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1
Navarro, Daniel. "Representing stimulus similarity". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn322.pdf.
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Bibliography: p. 209-233. Over the last 50 years, psychologists have developed a range of frameworks for similarity modelling, along with a large number of numerical techniques for extracting mental representations from empirical data. This thesis is concerned with the psychological theories used to account for similarity judgements, as well as the mathematical and statistical issues that surround the numerical problem of finding appropriate representations. It discusses, evaluates, and further develops three widely-adopted approaches to similarity modelling: spatial, featural and tree representation.
2
Johnson, Michelle Lorraine 1967. "All I ever wanted was relational satisfaction: Perceived similarity versus actual similarity". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291905.
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This study examines the linkage between similarity and relational satisfaction within friendship dyads. The central proposition states that both actual and perceived similarity between relational partners will be positively associated with relational satisfaction. Actual and perceived similarity were measured using a conflict that had occurred between the relational partners. It was further posited that perceived similarity (PS) will be a better indicator of relational satisfaction than actual similarity (AS). It was found that when both length of relationship and amount of PS were held constant, AS was moderately associated with relational satisfaction. It was also found that PS was negatively associated with relational satisfaction. Furthermore, the findings indicate that PS is a better indicator of relational satisfaction than AS. These findings raise questions about operationalizing perceived and actual similarity, the relationship between relational type, similarity, and satisfaction, and the use of accounts in this type of research.
3
Schendel, Zachary Adam. "The irrelevant sound effect similarity of content or similarity of process? /". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1148590088.
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Kelemen, Deborah Ann 1967. "The effects of domain-specific knowledge on similarity judgements". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278269.
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The study contrasts natural kinds versus artifacts in order to assess the impact of domain-specific knowledge on adult subjects strategies in a perceptual classification task. Subjects classifications show differential weighting of perceptual dimensions as a consequence of background context. In addition, subjects display a tendency to reject identity within a specific dimension when such a non-identity based strategy permitted the creation of a theoretically cohesive category. This provides evidence against the view that identity possesses an inherent value in classification and supports the alternative, that background knowledge determines the degree to which identity is valued and the manner in which categories are constructed.
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Patton, Kathleen Mary. "Ambivalence and the Attitude Similarity Effect on Attraction". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1436802293.
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Zhao, Libo. "The effect of referent similarity and phonological similarity on concurrent word learning". Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2419.
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Similarity has been regarded as a primary means by which lexical representations are organized, and hence an important determinant of processing interactions between lexical items. A central question on lexical-semantics similarity is how it influences lexical processing. There have been much fewer investigations, however, on how lexical-semantic similarity might influence novel word learning. This dissertation work aimed to fill this gap by addressing one kind of lexical-semantic similarity, similarity among the novel words that are being learned concurrently (concurrent similarity), on the learning of phonological word forms. Importantly, it aimed to use tests that eliminated the real time processing confound at test so as to provide convincing evidence on whether learning was indeed affected by similarity.
The first part of the dissertation addressed the effect of concurrent referent similarity on the learning of the phonological word forms. Experiment 1 used a naming test to provide evidence on the direction of the effect. Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 used the stem completion test and the recognition from mis-pronunciation test that controlled for real time processing between conditions. Then a 4-layer Hebbian Normalized Recurrent Network was also developed to provide even more convincing evidence on whether learning was affected (the connection weights). Consistently across the three tasks and the simulation, a detrimental effect of referent similarity on the phonological word form learning was revealed.
The second part of the dissertation addressed the effect of cohort similarity on the learning of the phonological word forms. The recognition from mis-pronunciation on partial words was developed to control for real time processing between conditions so as to capture the effect of learning. We examined the effect of cohort similarity at different syllable positions and found a detrimental effect at the second syllable and non-effect at the third syllable. This is consistent with the previous finding that competition among cohorts diminishes as the stimulus is received, suggesting that the effect of cohort similarity depends on the status of competition dynamics among cohorts.
The theoretical and methodological implications of this study are discussed.
7
Dekel, Shir. "The Psychology of Managerial Capital Allocation". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26452.
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Capital allocation decisions are critical for large organisations. Management research mainly considers such decisions from an organisational perspective, largely overlooking potential psychological influences. Therefore, this thesis investigated cognitive processes that affect capital allocation decisions. Three studies examined how participants integrated multiple kinds of cues when making their decisions. Each study presented participants with both statistical information and non-numerical semantic information. In each study, participants had the opportunity to leverage a statistical concept that arguably should be the sole basis of the decision. The first study showed participants sequential risky choices without intermittent feedback. Participants could have combined the risk across decisions to reduce the overall potential loss. However, they struggled to do this unless it was depicted visually. The second study asked participants to allocate a budget across a set of business projects. Participants could have used the variance associated with the provided forecast estimates to choose which metrics to use for the allocation. However, they only appropriately used this information when it was expressed verbally and did not when it was expressed numerically. In the third study, participants saw projects with conflicting statistical and anecdotal evidence. The anecdotes were either similar or dissimilar to the target project. Participants could have clarified the conflicting evidence by using provided information about the distribution from which the anecdote was sampled. However, they ignored this information. Despite this, participants’ use of the anecdote depended on its similarity to the target project. These results show that people’s capital allocation decisions are bounded by a limited understanding of certain statistical concepts, but that they are capable of more nuanced choice when properly scaffolded.
