Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Shah Begum"

The book “The Begums of Bhopal: A Dynasty of Women Rulers of Raj India” is authored by Shaharyar M. Khan. He was in born 12 March 1934. He is a former career Pakistan diplomat who became Foreign Secretary of Pakistan in 1990 and retired from service in 1994. He served as United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General to Rwanda (1994–1996) also. Shaharyar Khan has written a number of books specially “The Begums of Bhopal” is a history of the princely state of Bhopal and “Shallow Graves of Rwanda” on his experiences on what Rwanda went through. The Begum of Bhopal, Sultan Jahan was his grandmother, and Shah Jahan Begum was his great-grandmother. Since August 1999, he served as the chairman of Pakistan Cricket Board and as the president of Asian Cricket Council in 2016. The ISBN is 9780755626144 and it was published by Bloomsbury Publishing.

This study aims to address the role of women as leaders in Pakistan’s federal landscape. Since the inception of Pakistan, women have been playing a dynamic role in the federal unit of Pakistan. Women like Fatima Jinnah, Begum Shaista Ikramullah, and Begum Rana Liaqat Ali Khan had initially participated in the federal landscape of the country. Later, federal leaders such as Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto remained a famous political leader of the federating unit in Pakistan. Currently, Sindhi women such as Shazia Marri, Nafeesa Shah, Shagufta Jumani, Musarrat Naz Baloch, Nusrat Bhutto, Abida Hussain, and Fahmida Mirza, Shahida Rehmani are just a few mentions from Sindh province who served as federal ministers in Pakistan. However, the participation of women in the federal unit involves a range of hurdles associated with culture, society, and other factors in Pakistan, particularly in Sindh. Women in Sindh have always been underrepresented in policymaking in Pakistan. Therefore, the study seeks to address a gendered approach to Sindhi women’s political participation at the federal level coupled with the obstacles and possibilities for Sindhi women's political participation in federal Pakistan, as well as the implications of such participation on women's well-being.

With the rise of Islamic states as the dominant powers of India and Indian Sub- Continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and South Asia Sultanate and Mughal period (1200-1800 A.D.), by Turkish heroic figure (horsemen), Indian art was subjected to Islamic influence, resulting in a hybrid aesthetics as well as Indo- Islamic art which flourished to varying extends across south and southeast Asia. Bangladesh is world third largest Muslim majority country and situated in South Asia. So the main and primary identity of the notion is mosque architecture and then languages via culture in Bangladesh (past Bengal). Moreover, Traditional history called Mughal and ottoman was the center of all traders and referred as the “Middle Man” due to access to water routes between Asia and Europe. The Ottoman and Mughal Empires were all founded with art and architecture by members of the same ethnically Turkic tribe and originated from Oghuz tribe. Firstly, in the early 14th century, Osman Bey established a small principality in the northeast corner of Anatolia. Despite these many similarities, there are some key difference within the approach to Islamic Art and Architecture from Miniatures Illustrations in Indian Sub-Continent to Mosque architecture in Turkey and the Levant the Mughal and Ottoman empires left their indications.Turkish Military Ikhtiyar Uddin bin Muhammad Bhaktiyer Khilji and his Turkish followers captured Bengal in 1204 A.D. and after then ruled by Turkic. Besides these many Sufis saint-like Khan Jahan Ulugh Khan, Burhan Khan, Gharib Shah, came here and spread Islam and Turkish culture with languages too. The Ilyas Shahi dynasty was the first independent Turkic Muslim ruling dynasty in late medieval Bengal, which ruled from the 14th century to the 15th century. It was founded in 1342 by Shamsuddin Iliyas Shah. As follows still presence many Turkish words which used in the Bengali language as Barood, Nishan, Chaku, Bahadur, Begum, Chadar, Surma, bavarchi, kiyma, Korma, and so on. And then showed their power through art and architecture as Mosques and Tombs follows Adina Masjid at Pandua in 1368 A.D.; Eklakhi mausoleum, Pandua; Tomb of Shah Rukn-e Alam in Multan, Sixty Domed Mosque at Bagherhat of Bangladesh, etc. Based on all evidence present, it can be found that the Turks contributed significantly to Bengali languages and culture as well as art and architecture (Mosques and Tombs). Besides many Jewish people came in here through missionary and business purposes. And also we see that there have been found many designs in mosque architecture especially six-point stars which is mentioned as a David symbol. So my focus is the Connectivity between Turkish and Bangladesh through Islamic architecture and Jewish with six point star/hexagon/seal of Solomon. It is a historical study with a journalistic approach.

Abstract Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is the standard of care for selected patients with high-risk early-stage breast cancer with pathologic complete response (pCR) being the most prominent predictor of favorable outcomes. Here, we sought to study the predictive capacity of integrating orthogonal diagnostic measures on predicting pCR relative to standard clinicopathologic features. We developed a computational model integrating radiology and pathology images, and tumor genomics to automatically predict pCR from multimodal data. We present an interim analysis on a cohort of 957 patients with at least one available pre-NAC data modality. The baseline AUC for pCR prediction by a trained and tested logistic regression model on 857 patients using standard clinicopathologic features including receptor subtype, demographic information, and stage was 0.77. MR images were input into a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a radiomics model. The trained CNN and radiomics models using selected images of 576 patients with pre-NAC MR images achieved AUCs of 0.65 and 0.60 on 164 hold-out test cases, respectively. We trained a multiple instance learning-based weakly supervised learning (MIL-WSL) model using 537,762 extracted tiles from whole slide images (WSI) of digital histopathology scans from 522 patients. The MIL-WSL model achieved AUC of 0.63 for pCR prediction on a hold-out test set of pre-NAC biopsies from 239 patients. A feature based classifier trained on 76 cases using tumor genomic features such as mutational burden, microsatellite instability, fraction genome altered, ploidy, purity, mutation and copy number alterations in selected genes achieved an AUC of 0.72 on 83 hold-out test cases. We then combined unimodal radiology, histopathology, and genomic predictions in a deterministic manner. This multimodal combination on an independent 68-patient test set achieved an AUC of 0.84, indicating increased power to resolve pCR than any modality alone, and over clinicopathologic baseline. Together, we present approaches to train models end-to-end using tensor fusion networks and attention-gating combined with MIL. Automated multimodal methods are here shown to improve prediction over established clinical parameters alone, motivating our ongoing efforts to refine and improve the model so as to achieve higher levels of efficiency. We anticipate these interim results will be further improved through refinement of input features and increasing the number of patients included in the final validation cohort. Citation Format: Pegah Khosravi, Elizabeth J. Sutton, Justin Jee, Timothy Dalfonso, Christopher J. Fong, Doori Rose, Edaise M. Da Silva, Armaan Kohli, David Joon Ho, Mehnaj S. Ahmed, Danny Martinez, Anika Begum, Elizabeth Zakszewski, Andrew Aukerman, Yanis Tazi, Katja Pinker-Domenig, Sarah Eskreis-Winkler, Atif J. Khan, Edi Brogi, Elizabeth Morris, Sarat Chandarlapaty, George Plitas, Simon Powell, Monica Morrow, Larry Norton, Jianjiong Gao, Mark Robson, Hong Zhang, Sohrab Shah, Pedram Razavi, MSK-MIND Consortium. Prediction of neoadjuvant treatment outcomes with multimodal data integration in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1928.

Like the princes, the princesses and women of the Timurid dynasty also included talented politicians, orators, mature scholars and poets. Saray Mulkhonum (Bibikhanum, 1341-1408), wife of Sahibkiron Amir Temur, wife of Shahrukh Mirza in Herat - Gavharshadbegim (1379-1457), wife of Sultan Hussein Baygaro - Khadichbegim (1451-1511), eldest daughter of Umar Sheikh Mirza - Khanzodabegim (1477- 1544), daughter of Zakhiriddin Muhammad Baburshah - Gulbadan Begim (1523-1603), granddaughters of Babur Aisha Sultanbegim, Jahan Sultanbegim, beloved wife of Jahangir Shah - Nurjahonbegim (Mehrinisa, 1577-1645), beloved wife of Shah Jahan - Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumandbanu 1549 - 1631), daughter of Shah Jahan - Jahanoro Begim (1614-1681), daughter of Avranzeb Alamgir Zebunnisa Begim (1639-1702) was a mature scholar, poetess and mentor of her time, and we are talking about queens who participated in governing the country as wise advisers.

Culs-de-sac in Shah Alam, have begun to take centre stage, especially in the high-end neighbourhood developments. Typically, these neighbourhoods can be easily identified. However, in contrast to developed nations, the local municipality has yet to begin identifying neighbourhood typologies. This paper endeavors to elucidate a sampling or identification process procedures of the cul-de-sac neighbourhood. The cul-de-sac was identified by observing intersection connectivity, link-node ratios, as well as street segment analysis; an assimilation of techniques used in recent western methodologies. Scaled macro to micro map analysis aligned sequentially in sieves, allow for identification of specific cul-de-sac syntax; one in particular is the cul-de-sac courtyards. Keywords: Cul-de-sac courtyards; neighbourhood identification; cul-de-sac syntax; way of life; Tessellation Planning eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pemahaman petani di Desa Sejiram terhadap zakat pertanian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian Metode deskriptif dengan menggambarkan atau melukiskan keadaan objek penelitian pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta sebagaimana adanya. Subjek penelitian Petani, Tokoh Agama, Aparat pemerintah dan organisasi terkait diantaranya, Kepala Desa, Pengurus Amil Zakat di Desa Sejiram kecamatan Tebas. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, diperoleh bahwa pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap zakat sebagian masih rendah yang terindikasi dari beberapa petani yang belum memahami zakat pertanian terlebih pada pemahaman zakat hasil kelapa sawit.

Kajian tinjauan berbentuk deskriptif ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis tahap kebolehdapatan pekerjaan dan trend sektor pekerjaan di kalangan graduan Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah yang bergraduat pada tahun 2020 selepas 5 bulan tamat pengajian. Jumlah sampel kajian yang terlibat ialah 1,151 graduan daripada 1,311 populasi orang graduan yang terlibat. Kajian ini menggunakan soal selidik dari Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia dan data kajian dianalisis dengan menggunakan Statistical Package for Sosial Science untuk mendapatkan nilai kekerapan dan peratus. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan graduan Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah pada tahun 2020 yang telah mendapat pekerjaan seramai 646 orang atau 56.13%. Hanya 321 orang atau 27.89% graduan sahaja yang belum mendapat pekerjaan. Kebanyakan graduan yang telah tamat pengajian majoritinya telah bekerja di sektor swasta tempatan dengan 277 orang atau 56.19% dan diikuti dengan sektor Pertubuhan Bukan Kerajaan dengan 117 orang atau 23.73%. Keseluruhannya kebolehpasaran graduan Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah berada pada tahap yang baik kerana hanya 27.89% graduan sahaja yang belum mendapat pekerjaan. Ini menunjukkan bidang pengajian yang telah ditawarkan di institusi ini memenuhi kehendak pasaran pekerjaan. Walaubagaimanapun terdapat banyak yang perlu diperhalusi lagi supaya peratus graduan yang menganggur ini dapat dikurangkan. Pihak industri dan majikan disarankan agar memberi ruang dan peluang kepada graduan baharu untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan persekitaran industri. Graduan pula diharap agar tidak terlalu memilih pekerjaan dan disarankan untuk menjadi pencipta pekerjaan dengan menjadi usahawan supaya tidak bergantung kepada pasaran pekerjaan.

