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Meitl, Michele Bisaccia, Ashley Wellman e Patrick Kinkaid. "Texas sheriffs’ perceptions on firearm regulations and mass shootings". International Journal of Police Science & Management 23, n.º 3 (9 de abril de 2021): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14613557211004621.
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Criminal justice research often focuses exclusively on municipal police departments. Sheriffs’ departments are largely ignored in this research despite this population’s reach and role. There are nearly 3,000 sheriffs’ offices around the United States and they often serve as the only law enforcement body in rural areas. This study sought to address the scarcity of this research and focused on Texas sheriffs’ views regarding firearm regulations and the causes of mass shootings. An 18-question instrument created in consult with the Texas Narcotic Officers Association was sent to each sheriff in the 254 counties of Texas to assess their perceptions regarding solutions to mass shootings, disqualification criteria for gun ownership, and civilian access to certain types of firearms and ammunition. Responding sheriffs, as a whole, were reluctant to limit access to guns and ammunition as a general matter, but strongly agreed that certain discrete populations should have limited or no access to firearms. Policy implications are discussed.
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Delgado, Daniel Justino. "“My Deputies Arrest Anyone Who Breaks the Law”: Understanding How Color-blind Discourse and Reasonable Suspicion Facilitate Racist Policing". Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 4, n.º 4 (5 de março de 2018): 541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649218756135.
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In 2010, Arizona passed Senate Bill 1070. Although the Department of Justice has since deflated some of the racist tones contained within the bill, it set into motion several similar bills in other states. The author argues that this bill represents state-level color-blind racial ideology and facilitates white supremacy at the macro (state) and meso (police institutions) levels. Analyzing the state’s guidelines for determining “reasonable suspicion” implemented by the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office (MCSO) in 2010 and 95 press releases from the desk of MCSO’s head sheriff, Joe Arpaio, from 2011, the author shows that these discourse have enabled racial profiling, racial discrimination, and racial attacks on the Latino/a community in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The use of this color-blind discourse masks state-sanctioned white supremacy perpetrated by the MCSO. The guidelines for reasonable suspicion shape the MCSO’s justificatory narratives (press releases) after racial profiling has occurred. In light of the Department of Justice’s findings that the sheriff’s office did indeed practice racial profiling of Latinos/as, this project peels back the discursive layers on how these racist practices are justified and how color-blind racism does more than create racialized discursive environments but fundamentally shapes, constructs, and enables the state’s police departments practices of white supremacy.
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Serenska, Alice, Clea C. Sarnquist e Gary L. Darmstadt. "Variation in rates of sexual assault crisis counsellor usage during forensic examination in California: an observational study". BMJ Open 13, n.º 10 (outubro de 2023): e072635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072635.
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ObjectivesA critical asset to post-assault care of survivors is support from sexual assault crisis counsellors (SACCs). We sought to elucidate variation in implementation between California counties in SACC accompaniment during Sexual Assault Forensic Examination (SAFE).MethodsSACC attendance data from 2019 was obtained from the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (CalOES). To assess SACC attendance rates during SAFEs, we requested SAFE quantity data from sheriffs and public health departments, the State Forensic Bureau, and the California Department of Justice (DOJ), but all requests were unanswered or denied. We also sought SAFE data from District Attorneys (DAs) in each county, and received responses from Marin and Contra Costa Counties. To estimate numbers of SAFEs per county, we gathered crime statistics from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI’s) Uniform Crime Reporting Program and OpenJustice, a transparency initiative by the California DOJ. For each data source, we compared SACC attendance to SAFE quantities and incidences of sexual assault statewide.ResultsAt the state level, data on SACC attendance per CalOES and DOJ archival data on sexual assault were used to approximate relative rates of SACC accompaniment at SAFEs; 83% (30 of 36) of counties had values <50%. The joint sexual assault crisis centre for Contra Costa and Marin Counties reported that 140 SACCs were dispatched in 2019, while DAs in Contra Costa and Marin reported completion of 87 SAFEs in 2019, for a calculated SACC accompaniment rate of 161%. Proxy data sourced from FBI and DOJ crime statistics displayed significant inconsistencies, and DOJ data was internally inconsistent.ConclusionsSACC accompaniment at SAFEs appears to be low in most California counties, however, limited data accessibility and data discrepancies and inaccuracies (e.g., rates over 100%) prevented reliable determination of SACC accompaniment rates during SAFEs. Substantial improvements in data accuracy and transparency are needed to ensure survivors’ adequate access to resources.
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Mughan, Siân, Danyao Li e Sean Nicholson-Crotty. "When Law Enforcement Pays: Costs and Benefits for Elected Versus Appointed Administrators Engaged in Asset Forfeiture". American Review of Public Administration 50, n.º 3 (18 de dezembro de 2019): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074019891993.
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The billions of dollars in assets seized by law enforcement each year represent a crucial source of revenue for these organizations, but also raise important constitutional questions and can create significant tensions within the jurisdictions they administer. Research on asset forfeiture to date has focused heavily on municipal police, largely neglecting forfeiture activities by sheriffs. Thus, it has missed an important opportunity to build theory about the differences between appointed and elected administrators and neglected an important source of institutional variation that may help to explain this particular administrative activity. To develop expectations about the relative levels of asset forfeiture and the response to intergovernmental incentives related to forfeiture, we draw on and extend scholarship comparing the behavior of elected versus appointed administrators in other settings. We test those expectations in analyses of more than 1,200 sheriff’s offices and over 2,200 municipal police departments between 1993 and 2007. Results suggest that sheriffs receive less forfeiture revenue than municipal police and are less responsive to state-level policies that change the financial rewards of asset forfeiture for agencies. These results hold whether we examine forfeitures made through the federal Equitable Sharing Program, where civil and criminal forfeiture cases can be distinguished, or jurisdictional level data on forfeiture, where civil and criminal forfeitures are combined. We conclude with a discussion of implications for both the research on asset forfeiture and on elected versus appointed public administrators more generally.
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McCarty, William P., e Stacy Dewald. "Sheriff’s deputies and police officers: comparing their views". Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, n.º 1 (20 de março de 2017): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2016-0110.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare views of the community, views of the organization head, and perceptions of organizational justice between deputies working in sheriff’s offices and officers working in municipal police departments. Design/methodology/approach This study used surveys of 2,012 sworn deputies representing 19 full-service county sheriff’s offices and 10,590 sworn officers representing 70 municipal police departments. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the three dependent variables between sheriff’s offices and municipal police departments. Findings Deputies in sheriff’s offices expressed more positive views of the community and organization head, and more favorable perceptions of organizational justice than officers in municipal police departments. Regression analyses indicated that views of the organization head and perceptions of organizational justice remained significantly more positive in sheriff’s offices than municipal departments, even after controlling for agency size and concentrated disadvantage. Research limitations/implications The sample of agencies should not be considered as a representative of all sheriff’s offices and municipal police departments in the USA. The number and scope of agency-level variables included in the regression models were limited. Practical implications The results suggest the importance of ensuring more equitable systems of rewards and organization heads taking steps to communicate more effectively with sworn personnel, especially in municipal departments. Originality/value By its focus on sheriff’s offices, the study broadens knowledge of law enforcement agencies and sworn personnel, which is usually based on studies of municipal police departments and officers.