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Miller, Benjamin Alan. "Distance Effects in Similarity Based Free Categorization". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/238.
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This experiment investigated the processes underlying similarity-based free categorization. Of particular interest was how temporal distance between similar objects affects the likelihood that people will put them into the same novel category. Participants engaged in a free categorization task referred to as binomial labeling. This task required participants to generate a two-part label (A1, B1, C1, etc.) indicating family (superordinate) and species (subordinate) levels of categorization for each object in a visual display. Participants were shown the objects one at a time in a sequential presentation; after labeling each object, they were asked to describe the similarity between that object and previous objects by selecting one of five choices from a drop down menu. Our main prediction was that temporal distance should affect categorization, specifically, that people should be less likely to give two identical objects the same category label the farther apart they are shown in the display. The primary question being addressed in this study was whether the effects of distance are due to a decreased likelihood of remembering the first object when labeling the second (what we refer to as a stage 1 or sampling effect) or to factors during the actual comparison itself (a stage 2 or decision effect)? Our results showed a significant effect of distance on both the likelihood of giving identical objects the same label as well as on the likelihood of mentioning the first object when labeling the second object in an identical pair. Specifically, as the distance between two identical objects increased, the likelihood of giving them the same label, as well as mentioning their similarity, both decreased. Importantly, the decreased probability of giving the second object the same label seemed entirely due to the decreased probability of remembering (sampling) the first object, as indicated by the menu responses. These results provide strong support for the idea that the effect of temporal distance on free categorization is mainly due to stage 1 factors, specifically to its effect on the availability of the first instance in memory when labeling the second. No strong evidence was found in this experiment supporting a separate distance effect at the comparison-decision stage (i.e., stage 2).
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Viola, Wendy Elaine. "Adolescent Males' Similarity, Emotional Safety, and Change in Strengths-Based Programming". PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/645.
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In recent decades, the use of strengths-based approaches has become increasingly popular in youth intervention and prevention programs (Maton et al., 2004), which emphasize creating emotionally safe environments through the process of relational community building (Maton, 2000). However, relatively little is known about the relationship between group composition, specifically similarity between group members, and emotional safety and program efficacy. This thesis examines the relationship between adolescent males' similarity to their peers in terms of their demographic profiles and behaviors and belief systems, experiences of emotional safety, and changing behaviors and belief systems in a strengths-based intervention program within Ohio juvenile correctional facilities. Results indicate that in the cases of education-related self-efficacy and the benefits associated with criminal activity, participants significantly changed in the direction opposite of the program's intentions. However, these negative changes were attenuated by differences between participants and their peers in the program. Theoretical implications and potential explanations are discussed.
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Nelson, Reid A. "Effects of similarity and tourist status on prosocial behavior : a field study in Spain /". Online version, 2009. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=320&CISOBOX=1&REC=9.
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Miller, Gina L. "An empirical investigation of a categorization based model of the evaluation formation process as it pertains to set membership prediction". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29984.
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Polander, Emily N. "The Importance of Perceived Similarity Within Faculty-faculty Mentoring Dyads". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1285002667.
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Wood, Timothy J. "On the rules-to-episodes transition in classification : generalization of similarity and rules with practice /". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/NQ42888.pdf.
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Correa, Vione Katia. "The effect of actual and inferred value similarity on interpersonal liking". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/96710/.
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This research examined whether value similarity between a person and another individual elicits more positive attitudes towards the individual. Chapter 1 provides a review of the interpersonal similarity-liking effect, which has been studied primarily in research on attitudes and personality, and it raises some issues that might be particularly relevant to examining effects of value similarity. Chapter 2 tested the similarity-liking effect by manipulating actual similarity in reported values, and found that value similarity increased liking in both a between and within-subjects design (Studies 1 and 2). Chapter 3 described four experiments testing the similarity-liking effect using trait-like descriptions to manipulate the extent to which a target individual is perceived as possessing similar values to the participant. Results indicated that perceived similarity predicts liking in a positive direction, and that this relationship is mediated by the perception of the target individual’s warmth and competence. Finally, Chapter 4 reviews the contribution of this research, discussing findings and implications. Overall, data from the six experiments provides novel and robust evidence that value similarity increases liking, while providing provocative evidence about the mechanisms underpinning this effect.
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Barque-Duran, A. "Dissertations on decision-making : similarity, constructive judgements, morality and social dilemmas". Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17404/.
