainty quantification in the simulation of road traffic and associated atmospheric emissions in a metropolitan area". Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1029/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work focuses on the uncertainty quantification in the modeling of road traffic emissions in a metropolitan area. The first step is to estimate the time-dependent traffic flow at street-resolution for a full agglomeration area, using a dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model. Then, a metamodel is built for the DTA model set up for the agglomeration, in order to reduce the computational cost of the DTA simulation. Then the road traffic emissions of atmospheric pollutants are estimated at street resolution, based on a modeling chain that couples the DTA metamodel with an emission factor model. This modeling chain is then used to conduct a global sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential inputs in computed traffic flows, speeds and emissions. At last, the uncertainty quantification is carried out based on ensemble simulations using Monte Carlo approach. The ensemble is evaluated with observations in order to check and optimize its reliability
KETENCI, Utku Görkem. "Modélisation agent de la perception visuelle humaine limitée appliquée à la simulation du comportement des conducteurs en carrefour". Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00879042.
Texto completo da fonteMollier, Stéphane. "Two-dimensional macroscopic models for large scale traffic networks". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALT005.
Texto completo da fonteCongestion in traffic networks is a common issue in big cities and has considerable economic and environmental impacts. Traffic policies and real-time network management can reduce congestion using prediction of dynamical modeling. Initially, researchers studied traffic flow on a single road and then, they extended it to a network of roads. However, large-scale networks present challenges in terms of computation time and parameters' calibration. This led the researchers to focus on aggregated models and to look for a good balance between accuracy and practicality.One of the approaches describes traffic evolution with a continuous partial differential equation on a 2D-plane. Vehicles are represented by a two-dimensional density and their propagation is described by the flow direction. The thesis aims to develop these models and devises methods for their calibration and their validation. The contributions follow three extensions of the model.First, a simple model in two-dimensional space to describe a homogeneous network with a preferred direction of flow propagation is considered. A homogeneous network has the same speed limits and a similar concentration of roads everywhere. A method for validation using GPS probes from microsimulation is provided. Then, a space-dependent extension to describe a heterogeneous network with a preferred direction of flow propagation is presented. A heterogeneous network has different speed limits and a variable concentration of roads. Such networks are of interest because they can show how bottleneck affects traffic dynamics. Finally, the case of multiple directions of flow is considered using multiple layers of density, each layer representing a different flow direction. Due to the interaction between layers, these models are not always hyperbolic which can impact their stability
Chevrolet, Dominique. "Deux études de transport urbain : ordonnancement des phases d'un carrefour, modèles désagrégés de déplacements dans l'agglomération grenobloise". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00321160.
Texto completo da fontePolizzi, Bastien. "Modélisation et simulations numériques pour des systèmes de la mécanique des fluides avec contraintes : application à la biologie et au trafic routier". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4069/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is devoted to the study of partial differential equation systems. In particular, we are interested in constrained systems coming from the fluid mechanics field which allow to describe, in time and space, physical quantities such as density or speed. In this context we build models for biology: modeling of the growth of micro-algae biofilms and modeling of the large intestine and its mucus layer. These models are then tested numerically using numerical schemes specifically developed for these models. This thesis is supplemented with a numerical study of Aw-Rascle model with constraint for road traffic
Ramamonjisoa, David. "Architecture de copilotage et de contrôle d'exécution basée sur un système expert temps réel". Compiègne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993COMP574S.
Texto completo da fonteLacroix, Benoit. "Normer pour mieux varier ? La différenciation comportementale par les normes, et son application au trafic dans les simulateurs de conduite". Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00527846.
Texto completo da fonteTouhbi, Saâd. "Élaboration d’un modèle multi-agents pour la génération synthétique de trafic : application à la mobilité urbaine de la ville de Marrakech". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS326.