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Griffeth, Robert E. "Orange County Sheriff's Department Computerized Central Juvenile Index". Juvenile Justice 24, n.º 4 (14 de julho de 2009): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.1974.tb01049.x.
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Dulla, Joe, Kate Baran, Rodney Pope e Robin Orr. "Duty loads carried by the LA sheriff's department officers". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20 (novembro de 2017): S5—S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.010.
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Goodman, Doug, P. Edward French e Tonya T. Neaves. "The Appropriate Use of Employment At-Will in County Sheriffs’ Departments". Review of Public Personnel Administration 34, n.º 3 (25 de agosto de 2013): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x13500319.
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Lersch, Kim Michelle, e Linda L. Kunzman. "Misconduct allegations and higher education in a southern sheriff’s department". American Journal of Criminal Justice 25, n.º 2 (março de 2001): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02886843.
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Heisler, William, e Lesa Hanlin. "The Morrison County School District: Issues Involving Employee Misconduct". Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership 23, n.º 2 (2 de janeiro de 2020): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555458919897933.
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A school principal has been placed on administrative leave for allegedly having sexual relations on school property after hours with a member of the county sheriff’s department. The principal denies the allegations but, in an effort to get his job back, the deputy confesses to the affair. The school district says that the case is under investigation. The case has also been referred to the State Department of Education for review.
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Kaminski, Robert J., Jeff Rojek, Hayden P. Smith e Geoffrey P. Alpert. "Correlates of Foot Pursuit Injuries in the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department". Police Quarterly 15, n.º 2 (23 de abril de 2012): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611112442810.
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Police foot pursuits have come under increased scrutiny in recent years because of concerns of officer-involved shootings and fatalities associated with this tactical response. Consequently, there have been calls for police administrators to place strict limits on officer discretion to engage in foot pursuits. Such limits may be premature, however, given limited empirical evidence regarding the hazards of foot pursuits. To help inform this debate, this study analyzed foot-pursuit injuries using data provided by the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department. The findings indicate that in the vast majority of pursuits, deputies and suspects were uninjured or sustained only minor injuries. In this regard, they do not appear to be any more hazardous than resistive encounters generally. However, that suspects were injured in 60% of foot pursuits and that the use of conducted energy devices by deputies was associated with an increased odds of suspect injury suggest the dynamics of foot pursuits may be different.
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Rubalcaba, Joaquin Alfredo-Angel, Alberto Ortega e Prentiss A. Dantzler. "DOJ Intervention and the Checkpoint Shift: Profiling Hispanic Motorists under the 287 (g) Program". AEA Papers and Proceedings 114 (1 de maio de 2024): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20241132.
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This research examines whether the Department of Justice's (DOJ's) investigation into the Alamance County Sheriff's Office, a 287(g) program participant, influenced the policing behavior of other 287(g)-participating agencies in North Carolina. The study reveals that these agencies increased stops of Hispanic drivers at checkpoints following the DOJ lawsuit, indicating a strategic shift in response to potential DOJ scrutiny. Our findings suggest a phenomenon where 287(g) agencies, under threat of investigation, modify their discriminatory strategies, perpetuating racial and ethnic disparities in policing. This adds to the understanding of 287(g) and its role in fostering racial profiling.
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Stanley, John J. "Julius Boyd Loving: The First African American Deputy on the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department". Southern California Quarterly 93, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2011): 459–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41328537.
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Cordner, Gary. "Police culture: individual and organizational differences in police officer perspectives". Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, n.º 1 (20 de março de 2017): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2016-0116.
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Purpose Much of the commentary about police culture treats it as a monolithic and problematic feature of the police occupation that inhibits change and progress. The purpose of this paper is to draw on surveys completed by over 13,000 sworn police to describe officers’ occupational outlooks and explore the extent to which they vary across individuals and police agencies. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws upon employee survey data from 89 US police and sheriff departments collected in 2014-2015 to examine police culture through officers’ views of the community, police work, and police administration and to explore the extent to which these beliefs and opinions are affected by personal characteristics and organizational affiliation. Findings Results indicate that officers’ perspectives are more positive than might be expected and do not vary greatly by officer personal characteristics. They differ more substantially across police agencies. This suggests that police culture is to a significant extent an organizational phenomenon, not simply an occupational one. Originality/value Examining the views and perspectives of over 13,000 sworn police employed in 89 different police organizations provides a more representative and generalizable picture of police culture than previous studies that typically analyzed officers in only one police department.
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Neaves, ABD, MPPA, Tonya T., Stacey C. Mann, PhD, Laura B. Myers, PhD e Arthur G. Cosby, PhD. "Assessing Reverse 911®: A case study of the 2007 San Diego wildfires". Journal of Emergency Management 12, n.º 4 (19 de fevereiro de 2016): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2014.0182.
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In October 2007, 250,000 residents of San Diego County were forced to evacuate as wildfires burned 62 miles2 in 24 hours. In 2005, the Sheriff’s Department invested in Reverse 911® to contact residents upon emergencies. The system was used during this wildfire, and by the following midday, had made 394,915 calls. Shortly thereafter, 1,210 residents were surveyed to investigate the effectiveness of this technology. Findings reveal that 42 percent of respondents received their first warning from a Reverse 911® call while an additional 7 percent received the same call, but not as their first warning, as compared to all other methods used.
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Van Hein, Judith L., Jim J. Kramer e Michael Hein. "The Validity of the Reid Report for Selection of Corrections Staff". Public Personnel Management 36, n.º 3 (setembro de 2007): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600703600306.
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This study analyzed the validity and utility of using the Reid Report—an overt integrity test—for the selection of corrections staff. Data was gathered on 299 corrections officers who were selected for security positions with a sheriff's department. Validity of the selection tool was assessed by correlating test scores with performance appraisal scores, use of sick leave and disciplinary action taken. The integrity test was not valid for any of the measures of job performance. Without a significant validity, the utility, or cost effectiveness of the test, was negative. The use of the Reid Report for selection of corrections staff, therefore, is not recommended.
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Viano, Samantha, F. Chris Curran e Benjamin W. Fisher. "Kindergarten Cop: A Case Study of How a Coalition Between School Districts and Law Enforcement Led to School Resource Officers in Elementary Schools". Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 43, n.º 2 (8 de fevereiro de 2021): 253–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0162373721989290.
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Adopting school resource officers (SROs) is a popular response to school shootings. Using the advocacy coalition and multiple streams frameworks, we explore how school districts in one county formed a coalition with the Sheriff’s Department, adopting SROs in elementary schools following the Sandy Hook shooting. We describe how this coalition was bound together by shared beliefs on school safety and the goodness of law enforcement. The implementation activities of SROs related to the beliefs of the coalition, focusing on security and relationship building. The beliefs were not uniformly understood by SROs—many interpreted their role to include student discipline and managing behavior of students with disabilities. The findings show the utility of comparing policy adoption processes with implementation activities.
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Modlin, Steve. "County Government Fleet Acquisition Practices: Service Demand or Budget Limitations". Public Works Management & Policy 23, n.º 3 (14 de fevereiro de 2018): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x18756119.
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Service provision through automobile use prompts the need for periodic replacement. Questions arise concerning service need versus popular trends. Any change has some type of cost impact and budget implications. The finance officer is charged with finding the balance between need and affordability. Very limited information exists concerning budget actor influence on fleet acquisition. This study examines fleet acquisition practices of professionally administered county governments. Findings indicate that the sheriff and departments can acquire specific makes and models, but only in conjunction with finance officer need assessment and the presence of appropriate facilities and financing mechanisms.