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The present thesis (mostly) concerns the application of alternative mathematical methods to understand patterns in human cognition and to model them. The different chapters presented in this thesis show research that concerns the application of quantum probability (QP) theory in the modeling of human decision-making. Quantum probability (QP) theory is a theory for how to assign probabilities to events. QP theory can be thought of as the probability rules from quantum mechanics, without any of the physics. This work is not about the application of quantum physics to brain physiology. Rather, we are interested in QP theory as a mathematical framework for cognitive modelling. This theory is potentially relevant in any behavioural situation that involves uncertainty. QP theory is analogous to classical probability theory, though QP theory and classical probability (CP) theory are founded from different sets of axioms (the Kolmogorov and Dirac/von Neumann axioms respectively) and so are subject to alternative constraints. In this thesis we show that especially over the last decade, there has been a growing interest in decision-making and cognitive models using a quantum probabilistic (QP) framework. We see how this development encompasses publications in major journals (see Pothos and Busemeyer, 2013; Wang et al., 2014; and Yearsley and Pothos, 2014; among others), special issues, and dedicated workshops, as well as several comprehensive books (Busemeyer and Bruza, 2012; Khrennikov, 2010; and Haven and Khrennikov, 2010). However, uncertainty itself is neither ethical nor unethical – yet it is inherent to most situations in which, for instance, moral judgments and decisions have to be made. For a descriptive understanding of judgment and decisions in moral situations, it is an important lesson to acknowledge both the cognitive side (bounded rationality) and the environment (ecological rationality) – and thus the uncertainty of the world and how the mind deals with it. This thesis also shows significant interest in moral and social psychology. Specifically, we consider present technologies that suggest a need for evaluating alternative contexts for ethical decision-making. How the research on human-machine interaction feeds back into humans’ understanding of themselves as moral agents? This key question ultimately relates to the nature of ethical theory itself. Overall, this dissertation presents and addresses not only standard aspects of decision- making processes, such as similarity judgments (Chapters 1 to 4) or the constructive role of articulating impressions (Chapter 5), but also standard aspects of social psychology, such as moral judgments (Chapters 6 and 7) and game theory (Chapter 8). As stated in the Declarations section, the present thesis is a combination of a standard and a publication- based dissertation.
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Tredoux, Colin Getty. "Evaluating the fairness of identification parades with measures of facial similarity". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21840.
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Bibliography: pages 239-248.This thesis addresses a practical problem. The problem concerns the evaluation of 'identification parades', or 'lineups', which are frequently used by police to secure evidence of identification. It is well recognised that this evidence is frequently unreliable, and has led on occasion to tragic miscarriages of justice. A review of South African law is conducted and reported in the thesis, and shows that the legal treatment of identification parades centres on the requirement that parades should be composed of people of similar appearance to the suspect. I argue that it is not possible, in practice, to assess whether this requirement has been met and that this is a significant failing. Psychological work on identification parades includes the development of measures of parade fairness, and the investigation of alternate lineup structures. Measures of parade fairness suggested in the literature are indirectly derived, though; and I argue that they fail to address the question of physical similarity. In addition, I develop ways of reasoning inferentially (statistically) with measures of parade fairness, and suggest a new measure of parade fairness. The absence of a direct measure of similarity constitutes the rationale for the empirical component of the thesis. I propose a measure of facial similarity, in which the similarity of two faces is defined as the Euclidean distance between them in a principal component space, or representational basis. (The space is determined by treating a set of digitized faces as numerical vectors, and by submitting these to principal component analysis). A similar definition is provided for 'facial distinctiveness', namely as the distance of a face from the origin or centroid of the space. The validity of the proposed similarity measure is investigated in several ways, in a total of seven studies, involving approximately 700 subjects. 350 frontal face images and 280 profile face images were collected for use as experimental materials, and as the source for the component space underlying the similarity measure. The weight of the evidence, particularly from a set of similarity rating tasks, suggests that the measure corresponds reasonably well to perceptions of facial similarity. Results from a mock witness experiment showed that it is also strongly, and monotonically related to standard measures of lineup fairness. Evidence from several investigations of the distinctiveness measure, on the other hand, showed that it does not appear to be related to perceptions of facial distinctiveness. An additional empirical investigation examined the relation between target-foil similarity and identification performance. Performance was greater for lineups of low similarity, both when the perpetrator was present, and when the perpetrator was absent. The consequences of this for the understanding of lineup construction and evaluation are discussed.
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Clifford, Jeanie Marie. "Reactions toward people with an illness : examining similarity as an extension to attribution theory /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3130204.
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Jenkins, Gavin Wesley. "A task-general dynamic neural model of object similarity judgments". Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1648.
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The similarity between objects is judged in a wide variety of contexts from visual search to categorization to face recognition. There is a correspondingly rich history of similarity research, including empirical work and theoretical models. However, the field lacks an account of the real time neural processing dynamics of different similarity judgment behaviors. Some accounts focus on the lower-level processes that support similarity judgments, but they do not capture a wide range of canonical behaviors, and they do not account for the moment-to-moment stability and interaction of realistic neural object representations. The goal of this dissertation is to address this need and present a broadly applicable and neurally implemented model of object similarity judgments. I accomplished this by adapting and expanding an existing neural process model of change detection to capture a set of canonical, task-general similarity judgment behaviors. Target behaviors to model were chosen by reviewing the similarity judgment literature and identifying prominent and consistent behavioral effects. I tested each behavior for task-generality across three experiments using three diverse similarity judgment tasks. The following behaviors observed across all three tasks served as modeling targets: the effect of feature value comparisons, attentional modulation of feature dimensions, sensitivity to patterns of objects encountered over time, violations of minimality and triangle equality, and a sensitivity to circular feature dimensions like color hue. The model captured each effect. The neural processes implied by capturing these behaviors are discussed, along with the broader theoretical implications of the model and possibilities for its future expansion.