Seiring dengan Era Reformasi, telah terjadi perubahan yang mendasar dalam bidang hukum ekonomi dan bisnis, yang ditandai antara lain dengan lahirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat. Dalam undang-undang tersebut telah diatur sejumlah larangan praktik monopoli dan atau persaingan usaha yang tidak sehat lainnya, dengan harapan dapat memberikan jaminan kepastian hukum dan perlindungan yang sama kepada setiap pelaku usaha atau sekelompok pelaku usaha dalam berusaha. Ketentuan Undang-Undang itu sejatinya sudah cukup baik dalam mengatur ketentuan hukum persaingan usaha di Indonesia, akan tetapi peraturan tersebut cenderung masih berdimensi perdagangan fisik. Dalam hal ini, UU Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 belumlah memiliki pengaturan yang spesifik terkait e-commerce. Lebih lanjut, selain menghadapi potensi terjadinya praktek anti persaingan, penegakan hukum persaingan usaha pada bidang e-commerce juga masih menghadapi tantangan lainnya seperti berkenaan dengan isu belum diadopsinya prinsip ekstrateritorialitas dalam UU Nomor 5 Tahun 2019.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan dua variabel atau lebih.Variabel bebas (eksogen) dalam penelitian ini adalah Kesadaran merek (X1), Pengetahuan Produk (X2) dan Label Halal (X3). Variabel terikat (endogen) dalam penelitian ini adalah keputusan pembelian (Y). Variabel moderator dalam penelitian adalah Rekomendasi Kelompok (Z). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian explanatory research.Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah populasi target yakni seluruh perempuan yang membeli Kosmetik Emina dari di Kota Medan yang belum diketahui jumlahnya. Adapun teknik pengambilan ukuran sampel dengan menggunakan Metode Hair yaitu dengan menggandakan minimal 10 dari total variabel bebas dan terikat. Pada penelitian ini terdapat 5 variabel penelitian, dan penulis memilih 20 kali penggandaan, sehingga diperoleh jumlah responden yang diambil sebanyak 100 orang sampel penelitian. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis jalur dengan menggunakan Smart-PLS. Metode pengumpulan data dengan kuesioner dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kesadaran merek berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian, Pengetahuan berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian, Label halal berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian, Rekomendasi Kelompok berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan memoderasi kesadaran merek terhadap keputusan pembelian, Rekomendasi Kelompok berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan signifikan memoderasi pengetahuan terhadap keputusan pembelian dan Rekomendasi Kelompok berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan memoderasi label halal terhadap keputusan pembelian produk kosmetik Emina di Kota Medan.

Operasional setiap lembaga keuangan yang berbasis syariah secara yuridis harus merujuk kepada fatwa DSN-MUI, tidak terkecuali masalah multiakad atau lebih dikenal dengan hybrid contract. Dimana hal ini telah diamanatkan oleh UU No.21 Tahun 2008 tentang Perbankan Syariah Pasal 26 ayat (2). Di dalam fatwanya, terdapat dua multiakad yang diperbolehkan oleh DSN-MUI, yaitu Fatwa No. 71 Tahun 2008 tentang Sale and Lease Back dan Fatwa No. 72 Tahun. 2008 tentang Ijarah Sale and Back. Namun PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Unit Pelayanan Syariah Alianyang Singkawang telah melaksanakan multiakad (murabahah dan rahn) sejak 6 (enam) tahun terakhir pada produk Murabahah Logam Mulia Investasi Abadi (MULIA) pembiayaan emas secara tidak tunai, dimana hal ini belum ada fatwanya dari DSN-MUI, sehingga memunculkan keraguan akan jaminan kesyariahan dari produk tersebut. Maka menjadi penting dikaji tentang bagaimana sistem akad produk MULIA yang menggunakan akad murabahah dan rahn dari perspektif hukum ekonomi syariah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang bercorak deskriptif yang diperdalam dengan cara melakukan wawancara secara langsung kepada pihak yang terlibat dalam penerapan multiakad murabahah dan rahn ini. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa penerapan multiakad murabahah dan rahn pada produk logam mulia di PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Unit Pelayanan Syariah Alianyang Singkawang sebagaimana yang tertuang dalam Undang-undang No. 21 Tahun 2008 tentang perbankan syariah sudah dijalankan pada produk tersebut, serta dalam pandangan hukum ekonomi syariah adalah boleh dan dibenarkan, karena sistemnya merujuk kepada fatwa DSN-MUI No. 92 tahun 2014 tentang pembiayaan yang disertai rahn dan menjadi dasar dalam penggunaan multiakad.

This article discusses about Maga Rahmani who native Russian woman from Afghanistan was and who wrote very meaningful tadhkirats. Maga Rahmani was very first woman scholar who got involved in creative research. Her works contain much valuable information and facts concerned with the system of government in Mavarannahr, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. Also, some of her tadhkiras is an important source in studying the issues related to the Baburid period and the role of princesses in public policy and literature. The information provided by Maga Rahmani serves as an important source in covering the reforms carried out to improve the governance of the period, and in evaluating the poetry and art of the period under study. In her tadhkirat, Maga Rahmani focuses on the Baburids, mainly on the life and work of Akbarshah, Jahangir Mirza, Shah Jahan, and the queens of that period, Gulbadan Begim, Nurjahon Begim, and Zebunniso Begim. In turn, the tadhkirat of “Pardaneshinone suhanguy” is very valuable in studying the role of Baburi and Timurid princesses in public policy. This article research about life, works, activities of Maga Rahmani as well as the information can be obtained or felt about the political system, economical condition and cultural lifestyle of Afghanistan in XX century’s first half part.

As more complex predictive models are used for gamma-ray spectral analysis, methods are needed to probe and understand their predictions and behavior. Recent work has begun to bring the latest techniques from the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) into the applications of gamma-ray spectroscopy, including the introduction of gradient-based methods like saliency mapping and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), and black box methods like Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). In addition, new sources of synthetic radiological data are becoming available, and these new data sets present opportunities to train models using more data than ever before. In this work, we use a neural network model trained on synthetic NaI(Tl) urban search data to compare some of these explanation methods and identify modifications that need to be applied to adapt the methods to gamma-ray spectral data. We find that the black box methods LIME and SHAP are especially accurate in their results, and recommend SHAP since it requires little hyperparameter tuning. We also propose and demonstrate a technique for generating counterfactual explanations using orthogonal projections of LIME and SHAP explanations.

Rekam jejak perjuangan Abdul Rasul Sayyaf adalah studi kasus yang belum pernah dikaji secara spesifik, terutama berkaitan dengan peranan politiknya di Afganistan, padahal ia adalah major political figure mulai dari jihad Afganistan hingga sekarang. Berawal dari karirnya sebagai seorang akademisi di Universitas Kabul, Sayyaf mengembangkan pengaruhnya dengan terlibat dalam Perang Soviet versus Mujahidin Afganistan melalui kelompoknya, Ittihad al-Islami. Peranan terbesar Sayyaf adalah membawa pendanaan dari Arab Saudi dan hubungannya dengan negara tersebut yang fluktuatif. Ia rela mengubah namanya demi bantuan dari Arab Saudi, namun tidak mau mendukung upaya Saudi yang berkoalisi dengan Amerika Serikat untuk melawan Irak. Adapun, dalam percaturan politik Afganistan pasca mundurnya Uni Soviet, Sayyaf terbukti tetap memiliki kekuatan karena diajak berkoalisi dengan sejumlah warlord, salah satunya ialah Ahmad Shah Massoud, the Lion of Panjshir.

AbstractIslamic jurisprudence and social customs regarding laws of inheritance privilege Muslim males as legitimate successors to family legacies and wealth. Furthermore, these heads of households were and are expected to sustain and uphold family values while representing the noble “face” of their legacies. Though women in pre-modern Islamic societies were awarded property and income to support them, they were neither required nor encouraged like their male counterparts to use their agencies or largesse to make banner representations of their lineage or heritage. This essay challenges androcentric ideas and practices surrounding Islamic laws of inheritance through the example of the Mughal princess Jahānārā Begam (1614-81) and her articulations of ascension. This analysis demonstrates how the princess’s extraordinary relationship with her emperor father, Shah Jahān (r. 1628-59), facilitated her spiritual and imperial achievements and elevated her rank in imperial and Sufi hierarchies.

Electrical consumption is increasing rapidly in Malaysia due to the sustenance of a modern economy way of living. Recently, the Vice Chancellor of University Technology MARA, Tan Sri Dato’ Professor Ir Dr Sahol Hamid Abu Bakar has shown a great deal of concern regarding the high electrical energy consumption in UiTM’s main campus in Shah Alam. This study seeks to evaluate the factors that contribute to high electrical energy consumption in the Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences (FSKM), UiTM using the Six Sigma methodology and to compare electrical energy consumptions before and after the EC (Energy Conservation) initiative campaign. Many companies worldwide continue to achieve improvements in business performance using the Six Sigma approach. The electrical consumption from January 2011 until December 2013 was analyzed using five stages of Six Sigma which is Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control (DMAIC). The total electrical consumption for 2011 was 1, 648, 791 kwH (RM 514,422.79) and 1, 657, 808 kwH (RM 517, 236.10) in 2012 which is an increase of 0.5% (RM 2813.31 or 9017 kwH). From the results obtained, Pareto chart shows that air-conditioner (57%) is the major factor that contributes to high consumption of electricity, followed by lightings (22%), sockets (16%) and others (5%). The electrical consumption was almost doubled when the new semester begun. After the campaign, there was a reduction of 2% in electrical consumption. This study has successfully implemented Six Sigma methodology which involves a systematic DMAIC process to evaluate electrical consumption in FSKM.

The plasma catecholamine and serum cortisol responses to cardiac arrest (ventricular fibrillation), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and ventricular defibrillation were examined in 10 intact (sham-operated controls) and 10 bilaterally adrenalectomized dogs. One hour after surgery, the cardiac ventricles were electrically fibrillated, and 30 s later Standard American Heart Association CPR was begun. After 12 min of CPR, the ventricles were defibrillated. Cardiac arrest per se results in a massive increase in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations and indicates that the adrenal medullas are the predominant source of this response. Although the epinephrine response was virtually nonexistent in the adrenalectomized dogs, the norepinephrine response was approximately 30% of that in the sham-operated control animals. Thus there is an adrenomedullary, and perhaps a sympathetic neural, component to the sympathochromaffin response to cardiac arrest. Resuscitation from experimental cardiac arrest tended (P greater than 0.05 less than 0.1) to be lower in the adrenalectomized dogs (1 of 10) than in the animals with intact adrenal glands (6 of 10).

How best might one address the relationship between trade and state building in early modern South Asia? The question is hardly a new one. To some, like Anand Ram ‘Mukhlis’ (d. 1751), a Khatri from northern India who, though not Muslim, had been educated in Persian letters and accounting (siyâgat), trade was more honourable and safer than statecraft or government. The fortunes of the nobility were fluctuating ones, and the means by which they had been accumulated were of a questionable legitimacy. Doubts of this sort did not of course prevent his Khatri brethren from entering into government service during the later Mughal period, and several of them can be counted among the a'yân (notables) of the reign of the Mughal, Muhammad Shah (1719–48) (Alam 1986:169–75). They maintained a tradition begun in the reign of Ak-bar with the famous Raja Todar Mal (d. 1589), also a Khatri from the Punjab.

This study examined the contribution of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) to the susceptibility of uninephrectomized rats to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension. N omega-nitro-L-arginine, a probe for EDRF, produced smaller increases (P < 0.001) in mean arterial pressures in anesthetized hypertensive DOCA-salt rats than in sham rats. Acute L-arginine administration (300 mg/kg body wt i.v.) failed to reduce pressure in anesthetized DOCA-salt rats. Chronic oral and intraperitoneal L-arginine did not lower pressure in conscious DOCA-salt rats with established hypertension, nor did it prevent hypertension when begun in prehypertensive DOCA-salt rats. Preconstricted aortic rings from DOCA-salt rats had attenuated relaxation to acetylcholine compared with sham rats. Rings L-arginine-treated DOCA-salt rats had responses similar to DOCA-salt rats. Relaxation to nitroprusside was not different between any rat group. Thus EDRF is attenuated in DOCA-salt hypertension. However, unlike several other hypertensive models, the blunted EDRF response cannot be overcome by provision of L-arginine. These data suggest synthesis or release of EDRF may be noncompetitively inhibited in DOCA-salt hypertension.