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Oliver, Willard M. "Policing for Homeland Security". Criminal Justice Policy Review 20, n.º 3 (22 de julho de 2009): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403409337368.
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Since the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, Federal, State and local governments have increasingly moved toward establishing Homeland Security as an institutional response to not only the threat of future terrorist attacks, but as a means of preparing and responding to natural disasters. Every plan at every level has stated that a critical element to any Homeland Security program is the local police and sheriff's departments. What specifically the police are to do under the concepts of Homeland Security has been unclear and poorly communicated and departments across the country have responded very differently from one another. To date, research in the area of Policing and Homeland Security has been lacking. This article addresses that deficiency, introduces the collection of research articles contained within this special issue of Criminal Justice Policy Review, and establishes an agenda for future research.
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McGuire-Wolfe, MPH, EMT-P (Doctoral Candidate), Christine. "Impact of organizational structure on vaccination of first responders: A case study". American Journal of Disaster Medicine 6, n.º 2 (1 de março de 2011): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2011.0047.
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The experience of H1N1 vaccine delivery to public safety personnel in a suburban county in Florida suggests a relationship between the degree of hierarchy of an agency and successful implementation of a vaccination program for novel 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. This case study describes the structural organization of the Sheriff’s Office and Fire Rescue in County X, provides timelines for vaccine program implementation and numbers of personnel vaccinated, and illustrates the impact of autonomy on the timeliness of vaccine implementation. An “emergency approval pathway” is recommended for organizations or departments that are likely to encounter delays in disaster or pandemic response due to organizational structure.
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Morabito, Melissa Schaefer, April Pattavina e Linda M. Williams. "It All Just Piles Up: Challenges to Victim Credibility Accumulate to Influence Sexual Assault Case Processing". Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, n.º 15 (27 de setembro de 2016): 3151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516669164.
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The underreporting of sexual assault is well known to researchers, practitioners, and victims. When victims do report, their complaints are unlikely to end in arrest or prosecution. Existing research on police discretion suggests that the police decision to arrest for sexual assault offenses can be influenced by a variety of legal and extra-legal factors particularly challenges to victim credibility. Although extant literature examines the effects of individual behaviors on police outcomes, less is known about how the accumulation of these behaviors, attributions, and characteristics affects police decision making. Using data collected from the Los Angeles Police Department and Sheriff’s Department, we examine one police decision point—the arrest to fill this gap in the literature. First, we examine the extent to which the effects of potential challenges to victim credibility, based on victim characteristics and behaviors, influence the arrest decision, and next, how these predictors vary across circumstances. Specifically, we examine how factors that challenge victim credibility affect the likelihood of arrest in sexual assault cases where the victim and offender are strangers, acquaintances, and intimate partners.
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Lim, Hyeyoung, e John J. Sloan. "Police officer integrity: a partial replication and extension". Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 39, n.º 2 (16 de maio de 2016): 284–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-10-2015-0127.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to partially replicate and extend the work of Klockars et al. and others on police integrity by examining how individual, organizational, and ecological factors affect police supervisors’ perceptions of police misconduct and willingness to report fellow officers’ misconduct. Design/methodology/approach – Surveys containing 17 scenarios developed by Klockars et al. (2000, 2004, 2006) were administered to 553 ranking officers attending training at the Bill Blackwood Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas from June 1, 2009 to March 1, 2010 and employed by municipal police departments, county sheriff’s departments, and constable agencies. Findings – Results suggest that individual and organizational factors affect supervisor willingness to blow the whistle on underling misconduct, although their effects varied by seriousness of the behavior. Originality/value – The current project partially replicates and extends prior studies of factors affecting police integrity by surveying supervisors, measuring their willingness to whistle blow, and including variables in statistical models that prior studies have not included.
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Viverette, Mary Anne, Jennifer Leaning, Susan K. Steeg, Kristine M. Gebbie e Maureen Litchveld. "Who Will Keep the Public Healthy? Assuring a Legally Prepared Workforce". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, S4 (2003): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00762.x.
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The Commission on the Accreditation of Law Enforcement (CALEA) employs rigorous evaluation techniques. Objective accreditation, such as made possible by CALEA, is important from the public’s perspective and in the national community of law enforcement.To counteract a general distrust of law enforcement agencies, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) developed a grant to develop standards by which the quality and performance of law enforcement could be measured. LEAA developed 107 standards and, though well received by the law enforcement community, no single group or agency took the initiative to begin a program to evaluate and implement the standards. In 1979, the Department of Justice established an additional grant that effectively organized the four major law enforcement groups: the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the National Sheriff’s Association, the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, and the Police Executive Research Forum.
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Abo, Benjamin, e John Slish. "Hazmat and Hate: Planning and Response for Special Operations Teams to a Neo-Nazi Public Demonstration". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 38, S1 (maio de 2023): s217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x23005563.
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Introduction:October 18, 2017 an unfortunately popular white supremacist brought hate and thousands of protesters to the University of Florida in Gainesville, FL just months after the violent domestic terrorist attacks in Charlottesville, VA. The threats, violent possibilities, and intense planning undertaken by law enforcement and fire-rescue were hugely successful.Method:Multi-faceted planning from law enforcement, to crowd control, to medical emergency response, to fire suppression, to hazardous material detection and response, to rescue task forces, to extreme sides to protesting... all proved hugely successful.Results:While there was still violence, complex plans of violence among protests were successfully thwarted.Conclusion:The coordination between Gainesville Fire Rescue, Gainesville Police Department, Alachua County Sheriff's Office, Florida Highway Patrol, the University of Florida and more was hugely successful and something to be proud of despite such hatred and violence projected while also protecting the first amendment.
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Hills, Holly A., Rebecca Lengnick-Hall, Kimberly A. Johnson, Wouter Vermeer, C. Hendricks Brown e Mark McGovern. "Rapid adaptation during the COVID crisis: Challenges experienced in delivering service to those with opioid Use disorders". Implementation Research and Practice 3 (janeiro de 2022): 263348952210962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26334895221096295.
