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1
Bourne, Major K. M. "The Shanghai Municipal Police: Chinese Uniform Branch". Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 64, n.º 3 (julho de 1991): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x9106400308.
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Sun, Yizhi. "Russian Émigrés in Shanghai: Their Social and Economic Status in 1922–1925". History 19, n.º 8 (2020): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-8-92-103.
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The article focuses on the problem of social and economic status of Russian émigrés in Shanghai in 1922–1925, in particular from the arrival of the Siberian flotilla to the beginning of the May Thirtieth Movement. Based on previously unexplored official records from the Shanghai Municipal Archive (SMA), Shanghai Municipal Police Files (SMPF) and the detailed research of the press, the author manages to significantly supplement the portrait of Russian émigrés’ life during the above period. The wider source base of this research, as compared those that are available for an earlier period of 1917–1922, allows us to describe the social and economic status of the émigrés in more precise terms. Statistical information from the Municipal Council of the Shanghai International Settlement evidences a high unemployment rate among the émigrés (according to the police records, it reached 71,4 % among employable men). Obviously, the humanitarian aid from the government and city communities could not satisfy needs of the unemployed. 1) At the end of 1924, Shanghai press reported the case when the Russians were sleeping in the houses without roof near the Chapei railway; 2) Shanghai was able to provide free food only for 2280 Russian refugees. However, according to statistics dated October 9, 1923 and February 1, 1924, the number of unemployed men and women reached 3 500. This means that not all Russians in Shanghai were provided with a minimum of food. As compared to 1917–1922, problems of women and street kids also persisted but due to public support child begging stopped although problems of women continued to exist until the communists came to power in Shanghai. “Russian prostitution” even became part of the Shanghai’s historical memory. A special problem during the period of 1922–1925 was poor sanitation in areas where Russian cadets lived as a result of harsh living conditions and low social and economic status (this situation was not recorded in the anniversary editions of Khabarovsky and Siberian Cadet Corps).
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Yin, Cao. "Policing the British Empire on the Bund: The Origin of the Sikh Police Unit in Shanghai". Britain and the World 10, n.º 1 (março de 2017): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2017.0259.
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Red-turbaned Sikh policemen have long been viewed as symbols of the cosmopolitan feature of modern Shanghai. However, the origin of the Sikh police unit in the Shanghai Municipal Police has not been seriously investigated. This article argues that the circulation of police officers, policing knowledge, and information in the British colonial network and the circulation of the idea of taking Hong Kong as the reference point amongst Shanghailanders from the 1850s to the 1880s played important role in the establishment of the Sikh police force in the International Settlement of Shanghai. Furthermore, by highlighting the translocal connections and interactions amongst British colonies and settlements, this study tries to break the metropole-colony binary in imperial history studies.
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Sun, Yizhi. "The Soviet Union and the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai". Problemy dalnego vostoka, n.º 4 (2022): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120021382-1.
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This article focuses specifically on the Soviet factor in The May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai, including the degree of central and local Soviet authorities' involvement in the preparation and course of the Movement and financial assistance to Chinese strikers. It also examines Soviet intelligence activities in Shanghai during this period. Until May 30 the central organs of the USSR and the RCP(b) were not the initiators of the Movement. The largest workers' movement in Shanghai occurred spontaneously and was not under the control of the Comintern or the Politburo. However, we cannot completely deny the existence of attempts to organize and control the Movement by the Soviet Consulate as early as the first days of the strikes and it has been documented that the practical actions of Soviet agents began even before the Politburo began to pay attention to the Shanghai events. The All-Union Central Trade Union Council represented the "legal" support for the strikers by the Soviet authorities. The arrival of a delegation of Soviet trade unions in Shanghai was open and contained no elements of secret diplomacy. In the field of "secret politics", G.N. Voitinsky was sent to Shanghai to lead the Movement through the CCP. During the May Thirtieth Movement, Soviet intelligence had to work in intensified mode. However, in the Shanghai municipal police files we can only find references to the activities of Soviet spies at the beginning of the Movement. The reason for this is that all police attention in July and August was concentrated on the so-called "Dosser case", which was essentially of a small scale, but was hyped up by the Shanghai press and the Municipal Council of International Settlement. Nevertheless, one should not exaggerate the influence of the Soviets on the May Thirtieth Movement. The Soviets could only control, through the CCP and the General Trade Union, the workers' and partly the students' part of the strikes. The leading role in the May Thirtieth Movement was still held by the Shanghai merchants, not by the Politburo and the Comintern.
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JACKSON, ISABELLA. "The Raj on Nanjing Road: Sikh Policemen in Treaty-Port Shanghai". Modern Asian Studies 46, n.º 6 (29 de fevereiro de 2012): 1672–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000078.
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AbstractSikh policemen were an indelible part of the landscape of Shanghai in the first decades of the twentieth century, and have left their mark in the ways in which the city is remembered up to the present day. Yet their history has never been told and historians of the period have, at best, simply referred to them in passing. This paper redresses this gap in the literature by accounting for the presence of the Sikh branch of the Shanghai Municipal Police and exploring their role in the governance and policing of the International Settlement. This enriches our understanding of the nature of the British presence in China and the ways in which Indian sub-imperialism extended to China's treaty ports, for on the streets of Shanghai, and not Shanghai alone, British power had an Indian face.
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Bickers, Robert. "Transforming Frank Peasgood. Family Photographs and Shanghai Narratives". European Journal of East Asian Studies 6, n.º 1 (2007): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006107x197691.
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AbstractWhat narratives can be fashioned by the historian from visual documents, and how might this relate to the narrative intention of those who created them? This paper explores the handful of surviving photographs recording the career of a British member of the Shanghai Municipal Police between 1929 and 1943. War and internment destroyed most of the visual records that former coalminer Frank Peasgood had collected during his police service, saving only those that had accompanied letters he had sent home to his family. The narrative he created with these can be clearly presented, and is discussed in the first part of the paper. Clearly, only visual documents could so powerfully demonstrate the transformation undergone by a man coming from his background, and provide the tools for showing that transformation. The photographs are then revisited and a further, complicating, layer of narrative is added, one which puts the policeman back into his place as a colonial subject.
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Ristaino, Marcia R. "White Russian and Jewish Refugees in Shanghai, 1920–44, As Recorded in the Shanghai Municipal Police Files, National Archives, Washington, DC". Republican China 16, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1991): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08932344.1991.11720166.
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Esherick, Joseph W. "Street Culture in Chengdu: Public Space, Urban Commoners, and Local Politics, 1870–1930. By Di Wang. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 376 pp. £48.50. ISBN 0-8047-4778-4.]". China Quarterly 180 (dezembro de 2004): 1112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004330766.