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Crowe, Jennifer L. "Sibling Closeness and Similarity and the Presence of Perfectionism". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1377608819.
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Huneke, Mark. "Making I-Contact: Fostering Shared, In-the-moment Subjective Experiences". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/729.
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Numerous research studies have offered evidence that I-sharing (perceived subjective similarity) facilitates interpersonal connection (e.g. Huneke & Pinel, 2016; Pinel, Long, Landau, Alexander, & Pyszczynski, 2006; Pinel & Long, 2012). Despite this research, no interventions currently exist to foster I-sharing between individuals, thereby leaving interventionists and others unable to utilize I-sharing to nurture authentic connections. The current dissertation takes an important step in the direction of developing usable interventions based on I-sharing research. Specifically, I examine the effectiveness of a technique designed to foster I-sharing genuinely between individuals. Building on I-sharing theory, which specifies that people most confidently believe that they I-share when they react simultaneously and identically to the same stimulus (Pinel et al., 2006), I randomly assigned participants either to experience novel, emotionally-arousing stimuli that provoke predictable reactions in a context in which participants could also experience each other's in-the-moment subjective experiences (the Fostered I-sharing condition), or in a condition in which they could not fully experience each other's experiences (the comparison condition). To investigate whether I-sharing also proves effective for people who see themselves as dissimilar on an important self dimension, I also manipulated perceived value similarity of the other participant prior to the I-sharing intervention. Participants either learned of an unshared value, learned of a shared value, or did not receive any value information. Results showed that the I-sharing intervention significantly increased feelings of subjective similarity, but only increased liking and interpersonal behavior when participants also initially learned that they shared a similar value. I discuss potential explanations for results, and means of intervention improvement.
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Anderson, Kevin Edward. "Counselor-client basic value similarity and evaluation of counselors in an analogue counseling situation /". The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148768178825556.
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Nimpfer, John Adam. "The Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model as a Moderator of Similarity-Attraction Vs Dissimilarity-Repulsion". W&M ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626145.
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Gray, Brian Thomas. "An Examination of Moderators of the Relationship Between Similarity, Complementarity, and Relationship Satisfaction". University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1279825890.
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Quandt, Lorna Carp Joshua Halenar Michael Sklar Alfredo. "I know how you feel the effect of similarity and empathy on neural mirroring /". Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1022.
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Vera, Elizabeth. "The perception and evaluation of "similarity" and "difference" in the development of the therapeutic relationship /". The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487847309050195.
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Trame, Bridget. "An Examination of Friendship in Middle Childhood: A Test of the Similarity-Attraction Hypothesis". TopSCHOLAR®, 2003. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/569.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the similarities between children and their friends. Previous research had focused on demographic similarities, with a little attention given to behavioral similarities. This study sought to expand the knowledge of similarities between friends to sociometric and social information processing characteristics and show that friends were more similar than random pairs of children. Children completed a rating and nomination sociometric interview. Children also completed a social information processing interview in which they viewed ambiguous provocation situations and then rated a series of social goals and gave social problem solving responses. Two-hundred and twenty-four pairs of reciprocated friends and 224 random pairs of children were identified and used for analyses. Correlational analyses and regression analyses were used to assess similarities. Results showed that friend pairs were similar for prosocial, hostile/instrumental, and passive/avoidant goals, however, regression analyses indicated that friends' characteristics were significant predictors of only some prosocial and hostile/instrumental goals. Friend pairs also were similar in the passivity/assertiveness of their social problem solving responses. Thus, the current study shows some support for the hypothesis that children and their friends are similar in their social processing mechanisms. Further research should be conducted to determine whether small sample size and small standard deviations made the detection of effects more difficult.
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Gudleski, Gregory Daniel. "The Influence of Similarity to an Actor on an Observer's Attributions for Negative Behaviors". W&M ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626192.
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Lee, Roger Timothy. "Sex, physical attractiveness, attitude similarity, and the attributions of counseling students". Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/546129.