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Background: Adaptation is an accepted part of implementing evidence-based practices. COVID-19 presented a unique opportunity to examine adaptation in evolving contexts. Delivering service to people with opioid use disorder during the pandemic required significant adaptation due to revised regulations and limited service access. This report evaluated changes to addiction medication services caused by the pandemic, challenges encountered in rapidly adapting service delivery, and initial impressions of which changes might be sustainable over time. Methods: Qualitatively-evaluated structured interviews (N = 20) were conducted in late 2020 with key informants in Pinellas County (FL) to assess the pandemic’s impact. Interviewees represented a cross-section of the professional groups including direct SUD/HIV service providers, and sheriff’s office, Department of Health, and regional clinical program administrative staff. The interview questions examined significant changes necessitated by the pandemic, challenges encountered in adapting to this evolving context, and considerations for sustained change. Results: The most significant changes to service delivery identified were rapid adaptation to a telehealth format, and modifying service consistent with SAMHSA guidance, to allow for ‘take-home’ doses of methadone. Limitations imposed by access to technology, and the retraining of staff and patients to give and receive service differently were the most common themes identified as challenging adaptation efforts. Respondents saw shifts towards telehealth as most likely to being sustained. Conclusions: COVID-19 provided an unprecedented opportunity to examine adaptation in a fast-paced, dynamic, and evolving context. Adaptations identified will only be sustained through multisystem collaboration and validation. Results suggest that additional components could be added to implementation frameworks to assess rapid adaptation during unplanned events, such as access to additional resources or local decision-making that impacts service delivery. Findings will also be integrated with quantitative data to help inform local policy decisions. Plain Language Summary: Adaptation is an accepted part of implementing evidencebased practices. COVID-19 presented a unique opportunity to examine rapid adaptation necessitated within evolving contexts. Delivering services to people with opioid use disorder required significant adaptation due to changing regulations and limited access to lifesaving services. This study examined changes in service delivery due to the pandemic, challenges encountered in rapid adaptation, and initial impressions of which changes might be sustainable over time. Qualitatively-evaluated structured interviews were conducted with a cross-section of professional groups (direct substance use disorder (SUD) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) service providers, and sheriff's office, Department of Health, and clinical program administrative staff) in Pinellas County (FL). The most significant changes to service delivery were rapid adaptation to a telehealth format and increased allowance for 'takehome' doses of methadone medication. Limitations imposed by access to technology, as well as the education of and staff and patients were the most common themes identified as challenges. Respondents saw shifts towards telehealth as most likely to be sustained. COVID-19 provided an unprecedented opportunity to examine adaptation in a fast-paced, dynamic, and evolving context. Adaptations will only be sustained through multisystem collaboration and validation. Findings suggest that additional components could be added to implementation frameworks to assess rapid adaptation during unplanned events, such as access to additional resources or local decision-making that impacts service delivery.
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Bartolacci, Michael R., e Stanko Dimitrov. "Promoting Resiliency in Emergency Communication Networks". International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management 9, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiscram.2017010101.
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Police, fire, and emergency personnel rely on wireless networks to serve the public. Whether it is during a natural disaster, or just an ordinary calendar day, wireless nodes of varying types form the infrastructure that local, regional, and even national scale agencies use to communicate while keeping the population served safe and secure. In this article, Michael R. Bartolacci and Stanko Dimitrov present a network interdiction modeling approach that can be utilized for analyzing vulnerabilities in public service wireless networks; subject to hacking, terrorism, or destruction from natural disasters. They develop a case study for wireless networks utilized by the sheriff's department of Miami-Dade County in Florida in the United States. Finally, the authors' modeling approach—given theoretical budgets for the “hardening” of wireless network nodes and for would-be destroyers of such nodes—highlights parts of the network where further investment may prevent damage and loss of capacity.
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McElvain, James P., Augustine J. Kposowa e Brian C. Gray. "Testing a Crime Control Model: Does Strategic and Directed Deployment of Police Officers Lead to Lower Crime?" Journal of Criminology 2013 (24 de novembro de 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/980128.
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The purpose of the paper was to investigate whether implementation of a crime control model (based, in part, on the concepts of COMPSTAT) in one southern California city was effective in reducing crime. Time series regression models were fitted to data collected from the Riverside County Sheriff’s Department, city of Perris, for the years 2000 through 2010. Additional data were collected from three other cities that served as controls. Results showed that the program was effective in reducing crime rates in Perris. The effect remained significant even after taking into account time trends and control cities. Analysis also found that while the program was more effective in lessening total and property crime rates, it was less so for violent crime rates. It was concluded that strategic and directed policing models (e.g., COMPSTAT, hot spot policing, etc.) may be more effective in crime reduction efforts than reactive policing methods.
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Hicks, Robert. "Team Policing In A Yaqui Community". Practicing Anthropology 7, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 1985): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.7.3.pn15827w8151101x.
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The most persistent problem in American policing is style: the police are continually challenged to perform according to the community's expectations of how police ought to perform. During the 1960's, the violent confrontations between police and minority communities forced the convening of the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals which examined the entire criminal justice system and offered recommendations for improvement. In the case of poor minority communities, the Commission recommended that the police adopt a particular style, the team policing model, in order to obtain better cooperation from citizens and, ultimately, greater assistance in solving and preventing crimes. Team policing projects have emerged in many cities. Some have failed, others prosper. During 1977-78, I scrutinized one such program that failed. I chronicled the demise of a two-year team policing project conducted by the Pima County, Arizona, Sheriff's Department (PCSD) in the New Pascua Yaqui community located twenty miles southwest of Tucson, Arizona.
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Vega, Arturo, e Michael J. Gilbert. "Longer Days, Shorter Weeks: Compressed Work Weeks in Policing". Public Personnel Management 26, n.º 3 (setembro de 1997): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609702600308.
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Three-day, 40 hour, compressed work weeks are atypical in American labor circles. They are especially rare among law enforcement agencies. Positive and negative attributes of compressed work weeks have remained largely untested and particular to specific industries. This case study is an evaluation of the attitudinal and productivity effects of a three-day work week schedule as implemented by the Bexar County Sheriff's Department, Patrol Division, responsible for policing unincorporated areas surrounding San Antonio, Texas. The findings of this research are consistent with previous evaluations of compressed work weeks in private industry. Positive impacts on both productivity measures and the self-reported attitudes of patrol officers are found. Furthermore, the quality of policing provided to citizens did not decline. These data lead to the conclusion that a three day compressed work week with 13 hour and 20 minute work days is a work hour allocation strategy that may be successfully applied to policing agencies with benefits to both the organization and line patrol officers.
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Stone, Richard, Fatima Mgaedeh, Colten Fales, Cong Xu e Gary Backous. "Engineering Approach to Unintentional Firearm Discharges". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, n.º 1 (dezembro de 2020): 1287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641306.
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Unintentional discharges (UDs) of a firearm had been a common phenomenon among law enforcement, increasing the number of injured police, and sometimes it’s fatal. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the trigger finger shelf device proposed by Sheepdog Knife and gun ergonomically and individual preferences. A total of 16 participants from the local Sheriff department participated in this study. The participants were run in pairs through a series of shooting drills testing a series of 8 weapons, including an AR-15, Remington 870, Glock 17, 1911 varying in distance, and several targets using an EMG and video recording to track their performance. Results showed that the use of the trigger shelf did not negatively impact the accuracy and performance of the participants. Also, the trigger shelf assists significantly in decreasing muscle activity. These findings prove that the existence of the trigger shelf does not affect the user’s performance, aiding users ergonomically, and it is a potential future design to help reduce the unintentional discharges.
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Breen, Michael E., e Brian R. Johnson. "Citizen Police Academies: An Analysis of Enhanced Police-Community Relations among Citizen Attendees". Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 80, n.º 3 (setembro de 2007): 246–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2007.80.3.246.
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One current initiative used by many police agencies across the United States to foster better police-community relations is the Citizen's Police Academy (CPA). While CPAs lack a precise academic definition, they can be considered to be a planned programme created by law enforcement agencies to educate their citizens on police operations and management. Over the last 20 years, CPA programmes have rapidly expanded among police agencies in the United States, where it is estimated that approximately 15% of all police agencies have some type of these programmes. This article expands upon the limited research on CPAs by analysing their impact on attendees. Specifically, this article explores changes in the attitudes of 48 CPA attendees who completed a 12-week/36-hour CPA programme at a Sheriff's Department in the state of Michigan. Based on the analysis of pre- and post-test responses, this study found that this particular CPA had a positive impact on the attendees' attitudes towards the police, and their understanding of police operations, crime, and quality-of-life issues in their community.