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The last 15 years have witnessed a small flood of books on the physical, political, social and cultural transformation of the modern Chinese city covering paved streets and sewers, rickshaws and streetcars, public parks and meeting halls, monuments and museums, theatres and markets, police and gangsters, municipal government and public hygiene, bankers and businessmen, factories and publishing houses, newspapers and movies, law suits and protests, workers, students and prostitutes. Most of this literature has focused on the coastal cities (especially Shanghai), and the approach has usually been top–down: how the state and urban elites have constructed a new Chinese version of modernity.Wang's book stands out as a careful historical ethnography of a provincial capital in the Chinese interior, Chengdu, at the turn of the 20th century. In contrast to previous top–down studies of urban elites and the rise of urban governance and police, this provides a bottom–up view from the street, and the richness of street culture pervades the entire book. Superbly researched and aided by a wonderful collection of illustrations, the book shows us peddlers and artisans patrolling the neighbourhoods, beggars and hooligans harassing residents, religious rituals and entertainment, and, above all, the vibrant life of the teahouse. In a similar book on coastal Shanghai, Lu Hanchao (Beyond the Neon Lights) unforgettably describes the housing projects known as Stone Portals (shikumen) as a locus for the daily life of Shanghai urbanites. In this book, the Chengdu teahouse repeatedly appears as a critical venue of social interaction, popular entertainment, dispute mediation, political discussion and police surveillance.
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Wakeman, Frederick. "Licensing Leisure: The Chinese Nationalists' Attempt to Regulate Shanghai, 1927–49". Journal of Asian Studies 54, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1995): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058949.
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AbstractShanghai has often been called the Paris of the Orient. This is only half true. Shanghai has all the vices of Paris and more but boasts of none of its cultural influences. The municipal orchestra is uncertain of its future, and the removal of the city library to its new premises has only shattered our hopes for better reading facilities. The Royal Asiatic Society has been denied all support from the Council for the maintenance of its library, which is the only center for research in this metropolis. It is therefore no wonder that men and women, old or young, poor or rich, turn their minds to mischief and lowly pursuits of pleasure, and the laxity of police regulations has aggravated the situation.
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Yin, Cao. "Kill Buddha Singh". Indian Historical Review 43, n.º 2 (dezembro de 2016): 270–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983616663408.
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On the morning of 6 April 1927, the Jemadar of the Sikh branch in the Shanghai Municipal Police, Buddha Singh, had been shot dead by an Indian nationalist. This incident has not drawn much attention from scholars studying modern Chinese history. This article argues that the narrative framework of the Chinese national history fails to provide a space for subjects such as Sikh migrants and nationalists that can hardly be appropriated. By exploring how the Ghadar Party, the Comintern and the Chinese communists cooperated with each other to shatter the British hegemony in Shanghai and how the British colonial authorities forged a coordinative network to check the ever-flowing dissidents, this article reconstructs the dramatic case of Buddha Singh not only in the milieu of the Chinese nationalist revolution, but also in the context of the global anti-imperial and communist movements. In so doing, it challenges the established national narrative and champions an approach that incorporates modern Chinese history into the global history.
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Zhou, Ming-Hui, Shui-Long Shen, Ye-Shuang Xu e An-Nan Zhou. "New Policy and Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Classification in Shanghai, China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 17 (26 de agosto de 2019): 3099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173099.
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To promote sustainable development, the Chinese government launched a new municipal solid waste (MSW) classification strategy in 2017. Shanghai was selected as one of the first pilot cities for MSW classification. The Shanghai municipal government first established the new MSW classification policy in 2017. The Shanghai Municipal Solid Waste Management Regulation was published in 2019 and came into effect on 1 July 2019. This short communication reports on Shanghai’s new MSW classification policy and its implementation. The main content and measures adopted by Shanghai’s government to ensure the effective implementation of the new MSW classification policy are introduced. Besides, a SWOT (i.e., strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis on the present policy and measures is conducted, and based on the results, some discussions and suggestions regarding the implementation of MSW classification in Shanghai and the whole of China are presented.
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Bergère, Marie-Claire. "Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service. By Frederic Wakeman Jr. [Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2003. xvii +650 pp. $75.00. ISBN 0-520-23407-3.]". China Quarterly 177 (março de 2004): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100431012x.
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In a brief afterword, Frederic Wakeman asks himself why he devoted “so much effort to fathoming such a morally monstruous” figure as Dai Li, the chief of Chiang Kai-shek's secret service and he confessed that he was motivated by “a real fascination” for “cobra-like Dai Li” (p. 367). A biographer needs a minimal empathy with his hero. In the present case, however, it was an unwilling empathy for which the author felt that he had to justify himself. How to dissociate understanding and exonerating? Trying to avoid any revisionism, Wakeman opted for an implicit compromise: understanding and condemnation.This book illuminates the dread world of secret police, spy and counterespionage organizations in Nationalist China. Wakeman has turned every stone and used every kind of source: Chinese, American and Old Shanghai municipal archives, memoirs of agents and observers, contemporary newspapers and magazines, as well as all available secondary literature, including some novels. Notes take up 152 pages, representing about 40% of the text's 365 pages. An exhaustive bibliography takes 38 more pages and readers will find the detailed and well-organized glossary-index very useful in navigating an enormous number of personal names and administrative and political labels.
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Streets-Salter, Heather. "The Noulens Affair in East and Southeast Asia". Journal of American-East Asian Relations 21, n.º 4 (26 de novembro de 2014): 394–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02104006.
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In June 1931, British authorities in Singapore arrested a Comintern operative using the name Joseph Ducroux. An address book found on his person then led the Shanghai Municipal Police to Hilaire Noulens and his wife, both Comintern agents, who were collectively in charge of funneling all monies and communications between the Comintern, the Chinese Communist Party, and Communist organizations throughout East Asia. The arrest of the Noulens, and the material found in their apartments, compromised hundreds of Communists and their international networks in East and Southeast Asia. The case materials themselves, found in British, French, and Dutch archives, expose the ways the Comintern’s Far Eastern Bureau used Soviet capital and an international cast of characters to combat European imperialism in East and Southeast Asia during the interwar period. Although these efforts suffered from serious weaknesses, European colonial administrators nevertheless worried constantly about the specter of an all-powerful Soviet machine bent on world domination. Their response was cross-colonial collaboration to undermine and destroy the Comintern’s activities in the region. This article explores the circumstances surrounding the Noulens Affair, as it came to be known, to argue that the global struggle between communism and anti-communism that marked the years of the Cold War after 1945 cannot be adequately understood without reference to this earlier, interwar period.
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Qihai, Cai. "Venture Philanthropy, A New Model for Cultivating NPOs: The Case of the Shanghai Community Venture Philanthropy Competition". China Nonprofit Review 3, n.º 2 (2011): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187651411x615824.
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Abstract Venture philanthropy (VP) traces its roots back to the United States in the 1990s. In 2009, the Shanghai municipal government launched a “Shanghai Community Venture Philanthropy Competition”, the first large-scale venture philanthropy experiment organized by a governmental body in China. This article uses on-site surveying and quantitative analysis to address this mechanism for VP. A comparison of VP abroad and VP in Shanghai reveals that Shanghai’s VP resembles a hybrid model: it borrows basic ideas from VP as practiced abroad, yet retains features of traditional charitable grantmaking. As a new model for cultivating NPOs, VP introduces strong elements of efficiency and accountability and has the potential to transform the third sector as we know it. Finally, the article presents several problems facing venture philanthropy in Shanghai and offers some thoughts on possible policy solutions.