<p><strong><em>Abstract.</em></strong> <em>This mentoring program was carried out from the results of observations and data collection that had been carried out by the team towards partners, in this case the Jami 'Unida Gontor Mosque through the Ta'mir mosque. Through this data collection, it is known that the mosque is the central point that animates tapping on the Unida Gontor campus, where most people from the academic community spend their time in the mosque for obligatory worship and sunnah. From the data that has been collected, it is known that the problem experienced by the partners is the density of the congregation when the congregational prayer is taking place, this can be seen from the inadequacy of the prayer shaf in the right, left and terrace of the mosque because there are no shaf markers and media to educate the congregation about the importance of straightening and tightening the shaf as the virtue of prayer. Partners in this activity are the ta'mir of the mosque and its staff. The solution is given by giving a satr sign as a guide for the shaf on the terrace of the mosque, the sign is in the form of a diamond resembling a black dot. With the limitation of shaf on the terrace of the mosque, it can also increase “kekhusyu'an” jammah in worship and the difference in the shaf of congregation on the northern and southern terraces of the mosque can be avoided. Partners also play a role in setting the time for the implementation of the Community Service, as well as active participants in mentoring activities. The results of this community empowerment are in the form of satr on the terrace and porch of the mosque. In addition, posters are reminders of the straightness of the shaf. The questionnaire on the effectiveness of satr and posters that have been produced shows that. Meanwhile, from the results of the field evaluation, it was found that there was an increase in the behavior of the congregation. </em><em></em></p><p><strong>Abstrak.</strong><em> </em>Program pendampingan ini dilaksanakan dari hasil pengamatan dan pengumpulan data yang telah dilakukan oleh tim terhadap mitra dalam hal ini Masjid Jami’ Unida Gontor melalui Ta’mir masjid. Melalui pengumpulan data tersebut diketahui bahwa masjid merupakan titik pusat yang menjiwai peradapan di kampus Unida Gontor, dimana sebagian besar masyarakat dari civitas akademika meluangkan waktunya ke masjid untuk beribadah wajib maupun sunnah. Dari data yang telah dikumpulkan tersebut diketahui permasalahan yang dialami mitra adalah kerapatan jamaah pada saat sholat berjamaah berlangsung, hal ini dapat terlihat dari belum optimalnya shaf sholat yang berada di serambi kanan,kiri serta teras masjid karena tidak adanya penanda shaf serta media untuk mengedukasi jamaah akan pentingnya meluruskan dan merapatkan shaf sebagai keutamaan shalat. Tujuan dari kegiatan penyuluhan ini karena masjid memiliki fungsi utama yaitu sebagai tempat sujud umat islam(Kelayakan et al., n.d.) maka dari itu pemanfaatan atas fasilitas ibadah sangat diperlukan untuk menambah kehusyu’an dalam melakasanan sholat. Mitra<strong> </strong>dalam kegiatan ini adalah ta’mir masjid beserta jajarannya. Solusi yang diberikan dengan memberi tanda satr sebagai pedoman shaf pada teras masjid, tanda tersebut berbentuk ketupat menyerupai titik yang berwarna hitam. Dengan adanya batasan shaf pada teras masjid juga dapat meningkatkan ke khusyu’an jammah dalam beribadah dan perbedaan shaf jamaah di teras bagian utara dan selatan masjid dapat dihindarkan, Salain pendampingan pembuatan satr mitra juga akan didampingi dalam membuat poster sebagai media edukasi visual pengingat kelurusan shaf. Mitra juga berperan dalam pengaturan waktu pelaksanaan abdimas, serta peserta aktif dalam kegiatan pendampingan. Hasil abdimas ini berupa satr di teras maupun serambi masjid. Selain itu poster pengingat kelurusan shaf. Kuisioner kaeefektifan satr dan poster yang telah dihasilkan menunjukkan bahwa . sedangkan dari hasil evaluasi lapangan diketahui ada peingkatan perubahan perilaku jamaah. </p>

It has been shown that the area postrema (AP) plays a role in the development of certain types of chronic angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension in the rat but is not of great importance in the salt sensitivity of arterial pressure. It has recently been proposed, however, that elevated sodium levels may exacerbate the hypertensive effects of ANG II, which by itself dramatically affects salt sensitivity, by acting at sodium-sensing neurons in certain circumventricular organs of the brain. Thus the interactions of ANG II, sodium, and the central nervous system remain to be fully understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the AP in ANG II-induced hypertension during periods of normal and elevated dietary salt. We hypothesized that an intact AP was necessary for the full development of hypertension under chronic ANG II infusion and that its role would be pronounced during periods of increased dietary sodium. To test this, male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent ablation of the area postrema (APx, n = 6) or sham operation (sham, n = 6). After 3 wk of recovery, rats were instrumented with radiotelemetry transducers for constant blood pressure and heart rate monitoring and venous catheters for vehicle infusion. After a 3-day control period of 0.9% saline infusion (7 ml/day) and 0.4% dietary sodium, a 10-day period of ANG II infusion (10 ng·kg−1·min−1) was begun, immediately followed by a second 10-day period during which rats were fed a 4.0% sodium diet. By day 6 of ANG II infusion, mean arterial pressure (MAP) in APx rats had increased to 139 ± 4 mmHg, whereas MAP in sham rats had increased to 126 ± 3 mmHg. This difference was found to be significant and continued through day 1 of the high-salt period, after which MAP of the two groups had risen to similar levels. On day 9 of high salt, MAP was again observed to be significantly higher (162 ± 1 mmHg) in APx rats when compared with sham rats (147 ± 4 mmHg.) These results do not support the hypothesis that the AP is necessary for the full development of ANG II-induced hypertension at normal or elevated levels of dietary sodium.

Tanaman kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) merupakan tanaman potensial yang sebagai penghasil minyak nabati. Interaksi tanaman kemiri sunan dengan mikrob ditunjukkan dari potensinya sebagai sumber mikrob yang bermanfaat, baik berasal dari filosfer, rizosfer, dan endofit. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Nematologi, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Institut Pertanian Bogor, pada bulan Februari sampai Mei 2018. Penelitian meliputi (1) isolasi dan pemurnian bakteri filosfer, rizosfer, dan endofit; (2) uji keamanan hayati, yaitu uji hemolisis dan hipersensitif; (3) karakterisasi isolat bakteri, yaitu uji Gram, pelarut fosfat, dan kitinolitik; serta (4) uji antibiosis sebagai agens biokontrol terhadap patogen Fusarium oxysporum. Hasil isolasi bakteri dari tanaman kemiri sunan diperoleh sebanyak 35 isolat, yang terdiri dari filosfer 12, rizosfer 13, dan endofit 10. Kelimpahan populasi tertinggi adalah bakteri filosfer 75,9–82,0 x 104 cfu/ml. Pengujian keamanan hayati diperoleh informasi sebanyak 9% isolat bakteri berpotensi sebagai patogen mamalia dan 47,2% merupakan patogen tanaman sebesar 47,2%. Hasil uji Gram menunjukkan Gram positif lebih dominan (58,3%) dibandingkan dengan Gram negatif (41,6%). Isolat-isolat bakteri yang diperoleh belum menunjukkan potensinya sebagai pelarut fosfat dan kitinase, namun sebagai agens biokontrol terhadap patogen F. oxysporum penyebab penyakit layu pada tanaman tomat. Reaksi antibiosis dengan daya hambat tinggi adalah isolat bakteri endofit (b dan d), yaitu 72,5% dan 55%, sedangkan bakteri rizosfer (u) sebesar 60%, semuanya adalah Gram positif.

Syarahan-syarahan Hikam Abu Madyan ialah karya yang mengandungi panduan perjalanan kerohanian ahli Tasawuf. Syarahan ini telah dilakukan terhadap Hikam Abu Madyan yang telah dikarang oleh Syeikh Shu`ayb al-Maghribi. Namun begitu kajian tentangnya masih belum banyak dilakukan. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan menjelaskan biografi pengarang Hikam Abu Madyan, penisbahan karya ini kepada beliau dan karya-karya dalam kategori syarah bagi Hikam Abu Madyan ini. Pengkaji akan menfokuskan kepada 4 syarahan awal yang didapati terhadapnya. Pertama Sharh Hikam al-Ghawthiyyah oleh Syeikh Ahmad bin Ibrahim Ibn `Allān al-Siddīqī al-Makkī, kedua, al-Bayān Wa al-Mazīd al-Mushtamil `Alā Ma`ānī al-Tanzīh Wa Haqā’iq al-Tawhīd `Alā ‘Uns al-Wahīd Wa Nuzhah al-Murīd oleh Syeikh Ahmad bin Abdul Qadir bin Umar al-Daw`anī al-Hadramī, ketiga, Kanz al-Minan `Alā Hikam ‘Abi Madyan oleh Syeikh Daud bin Abdullah al-Faṭānī al-Jāwī, dan keempat, al-Mawād al-Ghaythiyyah Sharh al-Hikam al-Ghawthiyyah oleh Syeikh Ahmad bin Mustafa al-`Alāwī. Kajian ini berasaskan data-data yang dikumpul melalui kaedah analisis dokumen. Data-data ini kemudiannya dianalisis menggunakan kaedah induktif, deduktif dan komparatif. Pengkaji mendapati syarahan Hikam Abu Madyan merupakan sebuah karya tasawuf yang sesuai untuk diketengahkan sebagai rujukan para ulama dan masyarakat. Penghasilan syarahan ini menunjukkan kecaknaan para ulama dalam menjelaskan kandungan Hikam Abu Madyan. Kajian ini penting sebagai pengenalan kepada Hikam Abu Madyan dan kitab-kitab syarahan awal terhadapnya.

Nyeri persalinan menjadi suatu kendala yang menghambat suksesnya persalinan pervaginam dan tidak tahan terhadap nyeri saat persalinan menjadi penyebab meningkatnya permintaan Seksio Caesaria (SC) dimana tindakan SC sendiri meningkatkan risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas terhadap ibu. Manajemen nyeri di Kamar Bersalin terutama di kota Banda Aceh saat ini belum berjalan sebagaimana mestinya, pasien bersalin belum mendapatkan pelayanan manajemen nyeri saat persalinan. Elektroakupunktur merupakan salah satu metode manajemen nyeri non-farmakologi yang terbukti efektif menurunkan nyeri dengan efek samping yang hampir tidak ada serta terjangkau. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas Elektroakupunktur dalam menurunkan derajat nyeri persalinan serta menilai keamanan elektroakupunktur. Penelitian ini merupakan studi prospektif, experimental randomized contolled trial dengan double blind. Ibu dengan kehamilan tanpa komplikasi yang menjalankan proses persalinan dan sudah memasuki kala 1 aktif diacak untuk mendapatkan baik intervensi Elektroakupunktur atau intervensi Sham Akupunktur (Plasebo) sebagai manajemen nyeri persalinan. Luaran primer efektitivitas yang dinilai adalah penurunan nyeri rata-rata yang diukur dengan Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) dari sebelum intervensi, dan setelah 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit hingga 120 menit pasca intervensi. Luaran primer keamanan yaitu efek samping yang terjadi dalam 15 menit pasca Tindakan. Luaran sekunder lainnya yang dinilai yaitu durasi persalinan, penggunaan oksitosin, derajat ruptur perineum, jumlah perdarahan serta skor APGAR. Terdapat 12 pasien yang berhasil direkrut. Terdapat penurunan skala nyeri pada kelompok elektroakupunktur yang lebih besar dibandingakan dengan kelompok sham baik pada 30, 60, 90, 120 menit pasca intervensi meskipun tidak mencapai nilai signifikan masing-masing 1.14, 1.33, 1.8, dan 1.3 versus -0.2, 0.25, 0.67, dan 0. Tidak dijumpai efek samping dari intervensi yang diberikan dari kedua kelompok. Tidak ada perbedaan luaran yang signifikan dari durasi persalinan, jumlah perdarahan, penggunaan oksitosin, derajat ruptur dan skor APGAR bayi dari kedua kelompok. Penerapan Elektroakupunktur pada titik EX-B2, BL 32, BL 33 dan BL 34 dapat digunakan sebagai terapi non farmakologi untuk mengurangi nyeri dan durasi persalinan serta aman dan mudah digunakan dengan tidak ada efek samping. Penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi salah satu pertimbangan untuk manajemen nyeri saat persalinan pada layanan di kamar bersalin RSUD dr. Zainoel Abidin ke depan, sehingga meningkatkan kualitas layanan bersalin dan memberi kepuasan pasien dalam menjalani proses persalinan.

