Bibliografias temáticas / Sewage farming

Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Sewage farming"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 25 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Sewage farming"

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Dwivedi, Avinash, Mr Anupam Mehrotra e Mr Kamal Nabh Tripathi. "Comparative Study of Different Sewage Farming on Soil Quality". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-4 (30 de junho de 2019): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23701.

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Balengayabo, Jonas G., Gabriel R. Kassenga, Shabaan M. Mgana e Fredrick Salukele. "Effect of Recurrent Irrigation with Treated Sewage from Anaerobic Digester Coupled with Anaerobic Baffled Reactor on Soil Fertility". International Journal of Environment 11, n.º 2 (7 de outubro de 2022): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v11i2.46898.

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Growing recognition of treated wastewater as a resource is among the factors influencing its reuse in agriculture worldwide. Long-term effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on soil is widely reported; however, the effect of irrigated farming cycles with treated sewage on soil fertility is rarely reported. In this study, greenhouse maize plot experiment, consisting of triplicate plots irrigated with treated sewage and tap water was conducted for three consecutive farming cycles. Soil was sampled for analysis at the depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm after every farming cycle. After the third farming cycle, pH and organic matter content increased significantly (P≤0.05) at all depths; NO3-N and PO4-P increased at 0-20 cm, though was not significant (P≥0.05); while EC and TDS decreased at all depths. With exception of pH, soil organic matter content, NO3-N, and PO4-P, were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in plots irrigated with treated sewage for all cycles; while EC and TDS were only significant after the second farming cycle. Variation of soil parameters was not consistent with the irrigated farming cycles. Irrigation with treated sewage improved soil PO4-P and organic matter content but posed soil alkalinity, thus pH amendment is needed after the third farming cycle.
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Saber, M. S. M. "Prolonged Effect of Land Disposal of Human Wastes on Soil Conditions". Water Science and Technology 18, n.º 7-8 (1 de julho de 1986): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0310.

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Land disposal of human wastes is a comprehensive issue, where a series of aspects have to be considered. Few, if any, alternatives exist to this technology. No doubt future emphasis will be on sewage farming, which should result in the cultivation of new arid land. This paper addresses the prolonged effect of land disposal of human wastes on soil properties, as well as on the dissemination of enteric pathogens. In order to assess this impact, soil samples were collected from Gabal el Asfar sewage farm in Cairo to represent sandy soils irrigated solely, by surface flooding, with decanted sewage effluent for 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60 years. Sewage farming tended to build up the soil microbial population, particularly during the first five years. In all soils, human wastes increased total bacterial counts and promoted the proliferation of the physiological groups. This population would accelerate the oxidation of organic matter to available nutrients. It also resulted in a high increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, micro-nutrients, organic carbon and raised the water holding capacity and exchangeable cations. However, the prolonged use of sewage effluent would disturb the balance of nutrients in soil, as the pH shifted towards acidity. The most interesting observation in the present work is to record that neither soluble salts nor micro-nutrients reached any injurious level. But land disposal of human wastes should be excercised with caution and if it is intended to be applied, salts, pH and nutrient elements should be checked occasionally. From the hygienic point of view, faecal E. coli, which is considered to be an indicator for enteric pathogens, gave positive results in all sewaged soils. Hence, it is recommended, from the sanitary point of view, that no crops which come in contact with sewage effluent should be cultivated in a sewage farm.
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Tiwari, Soni, Prabhash Kumar Pandey, Ranjan Singh, Ajad Patel, Laxmi Kant Pandey, Femina Sobin, Neeraj Khare et al. "Detoxification of Sewage Sludge by Natural Attenuation and its Application as a Fertilizer-A Review". International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 12, n.º 4 (10 de abril de 2023): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1204.008.

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Sewage sludge generated from the waste-water treatment systems can play an essential role as fertilizers in the agriculture system. Sewage sludges have hazardous toxic materials; therefore, their application is minimal. Proper dumping of sludge produced via waste-water treatment plants (WWTP) has been categorized as severe ecological trouble and a feasible option to be used in farming formerly sewage sludge is affluent in natural substance and nutrients. On the other hand, sewage sludge contains various toxic agents therefore special attention is required for its application in farming to evade any harm to the organisms as well as to the environment. Controlled and well monitored process of natural attenuation (biological, physical, and chemical processes) which is a part of the environment can detoxify the toxic substances present in the sewage sludges. This review will lead the readers towards the assessment of different processes used for the decontaminating sewage sludge naturally.
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Dwivedi, Avinash, Mr Anupam Mehrotra e Mr Kamal Nabh Tripathi. "Comparative Study of Different Sewage Farming on Soil Quality: A Review". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (30 de abril de 2019): 1849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21594.

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Robinson, K. "Volatile emissions from livestock farming and sewage operations". Biological Wastes 28, n.º 3 (janeiro de 1989): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(89)90088-8.

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Moriarty, F. "Volatile emissions from Livestock farming and sewage operations". Environmental Pollution 57, n.º 2 (1989): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(89)90009-2.

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Sheail, John. "Town wastes, agricultural sustainability and Victorian sewage". Urban History 23, n.º 2 (agosto de 1996): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800011925.

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In analysing the practicability of Victorian proposals to dispose of urban wastes, valuable insights may be gained from the commentaries of agriculturalists and their scientific advisers. The paper reconstructs the debate as to how the sewage of towns and cities might be transferred to farmland, the developing concepts of sewage farming and the ‘sewage farm’, the increasing disillusionment of farmers with sewage irrigation and, finally, the acknowledgement by the turn of the century that the recycling of such wastes was irrelevant to the needs of town and country alike.
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Kaware, Samrudhi. "A Review of Sensor Application in E-Farming". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, n.º 11 (10 de maio de 2021): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i11.5842.