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The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of sex, physical attractiveness, and attitude similarity on the attributions of counseling students for the supposed adjustment problem of a bogus stimulus person presented as having failed to benefit from a counseling experience. Attributions were measured along dimensions of locus of causality (internal-external), stability (stable-unstable), and controllability (controllable-uncontrollable).Many previous studies have investigated various aspects of sex, physical attractiveness, and/or attitudes in relation to interpersonal attraction, but this study attempted to examine all three in the context of an applied counseling setting.The subjects were 70 female and 25 male volunteers, who were enrolled in graduate and upper-level undergraduate courses in Counseling Psychology at Ball State University and at Governors State University.The dependent variable measure was the Causal Dimension Scale, composed of three subscales which measure locus of causality, stability, and controllability. The Student Attribution Survey served as a source of eight covariate measures, with two scores, one each for positive events and negative events, for the four attributional dimensions of ability, effort, luck, and task difficulty. The Brief Measure of Activism, Regarding the Nuclear Arms Race was used to ascertain subjects' attitudes toward this issue and to determine whether they were attitude similar or dissimilar to the stimulus person.The study was designed as a 2 X 2 X 2 full factorial with two levels of sex (male-female), two levels of physical attractiveness (attractive-unattractive), and two levels of attitude similarity (similar-dissimilar). The data was analyzed via a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results at or below the .05 level of significance were considered available for interpretation.The results revealed that only the main effect for attitude similarity was significant. Subjects who read a description of an attitude similar stimulus person viewed the person's problem as external, stable, and uncontrollable, attributing it to task difficulty. Subjects who read a description of an attitude dissimilar stimulus person viewed the problem as internal, unstable, and controllable, attributing it to effort.Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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See, Pirita E. "Intergroup Similarity Can Attenuate Own Group Biases in Face Recognition". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1311633242.
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Russell, Emily Brooke Nilsson Johanna E. "Couples in therapy a positive psychology investigation of similarity, personality, positive affect, life satisfaction, and relationship problems /". Diss., UMK access, 2007.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Education. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007."A dissertation in counseling psychology." Advisor: Johanna E. Nilsson. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Jan. 24, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-113 ). Online version of the print edition.
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Wrzus, Cornelia. "Similarity in personal relationships : associations with relationship regulation between and within individuals". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2015/.
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People engage in a multitude of different relationships. Relatives, spouses, and friends are modestly to moderately similar in various characteristics, e.g., personality characteristics, interests, appearance. The role of psychological (e.g., skills, global appraisal) and social (e.g., gender, familial status) similarities in personal relationships and the association with relationship quality (emotional closeness and reciprocity of support) were examined in four independent studies. Young adults (N = 456; M = 27 years) and middle-aged couples from four different family types (N = 171 couples, M = 38 years) gave answer to a computer-aided questionnaire regarding their ego-centered networks. A subsample of 175 middle-aged adults (77 couples and 21 individuals) participated in a one-year follow-up questioning. Two experimental studies (N = 470; N = 802), both including two assessments with an interval of five weeks, were conducted to examine causal relationships among similarity, closeness, and reciprocity expectations. Results underline the role of psychological and social similarities as covariates of emotional closeness and reciprocity of support on the between-relationship level, but indicate a relatively weak effect within established relationships. In specific relationships, such as parent-child relationships and friendships, psychological similarity partly alleviates the effects of missing genetic relatedness. Individual differences moderate these between-relationship effects. In all, results combine evolutionary and social psychological perspectives on similarity in personal relationships and extend previous findings by means of a network approach and an experimental manipulation of existing relationships. The findings further show that psychological and social similarity have different implications for the study of personal relationships depending on the phase in the developmental process of relationships.Verwandte, Partner und Freunde ähneln sich in einer Vielzahl von Merkmalen wie z.B. Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, Einstellungen oder Aussehen. Die Bedeutung von Ähnlichkeit in psychologischen und demografischen Eigenschaften von Beziehungspartnern und die Zusammenhänge mit der Qualität der Beziehung wurden in vier unabhängigen Studien untersucht. Junge Erwachsene (N = 456; M = 27 Jahre) und Paare aus vier verschiedenen Familienformen (N = 171 Paare, M = 38 Jahre) beurteilten in einem PC-gestützten Fragebogen die sozialen Beziehungen in ihrem ego-zentrierten Netzwerk hinsichtlich wahrgenommener Ähnlichkeit, emotionaler Nähe und Reziprozität der Unterstützung. Ein Teil der Paare (77 Paare und 21 Einzelpersonen) nahm an der Ein-Jahres-Längsschnittstudie teil. In zwei Experimenten (N = 470; N = 802) wurde die Wahrnehmung von Ähnlichkeit manipuliert, um die Kausalwirkung auf die emotionale Nähe und die Erwartung von reziprokem Verhalten in Beziehungen zu prüfen. Die Studien zeigten, dass innerhalb eines sozialen Netzwerkes ähnliche Beziehungspartner auch emotional näher beurteilt wurden, es jedoch kaum wechselseitige Beeinflussungen innerhalb bestehender Beziehungen gab. In spezifischen Beziehungen, wie Eltern-Kind- oder Freundschaftsbeziehungen, konnte psychologische Ähnlichkeit den Effekt der fehlenden genetischen Verwandtschaft teilweise aufheben. Merkmale der Person moderierten diese Zusammenhänge auf der Beziehungsebene. Die Ergebnisse verknüpfen die evolutionspsychologische und die sozialpsychologische Perspektive der Ähnlichkeitsforschung und ergänzen bisherige Befunde durch den Einsatz des Sozialen Netzwerkansatzes und der experimentellen Manipulation von bestehenden Beziehungen. Zudem zeigen die Befunde, dass psychologische und demografische Ähnlichkeit unterschiedliche Implikationen für die Beziehungsforschung haben, in Abhängigkeit von der Entwicklungsphase der Beziehung.