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Loomis, David, e Steven Loomis. "Alasdair MacIntyre’s challenge: Police corruption, management ethics, and the indispensable virtues of integrity and constancy". International Journal of Police Science & Management 22, n.º 4 (20 de março de 2020): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355720909405.
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This paper investigates some of the information conditions necessary for the preservation of police officers’ individual and collective moral agency, particularly the virtues of integrity and constancy, which can diminish in markedly rule-based, informationally impoverished, or corrupt work environments. We focus on one particular work from philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre, who explores the threat of social structures to moral agency by using the hypothetical case of J whose job it was to make the trains run on time while avoiding questions about the cargo. J’s supervisors and the broader social structure he occupies inhibited his capacity to be a full moral agent. In order to illustrate the relevance and application of MacIntyre’s argument to policing and the good justice, including the wider philosophical and economic problems of compartmentalization of moral agency, we draw from his framework to consider our own case study in policing inspired by a challenging era within the recent history of the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department (USA). Implications for leadership and management in policing are discussed.
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Gardiner, Christie. "College cops: a study of education and policing in California". Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 38, n.º 4 (16 de novembro de 2015): 648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-02-2015-0015.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the state of police education in California. There is limited national data on the topic and this study aims to improve our knowledge by studying the state with the highest number of law enforcement officers in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 162 local law enforcement agencies (police and sheriffs’ departments) in California completed a 32-question electronic survey about police education and training. Findings – Findings reveal that California agencies are more likely than agencies nationwide to offer incentives to encourage officers to pursue higher education. Although most departments require only a high school diploma, 35 percent of sworn officers are college graduates. Most college-educated officers are employed by medium and large sized agencies in urban counties which pay above-average salaries. Research limitations/implications – This paper demonstrates how the prevalence of educated police officers varies and that higher education requirements do not adversely affect the hiring of female officers. It also provides insight from police managers regarding their concerns about requiring a four-year degree and perceptions of whether college-educated officers are actually better officers than non-college-educated officers. Practical implications – Research findings may be instructive to police managers wanting to increase the number of sworn officers in their agency who hold a college degree. Originality/value – It adds to the literature by describing the education level of police officers in California and providing information about the educational requirements and incentives offered to officers by law enforcement agencies. No previous study has addressed this topic, even though California employs 12 percent of all sworn peace officers in the USA.
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Ward, Kyle C., Paul A. Lucas e Alexandra Murphy. "The Impact of Marijuana Legalization on Law Enforcement in States Surrounding Colorado". Police Quarterly 22, n.º 2 (28 de dezembro de 2018): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611118819902.
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Since the legalization of recreational marijuana occurred in Colorado, politicians, academics, and the public have been paying close attention to what impact, if any, the legalization of recreational marijuana has on crime, substance use and abuse, and state revenue gains. However, research has not identified the potential impact that marijuana legalization has had on law enforcement officers in neighboring states. This study used survey methodology to explore how the legalization of recreational marijuana in Colorado has affected law enforcement officers and their duties in states that border Colorado. Using multistage cluster sampling, municipal police departments and sheriff’s offices in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming were selected for inclusion in this study based off their proximity to Colorado and because none had legalized either medical or recreational marijuana at the time of this study. Results indicate that law enforcement officers view Colorado’s legalization of recreational marijuana as having a negative impact on their enforcement duties. Respondents note an increase in potency, perceived juvenile use, and strain on their resources as major issues they are now having to deal with. Analysis indicates that departments further away from Colorado perceive less of an impact than counties closer to Colorado’s border. Compared with Nebraska and Kansas, respondents from Wyoming perceived a larger impact on enforcement, but these differences were diminished when controlling for personal perceptions of marijuana.
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Yin, Zhengyu, Albert Xin Jiang, Milind Tambe, Christopher Kiekintveld, Kevin Leyton-Brown, Tuomas Sandholm e John P. Sullivan. "TRUSTS: Scheduling Randomized Patrols for Fare Inspection in Transit Systems Using Game Theory". AI Magazine 33, n.º 4 (21 de dezembro de 2012): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v33i4.2432.
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In proof-of-payment transit systems, passengers are legally required to purchase tickets before entering but are not physically forced to do so. Instead, patrol units move about the transit system, inspecting the tickets of passengers, who face fines if caught fare evading. The deterrence of fare evasion depends on the unpredictability and effectiveness of the patrols. In this paper, we present TRUSTS, an application for scheduling randomized patrols for fare inspection in transit systems. TRUSTS models the problem of computing patrol strategies as a leader-follower Stackelberg game where the objective is to deter fare evasion and hence maximize revenue. This problem differs from previously studied Stackelberg settings in that the leader strategies must satisfy massive temporal and spatial constraints; moreover, unlike in these counterterrorism-motivated Stackelberg applications, a large fraction of the ridership might realistically consider fare evasion, and so the number of followers is potentially huge. A third key novelty in our work is deliberate simplification of leader strategies to make patrols easier to be executed. We present an efficient algorithm for computing such patrol strategies and present experimental results using real-world ridership data from the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. The Los Angeles County Sheriff’s department is currently carrying out trials of TRUSTS.
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Yin, Zhengyu, Albert Jiang, Matthew Johnson, Milind Tambe, Christopher Kiekintveld, Kevin Leyton-Brown, Tuomas Sandholm e John Sullivan. "TRUSTS: Scheduling Randomized Patrols for Fare Inspection in Transit Systems". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, n.º 2 (22 de julho de 2012): 2348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i2.18975.
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In proof-of-payment transit systems, passengers are legally required to purchase tickets before entering but are not physically forced to do so. Instead, patrol units move about the transit system, inspecting the tickets of passengers, who face fines if caught fare evading. The deterrence of such fines depends on the unpredictability and effectiveness of the patrols. In this paper, we present TRUSTS, an application for scheduling randomized patrols for fare inspection in transit systems. TRUSTS models the problem of computing patrol strategies as a leader-follower Stackelberg game where the objective is to deter fare evasion and hence maximize revenue. This problem differs from previously studied Stackelberg settings in that the leader strategies must satisfy massive temporal and spatial constraints; moreover, unlike in these counterterrorism-motivated Stackelberg applications, a large fraction of the ridership might realistically consider fare evasion, and so the number of followers is potentially huge. A third key novelty in our work is deliberate simplification of leader strategies to make patrols easier to be executed. We present an efficient algorithm for computing such patrol strategies and present experimental results using real-world ridership data from the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. The Los Angeles County Sheriff’s department has begun trials of TRUSTS.
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Adams, Ian T., e Sharon H. Mastracci. "Contrasting emotional labor and burnout in civilian and sworn law enforcement personnel". Policing: An International Journal 43, n.º 2 (8 de março de 2020): 314–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-06-2019-0094.