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Chen, Yan-Yan, Honglin Chen e Priscilla Song. "Promises and pitfalls of integrating home-based health services into Shanghai's elder-care system". Ageing and Society 40, n.º 3 (28 de agosto de 2018): 480–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18001095.
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AbstractFaced with the dramatic pace of population ageing, the Shanghai municipal government launched a pilot programme in 2013 designed to address this and to strengthen ageing-in-place arrangements by providing basic in-home medical services for residents above the age of 80. Yet after a two-year trial run, the ‘Home-Based Medical Care Scheme for the Oldest-Old’ (HBMCSOO) policy remained significantly under-utilised despite the increasing demand for medical services. Our multi-disciplinary research team of social workers and anthropologists identified two key factors impeding the implementation of home-based medical care services: (a) the distortion of policy implementation and (b) the inadequate professionalisation of community-based elder-care workers. Based on our evaluation of the pilot programme, the Shanghai municipal government made several practical adjustments to improve the subsequent city-wide policy implemented in 2016. While these changes mostly focused on minor adjustments to improve in-home medical services for the oldest-old, they represent an encouraging first step towards our call for a holistic integrated care system whose design and delivery takes into account local political and social contexts, including existing institutional infrastructure and cultural expectations about care-giving responsibilities. The challenges of implementing Shanghai's HBMCSOO policy ultimately provide instructive lessons on best practices for integrating medical and social services in order to improve ageing-in-place measures in diverse local settings around the world.
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Wang, Yaopei, e Qingling Shi. "The impact of municipal solid waste sorting policy on air pollution: Evidence from Shanghai, China". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 11 (2 de novembro de 2022): e0277035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277035.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW) sorting not only reduces the total quantity of domestic waste but also has positive effects on urban air quality. In this study, using a careful identification strategy and air quality data at the monitoring station level in Shanghai, we estimate the causal effect of the MSW sorting policy on urban air quality. The results show that after the MSW sorting policy was implemented, the air quality index (AQI), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) decreased significantly by 2.71%, 2.07% and 3.62%, respectively. We also find a positive spillover effect from the Shanghai MSW sorting policy on the air quality of adjacent cities. The implementation of this policy has triggered changes in residents’ behaviors. However, the government needs further efforts to maintain the sustainability of MSW sorting policies.
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Wang, Yao, Yu Shi, Jizhi Zhou, Jun Zhao, Tek Maraseni e Guangren Qian. "Implementation effect of municipal solid waste mandatory sorting policy in Shanghai". Journal of Environmental Management 298 (novembro de 2021): 113512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113512.
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Liu, Chang, Jie Shang e Chen Liu. "Exploring Household Food Waste Reduction for Carbon Footprint Mitigation: A Case Study in Shanghai, China". Foods 12, n.º 17 (25 de agosto de 2023): 3211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12173211.
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With the steady growth of the global population and the accelerated urbanization process, the carbon footprint resulting from food waste has a significant impact on the environment and sustainable development. Considering Shanghai’s significance as a major urban center in China and a global hub for economic and cultural activities, this study primarily aims to accurately estimate household food waste generation and calculate the carbon footprint related to edible food waste. It analyzes the factors influencing household food waste generation and reviews the anti-food waste-related policies at both the national and Shanghai regional levels. The study reveals that although the Shanghai municipal government attaches great importance to the issue of food waste, the current policies mainly focus on the catering industry, and there is still a need for further strengthening measures to address food waste at the household level. In Shanghai, the per capita daily food waste generation is 0.57 kg, with 43.42% being edible food waste, contributing to a per capita daily carbon footprint of 1.17 kgCO2eq. Employing the logistic regression analysis to scrutinize the characteristics of the respondents, it is ascertained that education level and annual household income significantly influence food waste generation. In addition, excessive food quantities and expiration dates lead to high-frequency food waste. The culmination of this study is the formulation of a series of pragmatic and impactful policy recommendations aimed at curbing the carbon footprint that stems from food waste.
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Zhang, Yong-an, e Yilun Du. "Lessons in ambivalence: The Shanghai Municipal Council’s opium policies, 1906–1917". International Journal of Drug Policy 37 (novembro de 2016): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.09.006.
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Xiao, Shijiang, Huijuan Dong, Yong Geng, Xu Tian, Chang Liu e Haifeng Li. "Policy impacts on Municipal Solid Waste management in Shanghai: A system dynamics model analysis". Journal of Cleaner Production 262 (julho de 2020): 121366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121366.
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SHIN, Kyu-hwan. "Smallpox Prevention and Public Healthcare in China in the 1920s and 1930s: Focusing on the Cases of Shanghai and Beijing". Korean Journal of Medical History 32, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2023): 727–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2023.32.727.
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Beijing and Shanghai, representative modern cities in China, witnessed the development of various urban infrastructures and quarantine systems in the 1920s and 1930s. Both cities established Health Demonstration Stations in the 1930s, as part of their implementation of modern health administration. This foundation played a pivotal role for making health administration more practical. Huang Zi-fang (1899-1940) and Hu Hung-ji (1894-1932), the inaugural directors of the health bureau in the respective cities, were both graduates of the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health in the United States. They shared a similar view of public health. Active exchanges occurred between the heads of the health administration in the two cities who were the leading forces in the health reform, encompassing various health experiments including the Health Demonstration Station.</br>During the 1930s in China, state medicine gained prominence as the most ideal medical model for constructing a modern state. As such, the quarantine activities they promoted were also considered the most ideal model. The public health care centered on Health Demonstration Stations in the 1920s and 1930s that developed in large Chinese cities such as Beijing and Shanghai pursued similar goals by strengthening quarantine administration through free medical treatment and modern spatial control. Nonetheless, each city exhibited differences in terms of the subjects and targets of quarantine, as well as the primary bases of quarantine, which were either Health Demonstration Stations or hospitals.</br>Both municipal governments and the civilian sector led the sanitary infrastructure development. While Shanghai showed stronger development in terms of the number of vaccinations, Shanghai’s dualized quarantine system did not necessarily create a better health environment than Beijing in terms of spatial control.</br>In the 1940s, the Japanese occupation government implemented measures to inherit and further develop existing health administrations in Beijing and Shanghai. Existing international settlements were incorporated into the Japanese occupation government, and the occupation government pursued homogenization of urban space and tried to maintain the existing urban policy as much as possible to preserve the status quo. However, the intensification of the Anti-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War brought an end to the health experiment centered around the Health Demonstration Station in China in the first half of the twentieth century.
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SUN, Yan, Ming HU e Bei ZHANG. "A quantitative analysis of Shanghai municipal solid waste classification policies from the perspective of policy instruments". 资源科学 43, n.º 11 (2021): 2224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18402/resci.2021.11.07.
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Tang, Di, Xiangdong Gao, Jiaoli Cai e Peter C. Coyte. "The Effect of China’s Two-Child Policy on the Child Sex Ratio: Evidence From Shanghai, China". INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 59 (janeiro de 2022): 004695802110679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580211067933.