The book under review is authored by Ludovic-Mohammed Zahed (b. 1977), a French scholar of social psychology and the founder of Homosexuels musulmans de France, an association for gay and queer Muslims in France. With his work Zahed, who identifies as a feminist, gay Muslim and holds a position of an imam in an inclusive mosque in Paris, seeks to contribute to the expanding body of academic work that engages with issues of gender and sexuality in Islam. As his sources of inspiration, he names Islamic feminist scholars Fatima Mernissi (e.g. 1987; 2003) and Amina Wadud (1999; 2008), as well as a prominent scholar on sexual diversity in Islam, Scott Siraj Kugle (2010; 2013). If Islamic feminist studies have already evolved into an established field that has its roots in the 1980s, topics of homosexuality and non-binary gender identity in Islam have begun attracting scholarly interest only relatively recently. Particularly in the last decade, there has been a visible growth in the number of published works that have engaged with these topics from theological, sociological, and historical perspectives (e.g., Roscoe & Murray, 1997; El-Rouayheb, 2009; Habib, 2010; Shah, 2018). Challenging the premise that homophobia and misogyny are in compliance with Islamic ethical values, Zadeh’s book clearly draws on the arguments developed in these trailblazing works.

Maturation of excitatory synaptic connections depends on the amount and pattern of their activity, and activity can affect development of inhibitory synapses as well. In the superficial visual layers of the superior colliculus (sSC), developmental increases in the effectiveness of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor–mediated inhibition may be driven by the maturation of visual inputs. In the rat sSC, GABAAreceptor currents significantly jump in amplitude between postnatal days 17 and 18( P17 and P18), approximately when the effects of cortical inputs are first detected in collicular neurons. We manipulated the development of these currents in vivo by implanting a drug-infused slice of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer Elvax over the superior colliculus of P8 rats to chronically release from this plastic low levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA). Sham-treated control animals received a similar implant containing only the solvent for NMDA. To examine the effects of this treatment on the development of GABA-mediated neurotransmission, we used whole cell voltage-clamp recording of spontaneous synaptic currents (sPSCs) from sSC neurons in untreated, NMDA-treated, and sham-treated superior colliculus slices ranging in age from 10 to 20 days postnatal. Both amplitude and frequency of sPSCs were studied at holding potentials of +50 mV in the presence and absence of the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BMI). The normal developmental increase in GABAA receptor currents occurred on schedule ( P18) in sham-treated sSC, but NMDA treatment caused premature up-regulation ( P12). The average sPSCs in early NMDA-treated neurons were significantly larger than in age-matched sham controls or in age-matched, untreated neurons. No differences in average sPSC amplitudes across treatments or ages were present in BMI-insensitive, predominantly glutamatergic synaptic currents of the same neurons. NMDA treatment also significantly increased levels of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), measured by quantitative western blotting with staining at P13 and P19. Cell counting using the dissector method for MAP 2 and GAD67 at P13 and P19indicated that the differences in GABAergic transmission were not due to increases in the proportion of inhibitory to excitatory neurons after NMDA treatment. However, chronic treatments begun at P8 with Elvax containing both NMDA and BMI significantly decreased total neuron density at P19 (∼15%), suggesting that the NMDA-induced increase in GABAA receptor currents may protect against excitotoxicity.

Since 2017, the city of Marawi was left in ruins after five months of aerial bombardments and close-quarter fighting between Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) and government forces. Many buildings were destroyed; mosques and schools are no exceptions. While rebuilding efforts have begun in the city, the government has limited resources to fund city reconstruction and Waqf properties (e.g. mosques and schools) are not constitutionally considered as part of the government assets. Fortunately, the government seeks to channel funding for city reconstruction, including Islamic finance schemes. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the opportunities and challenges to rebuild Waqf properties through the issuance of Sukuk, Islamic bond. This paper adopts a qualitative research approach where secondary sources such as books, journals, articles and websites related to Waqf are reviewed. The paper also examines the successful examples of Sukuk-Waqf as part of the analysis.

We have developed a model of human sepsis in sheep. Twenty-four hours after continuous infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) (10 ng.kg-1.min-1) was begun, pulmonary transvascular fluid flux was almost five times the baseline values, cardiac output was nearly doubled, and mean arterial pressure was reduced by approximately 20 mmHg. At this time, the animals were killed and their lungs were fixed by endotracheal installation of 2.5% glutaraldehyde at 25 cmH2O pressure. Morphometry was performed by point counting, and data were expressed as relative volume density. Pulmonary edema and congestion were observed in sheep receiving lipopolysaccharide, whereas sham controls appeared normal. There was an increase in interstitial volume density. There was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in volume density of the pulmonary intravasculature (180%), interstitial macrophages (270%), and mast cells (240%). The volume densities of intravascular and interstitial polymorphonuclear neutrophils also showed a small insignificant increase.

Abstract. China is experiencing the largest and fastest urbanization process in the world (Kneebone E., 2013). At the same time, its current rapid urbanization process is almost simultaneously accompanied by urban sprawl. Since the 1990s, the sprawl process of Chinese cities has begun to reach a climax (Shan Baoguo, 2018). As the largest developing country in the world, China is also one of the countries most vulnerable to the coercion of climate change. This research takes the four municipalities that are China's urban development orientation as typical representatives, and uses multiple indicators to measure urban sprawl and climate change in them. Finally, models are established to explore the impact of urban sprawl on climate warming. The results showed that all four cities experienced sprawl, but to varying degrees. Shanghai is very compact. Also, the climate warming is definitely, yet urban sprawl doesn't always contribute to its deterioration. The proportion of arable land had the least impact on global warming, but it was the only factor that could improve temperatures, albeit conditionally. Fragmented built-up land heating the climate is most critical.

The purpose of the article is an objective classification of the mountain passes of the Northern Tien Shan, collecting maximum information about them, which will ensure maximum safety for participants of mountain hiking trips. Systematic work on the classification of mountain passes of the USSR began immediately after the formation of tourism as a sport. By 1990, more than 4 thousand passes were classified. After the collapse of the USSR, tourists began to intensively make sports trips to the mountainous regions of far abroad. By 2001 (the year of the release of the new “ List...”), 5 thousand passes had already been classified. In 2020–2021. a new stage of updating the “List of high mountain passes....” has begun. Since Soviet times, the author has been responsible for the implementation of this work on the passes of the Northern Tien Shan and the Dzungarian Alatau. Therefore, it was in these mountainousareas that intensive work was carried out by the Research Institute of Tourism of the University “Turan” (Almaty, Kazakhstan), which the author has been leading for more than 10 years. In addition to supplementing the list with new passes passed by tourists over 20 years (from 2001 to 2021), the task was set to include in the text as much information as possible about the exact coordinates of the pass points, the names of the pioneers and the dates of the first passage. In addition, a large amount of work was carried out to clarify exactly this section of information about the passes. This article is devoted to the consideration of these issues. During this period, the author, together with colleagues, supplemented the list with 64 segments of new information and six segments of clarifications. Special attention is paid to the choice of reliable sources of information about coordinates and pioneers.

The attempt to harmonize between tasawuf and hadith has been performed many times. Even though it has not been fully successful, at least the attempt is always there. These have been done by those who want to see Muslims united and willing to accept disagreements. The fact is, this split is the result of a lack of initiative and effort to understand those who are seen as “different forms of thinking” or “different methodologies” more openly and not punishing them blindly. This writing will highlight the two groups seen as separate from the time of al-Muhasibi and Imam Ahmad with more balanced view. The harmonization between hadith and tasawuf will be represented by the works of al-Taftazani with the title “Sharh al-Taftazani ala Ahadith al-Arba’in al-Nawawiyyah”. The analysis will prove that space and opportunity always exist in the balance between the hadith and tasawuf. ABSTRAK Percubaan untuk mengimbangi antara tasawuf dan hadis sudah banyak kali dilakukan. Biarpun ia belum berjaya secara sepenuhnya, sekurang-kurangnya ruang untuk melakukannya sentiasa cuba diisi oleh golongan yang tidak ingin melihat Islam ini dipisah-pisahkan secara pukul rata. Hakikatnya perpecahan ini berlaku kerana kurangnya inisiatif dan usaha untuk memahami golongan yang dilabel sebagai “tidak sealiran” atau “berbeza metodologi” secara lebih terbuka dan tidak menghukumnya secara pukul rata. Penulisan ini akan menyorot dua blok yang dianggap sentiasa terpisah semenjak dari al-Muhasibi dan Imam Ahmad lagi dengan mata yang lebih seimbang. Perimbangan antara hadis dan tasawuf ini akan diwakili karya syarah yang dilakukan oleh al-Taftazani dengan tajuk Sharh al-Taftazani ala Ahadith al-Arba’in al-Nawawiyyah. Analisis yang dilakukan akan membuktikan bahawa ruang dan peluang masih terbuka dalam pengharmonian antara hadis dan tasawuf.

Dalam New Normal, aktivitas seperti beribadah di Masjid memiliki protokol kesehatan. Namun pada kenyatannya masih banyak Masjid yang belum menjalankan maupun kurang mematuhi protokol kesehatan. Hal ini tentu saja dapat berakibat fatal karena Masjid bisa menjadi salah satu tempat penyebaran COVID-19 jika protokol kesehatan tidak dijalankan dengan baik oleh para jemaah maupun para pengurus Masjid. Masjid bisa menjadi tempat penyebaran COVID-19 karena kurangnya kesadaran untuk menjaga jarak dan kurang menjaga kesehatan tubuh. Atas masalah yang telah diuraikan maka sistem monitoring pada Masjid berbasis arduino dapat menjadi solusi untuk meningkatkan kesadaran akan protokol kesehatan di dalam Masjid. Sistem ini dilengkapi dengan sensor jarak dan sensor suhu agar jemaah dapat terkontrol dalam menjaga jarak dan suhunya serta terdapat bilik disinfektan untuk menyeprotkan disinfektan kepada para jemaah. Hasil dari penelitian ini berupa simulasi Masjid yang dilengkapi dengan sensor suhu yang memiliki tingkat keakuratan 98,82% dan jarak yang dapat bekerja dengan baik dengan tingkat keakuratan 93,33 % dan juga informasi berupa jumlah jemaah dan jarak shaf sholat yang dapat dilihat secara real time pada lcd dan web, serta saat jemaah masuk maka semportan disinfektan akan menyala dan jika masjid penuh maka pagar akan tertutup otomatis.

"> Penafsiran Al-Quran telah berlangsung sejak zaman sahabat hingga zaman modern. Berbagai metodedan teori serta teknik penafsiran telah tumbuh berkembang. Seiring dengan mobilitas manusia yangsemakin tinggi, maka penyajan tafsir Al-Quran yang praktis menjadi satu tuntutan. Tafsir Al-Maroghiditulis untuk menjawab tuntutan tersebut sehingga dalam penulisannya disederhanakan denganmenghindari sejumlah langkah penafsiran yang dinilai dapat menghambat pemahaman pembaea terhadappetunjuk al-Quran. Penggunaan hadis dalam Tafsir Al-Maraghi untuk menafsirkan Al-Quran tidak hanyamelibatkan hadis-hadis yang menjelaskan pokok makna suatu Iafal dalam suatu ayat. melainkan jugamelibatkan hadis-hadis tentang asbab al-nuzul dan hadis-hadis yang mendukung keberadaan stukturkalimat atau makna lafal yang tidak secara langsung. Data yang diperoleh dalam panelitian ini adalahbahwa dalam penafsiran surat al-fatihah dan al-Baqarah ditemukan 197 buah hadis dan riwayat denganfungsi yang berbeda-beda. yaitu 27 hadis di antaranya menjelaskan sabab al nuzul. 57 hadis mengenaipokok makna lafal, dan 113 hadis sebagai pendukung atau makna umum. dari aspek teknik pengutipan,92 hadis dikutip dengan disebutkan referensinya secara jelas dan selebihnya tida disebutkan referensinya,sethingga untuk mengetahui referensinya harus ditahrij terlebih dahulu. selanjutnya dari aspek kashahihanhadis yang dikutip; 177 hadis merupakan hadis shahi, 14 hadis belum diketahui keshahihannya atau belumditemukan ulama yang menilainya, 3 hadis dinilai dha‘if, dan 3 riwayat bukan hadis.