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PurposeThis study introduces emotional labor into an analysis of multiple dimensions of burnout in sworn and civilian employees across three law enforcement agencies.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from a survey of law enforcement employees in a metropolitan police department, a full-service sheriff's department, and a state corrections agency located in the western United States (n = 1,921), we test the explanatory power of an emotional labor-based model of burnout.FindingsResults partially confirm the lone prior study to examine civilian and sworn personnel. Sworn and civilian employees experience variant levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, though the underlying emotional labor correlates are significantly related to burnout for both groups. Further, we extend prior results by capturing multiple facets of burnout as well as contributing an emotional labor explanation for burnout, while controlling for individual demographic characteristics and agency type.Research limitations/implicationsLaw enforcement agencies rely upon non-sworn employees to support their missions. The experience of non-sworn law enforcement personnel is under-researched in both the emotional labor and law enforcement organizational literature. Burnout is a phenomenon that has high costs for both employees and organizations, particularly in the law enforcement context. Investigating the emotional labor experience of employees is critical for practitioners who are tasked with effectively managing both groups.Originality/valueOne previous study has investigated the emotional labor of civilians in law enforcement and used community-level predictions for burnout. This study builds on those findings by capturing two facets of burnout rather than the lone gauge of burnout used in the previous study. Furthermore, we use an emotional labor model to investigate emotional exhaustion and depersonalization reported by sworn and civilian personnel.
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Sever, Brion, e Michael J. McSkimming. "The Impact of Racial Composition and Other County Characteristics on the Size of Sheriff’s Departments: A New Analysis of Police Force Growth". Criminal Justice Policy Review 15, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2004): 466–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403403261279.
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Schuck, Amie M., e Cara E. Rabe-Hemp. "Investing in people: salary and turnover in policing". Policing: An International Journal 41, n.º 1 (12 de fevereiro de 2018): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-09-2016-0137.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between voluntary and involuntary turnover and officers’ salaries. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the 2013 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics survey, Poisson regression was used to test hypotheses about the effect of pay and other economic incentives on turnover, while controlling for previously identified influential organizational and community factors, such as crime, community disorganization, geographic region, policing philosophy, collective bargaining, the utilization of body-worn cameras, and workforce diversity. Findings Higher salaries were significantly associated with lower voluntary and involuntary turnover rates. In addition, other economic incentives and participation in a defined benefits retirement plan were related to voluntary separations but not dismissals. Consistent with prior research, southern agencies and sheriff’s departments reported higher turnover rates than local police agencies and departments operating in other areas of the USA. The effects of workforce diversity were mixed, while collective bargaining was associated with lower rates of voluntary turnover, and the utilization of body-worn cameras was associated with higher rates. Originality/value In addition to contributing to the theoretical literature on antecedents of turnover, this research has practical implications by helping law enforcement officials estimate how changes in the compensation structure affect their ability to retain qualified personnel. Due to the complexities of modern law enforcement, maintaining a strong and stable workforce is becoming a greater challenge, and more research is needed to understand which incentives are crucial in recruiting and retaining the most effective policing personnel.
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Qin, Denning e Jennissen. "Enforcement of Off-Road Vehicle Laws in Iowa". Safety 5, n.º 2 (23 de abril de 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5020022.
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Safety laws are among the most successful means of reducing injuries, but their effectiveness is strongly influenced by the level of enforcement. To characterize enforcement of off-road vehicle (ORV) laws statewide, analyses of citations were performed using Iowa Court Information System data. From 2005–2015, 5173 individuals were charged with 5643 citations issued. Citations averaged <5/county/year, decreased dramatically over time, and varied by county when normalized to registered all-terrain vehicles (ATVs). Over 90% of operators cited were male and Caucasian. One-fifth were <18 years old. The top five violations were: operation on a highway/snowmobile trail (51%), registration/identification number not documented/displayed (19%), prohibited use in a park/preserve (5.5%), and operation with more persons than the vehicle is designed to carry (4.4%). The Department of Natural Resources issued the highest percentage of citations, followed in decreasing order by Sheriff, Police, State Patrol, and Conservation officers. Significant differences were identified when citations were compared by sex, age, race, enforcement agency, disposition (guilty vs. not guilty), and when comparing counties with or without an ORV park. These characteristics suggest limited and variable enforcement of laws statewide that may reduce their potential to prevent deaths and injuries, and that improved strategies to support ORV law enforcement are needed.
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Ratuva, Steven. "Social work in the Pacific: The humble and unrefined views of a non-social worker". Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 30, n.º 4 (17 de junho de 2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol30iss4id605.
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I once worked in a university where sociology and social work were part of the same department, which I headed. I observed how social work, more than most “disciplines,” was readily responsive, quickly adaptive and empowering with the potential to be readapted and aligned to suit different socio-cultural contexts. From the vantage point of a non-social worker, this makes it resilient and relevant in a fast-changing world where conflict, wealth accumulation and the creation of expanding subaltern classes take place simultaneously. As peripheral “participants” in the process of corporate, technological and cultural globalisation, Pacific Island countries (PICs), often see themselves increasingly subaltern in the global economic and political power game as manifested in increasing poverty, social dislocation, debt, crime and other social problems.A growing capacity for responsiveness, adaptation and empowerment requires a critical approach to understanding the complexities of social dynamics and impact on human wellbeing. Social work crosses the arbitrary boundaries between sociology, anthropology, psychology, development studies, conflict/peace studies, education and health and this trans-disciplinary approach makes it well positioned to address issues such as inequality, poverty, alienation and marginalisation which are common amongst subaltern groups, including those in the Pacific (Sherif Sherif, 2017). Social work also has the potential to bridge the gap between theory and practice in what Marxian scholars refer to as “praxis” (Freenberg, 2014). Its strength is also in keeping human wellbeing as the central focus in its analysis.
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Prost, Stephanie Grace, Daniel G. Saunders e Karen Oehme. "Childhood family violence and officer responses to officer-involved domestic violence: Effects of cumulative and resolved trauma". International Journal of Police Science & Management 22, n.º 2 (19 de março de 2020): 194–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355720907641.
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Law enforcement officers who witness or experience abuse in their family of origin are at higher risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol abuse. These trauma effects may, in turn, affect officers’ responses to domestic violence victims who call on them for help. The purpose of this study was to examine how these childhood traumas, PTSD, and alcohol abuse affect officers’ supportive responses to victims and perpetrators of officer-involved domestic violence (OIDV). We hypothesized that officers who witnessed or experienced family of origin violence would have higher levels of PTSD and abusive drinking than those without trauma. Furthermore, we hypothesized that officers with resolved trauma (i.e., no current PTSD or abusive drinking) would be more likely to support victims of OIDV than officers with unresolved trauma. Survey respondents were law enforcement officers ( n = 1661) in police and sheriff’s departments throughout the United States. Results partially supported the hypotheses regarding the separate and cumulative effects of witnessing family violence and experiencing child abuse. In addition, officers who endured these childhood traumas, but resolved these concerns reported a significantly greater average likelihood of helping an OIDV victim than those with unresolved trauma. Implications include the promotion of employee assistance programs and professional counselors to support officers with unresolved trauma, which may lead to improved responses to OIDV.
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Rosenbaum, Dennis P., e William P. McCarty. "Organizational justice and officer “buy in” in American policing". Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, n.º 1 (20 de março de 2017): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2016-0114.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the dimensions of organizational justice in police organizations and evaluate how they contribute to organizational commitment, job satisfaction and compliance with agency rules. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 15,236 sworn officers from a national sample of 88 agencies was used, as well as other agency- and community-level variables. Multi-level models assessed how four dimensions of organizational justice affected these outcomes. Findings More favorable perceptions of organizational justice were strongly related to increased commitment to the organization, job satisfaction and compliance with agency rules. Perceptions of organization-wide justice, leadership justice and diversity justice were especially important in predicting those outcome measures. Research limitations/implications While the sample of agencies was broad and diverse, it should not be considered representative of smaller municipal police departments and sheriff’s offices in the USA. Practical implications The findings suggest that “buy in” to reforms and police compliance with rules is much more likely when supervisors and leaders are fair, respectful, give officers input, provide growth opportunities and show concern for officers’ welfare. As such, agencies would benefit from leadership and leadership training that values the core principals of organizational justice. Originality/value The study provides clarity about how organizational justice is perceived by police officers, including women and officers of color, and provides an unprecedented test of organizational justice theory in diverse police agencies.