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Objective: The bias towards males at birth has resulted in a major imbalance in the Chinese sex ratio that is often attributed to China’s one-child policy. Relaxation of the one-child policy has the potential to reduce the imbalance in the sex ratio away from males. In this study, we assessed whether the bias towards males in the child sex ratio was reduced as a result of the two-child policy in China. Medical records data from one large municipal-level obstetrics hospital in Shanghai, East China. Design: Matching and difference-in-differences (MDID) techniques were used to investigate the effect of the two-child policy on the imbalance in the sex ratio at birth after matching for pregnancy status and socioeconomic factors. Results: Analyzing 133,358 live births suggest that the relaxation of the one-child policy had a small, but statistically significant effect in reducing the imbalance in the male to female sex ratio at birth. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that relaxation of the one-child policy reduced the imbalance in the male to female sex ratio at birth from 1.10 to 1.05 over the study period at one of the major obstetrics and gynecology hospitals in China.
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Yue, Bingru. "From Wetlands to Farmlands: A Campaign Against Nature on China's Chongming Island, 1960-1962". Global Environment 14, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2021): 564–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140306.
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To confront food insufficiency caused by the Great Leap Forward, China's central government promoted a national policy of 'agriculture as the priority'. The Shanghai municipal government launched a campaign to expand cultivated land within its jurisdiction by transforming wetlands on Chongming Island through a military-style campaign. Tens of thousands of urban workers were drafted into a Land Reclamation Army to meet national and municipal food self-sufficiency goals. Their campaign featured both attacks on nature and interpersonal abuse. In accordance with the central directives, wetlands totalling 8,000 hectares were drained for conversion into farmland. This conversion proved to be costly, as land with low fertility was created through the permanent destruction of the wetland ecosystem and reclamation workers suffered physical and psychological mistreatment. Although the transformation of wetlands was completed quickly, food production fell far short of targets. Furthermore, the land reclamation campaign imposed irrevocable costs on the island's established communitiesotivations in authoritarian regimes operating diverse political and economic agendas.
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Mukherjee, Jenia, Raphaël Morera, Joana Guerrin e René Véron. "Histories of Urban Deltascapes: A Comparison of Arles and Kolkata". Global Environment 14, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2021): 505–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140304.
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To confront food insufficiency caused by the Great Leap Forward, China's central government promoted a national policy of 'agriculture as the priority'. The Shanghai municipal government launched a campaign to expand cultivated land within its jurisdiction by transforming wetlands on Chongming Island through a military-style campaign. Tens of thousands of urban workers were drafted into a Land Reclamation Army to meet national and municipal food self-sufficiency goals. Their campaign featured both attacks on nature and interpersonal abuse. In accordance with the central directives, wetlands totalling 8,000 hectares were drained for conversion into farmland. This conversion proved to be costly, as land with low fertility was created through the permanent destruction of the wetland ecosystem and reclamation workers suffered physical and psychological mistreatment. Although the transformation of wetlands was completed quickly, food production fell far short of targets. Furthermore, the land reclamation campaign imposed irrevocable costs on the island's established communities.
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Zhong, Xiaohua, e Ho Leung. "Exploring Participatory Microregeneration as Sustainable Renewal of Built Heritage Community: Two Case Studies in Shanghai". Sustainability 11, n.º 6 (18 de março de 2019): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061617.
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Since the 1990s, Shanghai has experienced massive urban development and renewal as ways to respond to its demographic, economic, and living space needs. Previous policies have led to the demolishment of many historical communities and valuable heritage housing. The existing ones continue to face extreme threats, such as bad physical conditions and the marginalization of communities. Yet there is a recent trend that emphasizes sustainable urban renewal named microregeneration (微更新), launched by municipal and local states since 2016. One of the main approaches of the initiative was to form new urban coalitions to focus on collaborative governance that helps integrate different agents’ expertise and values for more sustainable urban developments and renewals. This paper explores two cases on how this concept has emerged. The first case is An Shan Si Cun (鞍山四村). This housing block was built in the 1950s for employees of some state-owned enterprises. The second case is Jing Lao Cun (敬老邨). This alley house neighborhood was built in 1930s for migrants who came to Shanghai. Furthermore, this paper is to explore and compare their approaches to sustainable urban renewal, which attempts to preserve these communities that represent cultural and built heritage in Shanghai. Specifically, this paper examines the challenges and accomplishments of these experiments, and discusses policy implications for future tactics of sustainable urban renewal.
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Yu, Shitong, e Huijuan Dong. "Uncover Cost-Benefit Disparity of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration in Chinese Provinces". Sustainability 12, n.º 2 (18 de janeiro de 2020): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020697.
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Incineration has been regarded as a promising method to respond to municipal solid waste (MSW) challenges. However, its high cost and health impacts are the main barriers to the development of incineration. This study aims to investigate the cost-benefit of MSW incineration in 31 Chinese provinces to identify the regional disparity of incineration policy in China. Life cycle environmental impacts and costs were analyzed using the life cycle assessment software Gabi 8.0 and method CML-2001. Results show that MSW disposal costs, Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Eutrophication Potential (EP) will decline significantly with the increase in incineration rate for all Chinese provinces, while the environmental impacts of Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (OLDP) and Terrestric Ecotoxicity Potential (TETP) increase the trend. Economically developed and populated provinces such as Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shandong have both a higher incineration volume and incineration potential. As for the cost-benefit analysis, developed provinces such as Guangdong, Chongqing, Shanghai and Tianjin exhibit the highest cost-benefit in toxic impacts of HTP, TETP and ODP. Northern provinces such as Jilin, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang and Hebei have the lowest cost-benefit in toxic impacts but have the highest cost-benefit in GWP and EP. Finally, policy remarks on incineration cost, priority provinces, integration of sorting and incineration are also discussed.
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Li, Changjun, Firooz Firoozmand e Marie K. Harder. "The Impacts of Shanghai’s July 2019 Municipal Domestic Waste Management Regulations on Energy Production". Energies 14, n.º 22 (16 de novembro de 2021): 7658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227658.
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Cities all over the world are trying to divert municipal waste away from landfill and fossil fuel-assisted incineration and toward circular economies where waste is converted into new resources. Residential food waste is the most challenging sub-stream, as it is the worst culprit in producing greenhouse gases in landfill and incineration, and it is almost impossible to have residents separate it cleanly at source. Here we investigate the outstanding diversion results of Shanghai Municipality since the introduction of the July 2019 Municipal Regulations, of over 9600 tons per day of clean food waste, still maintained two years later. In particular, we question why they might have increased so sharply after July 2019 and examine historic policies to determine broad policy intentions, their implementations, and officially reported tonnages of different resulting waste streams. It was found that many prior steps included infrastructure building and piloting different behavioral approaches. However, the July 2019 policy brought in legal responsibilities to very clearly defined roles for each stakeholder—including for the residents to sort and for local governances to support them—and this pulled all the operational elements together. The immediate and sustained jumps in clean food waste collection fed biogas production (0.1–1.0 GWh/day) and energy-from-waste (less wet) (5.4–8.6 GWh/day).