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Sensor applications have a serious influence on everyday objects that improve the human quality of life. Key topics should be soil biological sensing, crop production and post-harvest implementation. Topics associated with soil sensing involve soil content control, sewage systems and soil erosion movement paths when harrowing, while seedling detection issues involve assessment of winery spray drift applications, implementations ofwinter wetland thermal imaging, forest wellness systems and remotely sensed applications.
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Williams, Adrian. "Book Review: Volatile Emissions from Livestock Farming and Sewage Operations." Outlook on Agriculture 18, n.º 2 (junho de 1989): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708901800213.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Sewage farming"

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Tidåker, Pernilla. "Integrating farming and wastewater management : a system perspective /". Uppsala : Dept. of Biometry and Engineering, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200785.pdf.

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Ribeiro, Maycon Diego 1988. "Projeto de uma mesa de subirrigação para ambientes protegidos". [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256797.

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Orientador: Roberto Testezlaf
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T21:34:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_MayconDiego_M.pdf: 3280137 bytes, checksum: 9c253671fd642a329f3232738ee0af37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: No cultivo em ambientes protegidos, o uso da irrigação é necessário, requerendo alta frequência e gerando dependência tecnológica do produtor na aplicação de água e fertilizantes. Irrigações inadequadas potencializam problemas, trazendo prejuízos financeiros pela baixa produtividade e desperdício de solução nutritiva (SN) e energia. Adicionalmente, o descarte inadequado desses insumos pode contaminar o solo e, consequentemente, o lençol freático. Estudos mostram que os sistemas de subirrigação têm potencial para obter altas eficiências na irrigação nesses ambientes, principalmente, quando há a recirculação da solução nutritiva. Porém, os equipamentos existentes atualmente no mercado foram desenvolvidos sem critérios de engenharia e produzidos em pequena escala para atender condições específicas de produção resultando em elevado custo inicial. Adicionalmente, a falta de conhecimentos sobre a sua aplicabilidade para diferentes sistemas de produção e sobre recomendações do manejo hídrico e nutricional para culturas distintas, proporciona outra limitação na sua aplicação, desencoraja sua adoção pelos produtores. O projeto e construção de uma mesa de subirrigação utilizando critérios de engenharia, que permitam o reuso da SN e o controle automático do manejo hídrico nutricional para diferentes culturas, disponibilizará um equipamento com potencial para ser inserido no mercado nacional de produção em ambientes protegidos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi projetar uma mesa de subirrigação automatizada com reuso da SN, a partir da aplicação de critérios de projeto de engenharia. Essa pesquisa foi dividida nas seguintes etapas: levantamento de informações sobre sistemas de subirrigação existentes no mercado, avaliação de campo de um sistema em operação, estabelecimento de parâmetros de dimensionamento por simulação, e a construção e avaliação de protótipo de equipamento. Os levantamentos realizados não localizaram fabricantes nacionais de equipamentos de subirrigação, e mostraram que os equipamentos em operação apresentavam projetos desenvolvidos empiricamente e construídos a partir de demanda específica do produtor. O sistema de subirrigação em operação avaliado apresentou baixa eficiência de irrigação e aplicação de água devido a perdas e ao descarte de SN. Os critérios adotados para o projeto da mesa de subirrigação foram ergonômicos e de segurança, funcionalidade e aplicabilidade, a escolha do material construtivo. A aplicação dos critérios adotados possibilitou o estabelecimento das seguintes características da mesa de subirrigação: largura de 1,58 m, comprimento variável, altura da borda de 0,06 m, chapa de poliestireno de alto impacto para a mesa e perfis de alumínio para a estrutura. A variação da combinação da vazão e do diâmetro do orifício de dreno associado ao controle automático do nível da lâmina na mesa de subirrigação atendem as exigências de manejo hídrico de diferentes culturas possibilitam a redução do uso de mão de obra e evita descartes com a recirculação da SN. Os resultados de avaliação da mesa de subirrigação construída permitiram identificar diferentes combinações de manejo associada à variação da altura e tempo de permanência da SN no interior da mesa. Concluiu-se que a mesa de subirrigação construída a partir de critérios de projeto de engenharia, com controle automático da reutilização da SN, tem potencial para ser inserido no mercado de ambiente protegido, tendo a opção de ser empregada em diferentes recipientes de produção, cultura e manejo
Abstract: Irrigation is a mandatory practice in greenhouse production, requiring high frequency and generating farmer technological dependency in water and fertilizers application. Low irrigation efficiencies increase production problems, bringing financial losses due to low yield and nutrient solution (NS) waste and energy cost. Additionally, the unsuitable disposal of these inputs can contaminate the soil and hence, the water resources. Studies showed that subirrigation systems have the potential for high efficiencies in greenhouse irrigation, especially when the recirculation of the nutrient solution is employed. However, subirrigation equipments currently available on the Brazilian market were designed without engineering criteria and produced on a small scale to meet specific production conditions, determining high initial investment cost. Furthermore, the lack of knowledge about its applicability to different production systems and water and nutritional management for distinct crops, provides another restriction in its application, and discourages producers in adopting this system. The design and construction of a subirrigation bench based on engineering criteria, enabling the NS reuse and the automatic control of water and nutrient management for different crops will provide a device with the potential to be introduced in the domestic market of greenhouse production. The objective of this work was to design an automated subirrigation bench with NS reuse, applying the fundamentals of engineering design criteria. This research was divided into the following steps: an information survey on commercial subirrigation systems, a subirrigation system field evaluation, and establishment of parameters for sizing simulation and the construction and evaluation of prototype equipment. The survey results do not tracked national companies that manufacture detailed subirrigation equipment, and shown that equipment found in farm operations was designed and developed empirically and constructed from specific producer demands. The evaluated subirrigation system revealed low values of irrigation and water application efficiencies due to NS losses and frequent disposal. The criteria adopted for the subirrigation bench design were based on ergonomic and safety, functionality and applicability issues, and the manufacture material selection. The implemented design criteria enabled the establishment of the following subirrigation bench features: width 1.58 m, length adjustable, edge height of 0.06 m, high impact polystyrene sheets for the bench frame and aluminum sheets for the supporting structure. The combinations of operation flow rate and drain orifice diameters, associated to the automated level control, allowed to establish water and nutrient management for different crops, reducing manpower needs and avoiding NS disposal due to the recirculated practice. The evaluation results of the assembled subirrigation bench showed that different management combinations can be performed by varying the NS depth and its residence time inside the equipment. It was concluded that the subirrigation bench constructed based on engineering design criteria, with automated management system and NS reuse, has the potential to be introduced in the greenhouse production market, with the option to be implemented to various crops and containers
Mestrado
Agua e Solo
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
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Mofokeng, Dikonketso Shirley-may. "Analyses of the impacts of bacteriological seepage emanating from pig farming on the natural environment". Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19820.