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Potter, Kristen, Bridgette Brown e Cornell Rosiu. "M/V JOHN B. CADDELL". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, n.º 1 (1 de maio de 2014): 299005. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-299005.1.
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Hurricane Sandy hit the East Coast of the United States on October 29th, 2012, caused over $63 billion in damage, destroyed thousands of homes, left over 8 million people without electrical service, and killed at least 131 people in eight states. Amongst the damage was the unique case of the grounded Tank Vessel, JOHN B. CADDELL on New York's Staten Island. The CADDELL posed a distinctive challenge to pollution mitigation and eventual vessel removal efforts, being stateless/ownerless, and commanded high profile media/public attention. Responders used a variety of creative methods to ensure the surrounding environment was not further affected by the grounded vessel, including the authorized use of solidifying agents. This poster describes the procedures used to determine vessel disposition and explores the innovative use of solidifiers in this particular case. Determining final disposition of the vessel involved an extensive process of multi-agency cooperation and coordination. Leveraging the existing authorities of the New York's Sheriff's Department to dispose of abandoned vessels, the Coast Guard was able to work with local, state and federal partners to implement a removal plan. Additionally, National Strike Force and Coast Guard Sector New York personnel utilized the cutting edge technology of solidifying polymer agents to effectively reduce the amount of contaminants onboard the vessel. As per the Area Contingency Plan, the Regional Response Team-Region 2 (RRT-2) was activated, and was used to brief Federal and State member agencies on the planned protective use of a solidifier by the Federal On-Scene Coordinator during cleanup efforts. RRT-2 was provided a current situational brief, objectives, and a proposed application plan. RRT-2 concurred with the utilization plan, and contributed some additional recommendations, which enhanced cleanup operations conducted under the ESF-10 Mission Assignment from New York State.
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Coon, Michael. "Local Immigration Enforcement and Arrests of the Hispanic Population". Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, n.º 3 (setembro de 2017): 645–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500305.
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Section 287(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which was added to the INA by the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), allows the federal government to enter into voluntary partnerships with state and local law enforcement agencies to enforce immigration law. Upon entering these agreements, law enforcement officers are trained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and receive delegated authority to enquire about an individual's immigration status and, if found to be removable, to detain the individual while ICE makes a determination of whether to initiate deportation proceedings. In some instances, this inquiry about immigration status takes place as part of the intake process when a criminal defendant is arrested and placed into a criminal jail. In other instances, task force officers are trained to inquire in the field about immigration status and enforce immigration law against people who have not committed any criminal offense. The key difference between the two models is that task force agents can arrest for immigration violations undocumented individuals who have not committed any criminal offense, whereas in the jail model individuals must be arrested on some other criminal charge before immigration status can be determined. The 287(g) program has raised several concerns regarding its implementation and results. First, the program could lead to racial and ethnic profiling. In particular, given that the majority of undocumented immigrants hail from Latin American countries, it is highly plausible that Hispanics, regardless of immigrant status, might be disproportionally affected by this program. That is, in a jurisdiction that participates in the jail model, an officer might arrest a Hispanic individual for a very minor offence in order to process them through the jail and determine their immigration status, when perhaps without the program they may have only issued a citation. Another concern with the program is that it may lead to tensions between state and local law enforcement and the local community. If the program creates an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust by community members toward state and local law enforcement agents, even law abiding individuals may choose to avoid interaction with law enforcement agents. This can make victims and witnesses hesitant to come forward, for fear that their undocumented status will be uncovered. Such a situation inhibits law enforcement's ability to do its job and can, ironically, make communities less safe. This study explores the effects of implementation of the 287(g) program in Frederick County, Maryland on the arrests of Hispanics. Using data from individual arrest records from the Frederick County Sheriff's Office, which has a 287(g) agreement with ICE, and the Frederick Police Department, which does not, I analyze the changes in arrests between the two agencies before and after the 287(g) program was implemented in 2008. I find that overall, the arrests of Hispanics fell, suggesting that the Hispanic community avoided interaction with law enforcement when the program began. However, I also find that the program led to a significantly higher number of arrests of Hispanics by the Sheriff's Office than would have occurred in its absence, indicating that attention was focused toward the Hispanic community as a result of the program. These results suggest that, if the program is to continue, additional safeguards are needed to prevent abuses and civil rights violations.
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Macías-Rojas, Patrisia. "Immigration and the War on Crime: Law and Order Politics and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996". Journal on Migration and Human Security 6, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241800600101.
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The 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) was a momentous law that recast undocumented immigration as a crime and fused immigration enforcement with crime control (García Hernández 2016; Lind 2016). Among its most controversial provisions, the law expanded the crimes, broadly defined, for which immigrants could be deported and legal permanent residency status revoked. The law instituted fast-track deportations and mandatory detention for immigrants with convictions. It restricted access to relief from deportation. It constrained the review of immigration court decisions and imposed barriers for filing class action lawsuits against the former US Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). It provided for the development of biometric technologies to track “criminal aliens” and authorized the former INS to deputize state and local police and sheriff's departments to enforce immigration law (Guttentag 1997a; Migration News 1997a, 1997b, 1997c; Taylor 1997). In short, it put into law many of the punitive provisions associated with the criminalization of migration today. Legal scholars have documented the critical role that IIRIRA played in fundamentally transforming immigration enforcement, laying the groundwork for an emerging field of “crimmigration” (Morris 1997; Morawetz 1998, 2000; Kanstroom 2000; Miller 2003; Welch 2003; Stumpf 2006). These studies challenged the law's deportation and mandatory detention provisions, as well as its constraints on judicial review. And they exposed the law's widespread consequences, namely the deportations that ensued and the disproportionate impact of IIRIRA's enforcement measures on immigrants with longstanding ties to the United States (ABA 2004). Less is known about what drove IIRIRA's criminal provisions or how immigration came to be viewed through a lens of criminality in the first place. Scholars have mostly looked within the immigration policy arena for answers, focusing on immigration reform and the “new nativism” that peaked in the early nineties (Perea 1997; Jacobson 2008). Some studies have focused on interest group competition, particularly immigration restrictionists’ prohibitions on welfare benefits, while others have examined constructions of immigrants as a social threat (Chavez 2001; Nevins 2002, 2010; Newton 2008; Tichenor 2009; Bosworth and Kaufman 2011; Zatz and Rodriguez 2015). Surprisingly few studies have stepped outside the immigration policy arena to examine the role of crime politics and the policies of mass incarceration. Of these, scholars suggest that IIRIRA's most punitive provisions stem from a “new penology” in the criminal justice system, characterized by discourses and practices designed to predict dangerousness and to manage risk (Feeley and Simon 1992; Miller 2003; Stumpf 2006; Welch 2012). Yet historical connections between the punitive turn in the criminal justice and immigration systems have yet to be disentangled and laid bare. Certainly, nativist fears about unauthorized migration, national security, and demographic change were important factors shaping IIRIRA's criminal provisions, but this article argues that the crime politics advanced by the Republican Party (or the “Grand Old Party,” GOP) and the Democratic Party also played an undeniable and understudied role. The first part of the analysis examines policies of mass incarceration and the crime politics of the GOP under the Reagan administration. The second half focuses on the crime politics of the Democratic Party that recast undocumented migration as a crime and culminated in passage of IIRIRA under the Clinton administration. IIRIRA's criminal provisions continue to shape debates on the relationship between immigration and crime, the crimes that should provide grounds for expulsion from the United States, and the use of detention in deportation proceedings for those with criminal convictions. This essay considers the ways in which the War on Crime — specifically the failed mass incarceration policies — reshaped the immigration debate. It sheds light on the understudied role that crime politics of the GOP and the Democratic Party played in shaping IIRIRA — specifically its criminal provisions, which linked unauthorized migration with criminality, and fundamentally restructured immigration enforcement and infused it with the resources necessary to track, detain, and deport broad categories of immigrants, not just those with convictions.