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Lvova, Ye O. "LEGAL GLOBALIZATION AND UNKNOWN OF DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF CHINA DURING GLOBAL CHALLENGES". Соціальний Калейдоскоп 1, n.º 4 (20 de agosto de 2020): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47567/bomivit.1-4.2020.06.
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On May 1, 2017 the World Expo Museum was open for operation to become an innovative international museum in China and the very best example of unique initiative of Shanghai Municipal People's Government with a purpose to educate the public. The World Expo Museum comprehensively demonstrates World Expos’ historical value, impacts of global change and regional outline of human development trends. The paper revises author’s vision of the future of global governance from the perspective of China- foreign interactions experience. Analyzing legal globalization from the aspect of involved agents, the author presents a case study of World Expo 2010 that signifies Shanghai's status in the 21st century, shifting from "the next great world city" to “the excellent global city”. Establishment of the World Expo Museum is explained as a subsequent result of international cooperation and a ‘bottom-to-top’ policy of global importance. Ongoing development of museums/expos is seen as a global innovative trend of eco-environmental intercultural exchange and a creative project for future generations, while China continues extending openness to the rest of the world. China is actively involved in global governance reform and a global agenda that defines the future of dignity, security and mutual benefit is noted. These provisions demonstrate that the rest of the world needs more information about China.
Expo 2020 Dubai has been postponed due to COVID-19 by a one year following the global mega event running from 1 October 2021 to 31 March 2022. It can be thus said that such actions show a global collective desire of mutual cooperation in times of undecidable global challenge.
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Howlett, Jonathan J. "Accelerated Transition". European Journal of East Asian Studies 13, n.º 2 (2014): 163–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01302003.
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When the Chinese Communist Party seized power in 1949 it began a process of transforming China’s economy and society. Despite the Party initially advancing a programme of gradual change under ‘New Democracy’, the early 1950s can best be characterised as a period of accelerated transition. This paper uses the case study of the elimination of British business in Shanghai to show how radicalisation in the political sphere catalysed economic change. Drawing on recently disclosed documents from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives and materials from the Shanghai Municipal Archives, the paper demonstrates how policy-making and implementation evolved in practice. The elimination of foreign commercial enterprises was deemed a priority, but because they were closely tied into the Chinese economy the processes involved in their removal presented issues that were too difficult to resolve along simplistic ideological lines. While it may seem contradictory to argue that this period was characterised both by accelerated change and by enduring legacies of the old order, this paper demonstrates that behind a façade of cohesive action lay cadres struggling to manage a complex situation. The ccp’s own weaknesses determined their courses of action and the methods they deployed informed the way revolutionary transformation evolved.
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Chen, Xiaojia, Junxiang Li, Qizhen Liu, Huan Luo, Bin Li, Jinping Cheng e Yuandong Huang. "Emission characteristics and impact factors of air pollutants from municipal solid waste incineration in Shanghai, China". Journal of Environmental Management 310 (maio de 2022): 114732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114732.
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Li, Hao, Xiaoli Chen, Jinhua Pan, Mengying Li, Meng Wang, Weibing Wang e Ying Wang. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Utilization of Inpatient Mental Health Services in Shanghai, China". Healthcare 10, n.º 8 (27 de julho de 2022): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081402.
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(1) Purpose: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on mental health and the utilization of hospital-based inpatient mental health care worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of this pandemic on the utilization of this service in Shanghai by comparison with hospital-based health care records during the preceding 4 years. (2) Methods: The medical records were provided by the Shanghai Municipal Health Insurance Bureau. Diagnostic coding was based on International Classification of Diseases-10th revision (ICD-10), and inpatients with codes from F00 to F99 were examined. (3) Results: Inpatients were compared according to gender, age, pandemic stage, and type of mental disease. Utilization of psychiatric inpatient care in Shanghai during each of the four stages of the pandemic (1 January 2016 to 21 January 2020; 22 January 2020 to 9 February 2020; 10 February 2020 to 1 March 2020; 2 March 2020 to 31 July 2020) was analyzed. Before the lockdown, the utilization of psychiatric inpatient care had an overall upward trend; after the lockdown, the number of inpatients dropped sharply; as of 31 July 2020, it has not been restored. The utilization of this service for most types of mental disease declined rapidly during the pandemic; for vascular dementia (VAD, F01), it was relatively steady. The observed number of inpatient patients was about 51.07% lower than the predicted number in 2020. (4) Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic led to the implementation of prevention and control measures that reduced the utilization of psychiatric inpatient care in Shanghai. The use of inpatient services for categories F20–F29 had the greatest decline, and VAD (F01) had the smallest change during the pandemic. This service consequence of COVID-19 is apparent; to assure access to adequate service during a pandemic, health care professionals should pay close attention to changes in the utilization of different mental health services.
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An, Yuanyuan, Miao Wang, Xiaoyu Wu, Linan Wang e Kunkun Zhang. "Analysis of the economic performance of municipal Children’s Hospitals in Shanghai: a study on the impacts of policy changes in healthcare service prices". Annals of Translational Medicine 8, n.º 22 (novembro de 2020): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-6863.
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Wang, Yingcheng. "Research on the Influence and Spatial Effect of Carbon Trading Market on Green Innovation Efficiency of Industrial Enterprises". Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 13, n.º 1 (23 de janeiro de 2024): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/d8jxfc68.
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Based on the panel data of 30 provinces and cities in China from 2005 to 2020, a two-stage value chain model of green innovation of Chinese industrial enterprises is constructed and the green innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises is measured, in which coastal cities such as Guangdong, Beijing, and Shanghai have the highest innovation efficiency, and inland cities such as Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu have the lowest efficiency. On this basis, a spatial double difference model is applied to reveal the effect of carbon trading market policies on urban green innovation efficiency and its spatio-temporal heterogeneity. The results show that the carbon trading market policy significantly affects the green innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises, and at the same time, the level of economic development, the level of foreign investment, and the industrial structure of each province and city also have a positive effect on the green innovation efficiency. There is also a spatial spillover effect of the carbon trading market policy, which not only has a significant incentive effect on the green innovation efficiency of the pilot cities, but also has a positive promotion effect on the green innovation efficiency of the neighboring cities. At the same time, the support of provincial and municipal governments significantly affects the spillover effect of carbon market policies.
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Leman, Edward. "Metropolitan regions: New challenges for an urbanizing China". Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, n.º 427-429 (1 de dezembro de 2004): 255–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471427-429198.
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The author is President of Chreod Ltd., a consulting firm he founded in 1985 in Canada. Since 1988 the firm has worked on over 80 urban and regional development consulting projects in over 70 cities across China. Mr Leman's work has largely been on strategic development planning and policy development for municipal governments in China, and for the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. He has worked in Shanghai,Tianjin, Beijing, Chongqing, and in Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Gansu, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces. Mr Leman has published articles on China urban issues in Ekistics, the Asian Wall Street Journal, the World Bank's Urban Age Journal, and the Far Eastern Economic Review's China Trade Report. Mr Leman is a member of the World Society for Ekistics and served as a member of its Executive Council from 1995-1998. This article is derived from his presentation at the international symposion on 'The Natural City," Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics, and a subsequent paper that he delivered at the World Bank Urban Research Symposium held in April 2005 in Brasilia.