Texto completo da fonteTraffic generation is an important process in traffic simulation. It defines a series of vehicle arrival at a road. This series is proven to be random since 1930. However, its distribution explains at a level the behavior of the motorists. The goal of this thesis is to establish a traffic generation toolbox to produce a series of vehicle arrival characterized by their entry point, their type, arrival time and their initial speed. A first step was to establish an analysis protocol for the time headway (TH) of the arriving vehicles consisting of four steps : (i) data processing and calculating TH, (ii) sampling of data according to different levels of traffic, (iii) model choice and estimation, (iv) and the comparison of the estimated models and the empirical data. The application of the latter on four roads with three lanes interrupted by a signalized intersection showed that : The Pareto IV model is not rejected for all levels of traffic in these roads, the Exponential model is proven to be inadequate for all levels of traffic, the Log-Normal and Pearson III are best suited for intermediate to high levels of traffic. These results helped in testing the traffic generation toolbox proving that it generates coherent level of traffic compared to the desired configuration. The latter was integrated in the simulation MarrakAir that estimated the level of pollution based on traffic. This was done to eliminate the necessity to have punctual data from sensors about vehicle arrivals
Mastio, Matthieu. "Modèles de distribution pour la simulation de trafic multi-agent". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1147/document.
Texto completo da fonteNowadays, analysis and prediction of transport network behavior are crucial elements for the implementation of territorial management policies. Computer simulation of road traffic is a powerful tool for testing management strategies before deploying them in an operational context. Simulation of city-wide traffic requires significant computing power exceeding the capacity of a single computer.This thesis studies the methods to perform large-scale multi-agent traffic simulations. We propose solutions allowing the distribution of such simulations on a large amount of computing cores.One of them distributes the agents directly on the available cores, while the second splits the environment on which the agents evolve. Graph partitioning methods are studied for this purpose, and we propose a partitioning procedure specially adapted to the multi-agent traffic simulation. A dynamic load balancing algorithm is also developed to optimize the performance of the microscopic simulation distribution.The proposed solutions have been tested on a real network representing the Paris-Saclay area.These solutions are generic and can be applied to most existing simulators.The results show that the distribution of the agents greatly improves the performance of the macroscopic simulation, whereas the environment distribution is more suited to microscopic simulation. Our load balancing algorithm also significantly improves the efficiency of the environment based distribution
Kerbouai, Hamza. "Modélisation, dimensionnement et optimisation d'un capteur hybride pour la détection des deux roues motorisées dans le trafic routier". Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BELF0260/document.
Texto completo da fonteFor several years the road safety numbers show the need to develop a technological tool that aims to know thepowered two wheelers vehicles behavior (2PW) to improve their security. From this problematic arise our researchworks that come under the project METRAMOTO (Powered two wheelers traffic measurement for road safety andrisks assessment). The main objective is modeling, sizing and optimization of an hybrid sensor consisted ofelectromagnetic loops and piezoelectric shock sensors. The idea is to use electromagnetic loops to discriminate the2PW presence from the other vehicles, combined with piezoelectric segments to detect the shocks produced by thevehicles wheels passage, all associated with a management algorithm and data processing. Today the sizing of thedetection systems based on electromagnetic loops or piezoelectric cables is done experimentally on controlled sitesusing several vehicles types. This technique requires significant test series which are costly and dangerous. Thisstudy aims to modeling the different interactions between the studied sensor and vehicles in order to its sizing.Electromagnetic and electromechanical models are developed to describe the different interactions that take placebetween electromagnetic loops on the one hand, between electromagnetic loops and vehicles on the other handand those between vehicle wheels and piezoelectric cable. On the basis of established models, a general approachis elaborated driving to sizing the hybrid sensor for any given road. We are also interested to the data processingcoming from the hybrid sensor for which we propose an approach to identifying the different vehicle categoriesincluding the 2PW. Two sensor configurations for two different roads are then proposed. They are associated atdata processing algorithms allowing the acquisition of loops and cables signals, the distinction between the differentvehicles classes, the estimation of the vehicles positions on the road and the measuring of their speed
Tchappi, haman Igor. "Dynamic Multilevel and Holonic Model for the Simulation of a Large-Scale Complex System with Spatial Environment : Application to Road Traffic Simulation". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCA004.