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Owens, Charles Ray. "Donating Behavior in Children: The Effect of the Model's Similarity with the Model and Parental Models". DigitalCommons@USU, 1985. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5318.
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Model similarity and familiarity were investigated for adult and similar aged models demonstrating prosocial behavior. Third, fourth and fifth graders (75 male and 75 female) participated. Subjects were given questionnaires regarding their most and least preferred peers and their most preferred parent. The models were described as similar to the subject for some groups.
Subjects were given instructions concerning a sorting task and cash certificates they would earn.
Fifty control subjects viewed a video that contained neither prosocial nor antisocial behavior. For the remaining subjects, a 2 (sex of subject) X 2 (similar age model versus adult model) X 5 (treatment) factorial design was employed. The 5 treatment factors were: unfamiliar models described as a) similar, b) dissimilar, c) with no similarity mentioned, and familiar models who were d) preferred (either a best friend or preferred parent), and e) least preferred (either a least preferred peer or parent).
Subjects (except the control group) saw a video taped model who demonstrated a sorting task and collected 20 certificates. All models shared 10 certificates by placing them in a canister marked "for the poor children". Subjects completed the task and had an opportunity to share while alone.
Significantly more sharing occurred in the similar age than in the adult model group. Both of which imitated more than the control group.
There was no difference in the imitation of males and females overall. There was no difference between the groups that saw unfamiliar models who were described as similar and the groups that saw unfamiliar models with no similarity mentioned. Each of these produced more imitative donating than the control, the familiar preferred model, and the unfamiliar model described as dissimilar groups. The familiar least preferred model group shared more than the control group. There were significant interaction effects between sex and treatment and between sex, treatment, and age of model. Unfamiliar models with no similarity mentioned and peer models each produced more sharing than parent models. Subjects who observed an unfamiliar model described as similar donated more than those seeing an unfamiliar model described as dissimilar. An unfamiliar age-mate model produced more sharing than a familiar and preferred friend. Donations were greater when the subject observed a least preferred peer rather than a best friend. This difference was due to the female subjects' performance.
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Flowe, Heather D. "The effect of lineup member similarity on recognition accuracy in simultaneous and sequential lineups". Diss., Connected to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3189995.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 1, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references ( p. 113-116).
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Jacobs, Tyler Perry. "Compassion and Pride May Affect Nonconscious Mimicry by Changing Perceptions of Self-Other Similarity". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1563897600756219.
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Langdon, Patrick Martin. "Perceived similarity judgements between multiple views of 3D objects and characteristics view theories of recognition". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300524.
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Belzak, William Charles McNeal. "Literary Theory within a Cross-Classified Multilevel Framework: Personality Similarity between Writers and Readers Predicts Reader Inspiration". W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1516639571.
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Literary theorists have pointed to a relationship between writer-reader personality similarity and better outcomes in the reader. Furthermore, there is empirical evidence indicating that personality similarity between two individuals leads to positive outcomes. We tested the hypothesis that personality similarity between writers and readers predicts greater inspiration in the reader. Our results supported this hypothesis. Profile similarity (i.e., similarity of Big Five trait profile) between writers and readers predicted greater reader inspiration. Single-trait similarity (i.e., similarity of single Big Five traits) between writers and readers predicted greater reader inspiration. These findings are noteworthy because we show that the scientific method can be leveraged to test the verisimilitude of a literary theory, which has not been possible using the current methods of literary criticism.
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Nimmo, Lisa M. "Investigating the phonological similarity effect implications for short-term memory models /". Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20041105.101632/index.html.
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Deska, Jason C. "Dissociating Self-Similarity and Self-Relevance in the Own-Group Bias". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1428687828.
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Saifaddin, Huda B. "The role of procedural similarity, self-explanation and self-constructed diagrams in analogical problem solving". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11997/.