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Zou, Can, Jun Tai, Li Chen e Yue Che. "An Environmental Justice Assessment of the Waste Treatment Facilities in Shanghai: Incorporating Counterfactual Decomposition into the Hedonic Price Model". Sustainability 12, n.º 8 (20 de abril de 2020): 3325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083325.
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Environmental justice (EJ) has become an increasingly significant issue for environmental management and has thus attracted increasing government and public attention. Although some studies have used techniques of proximity based on geographical information systems to assess EJ, their research is limited to individual or household data. Unlike the conventional hedonic price model (HPM) examining the effects of environmental features on housing rent, this article incorporates counterfactual decomposition into the HPM to estimate the environmental pressure on different groups by comparing the externality effects of municipal solid waste treatment facilities (MSWTFs) on two separate groups of people. To explore whether and, if so, the extent to which, vulnerable groups of people are restricted to disproportionate impacts of hazardous environmental facilities, this research uses Shanghai as the study area to highlight specific locations and exemplify the environmental injustice between the rich and the poor. The results, which represent the relationship between environmental quality and property prices, indicate that environmental quality is a robust predictor of housing rent. Simultaneously, the results suggest that some people conform better to environmental pressure than do others. Thus, the environmental impact of MSWTFs on different populations should be considered, and compensation policies should be implemented for disadvantaged groups.
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He, Tuo, Dongjie Niu, Gan Chen, Fan Wu e Yu Chen. "Exploring Key Components of Municipal Solid Waste in Prediction of Moisture Content in Different Functional Areas Using Artificial Neural Network". Sustainability 14, n.º 23 (22 de novembro de 2022): 15544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315544.
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Moisture content is a very important parameter for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment technology selection and design. However, the moisture content of MSW collected from different urban areas is influenced by its physical composition in these areas. The aim of this study was to analyze the key components of MSW for predicting moisture content in different functional areas via the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The dataset used in this study was collected in Shanghai from 2007 to 2019. Considering the influence of functional areas, the model obtained the performance with MAE of 2.67, RMSE of 3.29, and R2 of 0.83, and an eight-fold cross validation showed acceptable results. The inter-quartile range (IQR) and isolation forest were compared to detect and remove outliers. In descending order, the moisture content was ranked as commercial/residential > office > cleaning areas. Based on a parameter exclusion method, kitchen, rubber, and plastic wastes show the greatest influence on moisture content in residential and commercial areas. In cleaning and office areas, paper, wood and bamboo waste products were the most important components. The determination of key components in different functional areas is of benefit for reducing the workload of moisture content estimation.
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Hao, Mengge, Dongyong Zhang e Stephen Morse. "Waste Separation Behaviour of College Students under a Mandatory Policy in China: A Case Study of Zhengzhou City". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 21 (5 de novembro de 2020): 8190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218190.
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The need for effective solid waste management (SWM) is an important environmental and public health issue. As a key way of minimizing municipal solid waste (MSW), source separation has in recent years become the centre of discussion in China. Following the example of Shanghai, the city of Zhengzhou introduced its mandatory waste separation measures on 1 December 2019. But does the mandatory regulation work? This study aims to investigate the waste separation behaviour of college students in Zhengzhou under the mandatory regulation and the motivations behind students’ behaviour. A questionnaire-based survey was carried out on 62 university campuses in Zhengzhou City, and a total of 1747 valid questionnaires were completed across these campuses and analysed. It was found that under Zhengzhou’s mandatory measures, college students do have a basic knowledge of waste separation and most are familiar with where kitchen waste should be placed, but they have problems categorizing some recyclables such as glass, hazardous waste such as lightbulbs and other waste such as cigarette butts and napkins. It was also found that college students’ waste separation behaviour, their attitude towards waste separation and the convenience of waste sorting facilities in Zhengzhou in the mandatory era have been improved compared to the era prior to mandatory waste separation. The results also indicate that most of college students (86.7%) always or sometimes undertake waste separation, and students majoring in science and senior year undergraduates are more likely to participate in the practice of waste separation. Other influencing factors of college students’ waste separation behaviour include convenience of waste sorting facilities, their willingness to separate waste, knowledge of a related field, attitude towards waste separation, peer pressure as well as the existence of a reward and penalty system. Management strategies for improving college students’ waste separation behaviour under mandatory regulation are also discusses and a number of recommendations for improvement are made.
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Zhang, Haipeng, Wei Chen e Zhigao Liu. "Spatiotemporal Evolution of Entrepreneurial Activities and Its Driving Factors in the Yangtze River Delta, China". Land 11, n.º 2 (30 de janeiro de 2022): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020216.
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The purpose of this paper is to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of entrepreneurial activities in the local municipalities of the Yangtze River Delta at long timescales from a geographic perspective and to reveal the underlying factors driving such evolution. The ontology of entrepreneurial activities—startups—was chosen as the object of this study, and the developmental characteristics of entrepreneurial activities in the region since 2001 were explored in two dimensions: time series changes and spatial evolution. The driving mechanism was further explored using the geographical detector. The results showed that: (1) Intensive entrepreneurial activities have been underway in the Yangtze River Delta since the beginning of the 21st century. The entrepreneurial process has undergone a stable period of slow growth (2001–2013), as well as one of rapid growth (2014–2018). The number of startups increased during this period, from 241,700 in 2001 to 1,959,600 in 2018. (2) The density of entrepreneurial activities in the Yangtze River Delta has increased since 2001. The agglomerative patterns showed developmental trends of both concentration and diffusion, forming a dotted pattern of agglomeration centered on the provincial capitals of Nanjing, Hangzhou, and Hefei and a belt of agglomeration centered on Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou. (3) High-value agglomeration of entrepreneurial activities was found to be relatively stable, and low-value agglomeration steadily weakened. Shanghai, Suzhou, and Nantong have long been part of H-H clusters, while Chizhou, Wuhu, Bozhou, Huaibei, and Huainan in Anhui have become areas of depressed entrepreneurial activities. (4) Financial strength, degree of informationization, economic foundation, innovative vitality, openness, and market demand are the main factors affecting entrepreneurial activities in the Yangtze River Delta. Entrepreneurial activities have significant spatial correlation, and areas with high entrepreneurial vitality radiate their effect to the entrepreneurial activities in the surrounding areas. The factors affecting entrepreneurial activities have multiple characteristics, and policy makers should promote entrepreneurial activities with a comprehensive vision and multi-channel efforts. The findings of this study add to the understanding of the spatial proximity characteristics of long time series of entrepreneurial activities at the municipal scale in developing countries and reveal the characteristics of the multi-factor combinations affecting them.
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Zou, Jihaoming, e Zhen Zhang. "Analysis of Main Factors on Evaluation and Selection of Wet Waste Disposal Modes: A Case Study of Universities in Shanghai, China". Sustainability 14, n.º 9 (29 de abril de 2022): 5373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095373.