Texto completo da fonteNowadays, with the emergence of connected objects and cars, road traffic systems become more and more complex and exhibit hierarchical behaviours at several levels of detail. The multilevel modeling approach is an appropriate approach to represent traffic from several perspectives. Multilevel models are also an appropriate approach to model large-scale complex systems such as road traffic. However, most of the multilevel models of traffic proposed in the literature are static because they use a set of predefined levels of detail and these representations cannot change during simulation. Moreover, these multilevel models generally consider only two levels of detail. Few works have been interested on the dynamic multilevel traffic modeling.This thesis proposes a holonic multilevel and dynamic traffic model for large scale traffic systems. The dynamic switching of the levels of detail during the execution of the simulation allows to adapt the model to the constraints related to the quality of the results or to the available computing resources.The proposal extends the DBSCAN algorithm in the context of holonic multi-agent systems. In addition, a methodology allowing a dynamic transition between the different levels of detail is proposed. Multilevel indicators based on standard deviation are also proposed in order to assess the consistency of the simulation results
Chen, Ruiwei. "Uncertainty quantification in the simulation of road traffic and associated atmospheric emissions in a metropolitan area". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1029.
Texto completo da fonteThis work focuses on the uncertainty quantification in the modeling of road traffic emissions in a metropolitan area. The first step is to estimate the time-dependent traffic flow at street-resolution for a full agglomeration area, using a dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model. Then, a metamodel is built for the DTA model set up for the agglomeration, in order to reduce the computational cost of the DTA simulation. Then the road traffic emissions of atmospheric pollutants are estimated at street resolution, based on a modeling chain that couples the DTA metamodel with an emission factor model. This modeling chain is then used to conduct a global sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential inputs in computed traffic flows, speeds and emissions. At last, the uncertainty quantification is carried out based on ensemble simulations using Monte Carlo approach. The ensemble is evaluated with observations in order to check and optimize its reliability
Mercier, Magali. "Étude de différents aspects des EDP hyperboliques : persistance d’onde de choc dans la dynamique des fluides compressibles, modélisation du trafic routier, stabilité des lois de conservation scalaires". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10246/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn this work, we study hyperbolic systems of balance laws. The first part is devoted to compressible fluid dynamics, and particularly to the lifespan of smooth or piecewise smooth solutions. After presenting the state of art, we show an extension to more general gases of a theorem by Grassin.We also study shock waves solutions: first, we extend T. T. Li's approach to estimate the time of existence in the isentropic spherical case; second, we develop Whitham's ideas to obtain an approximated equation satisfied by the discontinuity surface. In the second part, we set up a new model for a roundabout. This leads us to study a multi-class extension of the macroscopic Lighthill-Whitham-Richards' model. We study the traffic on an infinite road, with some points of junction. We distinguish vehicles according to their origin and destination and add some boundary conditions at the junctions. We obtain existence and uniqueness of a weak entropy solution for the Riemann problem. As a complement, we provide numerical simulations that exhibit solutions with a long time of existence. Finally, the Cauchy problem is tackled by the front tracking method. In the last part, we are interested in scalar hyperbolic balance laws. The first question addressed is the control of the total variation and the stability of entropy solutions with respect to flow and source. With this result, we can study equations with non-local flow, which do not fit into the framework of classical theorems. We show here that these kinds of equations are well posed and we show the Gâteaux-differentiability with respect to initial conditions, which is important to characterize maxima or minima of a given cost functional
Laarabi, Mohamed Haitam. "Optimisation multicritère des itinéraires pour transport des marchandises dangereuses en employant une évaluation en logique floue du risque et la simulation du trafic à base d'agents". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0074/document.