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Modern pig farming production may over burden the environment with organic substances, exposure of bacterial pathogens and introduction of resistance gene. This may be caused by the pig’s droppings, lack of seepage management or accidental spillage of seepage which may impact on the environment and its physicochemical parameters. The objective of this study is to determine and assess the level of bacteriological pollution emanating from the pig farm and their impact on the physicochemical parameters of soil and water as well as to identify the presence of antibiotic resistance gene of these prevailing bacteria. Soil and water samples were collected monthly for a period of six months (March- August 2013). Samples were collected at pig enclosures, soil 20 m and 100 m away from pig enclosures, constructed wetland used for treating pig farm wastewater, soil 20m and 100 m away from constructed wetland. Procedure followed for analysing soil and water samples includes physicochemical analyses, viable cell counts of 10-1 to 10-8 dilutions, identification of bacteria using API 20E test kit, antibiotic susceptibility analyses, and identification of resistance gene using molecular procedures. The media that were used for viable cell counts were, Nutrient agar, MacConkey Agar, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD agar), and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB). Physicochemical parameters of water showed unacceptable high levels of analysed parameters for BOD (163 mg/L to 3350 mg/L), TDS (0.77 g/L to 6.48 mg/L), COD (210 mg/L to 9400 mg/L), NO3 (55 mg/L to 1680 mg/L), NO2 (37.5 mg/L to 2730 mg/L), and PO43− (50 mg/L to 1427 mg/L) were higher than the maximum permissible limits set by Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). For soil samples TDS (0.01g/L to 0.88 g/L), COD (40 mg/L to 304 mg/L), NO3 (32.5 mg/L to 475 mg/L), and NO2 (7.35 mg/L to 255 mg/L) and PO43- (32.5 mg/L to 475 mg/L ) were observed to be higher than recommended limits set by Federal Ministry for the Environmental (FME). The viable cells in soil samples 30cm depth ranged from 0 cfu/mL to 2.44 x 1010cfu/mL, in soil 5cm depth ranged from 1.00 x 101 cfu/mL to 1.91 x 1010 cfu/mL, and in water samples viable cells ranged from 5.00 x 101 to 5.05 x 109. Pseudomonas luteola (Ps. luteola), Escherichia vulneris (E. vulneris), Salmonella choleraesuis spp arizonae, Escherichia coli 1(E. coli 1), Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas flourescens/putida (Ps. flourescens/putida), Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia ordoriferal, Pasteurella pneumotropica, Ochrobactrum antropi, Proteus vulgaris group, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella spp, Aeromonas Hydrophila/caviae/sobria1, Proteus Mirabillis, Vibrio fluvials, Rahnella aquatillis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps. aeruginosa), Burkholderia Cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (St. maltophilia), Shwenella putrefaciens, Klebsiela pneumonia, Cedecea davisa, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia plymuthica, Enterobacter sakaziki, Citrobacter braakii, Enterobacter amnigenus 2, Yersinia pestis, Serratia ficaria, Enterobacter gergoriae, Enterobacter amnigenus 1, Serratia marcescens, Raoutella terrigena, Hafnia alvei 1, Providencia rettgeri, and Pantoa were isolated from soil and water samples from the pig farm. Isolates were highly resistant to Penicillin G, Sulphamethaxazole, Vancomycin, Tilmocozin, Oxytetracycline, Spectinomycin, Lincomycin, and Trimethoprim. The most resistance genes detected in most isolates were aa (6’)-le-aph (2”)-la, aph (2”)-lb, aph (3”)-llla, Van A, Van B, Otr A and Otr B. Pig farm seepage is causing bacterial pollution which is impacting negatively on the natural environment in the vicinity of pig farm by introducing bacterial pathogens that have an antibiotic resistance gene and is increasing the physicochemical parameters for soil and water in the natural environment at the pig farm. It is therefore recommended that pig farms should consider the need to implement appropriate regulatory agencies that may include the regular monitoring of the qualities of final effluents from waste water treatment facilities. In addition there is a need to limit soil pollution in order to safe guard the natural environment in the vicinity of pig farm from bacteriological pollution and introduction of antibiotic resistance gene. It is also recommended that more advanced technologies should be introduced that will assist pig farms to manages the seepage properly.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Sciences)
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Gardiner, Sharen M. "Risk factors for potentially toxic blue-green cyanobacterial blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa in recycled wastewater intended for agricultural irrigation". Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:51477.