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Sherman, Jennifer, e Jennifer Schwartz. "The Fine Line: Rural Justice, Public Health and Safety, and the Coronavirus Pandemic". American Behavioral Scientist, 24 de março de 2021, 000276422110031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027642211003144.
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In this article, we provide an early glimpse into how the issues of public health and safety played out in the rural United States during the coronavirus pandemic, focusing on Washington State. We utilize a combination of news articles and press releases, sheriff’s department Facebook posts, publicly available jail data, courtroom observations, in-depth interviews with those who have been held in rural jails, and interviews with rural law enforcement staff to explore this theme. As elected officials, rural sheriffs are beholden to populations that include many who are suspicious of science, liberal agendas, and anything that might threaten what they see as individual freedom. At the same time, they expect local law enforcement to employ punitive measures to control perceived criminal activity in their communities. These communities are often tightly knit, cohesive, and isolated, with high levels of social support both for community members and local leaders, including sheriffs and law enforcement. This complex social context often puts rural sheriffs and law enforcement officers in difficult positions. Given the multiple cross-pressures that rural justice systems faced in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, we explore the circumstances in which they attempted to protect and advocate for the health and safety of both their incarcerated and their nonincarcerated populations. We find that certain characteristics of rural communities both help and hinder local law enforcement in efforts to combat the virus, but these characteristics typically favor informal norms of social control to govern community health. Thus, rural sheriff’s departments repeatedly chose strategies that limited their abilities to protect populations from the disease, in favor of appearing tough on crime and supportive of personal liberty.
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Gallagher, Christian W., Arif Akgul, Mehmet A. Sozer, Avdi S. Avdija e Samual J. Pickens. "COVID-19 and Policing: A Qualitative Study of Sheriff Departments in Rural Indiana". Criminal Justice Review, 2 de agosto de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07340168231190468.
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The main objective of this research was to explore and analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on practices in law enforcement and jails, with a specific focus on sheriff departments serving in small, rural counties in the state of Indiana. This study identified and analyzed various issues and trends pertaining to COVID-19's effect upon jail and offender management, patrol and criminal investigation, personnel and offender safety, public service and expectations, courthouse trial and case management, and community trust in sheriff departments. Semi-structured interviews were employed with current sheriffs working in four different counties in Indiana in this qualitative research. The results showed that COVID-19 has brought to the forefront two major themes: (a) precautions taken by sheriff departments against COVID-19 and (b) changes in the way the criminal justice system works. Findings were further grouped into three categories according to each sheriff’s sentiments: negative (e.g., increase in expenses, loss of workforce, and mental health), positive (e.g., decrease in the workload and decrease in jail population), and mixed (e.g., precautions against COVID-19, changing crime patterns, and trust). The study concluded that COVID-19 caused a wave of change that sent ripples through these communities, the criminal justice system, and sheriff departments in particular.
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Makin, David A., Mary K. Stohr, Jacelyn Unger, Ethan Howell, Megan Parks, Dale Willits e Craig Hemmens. "Documenting variability in operational and organizational experiences related to COVID-19 in Washington state". Policing: An International Journal, 21 de março de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-09-2022-0121.
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PurposeThe paper examines “lessons learned” from the COVID-19 pandemic by capturing the organizational and operational experiences of police departments in the state of Washington across two waves of survey administration. This study is among the first to document experiences at a state level, affording an opportunity to compare national results and allowing for documenting shifts between each wave.Design/methodology/approachThis study draws from a state-specific replication of the IACP instrument fielded by Lum et al. (2020a) on the experiences of police departments working under COVID-19 and integrates specific questions from stakeholders in Washington. The survey was administered through Qualtrics, which was distributed by the Washington Association of Sheriffs and Police Chiefs (WASPC) 6 months into the pandemic and 18-months later.FindingsRespondents reported operational and organizational reconfigurations including shifting to telecommuting for support staff and command staff, implementing online reporting forms for use by the public to report crimes and planning exercises for predicted budget reductions. While CDC and Washington Department of Health guidelines informed most of the respondents' policy, integrating that policy into the operational procedures demonstrated how quickly issues in staffing can transition from a challenge to a severe issue. Quarantining and staffing problems remained an issue across both waves, which were exasperated by staff turnover.Research limitations/implicationsThe response rate and response completeness, particularly a drop in response for Wave 2, limit the ability to supply more precise estimates documenting the experiences of WA police departments. Relatedly, an inability to match Wave 1 to Wave 2 results inhabits a direct comparison of changes 12-months later. Second, the responses reflect those of the chief law enforcement officer (Chief of Police, Sheriff) or the person designated by the chief, which may not represent the experiences of front-line officers.Practical implicationsReflecting on the lessons learned across each Wave, agencies shared adaptations implemented to better protect the health of staff and their communities to effectively manage future health emergencies. Most directly, they learned how to conduct some business remotely and the necessity to innovate. The most important lesson learned, and implication for policy is improving the resourcing and logistics to secure adequate health protections. The data also highlight a concern for clarity, consistency, and credibility in supplying information to police departments in pandemic and emergency situations.Originality/valueThis paper fulfils an identified need to enhance “lessons learned” for police response in pandemic and emergency situations. These data supply insight into the anticipated and lived experiences of agencies adapting to the pandemic in Washington State. The endogenous and exogenous shock that is COVID-19 altered how police departments interacted externally and internally resulting in operational and organizational reconfigurations.
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Janssen, Alan, Brittany Garove e Virginia LaBond. "Naloxone administration by nonmedical providers- a descriptive study of County sheriff department training". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 15, n.º 1 (12 de novembro de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13011-020-00327-w.
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Abstract The study background In 2015 a county sheriff department in Michigan began a training program for its deputies on administration of naloxone for non-medical providers. Methods A descriptive analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. Data collected from the Sheriff’s department allowed the study to quantify the incidence of naloxone administration, describe characteristics related to the administration, and report on aggregate outcomes. Results Of the reported 184 incidents involving naloxone use the sheriff department had an overall successful administration rate of 94.6% in the cases from 2015 to 2017. It was also noted that the overall number of naloxone administrations showed an upward trend with a greater number of trained deputies. Conclusion The outcome of training non-medical first responders in naloxone administration has been shown to be successful with regard to resuscitation of patients with opioid overdose.