Texto completo da fonteEveryday thousands of trucks transporting hundreds of thousands of tons of dangerous goods by various modalities and both within and across nations. However, the term “dangerous” indicates an intrinsic adversity that characterize these products, which can manifest in an accident leading to release of a hazardous substance (e.g. radioactive, flammable, explosive etc.). In this situation, the consequences can be lethal to human beings, other living organisms and damage the environment and public/private properties.The importance of dangerous goods boils down to the significant economic benefits that generates. In fact, one cannot deny the contribution of the transport of all fossil fuel derived product, which represents more than 60% of dangerous goods transported in Europe. Eni, the Italian leading petrochemical company, every day operates a fleet of about 1,500 trucks, which performs numerous trips from loading terminals to filling stations. Distribution of petroleum products is a risky activity, and an accident during the transportation may lead to serious consequences.Aware of what is at stake, the division Eni R&M - Logistics Secondary, historically active in Genoa headquarters, is collaborating since 2002 with the DIBRIS department at University of Genoa, and the CRC at Mines ParisTech, with the purpose of studying possible improvements regarding safety in transport of dangerous goods, particularly petroleum products. Over years, this collaboration has led to the development of different technologies and mainly to an information and decision support system. The major component of this system is a platform for monitoring Eni fleet, at the national level, to deliver the products to the distribution points, called the Transport Integrated Platform (TIP). These vehicles are equipped with a device capable of transmitting data stream in real-time using a GPRS modem. The data transmitted can be of different nature and contain information about the state of the vehicle and occurred events during the trip. These data are intended to be received by centralized servers then get processed and stored, in order to support various applications within the TIP.With this in mind, the studies undertaken throughout the thesis are directed towards the development of a proposal to further minimize the risk related to the transportation of dangerous goods. In other words, a trade-off based model for route selection taking into consideration economic and safety factors. The objective is prompted by the need to support existent regulations and safety standards, which does not assure a full warranty against accidents involving dangerous goods.The goal is carried out by considering the existent system as basis for developing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) aggregating multiple software platforms. These platforms should allow planners and decision makers to monitor in real-time their fleet, to assess risk and evaluate all possible routes, to simulate and create different scenarios, and to assist at finding solutions to particular problems.Throughout this dissertation, I highlight the motivation for such research work, the related problem statements, and the challenges in dangerous goods transport. I introduce the TIP as the core for the proposed ITS architecture. For simulation purposes, virtual vehicles are injected into the system. The management of the data collection was the subject of technical improvement for more reliability, efficiency and scalability in real-time monitoring of dangerous goods shipment. Finally, I present a systematic explanation of the methodology for route optimization considering both economic and risk criteria. The risk is assessed based on various factors mainly the frequency of accident leading to hazardous substance release and its consequences. Uncertainty quantification in risk assessment is modelled using fuzzy sets theory
Lacroix, Benoît. "Normer pour mieux varier ? : la différenciation comportementale par les normes, et son application au trafic dans les simulateurs de conduite". Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835831.
Texto completo da fonteChera, Catalin-Marian. "Contribution à l'extension de l'approche énergétique à la représentation des systèmes à paramètres distribués". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00578842.
Texto completo da fonteAw, Abdallahi Bechir. "Modèles hyperboliques pour le trafic routier". Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE5625.
Texto completo da fonteBez, Rolf. "Modélisation des charges dues au trafic routier /". Lausanne : Ecole polytechnique fédérale Département de génie civil ICOM-Construction métallique, 1989. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=793.
Texto completo da fonteMoukir, Sara. "High performance analysis for road traffic control". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASG039.
Texto completo da fonteThe need to reduce travel times and energy consumption in urban road networks is critical for improving collective well-being and environmental sustainability. Since the 1950s, traffic modeling has been a central research focus. With the rapid evolution of computing capabilities in the 21st century, sophisticated digital simulations have emerged, accurately depicting road traffic complexities. Mobility simulations are essential for assessing emerging technologies like cooperative systems and dynamic GPS navigation without disrupting real traffic.As transport systems become more complex with real-time information, simulation models must adapt. Multi-agent simulations, which analyze individual behaviors within a dynamic environment, are particularly suited for this task. These simulations help understand and manage urban traffic by representing interactions between travelers and their environment.Simulating large populations of travelers in cities, potentially millions of individuals, has historically been computationally demanding. Advanced computer technologies allowing distributed calculations across multiple computers have opened new possibilities. However, many urban mobility simulators do not fully exploit these distributed architectures, limiting their ability to model complex scenarios involving many travelers and extensive networks.The main objective of this research is to improve the algorithmic and computational performance of mobility simulators. We aim to develop and validate generic and reproducible distribution models that can be adopted by