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The sudden and often unpredictable occurrence of potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms in agricultural irrigation water presents a human and animal health hazard internationally. The cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa produces a range of protein-phosphatase inhibitory microcystins which are the only cyanotoxins for which the World Health Organisation currently produces action thresholds. Contact with irrigation water and irrigated food containing cyanobacterial toxins has caused human illness and livestock deaths, and a suspect relationship with chronic neurodegenerative human diseases including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s has been proposed. Environmental risk factors for sudden cyanobacterial blooms are, however, poorly researched, motivating the current study which took place in the main storage dam of the Hawkesbury Water Recycling Scheme in North-Western Sydney. The main aim of this research was to examine interaction of the key chemical, physico-chemical and climatological factors affecting stored, recycled wastewater intended for agricultural irrigation and relate them to blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa over a one-year period (March 2016- March 2017). Multiple regression analysis results showed statistically significant correlations between potentially toxic cyanophyte (M. aeruginosa) abundance and DO (p = 0.002), and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) (p = 0.017) in a highly significant model (p = 0.006), with nine degrees of freedom. Significant correlations were not, however, obtained with algal-nutrient phosphate and nitrate in a range of redox states, suggesting that these were not growth limiting for toxin-producing bacteria in recycled water. This echoed an earlier research finding for enterococci in the same dam. Bivariate, linear regression supported these findings, in addition atmospheric temperature being identified as the most important climatological growth factor (r = +0.47). These findings are highly important in Australian dams due to an engineering strategy applied at sewage treatment plants (STP) to control both algae and cyanobacteria in water intended for discharge to receiving waters and for agricultural irrigation. The strategy involves encouraging denitrification by the addition of a high-carbon source such as soluble sludge organics or methanol in an anaerobic treatment environment. These research findings may explain the persistence of toxic blooms in algal-free environments following implementation of this practice. A number of recommendations are made future research to aid in planning interventions to avoid blooms and preserve the integrity of stored, recycled water supplies in Australia.
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Livros sobre o assunto "Sewage farming"

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C, Nielsen V., Voorburg J. H e L'Hermite P. 1936-, eds. Volatile emissions from livestock farming and sewage operations. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1988.

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Stevens, Daryl, Jim Kelly, Mike McLaughlin e Murray Unkovich. Growing crops with reclaimed wastewater. Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO Pub., 2006.

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Yi, Tong-bŏm. Chayon ŭl kkum kkunŭn twikkan. 8a ed. Soul-si: Tŭllyŏk, 2000.

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Odour prevention and control of organic sludge and livestock farming. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, 1986.

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Nielsen, V. C., e J. H. Voorburg. Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming. Taylor & Francis Group, 1986.

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Nielsen, V. C., e J. H. Voorburg. Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming. Taylor & Francis Group, 1986.

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Nielsen, V. C., e J. H. Voorburg. Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

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Nielsen, V. C., e J. H. Voorburg. Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming. Taylor & Francis Group, 1986.

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9

Kajitvichyanukul, Puangrat, e Brian D'Arcy, eds. Land Use and Water Quality: The Impacts of Diffuse Pollution. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789061123.

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Abstract The influence of landscapes – topography, soil, vegetation, geology – on water quality is an inherent part of the global water cycle. Land use has adverse impacts for example when soils are exposed, significant quantities of pollutants are released (including anthropogenic materials added to those naturally present), or pollutants are added directly to the water environment. Those impacts range from industrial development to farming and urbanisation. Whilst inefficient polluting industrial effluents are still tolerated in some countries, and poorly treated sewage globally remains a huge challenge for sanitation and public health, as well as the water environment, diffuse pollution is relatively poorly recognised or understood. The operator of a sewage or trade effluent treatment plant is consciously discharging effluent to the local river. But a farmer is simply growing crops or farming livestock, a city commuter driving to work is unlikely to be thinking how brake pad wear has released copper to the water (and air) environment and hydrocarbons and particulates too; no one is intending to cause pollution of the water environment. The same applies to industrial chemists creating fire-proofing chemicals, solvents, fertilisers, pesticides, cosmetics and many more substances which contaminate the environment. Understanding and ultimately minimising diffuse pollution is in that sense the science of unintended consequences. And the consequences can be severe, for water resources and ecosystems. It's a global problem. This book comprises 18 papers from experts around the globe, presenting evidence from tropical as well as temperate regions, and rural as well as urban land use challenges. The book explores the nature of diffuse pollution and exemplifies the issues at various scales, from high-level national overviews to particular catchment and pollutant issues. By contrast, natural or semi-natural forest cover has long been recognised as safeguarding water quality in reservoirs (examples from Australia to Thailand and UK). The final chapter looks at how landscapes generally, can be designed to minimise pollution risks from particular land-uses, arguing for a more widespread catchment approach to water-aware landscape design, allied with flood risk resilience, place-making for people, and biodiversity opportunities too. ISBN: 9781789061116 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789061123 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789061130 (ePub)
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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Sewage farming"

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Mundoli, Seema, C. S. Dechamma, Madhureema Auddy, Abhiri Sanfui e Harini Nagendra. "A New Imagination for Waste and Water in India’s Peri-Urban Interface". In Water Security, Conflict and Cooperation in Peri-Urban South Asia, 27–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79035-6_2.