يواجه تعليم أية لغة أجنبية عدة مشاكل تقتضي التفكير و الإهتمام بها حتي يتمكن من إيجاد حلولها. و تنقسم مشكلات تعليم الللغة العربية إلى المشاكل الللغوية و غير اللغوية. فاللغوية تطهر في الأصوات و المفرداتو القولعد النحوية و الصرفية و اللتركيب: أما غير اللغوية فترتبط بدوافع الطالبات إلى تعليمها و الوسائل لتعليمية و كفاءة المدرس و طرف التدريس و فرصة الدراسة و البيئة اللغوية وغيرها. وتختلف صعوبات تعلم اللغة العربية تبعا لسن الدراس و البيئة التي فيها أثناء تعلمه اللغة. و هذه المقالة تكشف عن مشكلات تعليم اللغة العربية لدى الطالبات بمعهد تعمير الأسلام للتربية الإسلامية سوراكرتا و طرف علاجها التي ينبغي تطبيقها على المدرين المؤهيلن There are some factors influencing teaching and learning of foreign language arabic, for example lunguistic factors, sunh as phonology, grammatical, morphology, and vocabulary. If non linguistic factors influences teaching and learning arabic, for example ,teaching aids,teaching method, age and environment teaching method in arabic claccroom for 1KMI in one of the important factor. This article discusses how linguistic factor and non linguistic factor influenced arabian clasroom in ta’mirul islam boarding school surakarta. Pendidikan bahasa arab di Indonesia seringkali menghadapi problem lingusitik dan non linguistik yang harus segera dituntaskan. Problem linguistik, seperti fonotik, morfologi, dan struktur. Sedangkan problem non lingusitik, antara lain; motivasi belajar, sarana belajar, metode pengajaran, waktu belajar, dan lingkungan pembelajaran. Persoalan pembelajaran bahasa sangat bervariasi sesuai dengan usia pelajar dan lingkungan tempat belajar. Artikel ini mengungkap problematika pengajaran bahasa Arab di Pondok Pesantren Ta’mirul Islam sekaligus bagaimana cara mengatasinya. Jadi peneliti akan meneliti apa penyebab santriwati kelas 1KMI belum bisa menggunakan bahasa arab, dan metode apa yang harus disampaikan ke anak supaya anak tersebut dapat menerima bahasa arab dengan baik.

Pembicaraan spiritual masih belum mendapat tempat dengan semestinya pada masa silam, sehingga terdapat kekurangseimbangan antara kepentingan lahiriyah dan batiniyah. Ahli hikmah dahulu pernah berperan banyak dalam mengungkapkan kehidupan di balik kenyataan. Dalam al-Qur'an banyak ditemui ayat-ayat yang berhubungan dengan hikmat. Sumber hikmat adalah Allah yang diberikan kepada manusia pilihan-Nya, yakni para Nabi dan Utusan serta Auliya.Manusia sebagai makhluk Allah mempunyai potensi untuk mengetahui berbagai dimensi alam gaib sesuai kemampuan dan kesanggupan menangkap sinyal-sinyalnya.Menurut penelitian para ahli hikmat, banyak yang mengandung nilai spritual yang apabila diamalkan sesuai ketentuan yang berlaku, maka akan menimbulkan energi yang sangat dahsyat. Hal ini dilakukan melalui keyakinan dan dijalankan dengan mujahadah dan riyadhah.Dari ayat-ayat yang mengandung energi spiritual tinggi antara lain Basmalah, sebagai ayat pertama fatihat al-Kitab, mengandung asma Ilahi, yakni Allah, dengan dua sifatnya al-Rahman dan al-Rahim. Andalan lain ayat Kaf Ha Ya 'Ain Shad berpasangan dengan Ha Mim 'Ain sin Qaf. Dalam ayat yang sangat bermakna menurut ahli hikmat adalah ayat yang terdapat di dalamnya sepuluh huruf Qaf. Ayat al-Kursi merupakan andalan yang tak terperikan, sehingga dalam batas bacaan tertentu akan sampai kepada apa yang diharapkan. Begitu pula ayat Hasbunallah wa ni'mal wakil, merupakan pusaka yang sangat berarti dalam menggapai cita-cita.Kata kunci: Ahli Hikmah, Ayat-Ayat Al-Qur’an, Basmalah, Kaf Ha Ya Ain Shaad, Sepuluh Qaf Dalam Beberapa Ayat, Ayat Al-Kursi dan Hasbunallah.

In its essence Tauheed (the Islamic doctrine of monotheism, the only one creator), is the foundation of all Islamic beliefs. The essence of sending the Prophets and the day of judgement and the life after death all these beliefs are based on Oneness of “God”. Hence when we take a glance on the literature of the period, between 1759 A.D. (1174 A.H.) and 1806 A.D. (1221 A.H.), which is that of the Moghul era, i.e., the literature of Aali Gohar Shah Alam era, we see that during this period alongside the development of Urdu prose, the effects of doctrine of Tauheed had begun to show in its poetry in the form of Hamd (hymns in praise of Allah). Moghul era, during which Urdu poetry was progressing and was being written in its different forms like Masnavi, Ghazal, Nazm, Rubaee, Qaseeda etc., renowned poets like Meer Hasan, Jurrat, Inshaa, Mushafi, Rangeen, Qudrat, Baqaa, Hazeen, Baidar, Bayan, Rasikh, Hidayat and others apart from writing on other subjects also laid their hands on divine topics in which the shade of monotheistic couplets were quite evident and profound. Amongst the aforementioned poets Meer Hasan was such an archetype artist who used to paint with his words, the picture of an incident with such an efficiency, delicacy, adeptness and completeness that it would appear to be a picture in front of the eyes of the reader. He was basically a poet with divine inclination and hailed from a religious family which is the reason that Tauheed is reflected everywhere in his different forms of poetry like Masnavis, Rubayees, Ghazals and Qaseedas. Masnavi is prominent in religious poetry owing to the fact that there is a continuity specific to it, which is less visible in other forms of poetry. Hence for a poet it is the easiest and beneficial form to explain an incident or subject. In our observation, when we are in search of religious and Godly shade in the works of poets, we mostly come across samples of Masnavi.

The conflict between the Russian and Turkish in 1877-1878, though formed on the pretext of Russia's support for Christian nations under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, was actually part of the great scheme that European governments had begun to break up the Ottoman Empire and resolve the Eastern Question. The goals of these powers for world domination, that would sometimes results in wars among themselves, were mainly focused on expanding the territorial realm and winning economic gains. These goals were followed under the disguise of gaining freedom for Christians and securing independence for non-Turkish nations. The scientific and technological impairment of the Ottoman Empire compared to the European countries, accompanied by internal rivalries and frequent overthrow of the rulers, were some of the main weaknesses of the Ottoman state causing their demise. In the meantime, Russia was in pursue of its policy of territorial expansion and seeking access to warm waters. Russia's main objective was to obtain access to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Having control over the Straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles that were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire would have connected Russia to the center of world trade in the Mediterranean and would have freed Russia from its land blockages and frozen ports. The causality, the start, and the ramifications of these wars have been reflected in the Iranian historiography of that era. Mohammad Hassan Khan Etemad al-Saltanah, a great historian of the Nasereddin Shah Qajar Age (1848-1898), using the reports of Iranian officials in Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and two books of Montazame Nasseri and Merat al-Boldan that were translations of selected articles from the French and Ottoman newspapers have recorded this important historical event. The reasons for Iranian attention to this historical event forms part of the modern and global historiography of Iran, in which attention to the developments in the Ottoman Empire plays an important role in Iran's acquaintance with modern civilization.

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana tanggapan pengnjung terhadap Masjid Raya Al-Azhar Universitas Negeri Padang, dengan menganalisis desain interior eksterior terhadap kenyamanan pengunjung saat beribadah. Peneliti menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data peneltian ini yaitu wawancara, angket, dan dokumentasi. Responden meliputi pengurus masjid, petugas kebersihan dan pengunjung masjid sebagai informan wawancara, kemuadian 100 responden pengisian angket pengunjung. Berdasarkan hasil analisis penelitian dari hasil wawancara dengan pengurus masjid dan petugas kebersihan, interior dan eksterior mas jid didesain dengan bangunan yang tinggi memiliki empat kubah pada tiap-tiap sisi masjid, masjid dapat memberikan pencahayaan alami dan dilengkapi dengan fasilitas peralatan sholat yang lengkap, masjid belum memiliki kanopi pada ruang terbuka area sepatu. Dari hasil angket yang disebarkan ke Pengunjung masjid pengunjung merasa ruangan yang ada didalam masjid luas dan mampu menampung banyak pengunjung masjid. Pengunjung merasa sejuk dengan ruangan didalam masjid, pengguna merasa nyaman ketika sedang beribadah, pengunjung merasa kurang nyaman Pada area tempat wudhu, pengunjung merasakan kurang nyaman dengan pintu masuk pengunjung melewati shaf lawan jenis, pengunjung tidak nyaman dengan area tempat sepatu tanpa kanopi.ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to find out how visitors respond to the Al-Azhar Grand Mosque, Padang State University, by analyzing the exterior interior design for the comfort of visitors while praying. Researchers use a type of descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The collection of this research data are interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. Respondents included mosque administrators, cleaners and mosque visitors as interview informants, then 100 respondents filled out a visitor questionnaire. Based on the results of research analysis from the results of interviews with mosque administrators and cleaners, the interior and exterior of the mosque is designed with a tall building having four domes on each side of the mosque, the mosque can provide natural lighting and is equipped with complete prayer equipment facilities, the mosque does not yet have canopy on the open space of the shoe area. From the results of the questionnaire that was distributed to visitors to the mosque, visitors felt that the room in the mosque was spacious and able to accommodate many mosque visitors. Visitors feel cool with the room in the mosque, users feel comfortable while praying, visitors feel uncomfortable In the ablution area, visitors feel uncomfortable with the entrance of visitors through the shaf of the opposite sex, visitors are uncomfortable with the area where shoes are without a canopy.