various multi-agent mobility simulators. This approach seeks to overcome technical barriers and provide a solid foundation for analyzing complex transport systems in dynamic urban environments.Our research leverages the MATSim traffic simulator due to its flexibility and open structure. MATSim is widely recognized in the literature for multi-agent traffic simulation, making it an ideal candidate to test our generic methods.Our first contribution applies the "Unite and Conquer" (UC) approach to MATSim. This method accelerates simulation speed by leveraging modern computing architectures. The multiMATSim approach involves replicating several MATSim instances across multiple computing nodes with periodic communications. Each instance runs on a separate node, utilizing MATSim's native multithreading capabilities to enhance parallelism. Periodic synchronization ensures data consistency, while fault tolerance mechanisms allow the simulation to continue smoothly even if some instances fail. This approach efficiently uses diverse computational resources based on each node's specific capabilities.The second contribution explores artificial intelligence techniques to expedite the simulation process. Specifically, we use deep neural networks to predict MATSim simulation outcomes. Initially implemented on a single node, this proof-of-concept approach efficiently uses available CPU resources. Neural networks are trained on data from previous simulations to predict key metrics like travel times and congestion levels. The outputs are compared to MATSim results to assess accuracy. This approach is designed to scale, with future plans for distributed neural network training across multiple nodes.In summary, our contributions provide new algorithmic variants and explore integrating high-performance computing and AI into multi-agent traffic simulators. We aim to demonstrate the impact of these models and technologies on traffic simulation, addressing the challenges and limitations of their implementation. Our work highlights the benefits of emerging architectures and new algorithmic concepts for enhancing the robustness and performance of traffic simulators, presenting promising results
Tréca, Maxime. "Designing traffic signal control systems using reinforcement learning". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG043.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis studies the problem of traffic optimization through traffic light signals on road networks. Traffic optimization is achieved in our case through the use of reinforcement learning, a branch of machine learning in which an agent solves a given task in an environment by maximizing its reward signals.First, we present the fields of traffic signal control (TSC) and reinforcement learning (RL) separately, before presenting how the latter is applied on the former (RL-TSC). Then, we define a mathematical model of traffic based on graph theory, before introducing the reinforcement learning model, traffic simulator and deep reinforcement learning library created for our research work.Finally, these definitions allow us to build an efficient traffic signal control method based on reinforcement learning.We first study multiple classical reinforcement learning techniques on an isolated traffic intersection. Multiple classes of RL algorithms are compared (e.g. Q-learning, LRP, actor-critic) to deterministic TSC methods used as a baseline. We then introduce function approximation methods using deep neural networks, allowing for significant performance improvement on isolated intersections. These experiments allow us to single out dueling deep Q-learning as the best isolated RL-TSC method for out model.On this basis, we introduce the concept of agent coordination in multi-agent reinforcement learning systems (MARL). We compare multiple modes of coordinaiton to the isolated baseline that we previously defined. These experiments allow us to define the DEC-DQN coordination method, which allows for multiple agents of a POMDP to communicate in order to better optimize traffic. DEC-DQN uses a deep neural network shared by all agents of the network, allowing them to learn a common communication protocol from scratch. In order to correctly reward communication actions, which are entirely distinct from traffic optimization actions taken by agents, DEC-DQN defines a special reward function allowing each agent to directly estimate the impact of its communications on neighboring agents of the network. Communicaiton action rewards are directly estimated on the traffic optimization neural networks of neighboring intersections.Finally, this novel cooridnation method is compared to other methods of the literature on a large-scale simulation. The DEC-DQN algorithm results in faster agent learning, as well as increased performance and stability thanks to agent coordination
Nguyen, Van Tri. "Adjoint-based approach for estimation & sensor location on 1D hyperbolic systems with applications in hydrology & traffic". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT063/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe thesis proposes a general framework for both state/parameters estimation and sensor placement in nonlinear infinite dimensional hyperbolic systems. The work is therefore divided into two main parts: a first part devoted to the optimal estimation and a second one to optimal sensor location. The estimation method is based on the calculus of variations and the use of Lagrange multipliers. The Lagrange multipliers play an important role in giving access to the sensitivities of the measurements with respect to the variables to be estimated. These sensitivities, described by the adjoint equations, are also the key idea of a new approach, so-called the adjoint-based approach, for the optimal sensor placement. Various examples, either based on some simulations with synthetic measurements or real data sets and for different scenarios, are also studied to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed approaches. Theses examples concern the overland flow systems and the traffic flow, which are both governed by nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations
Brotcorne, Luce L. D. "Approches opérationnelles et stratégiques des problèmes de trafic routier". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212002.
Texto completo da fonteGhorayeb, Ali. "Capteur catadioptrique pour le diagnostic du trafic routier urbain". Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0101.