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AbstractCities are often seen as incubators for enterprise and innovation. However, in this urbanisation era, we seem to suffer from a lack of imagination on how to handle the many environmental problems associated with expanding cities. This is especially true in the case of the peri-urban interface (PUI), a geographical and conceptual landscape with which the city core often has a contentious relationship. In this chapter we look at the complex linkages between water and waste in the PUIs of two metropolitan cities: Bengaluru and Kolkata. We look at two water systems: Kannuru lake in Bengaluru and Kolkata’s wetlands. Kannuru is a freshwater lake that supported traditional livelihoods and subsistence use by local communities, while Kolkata’s peri-urban wetlands not only served as the city’s natural sewage treatment plant but also enabled agriculture and aquaculture. Urbanization has adversely impacted both these water systems. Kannuru lake is threatened by a landfill on its periphery, while sewage-based farming and fisheries in Kolkata’s wetlands have been impacted by changes in land use and composition of sewage. We unravel the complexity in the waste-water relationship, where waste is seen as a pollutant in one and as a nutrient in the other. We attempt to understand how we can re-envision waste and water linkages in the PUIs of expanding cities if India needs to move towards a sustainable future.
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Shenoy, Rashmi S., Prathibha Narayanan e Savithri Bhat. "Emerging Technologies for Separation and Recycle of Phosphorous from Sewage Sludge for Hydroponic Farming System". In Biorefinery for Water and Wastewater Treatment, 249–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20822-5_12.

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"Box 3.3 Sewage and farming in Hubli-Dharwad". In Rural-Urban Interaction in the Developing World, 93–107. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203646274-20.

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"(3) Commission of the European Communities. COST project 68 ter. Final Reports of the Community COST Concertation Committee. 1983. (4) Department of the Environment/National Water Council Standing Committee on the Disposal of Sewage Sludge. Sewage Sludge Survey 1980 Data. Department of the Environment 1983. (5) Anaerobic digestion of Sewage Sludge and Organic Agricultural Waste. Proceedings of a COST 681 Workshop held in Athens May 1984. (In the Press). (6) EIKUM, A.S., and BERG, N. Odour characterisation and removal of odours from facilities receiving septage. To be published in Review Papers on Sewage Sludge Processing, 1985. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 21–49. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-15.

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"COST 68 bis was more extensive in scope than the initial project since it covered both treatment and use of sewage sludge. This meant that the topics included both the engineering and economics aspects of sludge processing at sewage works and the environmental aspects of sludge disposal particularly in regard to its utilisation as a fertilizer in agriculture. The use of sewage sludge in this way is important in most countries and it was recognised that co-ordinated research was desirable into both the possible adverse environmental effects of heavy metals and pathogens in sludges and the beneficial effects of plant nutrients in sludge. The problem of odour nuisance arising from the handling and spreading of sewage sludge was also recognised as an important subject-area for research. Under COST 68 bis, five Working Parties were established to co-ordinate the various areas of research. As a 'Concerted Action1, no direct funding was available from the European Commission to finance research projects on sewage sludge, each country being expected to contribute its own publicly-funded projects to the common ’pool*. COST 68 bis ran from 1977 to 1980(2) and was followed by an extension programme - COST 68 ter - which ran from 1981 to 1983(3). In 1983, it was decided to further extend this Concerted Action but to widen the range of research topics in the scientific programme to include animal manures. The renewed programme was designated COST Project 681 'Treatment and Use of Organic Sludges and Liquid Agricultural Wastes'. It is obvious that sewage sludges and farm manures have many aspects in common particularly with regard to handling and treatment techniques and to the environmental impact (e.g. odour) which can occur from their utilisation on land. On the other hand, from the administrative point of view, sewage sludge and farm manures are in two different 'worlds'. Sewage sludge is the general responsibility of public authorities while responsibility for disposing of animal manures belong mainly to the private farming sector. Funding for research on the two types of waste, even if from Government sources, is usually from different Departments and there is little cross-involvement of research scientists in the two sectors. Nonetheless, the COST 681 activity is attempting to promote some co-ordination of effort between the two research areas and, hopefully, this will result in mutual benefit to both those authorities responsible for sewage sludge treatment and those concerned with farm manures and their disposal. This joint Workshop on 'odours' is a good example of the type of co-operation, and sharing of information on a common problem, which can be of great mutual benefit to both sectors. PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES". In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 17. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-11.

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"different aspects of slurry disposal, for example, spreading, and odour from land after spreading. Correlation work to establish which fractions are best remains to be done, and will probably involve chemical analysis. It is clear then, that the concept of Odour Potential of a sludge or slurry can be a useful tool not only to the odour specialist but also to the operators of sewage treatment works and agricultural slurry handling facilities in minimising the nuisance from the disposal of sludges. (1 j GILLARD, F. ’Measurements of odours by dynamic olfactometry; application to the steel and carbonisation industries." Paper presented at internation symposium: Characterisation and control of odoriferous pollutants in process industries, Belgian Filtration Society, Louvain-La-Neuve, April 1984. (2) TOOGOOD, S. J., and HOBSON, J.A. ’The Discharge of Volatile M rials to Sewers", Water Research Centre, Technical Report TR142, England, 1979. (5) Commission of European Communities, ’The use of Sewage Sludge in Agriculture’, Draft Directive, November 1981. (6) HURLEY, B. J., and RACHWAL, A. J. "Reducing Sludge Volune" Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, 21» 292-296, 1981." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 154. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-66.