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This paper explores greenhouse gas emission intensity and economy of centralized and on-site wet waste disposal mode, while comprehensively evaluating the two modes for decision-making. Based on the fieldwork in Shanghai’s 20 campuses of 15 universities, multiple scenarios that can reflect the different levels of technology and management in reality, were set for the following studies. The greenhouse gas emissions generated from centralized and on-site disposal modes of wet waste were calculated in two emission scenarios using Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Inventory, and the IPCC 2006 method. Additionally, the continuous cost input from the universities for the two disposal modes was analyzed in three cost-input scenarios using the Net Present Value method. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation of the two modes was also conducted by using Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation under the five main factors of greenhouse gas emission—control, economy, stability, education and innovation, and bargaining power for municipal sanitation departments. The results revealed that the centralized disposal mode is superior to the on-site disposal mode in terms of greenhouse gas emission control and economy. The centralized disposal mode is a more rational choice due to the better comprehensive evaluation performance. It was also emphasized that the construction of the wet waste disposal system is so complicated that the academic community and the policymakers may have to pay more attention to the integration of system design, industrial development, and other aspects of wet waste disposal.
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Karasev, Oleg I., e Anna O. Krivtsova. "Assessment of the level of metropolitan cities transport system development". Statistics and Economics 16, n.º 1 (19 de março de 2019): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2019-1-22-31.
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Purpose of the study.The study focuses on issues of the level assessment of transport system development of large cities. Despite the wide variety of studies on this issue, there is currently no universal approach to assessing the level of development of the transport system at megalopolises. The present study aims to create a tool for a comprehensive assessment of various aspects of urban transport development that are important for all categories of transport users, and to provide a comparative analysis of the world’s leading megacities in terms of transport development based on the proposed methodology.Materials and methods.In the study, the authors apply an approach related to the construction of integral indexes and ratings of cities based on the values of these indexes. In the calculations of the index, the authors use statistical data from authoritative open sources and information systems of national and municipal government.Results.Based on the results of the world practice analysis, the authors propose the Urban Transport Development Index developed in order to compare the level of transport system development in various cities. The Index provides an opportunity to identify the weaknesses and strengths of cities, to find reserves for the further improvement and development of recommendations in the field of transport policy on this basis. The Index consists of four sub-indexes: the availability of transport services for the urban population, the quality of transport services, road traffic security and the ecological impact of transport, and freight logistics performance. The Index reflects the main aspects of urban transport development and shows the views of different categories of population on the level of transport services. The paper examines the level of transport system development for 2010, 2015, 2016 and 2017 of a group of comparable cities, which includes Hong Kong, London, Mexico, Moscow, New York, St. Petersburg, Singapore, Istanbul, Tokyo and Shanghai. The results showed that Tokyo and London have occupied the leading positions during the period under review. For the seven years Moscow, St. Petersburg and Shanghai have showed the best dynamics of the Index.Conclusion.The proposed method allows both to evaluate the effectiveness of individual regulatory measures known in the practice of other cities, and to simulate their impact on the transport system of the city. The paper concludes with recommendations for further development of cities’ transport systems.
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Zhao, Jinbu, Yongyou Nie, Kui Liu e Jizhi Zhou. "Evolution of the Individual Attitude in the Risk Decision of Waste Incinerator Construction: Cellular Automaton Model". Sustainability 12, n.º 1 (2 de janeiro de 2020): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010368.
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In current work, the phenomenon of NIMBY (not in my back yard) for a municipal solid waste incinerator was recognized through an investigation for the evolution of individual risk attitude to group risk attitude (ItGRA). The cellular automaton model was employed to evaluate the risk attitude status with different frequencies of social interaction between residents. In the simulation case, the risk attitude of residents in the pseudo-rational state and non-pseudo-rational state was evaluated, which indicates the sheep-flock effect on the exaggeration of public NIMBY attitude. To the incinerator, the individual risk attitude evolved to supportive group risk attitude at a social interaction frequency 100 times higher than that in family or local neighborhoods, when the initial number of residents in opposition and support was equal. This was supported by the result of the model in the evaluation of resident risk attitude around the incinerator in Shanghai. On the contrary, for those in a non-pseudo-rational state, the ultimate group risk attitude depends on the probability that the residents have a supportive or opposing risk attitude as the concept of individuals was difficult to change. Accordingly, the decision strategy of incinerator construction should consider the influence of the sheep-flock effect, which can increase the attitude of residents in support and lead to the evolution of a group risk attitude to support attitude. Therefore, this study provides insight into the evolution of public attitude to NIMBY attitude and a promising evaluation method to quantify and guide the individual and group risk attitudes.
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LAW, PETER KWOK-FAI. "Colonialism and Compromise: The Shanghai Municipal Police and the Arrest of Communists, 1927–37". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 15 de março de 2021, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186320000723.
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Abstract The Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC), which was mainly controlled by British residents in the treaty port of Shanghai, and protected by the British Foreign Office, came under serious challenge from the Guomindang (GMD) (the rising Nationalist Party of China) from 1927 onwards. The Shanghai Municipal Police (SMP)—an imperial police force with powers to arrest, prosecute and detain—was forced to collaborate with the GMD, and practice unlawful arrest, extradition and re-indoctrination of Communist suspects and convicts. This resulted in the erosion of state powers and the management of prisons. This article argues that the dismantling of British colonialism began to take place in Shanghai during the inter-war period at the expense of some English legal conventions, as demonstrated by SMP violations of existing legal practices and humanitarian commitments. Second, it also suggests that English judicial conventions had an unintended impact on some Chinese civilians, who were keen to safeguard their rights during their detention and trial in and beyond the Shanghai Legation. This article, therefore, offers a new periodisation of British decolonisation and a re-examination of colonial legacy in East Asia.
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Sheng, Jiakai. "Negotiating extra-settlement roads: Boundary making, administrative disputes, and power shifts in treaty-port Shanghai, 1860–1937". Modern Asian Studies, 27 de maio de 2024, 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x24000064.
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Abstract Throughout Shanghai’s treaty-port era, divergent understandings of the extraterritorial regime and the conflicts between the foreign community’s ‘natural and lawful’ pursuit of additional space and the Chinese rights recovery movement prevented clear demarcations between the city’s foreign settlements and the Chinese sphere. Instead, these controversies produced an expansive boundary zone in the form of extra-settlement roads (ESR), a contested and negotiated space where the projection of foreign power, the exercise of extraterritorial privileges, and the fabric of local Chinese lives were all conditioned by an array of quotidian elements such as public utilities, police protection, tax duties, and urban spatial characteristics. By the 1930s, developments in local, national, and imperial politics—such as the advent of the Guomindang regime, British accommodation of Chinese nationalism, and the dwindling authority of the Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC)—prompted discussions of formal joint Sino-foreign administration of ESR areas. However, this reconfiguration met with vehement resistance from the local Japanese community, which distrusted the British-controlled SMC yet relied on the treaty port’s existing administrative framework as a shield against Chinese threats. The ascendance of mass politics in the 1930s, via Chinese public outcries against imperial encroachment and Japanese settlers’ defence of their treaty rights, challenged the traditional paradigm of boundary-making and made ESR negotiations devolve into secret diplomacy that eventually reached a dead end. Examining ESR dynamics sheds new light on the intricate interplay of national sovereignty, colonial settlement, and imperial domination, while offering a fresh perspective on the shifting power landscapes in treaty-port Shanghai.