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This study aimed to investigate the precise role of self-support methods, such as self-explanation and self-constructed diagrams, as an alternative to external methods in enhancing the cognitive processes considered crucial for effective transfer performance in analogical problem-solving that depicts a multi-step process involving source problems and target problems. This was achieved by systematically examining how type of representation (Verbal & Pictorial) and levels of similarity (Principle, Strategy, and Procedural) interact with self-support methods (Self-explanation (SE) and Self Constructed Diagrams (SCD)) in influencing transfer performance. Three experiments were conducted each addressing a set of issues related to the purpose of the study. Experiment 1 (N = 48) was conducted to identify the cognitive processes and their sub-processes involved in analogical problem solving using pictorial representation and also investigated the specific effects of the self-explanation method on transfer process. This experiment consisted of two experimental conditions; self-explanation (SE) (expermintal group) and verbalization (VB) (control group), and three levels of similarity (i.e., procedural, strategy, and principle). Procedural similarity combined with the SE method was found to have a positive significant influence on the transfer process compared to the principle and strategy levels and VB condition. However, the verbal protocols also revealed that despite the inherent advantages of SE the percentage of complete solvers was low. This was attributed to some difficulty arising from adapting information from a pictorial source to solve a verbal target. Experiment 2 (N = 84) investigated the effect of verbal and pictorial types of representation on transfer performance in a within-subjects design, where each participant solved a pictorial source (PS) and verbal source (VS) problem, and their verbal target analogues. The mean performance of the pictorial representation was higher compared to verbal representation. Transfer performance was higher in the procedural level than the strategy level. This indicated that information from PS tends to be utilized more effectively than VS in retrieving and applying that information to the target problem. Thus having ensured that pictorial representation was an advantage in problems depicting a multistep to be implemented, Experiment 3 was conducted. Experiment 3 (N = 160) aimed at finding whether self-constructed diagrams (SCD) are a better alternative to external support in facilitating the cognitive processes crucial for transfer in analogical problem-solving. As predicted, a significant difference was found between the experimental (SCD) and No Diagrams (ND) control groups in the transfer performance. No significant within subject difference in the transfer performance of verbal and pictorial source representations was found in the SCD condition. An interesting finding was that transfer performance was significantly higher in the verbal representation and strategy level of similarity in the SCD condition than ND. Theoretically, this suggests that because visual memory is more easily accessible than auditory memory, SCD may play a critical role in creating accessible information from the source problem for effective feedback to help solve the target problem. It was concluded that explaining by diagrams helps in identifying the various elements of the problem that stimulate the memory and motivate the person to recall what he drew earlier while solving the target problem. This study contributed to the field of research on the cognitive processes involved in problem-solving by analogy. The methodology employed in each of the experiments was unique in terms of coding and scoring the protocols, which generated strong and reliable results. The outcome of the study was a dynamic model “The Generative Procedural Model of Analogical Problem-solving” which contributed to our understanding of not only how information is processed from verbal and pictorial representations during problem-solving by analogy but also the potential of a self-method in optimizing the processes of noticing, retrieving, and implementing a learned solution process successfully.
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Dutton, Wendy Allison 1960. "THE SIMILARITY OF MANIFEST AND AFFECTIVE CONTENT BETWEEN EARLY RECOLLECTIONS AND SEXUAL FANTASIES OF ADOLESCENT SEX OFFENDERS". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275472.
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Franco-Watkins, Ana M. "Surface and Structural Similarity in Analogical Reasoning: Transfer from a Card Game to the Monty Hall Problem". W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626236.
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Lai, Yuen-man. "Personality similarity effects in rated performance : the roles of organizational citizenship behavior and team culture /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36924519.
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Zavislak, Naomi M. "The influence of similarity on perceptions of risk for negative outcomes : two laboratory experiments and a field investigation of breast cancer survivors /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8999.
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Reid, Chelsea. "CHANGE, SIMILARITY, AND SELECTIVITY: THE IMPACT OF ATTITUDE ALIGNMENT ON ATTRACTION". VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/584.
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Would you like a stranger more who shifts his/her attitudes to more closely align with yours? How would you feel if he/she aligned with everyone as opposed to just you? In Experiment 1, participants discussed with a partner disagreed upon social issues and received false feedback about whether the partner engaged in attitude alignment (shifted his/her attitude toward the participant’s attitude) following discussion. Participants also received false feedback about proportion of similarity (25%, 50%, or 75%) to the partner. Participants reported greater attraction toward partners who engaged in attitude alignment and who were more similar. However, similarity only predicted attraction in the absence of attitude alignment. Additionally, partner attitude alignment led to participant attitude alignment, and perceived reasoning ability marginally mediated the attitude alignment-attraction relationship. Similar to Experiment 1, participants in Experiment 2 received attitude alignment feedback, but they also received feedback about whether the partner engaged in attitude alignment with no others besides the participant (selective) or with many others besides the participant (unselective). Participants reported greater attraction toward partners who engaged in attitude alignment with them regardless of the partners’ attitude alignment with others. Perceived reasoning ability again mediated the attitude alignment-attraction relationship, and appeared to be more important in explaining this relation than cognitive evaluation or inferred attraction. Finally, participants reported greater trust and respect for partners who engaged in attitude alignment, but were no more willing to help those partners. This work extends our understanding of attitude alignment and its potential to affect interpersonal relationships, and it considers the influence of judgments about individuals outside of the dyad (i.e., alignment with others relative to alignment with the self).