Texto completo da fonteIn this thesis we present an optimal omnidirectional visual sensor which can replace perspective camera network for traffic diagnosis. The proposed system has the advantage, by the number and the designed mirror, to generate a single view of the crown and junction ways of the crossroads by maximizing the number of useless pixels. So, the percentage of pixels used directly for subsequent phases of image processing is optimal. We describe the methodology used to design such a sensor. In addition, to assess our sensor, we also developed image processing methods that provide useful indicators for estimating the state of the traffic as the crossroads occupancy rate, the vehicle speed and the flow of vehicles. We compare this optimal sensor to the traditional ones that used parabolic, hyperbolic, spherical mirror or a mirror that has constant horizontal resolution to observe the scene. We prove that optimal sensor has better results than traditional ones
Delle, Monache Maria Laura. "Lois de conservation pour la modélisation du trafic routier". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4056/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn this thesis we consider two coupled PDE-ODE models. One to model moving bottlenecks and theother one to describe traffic flow at junctions. First, we consider a strongly coupled PDE-ODE systemthat describes the influence of a slow and large vehicle on road traffic. The model consists of a scalarconservation law accounting for the main traffic evolution, while the trajectory of the slower vehicle isgiven by an ODE depending on the downstream traffic density. The moving constraint is expressed byan inequality on the flux, which models the bottleneck created in the road by the presence of the slowerDépôt de thèse – Donnéescomplémentairesvehicle. We prove the existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem for initial data of bounded variation.Moreover, two numerical schemes are proposed. The first one is a finite volume algorithm that uses alocally nonuniform moving mesh. The second one uses a reconstruction technique to display thebehavior of the vehicle. Next, we consider the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards traffic flow model on ajunction composed by one mainline, an onramp and an offramp, which are connected by a node. Theonramp dynamics is modeled using an ordinary differential equation describing the evolution of thequeue length. The definition of the solution of the Riemann problem at the junction is based on anoptimization problem and the use of a right of way parameter. The numerical approximation is carriedout using a Godunov scheme, modified to take into account the effects of the onramp buffer. Aftersuitable modification, the model is used to solve an optimal control problem on roundabouts. Two costfunctionals are numerically optimized with respect to the right of way parameter
Oberoi, Kamaldeep Singh. "Modélisation spatio-temporelle du trafic routier en milieu urbain". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR075/document.
Texto completo da fonteFor past several decades, researchers have been interested in understanding traffic evolution, hence, have proposed various traffic models to identify bottleneck locations where traffic congestion occurs, to detect traffic patterns, to predict traffic states etc. Most of the existing models consider traffic as many-particle system, describe it using different scales of representation and explain its evolution quantitatively by deducing relations between traffic variables like flow, density and speed. Such models are mainly focused on computing precise information about traffic using acquired traffic data. However, computation of such precise information requires more processing resources. A way to remedy this problem is to consider traffic evolution in qualitative terms which reduces the required number of processing resources. Since traffic is spatio-temporal in nature, the models which deal with spatio-temporal phenomenon can be applied in case of traffic. Such models represent spatio-temporal phenomenon from qualitative as well as quantitative standpoints. Depending on the intended application, some models are able to differentiate between various entities taking part in the phenomenon, which proves useful in case of traffic since different objects like vehicles, buildings, pedestrians, bicycles etc., directly affecting traffic evolution, can be included in traffic models. Qualitative spatio-temporal models consider the effects of different entities on each other in terms of spatial relations between them and spatio-temporal evolution of the modeled phenomenon is described in terms of variation in such relations over time. Considering different traffic constituents and spatial relations between them leads to the formation of a structure which can be abstracted using graph, whose nodes represent individual constituents and edges represent the corresponding spatial relations. As a result, the evolution of traffic, represented using graph, is described in terms of evolution of the graph itself, i. e. change in graph structure and attributes of nodes and edges, with time. In this thesis, we propose such a graph model to represent traffic. As mentioned above, one of the applications of existing traffic models is in detecting traffic patterns. However, since such models consider traffic quantitatively, in terms of acquired traffic data, the patterns detected using such models are statistical (a term employed by Pattern Recognition researchers) in the sense that they are represented using numerical description. Since graph-based traffic model proposed in this thesis represents the structure of traffic, it can be employed to redefine the meaning of traffic patterns from statistical to structural (also a term from Pattern Recognition community). Structural traffic patterns include different traffic constituents and their inter-links and are represented using time-varying graphs. An algorithm to detect a given structural traffic pattern in the spatio-temporal graph representing traffic is proposed in this thesis. It formalizes this problem as subgraph isomorphism for time-varying graphs. In the end, the performance of the algorithm is tested using various graph parameters
Sossoe, Kwami. "Modélisation des systèmes de transport multimodaux de grands réseaux". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1196/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this work consists on the modeling of traffic flow of a large multimodaltransportation network. The work is organized in two parts: a theoretical study part anda development part. The theoretical study emphasizes on how a multimodal network canbe model and how its performance in terms of supply can be optimized. To do so, threemain studies are discussed: the traffic flow prediction and regulation on large surface net-works, the vehicular multimodality in big surface networks taking into account new forms ofmobility, and finally the impact of the information on the cost of the itineraries. The devel-opment part consists on the conception of a traffic flow simulator to regulate the vehicularmultimodal traffic. The developed simulator should assist transport operators and territorialcommunities in their traffic flow management strategies
Allain, Guillaume. "Prévision et analyse du trafic routier par des méthodes statistiques". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/351/.