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Feng, Yi, Fulong Wu e Fangzhu Zhang. "Shanghai municipal investment corporation: Extending government power through financialization under state entrepreneurialism". Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 12 de julho de 2022, 239965442211149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23996544221114955.
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Financialized urban governance means that local governments have been increasingly reliant on financial techniques and in some extreme cases, been captured by shareholders’ interests. However, financialized governance mutates with various characteristics of local governance. This paper unpacks financialized urban governance in China based on the operation of Shanghai Municipal Investment Corporation (SMI). The Shanghai municipal government uses SMI as an intermediary to finance urban development. Based on the latest corporatization of SMI, we illustrate an embryonic form of financialized governance in which the Shanghai municipal government relies on financial means especially shareholding to manage and support SMI. In doing so, the municipal government internalizes financial techniques to manage state assets, seek funding, and guide urban development projects. The power of the state is not undermined during the process of financialization. Instead, the Shanghai government extends its power to the financial market to achieve its goals.
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Dong, Enhong, Xiaoting Sun, Ting Xu, Shixiang Zhang, Tao Wang, Lufa Zhang e Weimin Gao. "Measuring the inequalities in healthcare resource in facility and workforce: A longitudinal study in China". Frontiers in Public Health 11 (16 de março de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1074417.
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ObjectiveThe study aimed to measure time trends of inequalities of the geographical distribution of health facilities and workforce in Shanghai from 2010 to 2016 and used a spatial autocorrelation analysis method to precisely detect the priority areas for optimizing health resource reallocation in metropolises like Shanghai in developing countries.MethodsThe study used secondary data from the Shanghai Health Statistical Yearbook and the Shanghai Statistical Yearbook from 2011 to 2017. Five indicators on health resources, namely, health institutions, beds, technicians, doctors, and nurses, were employed to quantitatively measure the healthcare resource in Shanghai. The Theil index and the Gini coefficient were applied to assess the global inequalities in the geographic distribution of these resources in Shanghai. Global and local spatial autocorrelation was performed using global Moran's index and local Moran's index to illustrate the spatial changing patterns and identify the priority areas for two types of healthcare resource allocation.ResultsShanghai's healthcare resources showed decreasing trends of inequalities at large from 2010 to 2016. However, there still existed an unchanged over-concentration distribution in healthcare facilities and workforce density among districts in Shanghai, especially for doctors at the municipal level and facility allocation at the rural level. Through spatial autocorrelation analysis, it was found that there exhibited a significant spatial autocorrelation in the density distribution of all resources, and some identified priority areas were detected for resource re-allocation policy planning.ConclusionThe study identified the existence of inequality in some healthcare resource allocations in Shanghai from 2010 to 2016. Hence, more detailed area-specific healthcare resource planning and distribution policies are required to balance the health workforce distribution at the municipal level and institution distribution at the rural level, and particular geographical areas (low–low and low–high cluster areas) should be focused on and fully considered across all the policies and regional cooperation to ensure health equality for municipal cities like Shanghai in developing countries.
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Qian, Ying, Siqi Cao, Laijun Zhao, Yuge Yan e Jiaoling Huang. "Policy choices for Shanghai responding to challenges of Omicron". Frontiers in Public Health 10 (9 de agosto de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.927387.
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BackgroundA new wave of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection driven by Omicron BA.2 subvariant hit Shanghai end of February 2020. With higher transmissibility and milder symptoms, the daily new confirmed cases have soared to more than 20 K within one and a half months. The greatest challenge of Omicron spreading is that the rapidly surging number of infected populations overwhelming the healthcare system. What policy is effective for huge cities to fight against fast-spreading COVID-19 new variant remains a question.MethodsA system dynamics model of the Shanghai Omicron epidemic was developed as an extension of the traditional susceptible-exposed-infected-susceptible recovered (SEIR) model to incorporate the policies, such as contact tracing and quarantine, COVID-19 testing, isolation of areas concerned, and vaccination. Epidemic data from Shanghai Municipal Health Commission were collected for model validation.ResultsThree policies were tested with the model: COVID-19 testing, isolation of areas concerned, and vaccination. Maintaining a high level of COVID-19 testing and transfer rate of the infected population can prevent the number of daily new confirmed cases from recurring growth. In the scenario that 50% of the infected population could be transferred for quarantine on daily bases, the daily confirmed asymptomatic cases and symptomatic cases remained at a low level under 100. For isolation of areas concerned, in the scenario with most isolation scope, the peak of daily confirmed asymptomatic and symptomatic cases dropped 18 and 16%, respectively, compared with that in the scenario with least isolation. Regarding vaccination, increasing the vaccination rate from 75 to 95% only slightly reduced the peak of the confirmed cases, but it can reduce the severe cases and death by 170%.ConclusionsThe effective policies for Omicron include high level of testing capacity with a combination of RAT and PCR testing to identify and quarantine the infected cases, especially the asymptomatic cases. Immediate home-isolation and fast transfer to centralized quarantine location could help control the spread of the virus. Moreover, to promote the vaccination in vulnerable population could significantly reduce the severe cases and death. These policies could be applicable to all metropolises with huge population facing high transmissible low severity epidemic.
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Chu, Xu, Zhujie Chu, Wei-Chiao Huang, Youquan He, Mengqing Chen e Maierheba Abula. "Assessing the implementation effect of Shanghai’s compulsory municipal solid waste classification policy". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 9 de fevereiro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-023-01597-9.
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Chu, Zhujie, An Zhou, Zhiyong He, Weichiao Huang e Zheng lv. "The Potential Value of Recycling Municipal Household Solid Waste in Shanghai, China". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 3 de janeiro de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2019.1705435.
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Ielyzaveta, Lvova. "LEGAL GLOBALIZATION AND UNDECIDABILITIES OF DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF CHINA DURING GLOBAL CHALLENGES". Соціальний Калейдоскоп 1, n.º 2 (10 de dezembro de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.47567/bomivit.1-2.2020.06.
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On May 1, 2017 the World Expo Museum was open for operation to become an innovative international museum in China and the very best example of unique initiative of Shanghai Municipal People's Government with a purpose to educate the public. The World Expo Museum comprehensively demonstrates World Expos’ historical value, impacts of global change and regional outline of human development trends. The paper revises author’s vision of the future of global governance from the perspective of China-foreign interactions experience. Analyzing legal globalization from the aspect of involved agents, the author presents a case study of World Expo 2010 that signifies Shanghai's status in the 21st century, shifting from "the next great world city" to “the excellent global city”. Establishment of the World Expo Museum is explained as a subsequent result of international cooperation and a ‘bottom-to-top’ policy of global importance. Ongoing development of museums/expos is seen as a global innovative trend of eco-environmental intercultural exchange and a creative project for future generations, while China continues extending openness to the rest of the world.
Expo 2020 Dubai has been postponed due to COVID-19 by a one year following the global mega event running from 1 October 2021 to 31 March 2022. It can be thus said that such actions show a global collective desire of mutual cooperation in times of undecidable global challenge.