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Hauptfleisch, Daniel Benjamin. "The moderating effect of interview structure on race-group similarity effects in simulated interview ratings". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20166.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated race-group similarity effects as a form of interviewer bias in selection interview ratings. Social Identity Theory predicts that interviewers would assign higher ratings to interviewees of the same social group (the so-called in-group) primarily through the mechanism of similarity attraction. Research findings up to now have lent only partial support to this hypothesis. This study argues that interview structure may help to explain inconsistent research findings since structure could inhibit the functioning of the similarity-attraction mechanism. The present research pursued two objectives, namely (1) to determine the degree to which race-group similarity (between interviewer and interviewee) exerts a biasing effect on selection interview dimension ratings, (2) to determine whether same-group bias increases when interview structure is experimentally diminished. This experimental study manipulated the degree of structure in interviews (high- and low-structured conditions) and compared the degree to which race group similarity effects were evident under each condition. Interviews were simulated by showing video-taped interview segments to a sample of participants and asking them to rate interview dimensions on rating scales that had been compiled to reflect the degree of structure in each condition. The data were analysed using Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) and multiple regression analysis to determine whether similarity effects were present in the interview rating data. The results support the hypothesis that racial similarity effects are found under low-structured conditions, as well as the hypothesis that interview structure moderates the influence of similarity effects. However, racial similarity effects were also found with the highly structured condition. Although these effects were smaller than in the low-structured condition, they were statistically significant. Future research should attempt to replicate this study as a field study to test the generalisability of the findings.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek onderhoudvoerdersydigheid in die vorm van rasgroepsoortgelykheidseffekte in seleksie-onderhoudbeoordelings. Sosiale Identiteitsteorie voorspel dat onderhoudvoerders diegene van dieselfde rasgroep (die sogenaamde ingroep) met hoër beoordelingstellings sal aanslaan, primêr deur die werking van die soortgelykheidaangetrokkendheidsmeganisme. Navorsingsresultate tot op hede leen slegs gedeeltelike steun aan hierdie hipotese. Hierdie studie argumenteer dat die rede vir teenstrydige navorsingbevindinge moontlik die gevolg van die bemiddelende effek van onderhoudstruktuur kan wees, aangesien struktuur moontlik die funksionering van die soortgelykheid-aangetrokkendheidsmeganisme kan inperk. Die studie streef dus twee doelwitte na, nl. (1) om die mate waartoe rasgroepooreenstemming tussen die onderhoudvoerder en onderhoudnemer ’n sydige invloed op onderhouddimensietellings uitoefen te bepaal en (2) om te bepaal of soortgelykheidseffekte toeneem namate onderhoudstruktuur eksperimenteel verlaag word. ’n Eksperimentele ontwerp is gebruik waarbinne onderhoudstruktuur (hoog- en laag gestruktuurde toestande) in video-opnames van onderhoude nageboots is. ’n Groep beoordelaars het hierdie stimilusmateriaal beoordeel aan die hand van beoordelingskriteria wat opgestel is om die mate van struktuur binne elke toestand te reflekteer. Gevolglik is die mate van rasgroepsoortgelykheidseffekte binne elke struktuurtoestand vergelyk. Die navorsingsdata is met gebruik van Hiërargiese Lineêre Modellering (HLM) en veelvoudige regressie ontleed om die teenwoordigheid van soortgelykheidsydigheid te bepaal. Die resultate steun die hipotese dat rassoortgelykheidseffekte onder laaggestruktuurde toestande voorkom, asook dat onderhoudstruktuur ’n modererende rol speel. Nietemin is soortgelyke effekte ook onder die hoog gestruktuurde toestand gevind. Alhoewel hierdie effekte kleiner as onder die laaggestruktuurde toestand was, was dit steeds statisties beduidend. Toekomstige navorsing kan poog om ‘n soortgelyke ondersoek as ‘n veldstudie te onderneem om die moontlikheid van veralgemening van die resultate te bepaal.
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Aspiras, Olivia G. "Regulatory Fit of Social Comparison Information: Similarity versus Dissimilarity to Health Role Models". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1481120129818667.
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Olivera, Jennifer Pereira Feitosa. "When do team members share? : the importance of openness to diversity and perceived ethnic similarity". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1470.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology
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Smurda, Julie Dreon. "The influence of possible selves on perceived similarity and the tendency towards stereotyping and projection". Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1472128071&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Devendorf, Shelba A. "PERCEIVED SIMILARITY TO EMPLOYEES AND ORGANIZATIONAL ATTRACTION: AN EXAMINATION IN THE RETAIL INDUSTRY". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1131386002.
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Weiman, Novia. "Effects of flat panel display parameters across three application areas upon similarity judgments". PDXScholar, 1988. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3947.
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A human performance experiment was conducted to investigate pixel parameter requirements for three types of flat-panel display images: an alphanumeric character, an oscilloscope waveform, and a real-world image. Subjects performed similarity judgments between an extremely high-quality image and an image composed of different levels of anti-aliasing and pixel width-plus-pixel separation (pitch). It was found that the effect of pitch had greater influence on perceived image quality for the alphanumeric character and oscilloscope waveform than for the real-world image. The results of this research provide empirical evidence showirg that the pixel pitch requirements for flat-panel systems that are used to display binary, high-contrast images (such as text and waveforms) will be more stringent than for low-contrast pictorial images. The three levels of grey-scale anti-aliasing investigated were found to improve image quality for only the binary, high-contrast images.