Texto completo da fonteThe industrial partner of this work is Mediamobile/V-trafic, a company which processes and broadcasts live road-traffic information. The goal of our work is to enhance traffic information with forecasting and spatial extending. Our approach is sometimes inspired by physical modelling of traffic dynamic, but it mainly uses statistical methods in order to propose self-organising and modular models suitable for industrial constraints. In the first part of this work, we describe a method to forecast trafic speed within a time frame of a few minutes up to several hours. Our method is based on the assumption that traffic on the a road network can be summarized by a few typical profiles. Those profiles are linked to the users' periodical behaviors. We therefore make the assumption that observed speed curves on each point of the network are stemming from a probabilistic mixture model. The following parts of our work will present how we can refine the general method. Medium term forecasting uses variables built from the calendar. The mixture model still stands. Additionnaly we use a fonctionnal regression model to forecast speed curves. We then introduces a local regression model in order to stimulate short-term trafic dynamics. The kernel function is built from real speed observations and we integrate some knowledge about traffic dynamics. The last part of our work focuses on the analysis of speed data from in traffic vehicles. These observations are gathered sporadically in time and on the road segment. The resulting data is completed and smoothed by local polynomial regression
Firozaly, Jérémy. "Homogénéisation d’équations de Hamilton-Jacobi et applications au trafic routier". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1064/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis report deals with the homogenization in space and time of some first order Hamilton-Jacobi equations. It contains two contributions. The corresponding equations are derived from traffic flow modelling. We finally present some results of almost periodic homogenization. In the first chapter, we consider a one dimensional pursuit law with delay which is derived from traffic flow modelling. It takes the form of an infinite system of first order coupled delayed equations. Each equation describes the motion of a driver who interacts with the preceding one: such a model is referred to as a ``follow-the-leader" model. We take into account the reaction time of drivers. We derive a macroscopic model, namely a Hamilton-Jacobi equation, by a homogenization process for reaction times that are below an explicit threshold. The key idea is to show, that below this threshold, a strict comparison principle holds for the infinite system. Above this threshold, we show that collisions can occur. In a second time, for well-chosen dynamics and higher reaction times, we show that there exist some microscopic pursuit laws that do not lead to the previous macroscopic model. Such a law is here derived as a perturbation of the stationnary solution, for which all the vehicles are equally spaced at initial times. The second chapter is dedicated to the homogenization of a Hamilton-Jacobi equation for traffic lights. We consider an infinite road where lights are equally spaced and with a constant phase shift between two lights. This model takes the form of a first order Hamilton-Jacobi equation with an Hamiltonian that is discontinuous in the space variable and the notion of viscosity solution is the one introduced by C. Imbert and R. Monneau (2017). Each light is modelled as a time-periodic flux limiter and the traffic flow between two lights corresponds to the classical LWR model. The global Hamiltonian will be time-periodic but not periodic in space for a general phase shift. We first show that the rescaled solution converges toward the solution of the expected macroscopic model where the effective Hamiltonian depends on the phase shift. In a second time, numerical simulations are used to analyse the effect of the phase shift on the effective Hamiltonian and to reveal some properties of the effective Hamiltonian from the numerical observations. In the third chapter, we are interested in some homogenization problems of Hamilton-Jacobi equations within the almost periodic setting which generalizes the usual periodic one. The first problem is the evolutionary version of the work cite {ishii2000almost}, with the same stationary Hamiltonian. The second problem has already been solved in the second chapter but we use here almost periodic arguments for the time periodic and space almost periodic Hamiltonian. We only study the ergodicity of the associated cell problems. We finally discuss open problems, the first one concerning a space and time almost periodic Hamiltonian and the second one being a microscopic model for traffic flow modelling where the Hamiltonian is almost periodic in space