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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe e Bram Vermeer. "Water for Life". In 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0008.

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Over a billion people don’t have access to a safe water supply. And a third of the world’s population lacks basic sanitation with the result that more than 2 billion human beings are afflicted with infections that result in diarrhea and other diseases. Tens of millions of them die every year. Improving this state of affairs poses a massive challenge. Take sanitation: What if we could provide basic facilities for all those people over the next 20 years? You’d have to hook them up to the sewer system at the rate of half a million a day. We know how to install individual toilets and sewage pipes, but a project on that kind of scale is way beyond our capabilities. It would not only require new technology but a huge amount of money and political will, too. The challenges for providing all humanity with access to clean water are similarly gigantic. It’s not a matter of scarcity. There is enough drinking water for everyone on Earth even as its population continues to grow. According to the United Nations, a human being needs 20 liters of drinking water a day to live healthily. Every year, 100,000 cubic kilometers of rain fall on the earth, which translates into 40,000 liters per person per day. That would be plenty even if you only manage to tap a tiny fraction. Sufficient drinking water is available for all even in the driest regions of the earth. The problem is one of quality: People don’t die of thirst; they die from drinking water that’s not safe. The use of water for agriculture is another story. Roughly 70 percent of the human use of fresh water is for farming. People rarely realize just how much water agriculture requires. It takes 1,000 liters to grow the wheat for a single kilogram of fl our, for instance. Other products soak up even larger amounts of water. A kilogram of coffee needs 20,000 liters, and a liter of milk takes 3,000—mostly for the cattle feed and the grass consumed by the cow.
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"In any case, covering may be impracticable for other reasons. Many processes as they are currently designed depend upon at least visual access by operators for process control, and in other instances the production of odorous chemicals such as hydrogen sulphide can be accompanied by the formation of methane, giving a potential fire or explosion hazard. 1.1.1. Odours .from the Spreading of Sludge and Slurries on Land The chimney, originally devised to increase draught through fires and to provide smoke extraction, has found extensive use in many industries to aid the dispersion of odour. The extra height gained by the point of emission is frequently enough to give the extra dilution required to reduce the risk of odour nuisance at even relatively nearby properties. This is an option that is not open to the farmer or the sewage works operator. The cost and practicability of enclosing the processes used in sewage treatment varies considerably, but in the disposal of sludge or animal slurries to land there is never a realistic option that the dispersion of odours once transferred to the gas phase might be effectively controlled. For the prevention of nuisance therefore there are two possibili­ ties. First, the formation or release of odorous chemical species can be discouraged. In practice this usually means the prevention of reducing conditions (negative redox potential) and possibly the prior removal of certain key compounds. Second, the time of contact between the sludge/ slurry and the air can be reduced, for example by ploughing in or sub-surface injection, and the act of spreading can be timed to coincide with favourable atmospheric conditions. These two approaches can of course be used in combination. Both approaches naturally add to the cost of sludge disposal, and for the sewage works manager add to the risk that farmers might be less willing to accept sludge to land, causing a greater problem still. For the fanner, sewage sludge can be a useful source of cheap nitrogen, though of unspecified strength, and also of much needed soil structure, but the imposition of no-grazing periods after application can add to the cost taken as a whole. A further problem, especially for farmers with arable crops is that the demand for soil nutrients and the practicability of spreading and ploughing in are seasonal, whereas a sludge and slurry are produced at a more or less constant rate. In the case of slurries, seme form of storage is inevitable, and commonly takes place in open pits. Scxne digestion and therefore stabilisation takes place during storage, reducing the capacity of the slurry to cause odour nuisance, and as long as the surface crust is not disturbed, little odour results. It is the emptying of slurry pits that gives rise to the release of odour. 2. P rin ciple, Sources, of Odour at .^ weg e .lreatment Works". In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 146. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-58.

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"the panel leader on a panel of light in a separate signal box. The panel leader records the judgements and calculates by Beans of a statistical procedure, the averaged panel value termed E D . This term denotes Effective £osage at the 50 percent level, i.e. thlt dilution level at which 50 percent of the panel would and 50 percent would not detect odour of the diluted sample. The dilution is denoted by the dilution factor. For instance: ED = 1000 means that one litre of the odorous air must be diluted with 1000 litres of non-dodrous air to reach the panel threshold termed ED . With the olfactometer in use it is possible to measure dilutions between approximately 10x up to approximately 30.000x. 3. APPLICATIONS In general the main sources of odour emission in Norway are fish meal plants, pulp and paper mills, and plants for the treatment of sewage sludge and waste water. Investigations have been carried out in these and other branches of the industry, i.e. the food industry. Each case may provide features which influence the olfactometric measurements, often demanding special sampling techniques and inter­ pretations. In the following some of the problems and experiences will be pointed out by means of examples from sewage treatment and fish meal plants, showing the use of olfactometry for obtaining satisfactory odour reducing results. A couple of years ago an investigation was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of odour reducing processes based on different principles, such as chemical scrubbers, soil bed filters, activated carbon filters, iron oxide filters, and combustion. Samples for the olfactometric measurements were taken in different positions in the installations and the odour reducing efficiency was calculated as the ratio between the recorded ED value at the outlet and inlet of the purification steps: nfilter:". In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 96. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-32.