The relationship between a dominant follicle of a follicular wave and the suppression of subordinate follicles was studied during the first postovulatory wave (Wave 1) in Holstein heifers. The dominant follicle (largest follicle) was cauterized or a sham-operation was done on day 3 (day 0 = ovulation) using seven heifers per group. In the cautery group, compared to the controls, the largest subordinate follicle attained a larger diameter (11 7 vs 8 0 mm; P < 0.01), reached maximum diameter at a later day (day 9.2 vs. day 3.1; P < 0 01) and began to regress at a later day (day 14.3 vs. day 5.7; P < 0.01). In addition, the emergence of Wave 2 was hastened (day 6.4 vs. day 9.3; P < 0.05) and more heifers had more than two waves per interovulatory interval (5 of 6 vs. 2 of 7; P < 0.05). In heifers with the dominant follicle eliminated, the largest subordinate grew to the diameter of a dominant follicle during Wave 1 (n = 3) or became the dominant follicle of a newly emerged wave (n = 2). A subordinate sometimes persisted as a small follicle (e.g., 5 mm) for several days before resurging. However, it was not convincingly demonstrated that a subordinate follicle could resurge after it had begun to regress (decrease in diameter). Results supported the hypothesis that suppression of subordinate follicles is a prolonged process, so that resurgence of a subordinate can occur if the dominant follicle is removed. Key words: Ovaries, follicular waves, selection, cattle, cauterization

The article addresses the issues of changes in the species composition and number of birds in the middle part of the valley of the Ugam River. The valley has been mastered by humans since ancient times, but due to its geographical location, the possibilities for conducting economic activities in it have always been limited, and its intensity has its own characteristics. Here, the location of the only settlement changed, orchards were planted and cut down, cattle were grazed everywhere or in the vicinity of the village, hayfields were mowed or abandoned, and field roads were laid and overgrown. The inclusion of the territory in the Sairam-Ugam National Park has reoriented human activities. The construction of tourist facilities has begun and continues here, which has led to an increase in the number of lovers of outdoor recreation. All this was reflected in the birds of the valley, which are very sensitive to environmental changes. This is especially noticeable in mountainous conditions, where the concentration of nesting species is not high, the main routes of migrants go along the foothills, and wintering conditions are not favorable. The first data on the avifauna of this section of the valley were obtained by M.N. Korelov in the summer and autumn of 1949 and later collected by the author in May 2003, July 2011, and 2022, which made it possible to analyse its species-specific variation. Over 70 years of observations, 127 bird species were encountered here, of which 114 were in 1949, 53 were in 2003, 54 were in 2011, and 44 were in 2022. The structure of the bird population in the valley also changed. This is especially noticeable in July 2003 and 2022, when the studies were carried out on the same days. In the first year, human activity was limited to the outskirts of the village, and in the second year, it was carried out throughout the entire section of the valley. In the first year, 617 individuals were encountered in 4 days; in the second year, 307, i.e., twice as small. In 2003, the main bird populations were Corvus corone (11.4% of the number of birds encountered), Pica pica (11.2%), Emberiza bruniceps (9.4%), Acridotheres tristis (7.3%), Emberiza cia (6.6%), Lanius minor (5.7%) and Carduelis caniceps (5.3%), and in 2022, Chloris chloris (12.4%), Ac. tristis (12.1%), C. caniceps (11.4%), Streptopelia orientalis (6.6%), C. corone (4.5%), P. pica and Em. bruniceps (3.8% each). With the development of the valley by humans, the species ratio of birds also changed. In 1949, species whose life is exclusively associated with humans were not recorded here; in 2003, 2011, and 2022, they included 5 species (Columba livia, Streptopelia senegalensis, Hirundo rustica, H. daurica, and Acridotheres tristis), which accounted for 14.2, 29.0, and 10.3% of the number of individuals encountered, respectively. The number of species indifferent to the place of residence, but preferring natural biotopes, has been stable over the years - 16, 17, 15 and 16, but changed quantitatively (50.0, 31.1 and 45.7% in 2003, 2011 and 2022). During the same period, the diversity of species living in natural biotopes also decreased (32, 27, and 25). All these and other issues are discussed in the analysis of each bird species, and it is shown that the increased anthropotization of the valley leads to a reduction in species diversity, the number of birds living here and to the loss of its uniqueness.

The Coromandel port of Masulipatnam, at the northern extremity of the Krishna delta, rose to prominence as a major centre of maritime trade in the last quarter of the sixteenth century. Its growing importance after about 1570 is explicable in terms of two sets of events: first, the consolidation of the Sultanate of Golkonda under Ibrahim Qutb Shah (r. 1550–1580), and second, the rise within the Bay of Bengal of a network of ports with a distinctly anti-Portuguese character, including the Sumatran centre of Aceh, the ports of lower Burma, of Arakan, as well as Masulipatnam itself. Round about 1550, Masulipatnam was no more than a supplier of textiles on the coastal network to the great port of Pulicat further south, but by the early 1580s its links with Pegu and Aceh had grown considerably, causing not a little alarm in the upper echelons of the administration of the Portuguese Estado da Índia at Goa. The ‘Moors’ who owned and operated ships out of Masulipatnam did so without the benefit of carlazes from the Portuguese captains either at São Tomé or at any other neighbouring port, and while developing an intense trade within the Bay of Bengal, strictly avoided the Portuguese-controlled entrepot at Melaka. The Portuguese in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were heavily involved in it in western India and a recent study has marshalled evidence from Portuguese sources on the mechanics of that trade in a port on the Kanara coast.2 In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the entry into the Indian Ocean of the large Chartered Companies, evidence on the grain trade is substantially increased, enabling us to see it in sharper focus in the broad canvas of Asian trade. the port was no more than a minor nuisance, and in the engagements that ensued, the Portuguese frequently had the worst of it, subsequently negotiating to recover prisoners lodged at Masulipatnam or at the court in Golkonda.2 However, by about 1590, the tenor of the relationship between the viceregal administration at Goa and the court at Golkonda had begun to show signs of change

Debates about the utility of different COIN models in the Indian scenario continue to evoke extreme reactions. Experts believe that Indian COIN efforts have invariably preferred trading “hearts and minds” approach with highly kinetic enemy centric tactics. It is argued that Indian security leadership feels that an enemy centric approach is best suited for Maoist insurgency, where the fear of population seceding from India is remote. India is blamed for not having a focused or a formal COIN strategy against the Maoist insurgency. It is only in the last decade that individual states have begun to harmonize their COIN responses with one another and with the Government of India (GoI) policies. A national surrender and rehabilitation policy were formulated in 2014; considered to be an important component of the new approach. Following federal guidelines, states have formulated their surrender policies. It may be myopic to assess these policies in isolation and these need to be evaluated in whole as a part of comprehensive COIN approach. The verdict till now is a mixed bag, while some states have tasted success with the scrupulous implementation of the new surrender policies, others have resorted to sham surrenders to shore up the numbers. Policies like surrender and rehabilitation can give a representative sense to the rebels that the government cares for them if they(rebels) are willing to shun the violent path. Proper implementation and timely disbursal of benefits add to the credibility of the policy and the government too. The multi-pronged approach of sustained military pressure, robust economic development program and a sensitive surrender cum rehabilitation policy stand to deliver favourable results in India’s fight against Maoist insurgency.

Object. Leukocyte—endothelial cell interactions may play a role in the development of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) because the extravasation of circulating leukocytes into the periadventitial space within 24 hours after the hemorrhage appears to be a critical event in this process. Ibuprofen is an antiinflammatory agent that inhibits the expression of specific cell adhesion molecules and, consequently, disrupts leukocyte—endothelial cell interactions. The authors investigated the efficacy of ibuprofen delivered locally from controlled-release polymers in the rabbit basilar artery (BA) model of cerebral vasospasm. Methods. Ibuprofen was incorporated into controlled-release ethylene—vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc) constituting 45% of the resulting polymer by weight. Fifty-four New Zealand White rabbits were randomized to 10 groups: sham operation (seven animals); SAH only (seven animals); and SAH plus either empty EVAc or ibuprofen—EVAc polymer at 30 minutes or 6, 12, or 24 hours (five animals per group; 40 total). The rabbits were killed 72 hours after induction of SAH, at the time of maximal vasospasm. The efficacy of ibuprofen in preventing vasospasm was assessed by measuring lumen patency of the rabbit's BAs. The intracranial controlled release of ibuprofen resulted in a significant inhibition of vasospasm when treatment was initiated at 30 minutes (patency 92.3 ± 5.1% compared with 52.1 ± 5.1% in animals given empty EVAc; p < 0.001) and 6 hours (patency 69.5 ± 3.5% compared with 47.2 ± 1.5% in animals given empty EVAc; p < 0.03) after blood deposition compared with treatment with empty EVAc. No effect was observed when treatment was begun at either 12 or 24 hours. Conclusions. Local intracranial delivery of ibuprofen accomplished using controlled-release polymers prevents vasospasm in the rabbit BA model of vasospasm when administered within 6 hours after blood exposure.

Pelaku dosa besar dalam diskursus teologi tampak masih menjadi perdebatan di antara para teolog. salah satu teolog rasional yang memberikan statmen terkait pelaku dosa besar adalah Mu’tazilah. Kelompok teologi Mu’tazilah berpendapat bahwa pelaku dosa besar tidak dianggap sebagai Mu’min atau sebagai Kafir (Al-Manzilah baina Al-Manzilatain). Pernyataan Mu’tazilah ini berlawanan dengan hadith Nabi tentang pelaku dosa besar. Dalam hadith tersebut, nabi Muhammad sangat jelas memposisikan pelaku dosa besar. Namun demikia, hadith tentang pelaku dosa besar belum tersentuh untuk dikaji oleh para peneliti. Sementara di sisi lain, hadith ini seringkali digunakan dasar normatif bagi para teolog, penceramah, dan mufti untuk memghakimi para pelaku dosa besar tanpa mengetahui kualitas dan kuantitas hadith tersebut. Oleh sebab itu, rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah 1).bagaimana kualitas dan kuantitas hadith pelaku dosa besar. 2) bagaimana kualitas matan hadith pelaku dosa besar. Semntara tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1). mengetahui dan menentukan kualitas dan kuantitas hadith pelaku dosa besar. 2). mengkonfrontasi matan hadith pelaku dosa besar dengan ayat Al-Qur’an dan hadith serupa. Metode penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif dengan ciri deskriptif-interpretative. Karena penelitian ini merupakan penelitian library research Sumber data penelitian ini terdapat primer (kitab hadis al-Musnad karya Ahmad bin Hanbal), sementara data Sekunder adalah kitab-kitab Tobaqot dan Rijal Al-Hadith, sekaligus hadith tersebut akan dibandingkan dengan Hadith riwayat lain. Untuk analisa penelitian ini yaitu analisa Takhrij, analisa konten dan Hermenuetika. Hasil penelurusan terhadap hadith pelaku dosa besar ini melalui kritik sanad dinyatakan bahwa hadith tersebut digolongkan pada hadith Shohih sanadnya muttas}il, rawi-rawinya d}a@bit}, tidak shadh, juga tidak ada ‘illah. Sementara pada kajian atas matan hadith masih terdapat polemik pemahaman atas redaksi hadith tersebut, yaitu; 1). kelompok yang mengatakan bahwa pelaku dosa besar termasuk kafir. 2). Kelompok yang menagtakan bahwa pelaku dosa besar dikatagorikan fasiq.

2,3-Dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo( F)-quinoxaline (NBQX), an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist, has been reported to provide neuronal protection after global ischemia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of NBQX initiated after focal cortical ischemia and to validate a method for measuring functional outcome in this model. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were exposed to various durations of transient or permanent tandem middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Studies compared motor performance using balance beam and prehensile-traction tests, calcium–calmodulin (Ca–CaM) binding by immunohistochemistry, and infarct volume between NBQX-treated animals [intravenous (i.v.) 5 mg/kg/h × 6 h or intraperitoneal (i.p.) 30 mg/kg q 30 min × 3 begun postischemia] and controls. All ischemic groups performed less well than sham-operated controls on the motor performance tasks in proportion to the severity of ischemia. No significant improvement in motor performance was noted in the NBQX-treated versus the control animals after 1 h or permanent MCA/CCA occlusion. Treatment with NBQX (i.v. or i.p. dosing) did not reduce Ca–CaM binding after 1 h of occlusion with 1 h of reperfusion or after 2 h of occlusion. Similarly, there was no reduction in infarct size between NBQX-treated and control animals after 24 h of permanent MCA/CCA occlusion (74.6 ±7.1 vs. 80.1 ± 6.0 ml; ns) or after 1 h of occlusion with 23 h of reperfusion (55.1 ± 4.4 vs. 47.4 ± 6.2 ml; ns). We conclude that therapy with NBQX alone has no protective effect in this model of ischemia, which may be related in part to its inability to prevent a postischemic increase in intracellular Ca in cortical neurons, and that our method of measuring motor performance is a useful indicator of functional outcome in this model.