Gashaw, Sosina Mengistu. "Modélisation de trafic routier hétérogène pour systèmes de transport intelligents". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4202/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis dissertation models and analyzes heterogeneous traffic flow, with a particular focus on mixed traffic flow consisting of cars and two-wheelers. The increase in traffic congestion induces commuters to switch to powered two wheelers (PTWs), i.e. motorcycle, mopeds and scooters, because of their high maneuverability and space efficiency. The growth in number of PTWs, combined with their unique mobility features, results in complex traffic characteristics which are difficult to recreate with the existing modeling approaches. We develop an analytical model that can accurately reproduce the traffic features in a mixed flow of cars and PTWs. The traffic stream is decomposed into two vehicle classes, PTWs and cars. The fundamental properties are derived by employing a porous flow approach. It is assumed that the speed of a vehicle class is dictated by the physical and motion properties of the vehicle class, and the distribution of free spaces on the road. We propose an approximation method to derive the free-space distribution. In order to explore broader aspects of the traffic flow characteristics, notably required by intelligent transport system (ITS) applications, we formulate the model in the Lagrangian and the Eulerian frameworks. Further, we provide a numerical method for the discretization of the mathematical model. We analyze the flow characteristics of mixed PTWs and cars traffic and identify important properties, which give insights for future ITS solutions and traffic policy makers. The applicability of the model for different ITS applications is illustrated. Finally, the developed model is validated using a microsimulation tool
Goatin, Paola. "Analyse et approximation numérique de quelques modèles macroscopiques de trafic routier". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00765410.
Texto completo da fonteGodin, Olivier. "Information visuelle multirésolution pour l'estimation de la vitesse du trafic routier". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6583.
Texto completo da fonteRousseau, Julien. "Contribution à la modélisation du trafic routier dans l'algèbre min-plus". Angers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ANGE0060.
Texto completo da fonteMartinet, Simon. "Estimation in-situ des facteurs d’émission des polluants du trafic routier". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSET006.
Texto completo da fonteUrban air pollution is a major issue for human health and the environment. Road traffic is the main source of pollution in urban areas and contributes significantly to air pollution in these areas despite improvements in pollution control technologies and engines. To measure and improve knowledge of pollutant emissions from road vehicles, different methods exist, each with its own advantages and limitations. For example, measurements on a test bench make it possible to study vehicle emissions according to their technology and with good reproducibility of test conditions. However, this approach remains limited, particularly for the representativeness of vehicle fleet emissions under real operating conditions. The limited knowledge of emissions of unregulated pollutants, such as BTEX, C9-22 alkanes, carbonyl compounds, particulate matter and soot carbon, which have adverse effects on health and the environment and are rarely measured due to the complexity of metrology, is a second area for further study of traffic emissions. The objective of this work is to estimate in-situ emission factors for unregulated pollutants from road traffic, under real vehicle traffic conditions and for fleets whose composition is precisely characterized. For this purpose, the work of this thesis has made it possible to develop and implement methodologies for in-situ measurement, in urban areas, of unregulated pollutant emissions from road traffic, and to estimate emission factors based on measurements made at different sites (open roadside site and confined site). These emission factors are established for unregulated pollutants, and for a precisely defined actual vehicle fleet (detailed knowledge of the composition of the vehicle fleet in use and local traffic conditions). The emission factors thus determined in-situ are compared with those derived from bench measurements in order to verify their consistency and analyse them according to the different measurement sites and the impact of the composition of the fleet on pollutant emissions. Three in-situ measurement campaigns were carried out, two roadside in urban areas (open sites) and one in a tunnel near an urban area (confined site). The concentrations of the targeted pollutants measured at these three sites, as well as the different fleet compositions and traffic conditions identified, were used to estimate emission factors per vehicle or for the entire fleet