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"parameters, efforts can be made to improve odour reducing processes within their limitations. Better odour reducing efficiency can be obtained by appropriate management of the process, and energy costs may be reduced by discriminative venting of process operations contributing with high concentrations of odorous compounds. However, attention must be paid to the sampling procedures in processes involving high temperatures and high degrees of humidity. Measurements indicate that such conditions may influence on ED values to some extent. REFFERENCES (1) DRAVNIEKS, A. and PROKOP, W.H. (1973). Source emission odour measurement by a dynamic forced choice triangle olfactometer. Air Poll. Control Assoc. Paper, 73-276. (2) PETTIT, C.G. (1959). 20 years of sewage sludge burning at Barberton, Ohio. J. San. Eng. Div. Amer. Soc. Civil Engr. 85SA6, 17. (3) LABOON, J.F. (1961). Construction and operation of the Pittsburgh project. J. Water. Poll. Control Fed. 33, 758." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 99–111. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-35.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Sewage farming"

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Kuusik, Argo, Karin Pachel, Aare Kuusik e Enn Loigu. "Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with fish farming waste". In The 9th International Conference "Environmental Engineering 2014". Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Press “Technika” 2014, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2014.084.

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KEMESIUS, Martynas, Gerda SILINGIENE, Regina VASINAUSKIENE e Remigijus ZALKAUSKAS. "THE INFLUENCE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ON NORWAY SPRUCE (PICEA ABIES (L.) H. KARST.) SEEDLINGS GROWTH". In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.079.

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The usage of biodegradable waste as sewage sludge in a proper way for tree nurseries enable to seek for ecological, waste-less, alternative to mineral fertilization farming ways. The aim of this research is to investigate impact of sewage sludge fertilizers on Norway spruce (Picea abies) two years’ seedlings growth. Research has been done in 2013-2014 at Utena State Forest Enterprise nursery. The different fertilization rates (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 t/ha) of sewage sludge were investigated and compared with control – traditional fertilization with mineral fertilizers. The impact of sewage sludge was evaluated by seedlings biometric indicators, also dry mass of sample seedlings (medium seedlings by height and diameter). The bigger rates of sewage sludge showed almost better results in exception of seeds outlet. Sewage sludge has long lasting effect on seedlings growth and could successfully shift soil fertilization by mineral fertilizers. The obtained research results confirm the similar research carried out in 2011 in Rokiskis State Forest Enterprise nursery for first year Norway Spruce seedlings.
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Huppmann, Gerhard. "The MTU Carbonate Fuel Cell HotModule®: Utilization of Biomass and Waste Originated Fuels for Polygeneration in Fuel Cells". In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97120.

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MTU’s HotModule is a High Temperature Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell System. It transfers the chemical energy of the fuel directly to electricity, heat and a useful depleted air with an electrical efficiency in the range of 42 to 52%. It convinces by minimal emissions of contaminants. The produced heat is given by the depleted air at a temperature level of 400 °C; this ensures a multi purpose and valuable utilization of the heat. The HotModule operated with natural gas is demonstrated meanwhile together with our partner Fuel Cell Energy Inc. in approximately 25 field trial plants and reached now a pre-commercial status. It is highly suitable for the utilization of hydrocarboneous gases, such as biogas, sewage gas, coal mine gas, of synthesis gases from thermal gasification processes of different waste material. Such gases are the most important renewable energy resources. In case of a consequent utilization of such gases for Combined Heat and Power Production a contribution of 12% to 15% of stationary consumable energy consumption can be reached. Even lean gases will be converted with high efficiency to electrical power and high exergetic heat. These characteristics recommend the HotModule for applications using the big potential of regenerative and secondary fuels with all their advantages in decentralized consumable energy supply, reduction of dependence on primary energy imports and reduction of greenhouse gas and other contaminants emission. MTU started recently a HotModule fed by methanol from waste material together with BEWAG in Berlin and many experimental work concerning applications with biogas and sewage gas has been performed with promising results. Due to the high electrical efficiency the HotModule saves about 1/3 of CO2 emission in comparison to conventional “prime movers”. If fuels are used, which are originated from renewable sources like biomass via fermentation or gasification, the balance of CO2 is zero within a suitable short period (in comparison to coal, natural gas and oil, where this period is some millions of years). The advantage of the Carbonate Fuel Cell HotModule is, that these fuel gases from the renewable sources can be used with the high performance and efficiency of the HotModule, even they are low caloric gases, which decline the electric efficiency of conventional prime movers significantly. The products of the HotModule are: • Electricity: DC for telecommunication and IT - AC to grid or to stand alone networks - Applications for uninterruptible power supply. • Premium Heat: Heat from HotModule is available in form of the depleted air at a high temperature. This high exergetic heat is valuable for steam production, industrial production processes as well as for many other processes e. g. in hospitals, in the food industry, in greenhouse farming. It can also be used in cascades of steam production for additional electricity generation via steam turbines, medium temperature processes like drying, cooking, and at the low temperature end for water heating and space heating and — may be — pool heating. • Cooling Power: Another important heat utilization is the production of cooling power for air conditioning and food storage facilities by thermal driven cooling systems, e. g. absorption chillers or steam injection chillers with the overlapping of the required energy amounts over the year: Cooling in summer, heating in winter. This leads to a thermal full power operation of the HotModule all over the year decreasing the pay back period of such equipment. • Fertilizing atmosphere: The depleted air consists of nitrogen, a small amount of oxygen, lots of water vapour and a substantial amount of CO2 (in the range of 5%vol). No contaminants, no toxic ingredients, no other loads. Mixed with fresh air, this depleted air is a most valuable atmosphere for greenhouse farming: Plants need the right temperature, the CO2-contents increase the growing rate of the plants (e. g. tomatoes need an average of 2%vol of CO2 in atmosphere for optimal growing; CO2-fertilizer) and the high water vapour content saves humidification water.
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Cauduro, Ma´rcia. "Plan of Communications and Relationship With Third Parties for the Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Right-of-Way". In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31603.