The results of Khrushchev&apos;s foreign policy can be considered, albeit not in everything and even more modest than planned, on the whole quite successful. To resolve the 2nd Berlin crisis (1958–1963), Khrushchev in 1960 reduced the Soviet ground forces by a third, thereby trying to encourage the United States to reduce its military presence in Europe. However, at the Paris Summit of the heads of the 4 powers (1960), due to the active opposition of France and Germany, he failed to push through an agreement on West Berlin on Soviet terms. Mao Zedong, who himself dreamed of leadership among socialist countries after Stalin&apos;s death, took advantage of the convenient situation to start a conflict with Moscow. In such an environment, Khrushchev escalated the Berlin crisis by threatening to conclude a peace treaty with the GDR and block Western powers&apos; access to West Berlin (at the same time he conducts command and staff exercises “Storm”, 5–15.10.1961, together with the armies of the ATS countries). He hoped that the United States would not dare to start a war because of West Berlin, and this, in turn, would help to break off Western European states from NATO, showing them that the United States is not a reliable defender for them. His plan partially succeeded: in 1966, France will withdraw from NATO. In order to divert the attention and forces of the United States from West Berlin, the USSR has been actively creating distracting situations around the world since 1961. One of these situations was the Caribbean crisis, which almost led to a nuclear war (1962) and was a heavy defeat for the USSR, which had to fulfill all the conditions of the United States, but in return received Kennedy&apos;s promise to remove missile bases from Turkey. It will be possible to remove them only in 1963 in exchange for Turkey&apos;s support in its war with Greece over Cyprus. From Iran, due to the harsh Anglo-American pressure on the Shah, the USSR was able to achieve only an obligation not to deploy foreign missiles on its territory, but not to withdraw from the Baghdad Pact, nevertheless, the latter&apos;s activities were paralyzed. Under Brezhnev, despite the rejection of Khrushchev&apos;s tactics of nuclear bluff, the main directions and strategic goals of foreign policy remained the same as under Khrushchev: ensuring security on the western and southern borders of the USSR by splitting the opposing military blocs and establishing ties with Western European countries, especially France, improving relations with Turkey, Iran and Pakistan, linking them economically. The program of naval construction and the permanent presence of the Soviet Navy in all oceans, begun in 1959, continued.

Abstract End-organ damage in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) has become an emergent clinical priority over recent decades due to the increased lifespan of affected individuals. Renal failure (ESRD), which occurs in 4-12% of SCD patients and is strongly associated with early mortality, has become a particular concern. The detection of SCD nephropathy (SCDN) relies on relatively late markers of the disease process, namely proteinuria and reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Therefore, at-risk SCD patients cannot be identified prior to end-organ damage. A genomic region on human chromosome 22 containing two genes, MYH9 and APOL1, has been associated with non-SCD nephropathy, although the primary gene responsible has remained elusive due to strong linkage disequilibrium in this region. Our group demonstrated that both MYH9 and APOL1 are strong, independent genetic predictors of risk for proteinuria in SCD and interact to affect GFR (Ashley-Koch et al., 2011). We have now used zebrafish as a model to study the contribution of each gene (myh9 and apol1) to kidney function and filtration. To test independent effects of the knockdown of myh9 or apol1, we injected morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides in wild-type zebrafish embryos; this resulted in generalized edema (64% [myh9-MO] and 58% [apol1-MO], both significantly different compared to 3% of control embryos) and reduced glomerular filtration (as measured by quantitative dextran clearance; myh9-MO p=0.047 and apol1-MO p=0.042 when compared to control embryos) for both gene suppression models. Each morphant phenotype was rescued significantly by co-injection of each respective wild type human MYH9 (p=0.001) and APOL1 (p=0.043) mRNA. Importantly, co-injection of human mRNA corresponding to other APOL gene family members did not significantly rescue the observed apol1-MO phenotype, suggesting that apol1 is indeed the functional ortholog to the human gene. Next, we investigated the possibility of a genetic interaction between MYH9 and APOL1 by co-suppression of each of the zebrafish orthologous genes. We observed no additive or synergistic effects due to the co-suppression. Instead, the double morphants were indistinguishable from the myh9 morpholino alone, and neither single morpholino could be rescued by the human mRNA of the other gene. These data suggest that MYH9 and APOL1 may function independently but converge on the same biological process to affect risk of SCDN. In addition to evaluating the effects of candidate gene suppression in wild-type models, we have begun to utilize anemic zebrafish models described previously (Shah et al., 2012). Our preliminary work suggests that the myh9 knockdown phenotype is exacerbated under anemic stress. Ongoing efforts are aimed at identifying novel genetic contributions to SCDN through genome-wide association analysis and exome sequencing of extreme phenotypes in SCD patients, with functional evaluation of putative genetic candidates in our zebrafish model. By offering new insights into the contribution of genes that regulate renal function, these results further our understanding of the pathogenesis of SCDN and may provide genetic markers for the identification of at-risk SCD patients prior to the onset of kidney dysfunction. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Khanna A, Goyal RS, Bhawsar R. Menstrual practices and reproductive problems Study of adolescent girls in Rajasthan. J Health Manag. 2005;7(1):91–107. Ersoy B, et al. Effects of different socioeconomic conditions on Menarche in Female Turkish Students. Early Hum Dev. 2004;76(2):115–25. Dongre AR, Deshmukh PR, Garg BS. The effect of community-based health education interventions on menstrual hygiene management among rural Indian adolescent girls. World Health Popul. 2007;9(3):48–54. Tang CS, Yeung DY, Lee AM. Psychosocial correlates of emotional Responses to menarche among Chinese adolescent girls. J Adolescent Health. 2003;33(3):193–201. Adhikari P, et al. Knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene in rural adolescent girls in Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2007;5(3):382–6 Ali TS, Rizvi SN. Menstrual knowledge and practices of female adolescents in urban Karachi, Pakistan. J Adolescent. 2010;33(4):531–41. Bobhate P, Shrivastava S et al.. This was a cross-sectional study of knowledge and practices regarding reproductive health among female adolescents in an urbsluminf Mumbai. J Fam Reprod Health. 2011;5(4):117–24. Dasgupta A, Sarkar M. Menstrual hygiene: how hygienic is the adolescent girl? Indian J Community Med. 2008;33(2):77–80. Goel MK, Kundan M. Psycho-social behavior of urban Indian adolescent girls during menstruation. Australas Med J. 2011;4(1):49–52. Shanbhag D, Shilpa R, D’Souza N, Josephine P, Singh J, Goud BR. Perceptions regarding menstruation and Practices during menstrual cycles among high school going adolescent girls in resource-limited settings around Bangalore City, Karnataka, India. Int J Collab Res Inter Med Public Health. 2012;4(7):1353–62. Tiwari H, Oza UN, Tiwari R. Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about Menarche of adolescent girls in Anand District, Gujarat. East Mediterr Health J. 2006;12(3-4):428–33. Thakre SB, Thakre SS, Reddy M, Rathi N, Pathak K, Ughade S. Menstrual hygiene: knowledge and practice among adolescent school girls of Saoner, Nagpur district. J Clin Diagn Res. 2011;5(5):1027–33. Yasmin S, Mallik S, Manna N, Ahmed A, Paria B. Menstrual hygiene among adolescent school students: an in-depth cross-sectional study in an urban community of West Bengal, India. Sudan J Public Health. 2013;8(2):60–4. Oche MO, Umar AS, Gana GJ et al.. Menstrual health: Unmet needs of adolescent girls in Sokoto, Nigeria. Sci Res Essays. 2012;7(3):410–8. Ray S, Dasgupta A. Determinants of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls: a multivariate analysis. Natl J Commun Med. 2012;3(2):294–301. Boosey R, Prestwich G, Dave T. Menstrual hygiene management amongst Schoolgirls in the Rukungiri district of Uganda and their impact on their education: A cross-sectional study. Pan African Med J. 2014;19:253. Nemade D, Anjenaya S, Gujar R. Effect of health education on statistics and practices about menstruation among adolescent faculty girls of Kalamboli, Navi-Mumbai. fitness of Popul-Perspect issues. 2009;32(4):167–75 Narayan okay, Srinivasa D, Pelto P, Veerammal S. Puberty Rituals, Reproductive Understanding, and Health of Adolescent Girls in South India. Asia-percent Popul J. 2001;16(2):225–38. ARORA A, Mittal A, Pathania D, Mehta C, Bunger R. Impact of health education on understanding and practices about menstruation among adolescent college women in the rural part of the district Ambala, Haryana. Ind J Comm health. 2013;25(4):492–7. Lawan UM, Yusuf NW, Musa AB. Menstruation and menstrual hygiene among adolescent college women in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria. Afr J Reprod fitness. 2010;14(3):201–7. Zegeye DT, Megabiaw B, Mulu A. Age at menarche and the menstrual pattern in younger secondary college humans in Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Women’s Fitness. 2009;nine:29. Thakre SB, et al. Town-rural versions of menstrual troubles and practices of Female college students in Nagpur, India. Indian Pediatr. 2012;49(9):733–6. Udgiri R, Angadi MM, Patil S et al.. Expertise and practices concerning menstruation among adolescent women in a town slum in Bijapur. J Indian Med Assoc. 2010;108(8):514–6. Marvan ML, Molina-Abolnik M. Mexican youngsters’ revel in of menarche and attitudes toward menstruation: function of communique among moms and daughters. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynaecol. 2012;25(6):358–63. Sharma M, Gupta S. Menstrual sample and abnormalities in the immoderate college girls of Dharan: A cross-sectional test of the boarding faculty of Nepal Med Coll J.2003;5(1):34–6. Adinma ED, Adinma JI. Menstrual traits among south-eastern Nigerian adolescent faculty women West Afr J Med. 2009;28(2):110–3. Reis N, Kilic D, Engin R, Karabulutlu O. Sexual and reproductive health desires of adolescent girls from conservative and low-income households in Erzurum, Turkey. fitness of Popul Perspect trouble. 2011;3(6):370–7. Bosch AM, Hutter I, van Ginneken JK. Perceptions of teens and their months for reproductive and sexual development in MATLAB, Bangladesh. Int J Adolesc Med health. 2008;20(three):329–42 Dhingra R, Kumar A, Kour M. Understanding and Practices Associated with Menstruation Among Tribal (Gujjar) Adolescent Women. Ethno-remedy. 2009;3(1): 43–8 El-Gilany AH. Badawi. El-Fedawy S. Menstrual hygiene among adolescent schoolgirls in Mansoura, Egypt. Am. Reprod health subjects. 2005;13(26):147–52. Gumanga SK, Kwame-Aryee RA. Menstrual trends in a few adolescents women in Accra, Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2012;46(1):3–7. Dambhare DG, Wagh SV, Dudhe JY. Age at menarche and menstrual cycle the patterns among adolescent women in India. Glob J Health Sci. 2012;4(1): a hundred and 5–11. Kotecha PV, et al. Reproductive fitness focuses on rural college-going young people in the Vadodara district. Indian J sex Transm Dis. 2009;30(2): 94–9. Mudey A, Kesharwani N, Mudey GA et al.. Pass-sectional observed attention concerning secure and hygienic practices among faculty-going adolescent girls in a rural area of Wardha District, India. Glob J Health Sci. 2010;2(2):225–31 Ray S, et al. Knowledge and information on psychological, physiological, and gynecological problems among adolescent girls in eastern India. Ethiopia J Health Sci. 2011;21(3):183–9. Jarrah SS, Kamel AA. Attitudes and practices of school-aged girls towards menstruation. Int J Nurs Pract. 2012;18(3):308–15. Lee LK, et al. Menstruation among adolescent girls in Malaysia: A cross-sectional school survey. Singapore Med J. 2006;47(10):869–74. Wong LP. Attitudes toward menstruation, menstrual-related symptoms, and pre-menstrual syndrome among adolescent girls: A rural school-based survey. Women's Health. 2011;51(4):340–64. Wong LP. Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea: urban-rural and multipath differences in perception, impact, and treatment-seeking. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynaecol. 2011;24(5):272–7. Aniebue UU, Aniebue PN, Nwankwo TO. Impact of pre-menarcheal training on menstrual practices and hygiene in Nigerian schoolgirls. Pan Afr Med J. 2009;2:9. Iliyasu Z, et al. Sexual and reproductive health communication between mothers and adolescent daughters in Northern Nigeria. Health Care Women Int. 2012;33(2):138–52. Ajah LO, et al. Adolescent reproductive health challenges among schoolgirls in southeast Nigeria: Knowledge of menstrual patterns and contraceptive adherence. Patient Preference Adherence. 2015;9:1219–24. Chandraratne NK, Gunawardena NS. Premenstrual syndrome: The experience of a sample of Sri Lankan adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2011;24(5):304–10. Abd El-Hameed NA, Mohamed MS, Ahmed NH, Ahmed ER. Assessment of dysmenorrhea and menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in some nursing schools in LL-Minia governorate, Egypt. J Am Sci. 2011;7(9):216–23. Eswi A, Helal H, Elarousy W. Menstrual attitudes and knowledge of Egyptian female adolescents. J Am Sci. 2012;8(6):555–65. Omidvar S, Begum K. Factors influencing hygienic practices during menses among girls from South India: A cross-sectional study. Int J Collab Res Intern Med Public Health. 2010;2(12):411–23. Wong LP. Attitudes towards dysmenorrhea, impact, and treatment-seeking among adolescent girls: A rural school-based survey. Aust J Rural Health. 2011;19(4):218–23. Wong LP, Khoo EM. Menstrual-related attitudes and symptoms among Multiracial Asian adolescent females. Int J Behav Med. 2011;18(3):246–53. Sommer M. Ideologies of sexuality, menstruation, and risk: girls’ experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania. Cult Health Sex. 2009;11(4):383–98. Crichton J, et al. Emotional and psychosocial aspects of menstrual poverty in resource-poor settings: A qualitative study of the experiences of adolescent girls in an informal settlement in Nairobi. Health Care Women Int. 2013;34(10):891–916. Mason L, et al. ‘We keep it secret so no one should know’–a qualitative study to explore young schoolgirls’ attitudes and experiences with menstruation in rural western Kenya. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79132. Munthali AC, Zulu EM. The timing and position of initiation rites in preparing younger human beings for formative years and accountable reproductive behavior in Malawi. Afr J Reprod fitness. 2007;11(three): hundred and 50–67. fifty-three. McMahon SA, et al. ‘The girl together with her duration is the one to hang her head’ Reflections on menstrual management amongst schoolgirls in rural Kenya. BMC Int fitness haul rights. 2011;eleven:7. Sommer M. An early window of possibility for promoting girls’ health: Policy implications of the woman’s puberty e-book task in Tanzania. Int. Electron J Health Microbiol. 2011; 14:77–92 Dorgbetor G. Mainstreaming MHM in colleges through the play-primarily based approach: training discovered in Ghana. Waterlines. 2015;34(1): 41–50.56. Marvan ML, Vacio A, Espinosa-Hernandez G. Menstrual-associated changes expected with the aid of premenarcheal girls dwelling in rural and urban areas of Mexico. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(4):863–8. Marvan ML, Vacio A, Espinosa-Hernandez G. A contrast of menstrual adjustments anticipated through pre-menarcheal kids and changes skilled with the aid of publish-menarcheal children in Mexico. J Sch health. 2001;71(9):458–61 Pitangui AC, et al. Menstruation disturbances: incidence, characteristics, and effects on the daily activities of adolescent girls residing in Brazil. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2013;26(three):148–52 Santina T, Wehbe N, Ziade F. Exploring dysmenorrhea and menstrual reviews among Lebanese lady young people. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18(8):857–63. Chaudhuri A, Singh A. How do school women cope with dysmenorrhea? J Indian Med Assoc. 2012; 10(5):287–91. Sommer M. Where the training machine and Girls’ bodies collide: The Social and fitness impact of ladies’ stories of menstruation and training in Tanzania. J Adolesc. 2010;33(4):521–9. Patil MS, Angadi MM. Menstrual patterns among adolescent girls in the rural regions of Bijapur. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2013;6(1):17–20. Rana B, Prajapati A, Sonaliya KN, Shah V, Patel M, Solanki A. Assessment of menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent females in the Kheda district of Gujarat Kingdom, India. Healthline J. 2015;6(1):23–9. Sharma P, et al. Troubles associated with menstruation among adolescent girls. Indian J Pediatr. 2008; seventy-five (2): one hundred twenty-five–9, 65. Juyal R, Kandpal SD, Semwal J. Social elements of menstruation-associated practices in adolescent women in the district Dehradun. Indian J Network Fitness. 2013;25(three):213–6. Haque SE, et al. The impact of a school-based instructional intervention on menstrual health: An intervention examine among adolescent women in Bangladesh. BMJ Open. 2014;4(7):e004607. Bodat S, Ghate MM, Majumdar JR. School absenteeism during menstruation among rural adolescent girls in Pune. Natl J Community Med. 2013; four(2):212–6. Joshi D, Buit G, González-Botero D. Menstrual hygiene control: training and empowerment for women? Waterlines. 2015;34(1): 51–67. Sir Bernard Law et al. Sanitary pad interventions for girls’ schooling in Ghana: A pilot study. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48274 Oster E, Thornton R. Menstruation, sanitary products, and school attendance: Evidence from a randomized evaluation. Am Econ J. 2011;3(1):91–100. Mason L, Laserson K, Oruko K et al. Adolescent schoolgirls’ experiences of Menstrual cups and pads in rural western Kenya: A qualitative study. Waterlines. 2015;34(1):15–30. Kabir H, et al. Treatment-seeking for selected reproductive health problems: Behaviors of unmarried female adolescents in two low-performing areas of Bangladesh. Reprod Health. 2014;11:54. Nair MK, et al. Menstrual disorders and menstrual hygiene practices of girls in higher secondary schools. Indian J Pediatr. 2012;79 Suppl 1:S74–8. Baidya S, Debnath M, Das R. Reproductive health problems among rural adolescent girls of the Mohanpur Block of the West Tripura District. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2014;7(1):78–82. Wong LP, Khoo EM. Dysmenorrhea in a multiethnic population of adolescent Asian girls. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010;108(2):139–42. Poureslami M. Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of adolescent girls in suburban districts of Tehran about dysmenorrhea and menstrual hygiene. J Int Womens Stud. 2002;3(2):51–61. Eryilmaz G, Ozdemir F. Evaluation of menstrual pain management approaches by Northeastern Anatolian adolescents. Pain Manag Nurs. 2009;10(1):40–7. Wasnik VR, Dhumale D, Jawarkar AK. A study of the menstrual pattern and problems among rural school-going adolescent girls in the Amravati district of Maharashtra, India. Int J Res Med Sci. 2015;33(55):1252–6. Fakhri M, et al. Promoting menstrual health among Persian adolescent girls from a low socioeconomic background: A quasi-experimental study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:193. Allah ESA, Elsabagh EEM. Impact of a Health education intervention on Knowledge and Practice about Menstruation among female secondary school students in Zagazig City. J Am Sci. 2011;7(9):737–47. Sumpter C, Torondel B. A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62004. Nanda PMA, Mukherjee S, Barua A Mehl GL, Venkatraman CM. A study To evaluate the effectiveness of WHO tools: an orientation program on adolescent health for healthcare providers and adolescent job aid in India. Geneva: International Center for Research on Women, 2012. Vandenhoudt H, et al. Evaluation of a U.S. evidence-based parenting intervention in rural Western Kenya: From parents’ matters! To families matter! AIDS Educ Prev. 2010;22(4):328–43. Sommer M, Ackatia-Armah N, Connolly S, Smiles D. A comparison of menstruation and education experiences of girls in Tanzania, Ghana, Cambodia, and Ethiopia. Compare. 2014;45(4):589–609. Children, S.t. Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2015. Available from: http://www.savethechildren.org/site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.9080949/k.F576/ Adolescent_Sexual_and_Reproductive_Health.htm Health, I.f.R. Meeting the Needs of Adolescents: Introducing CCycle-Smart2013. Available from: http://irh.org/blog/meeting-the-needs-of-adolescents introducing-the cycle smart-kit/ Health, I.f.R. A3 project. Available from: http://irh.org/projects/a3_project/. Accessed 15 Oct 2014. Kettaneh APS, Todesco M. Good policy and practice booklet no. 9: puberty education and menstrual hygiene management. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 2014. Always. Tips and advice: “The talk.” Available from: http://always.com/en-us/ tips-and-advice/the-talk. Accessed 15 Oct 2014. George R. Celebrating womanhood: How is better menstrual hygiene management the path to better health, dignity, and business? Geneva: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaboration Council, 2013. Sommer M. V. E., Worthington, N., Sahin M. WASH in schools empowers girl’s education: proceedings of the menstrual hygiene management in schools virtual conference 2012. in Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools Virtual Conference. New York, NY: United Nations Children’s Fund and Columbia University; 2012. Kanotra SK, Bangal VB, Bhavthankar DP. Menstrual Patterns and Problems among adolescent girls in rural areas. International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research. 2013; 4(8):551–