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Objective: This work aims to present to the Plan of Communications and Relationship with Communities implemented by TBG as a tool for the Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline integrity management. Scope: In studies carried out by the European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group (EGIG), global statistics demonstrate that most accidents involving pipelines are caused by improper actions of third parties. The expansion of sugar cane crops and the improvements in utilities, such as telephone, electricity, water and sewage services in the cities along the pipeline have increased the number of events of interference in the right-of-way. These facts have evidenced the need for creating a Plan of Communications and Relationship with landowners and neighboring communities to assure the continuous monitoring of the Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline right-of-way. The Plan of Communications and Relationship with Communities is designed to reduce the risk of accidents caused by the improper action of third parties. The strategy of action is focused on strengthening the relationships among the right-of-way technical staff, TBG subcontractors, and other publics affected by the pipeline. It also encourages the use of the toll-free Gas Hotline (0800 026 0400) - TBG main communication channel with communities. The intensive publicity targeted at specific audiences ensures that local populations and other relevant publics raise their awareness on the importance of preserving the right-of-way, and the precautions that must be taken in their neighborhoods, mainly in cases of interferences, such as urban improvement projects and farming activities by keeping permanent contact with TBG through the Gas Hotline. This work will also present the interfaces among the right-of-way technical staff, the corporate communications team, and specific target audiences; communication resources, guidelines, technical training programs, Gas Hotline monitoring and management plans, indicators of services provided to the communities and landowners, and the results of the Gas Pipeline Management Program.
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Bonchkovskyi, Andrii. "Assessment of anthropogenic pressure by nutrients and organic substances in the Sula river basin". In International Conference of Young Scientists on Meteorology, Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring. Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/icys-mhem.2023.029.

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The paper focuses on a man caused pressure in the Sula River with organic substances and nutrients which are the main factors affecting the water status. The Sula River is a left tributary of the Dnipro River flows into the Sulynska Bay of the Kremenchuk Reservoir. The water resources of the Sula River are used for drinking water supply, melioration, fish farming, etc. The Sulynska Bay is a spawning area for fish and the place of their largest commercial concentration. For a long time, the bay has been experiencing frequent cases of a critical decrease in dissolved O2, resulting in fish kills. Materials and methods of the study. The Electronic Services Portal of the State Agency of Water Resources of Ukraine (e-services.davr.gov.ua) as of 2021 was used to assess the contribution of studied compounds from point sources. The population was calculated based on the Atlas of the Administrative and Territorial Arrangement of Ukraine (2021). The pressure of nutrients and organic substances is calculated based on the person’s excretion coefficients, their removal by treatment facilities (Behrendt, Huber, Kornmilch et al., 2000; Osadcha, Luzovitska, Ukhan et al., 2022). Results and discussion. The total pressure from point sources is the sum of the urban population's contributions and industrial enterprises. Pollution with organic substances and nutrients from point sources is mainly associated with the wastewater discharge from settlements. There are 1141 settlements in the Sula basin, including 7 ones with a population ≥ 10 ths. people (36%), and 17 settlements with 2-10 ths. people (12%). The pressure of organic substances from the population connected to sewer systems was 512.9 t•year-1 for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and 726.7 t•year-1 for chemical oxygen demand (COD). In terms of nutrients, the flow to surface waters was 162.3 t•year-1 for N and 56.1 t•year-1 for P. The largest organic pollution is caused by wastewater from the Ichnia municipal facility, while the nutrient pressure was caused by the corresponding enterprise in Pryluky. Annually, 111.2 t•year-1 of organic substances in terms of BOD5 and 133.1 t•year-1 in terms of COD is discharged into the Sula River basin with industrial wastewater. The pressure of nutrients supplied by industrial wastewater was 18.4 t•year-1 of Total nitrogen (TN) and 1.8 t•year-1 of Total Phosphorus (TP). The largest polluter in the Sula basin is Linovytskyi Sugar Plant “Krasnyi”, whose wastewater discharged ~ 67% of nutrients and up to 96% of organic substances from the total amount. Diffuse sources are dominated by pollution from the population without access to sewerage networks. To a greater extent, this applies to small settlements of ≤ 2000 people. This pressure is 2304 t•year-1 for BOD5 and 3917 t•year-1 for COD. Additionally, 224.3 tons of nitrogen and 31.5 tons of phosphorus are discharged annually into the Sula basin. The role of other diffuse sources, such as agriculture, land use patterns, etc., has a much smaller impact on the formation of surface water quality in the Sula River basin. Conclusions. The ecological status of surface waters in the Sula River basin depends on the quantitative parameters of anthropogenic pressure, which, according to BOD5, is 2928 t•year-1, COD – 4777 t•year-1. For nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, the obtained indicators in the context of the year reach 405 t•year-1 and 89 t•year-1. The peculiarity of the Sula River basin is that the dominant share of organic substances and nitrogen comes from diffuse sources. The relative contribution of distributed sources for BOD5, COD, and TN is 79%, 82%, and 55%, respectively. At the same time, for TP, the main pressure is formed by point sources. A similar pattern is characteristic of other river basins in Ukraine and around the world and is related to the peculiarities of the P geochemical cycle. The contribution of diffuse sources is due to the total natural background and the population without access to sewerage networks. Among the point sources, 82 - 89% of the pressure is associated with wastewater discharge from municipal enterprises. The results obtained should serve as a basis for developing measures to overcome the impact of anthropogenic pressure.
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