Abstract Background: Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) that occurs in the context of a germline or somatic BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutation has dual drivers: hormone receptor signaling and homologous recombination deficiency. The PALOMA-3 trial studied the selective estrogen receptor downregulator fulvestrant and the CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) palbociclib in patients with HR+ MBC. Compared with fulvestrant and placebo, combination fulvestrant and palbociclib demonstrated significant and clinically meaningful improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival. The OlympiAD trial examined patients with HER2-negative MBC and a germline BRCA1/2 mutation who were treated with the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib or non-platinum chemotherapy. Olaparib resulted in improved PFS, double the response rate, and a lower risk of disease progression or death compared to chemotherapy. Despite these remarkable therapeutic advances, resistance to treatment inevitably develops and contributes to mortality in patients with MBC. Targeting dual therapeutic drivers concurrently may delay or circumvent resistance; however, olaparib and palbociclib have overlapping hematologic toxicity and the safety of combined olaparib, palbociclib and fulvestrant has not been determined. Methods: HOPE (NCT03685331) is a phase I/II clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of olaparib, palbociclib and fulvestrant in patients with HR+ MBC and a pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline or somatic variant in BRCA1/2. Eligible patients are biological males, postmenopausal females, or premenopausal females on ovarian suppression who have an ECOG performance status 0-1, measureable/evaluable breast cancer, any/no prior endocrine therapy, and 0-2 prior lines of chemotherapy for MBC. Prior platinum chemotherapy is allowed for curative intent treatment if completed at least 12 months prior to diagnosis of metastatic disease, or for MBC if there was no progression during therapy. Prior PARPi and prior CDK4/6i are permitted without restriction during phase I, and are permitted during phase II provided there was no progression on these therapies. Treatment (28-day cycles) consists of: olaparib 300mg by mouth twice daily continuously; fulvestrant 500mg intramuscularly on day 1 of each cycle and day 15 of the first cycle; and oral palbociclib once daily on days 1-21. For phase I, palbociclib dose is based on dosing cohort. Dose Levels (DL) are: DL 0 (starting level), 75mg; DL 1, 100mg; DL 2, 125mg. Phase I treatment begins with a 28-day safety run-in of fulvestrant and olaparib alone. For phase II, palbociclib will be dosed at MTD. Subjects will have archival tissue collection or fresh biopsy at baseline as well as research blood samples for cfDNA analysis at baseline, at progression, and at all scan timepoints (every 3 cycles). The phase I primary endpoint is determination of MTD. A 3+3 dose escalation design will be utilized with a 30% rate of dose limiting toxicity (DLT) deemed acceptable, and 6 patients treated at a dose for it to be declared MTD. This schema yields a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 18 patients on the phase I. For the phase II trial, the primary endpoint is PFS estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods and secondary efficacy endpoints are objective response rate and 24-week clinical benefit rate. The phase II trial will evaluate 54 subjects to provide 80% power to detect an increase in PFS from 7 months with olaparib monotherapy to 10 months. Exploratory objectives include examination of baseline tissue for PARPi predictive biomarkers and measures of tumor immunogenicity as well as serial serum evaluation for reversion mutations. Enrollment has begun. Citation Format: Alexandra Torres, Carey Kokkonen, Mary Oladeji, Kurt D'Andrea, Rosemarie Mick, Vivek Narayan, Michael Mallamaci, Gayle Ewing, Hayley Knollman, Nadine M. Tung, Mark Robson, Katherine L. Nathanson, Susan Domchek, Payal D. Shah. Harnessing olaparib, palbociclib, and endocrine therapy (HOPE): Phase I/II trial of olaparib, palbociclib and fulvestrant in patients with BRCA1/2-associated, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT2-18-01.