Livros: "Setting mechanism"

1

Serbia. Setting-up of National Preventive Mechanism in Serbia: Initial 6 months: Getting ready, no monitoring. Belgrade: Protector of Citizens (Ombudusman) of Republic of Serbia, 2011.

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2

Hippolyte, Ralph. Setting: From the mechanics to the art. Scone: Dark Horse Publishing, 1997.

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3

Norton, George W. Priority-setting mechanisms for national agricultural research systems: Present experience and future needs. Hague: International Service for National Agricultural Research, 1987.

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4

Norton, George W. Priority-setting mechanisms for national agricultural research systems: Present experience and future needs. Hague, Netherlands: International Service for National Agricultural Research, 1987.

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5

Norton, George W. Priority-setting mechanisms for national agricultural research systems: Present experience and future needs. The Hague: ISNAR, 1987.

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6

Upreti, Bishnu Raj. Settling local conflicts in Nepal: Different mechanisms and practices : discussion paper. Kathmandu, Nepal: Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research, 2014.

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7

Nalwanga-Sebina. Land dispute resolution mechanisms in Uganda: What works in the rural settings? [Kampala]: Makerere Institute of Social Research, 2003.

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8

Barczak, Thomas M. A model of shield-strata interaction and its implications for active shield setting requirements. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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9

Barczak, Thomas M. A model of shield-strata interaction and its implications for active shield setting requirements. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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10

Barczak, Thomas M. A model of shield-strata interaction and its implications for active shield setting requirements. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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11

Barczak, Thomas M. A model of shield-strata interaction and its implications for active shield setting requirements. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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12

Barczak, Thomas M. A model of shield-strata interaction and its implications for active shield setting requirements. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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13

Jack, Langenbrunner, Cashin Cheryl, O'Dougherty Sheila e World Bank, eds. Designing and implementing health care provider payment systems: How-to manuals. Washington DC: World Bank, 2009.

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14

Reznik, Semen, Marina Chernikovskaya e Ol'ga Sazykina. Financial literacy of Russian students: a key condition for ensuring economic independence. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2091440.

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The monograph presents the results of a study of the formation of financial literacy of Russian students. Special attention is paid to students' assessment of their financial literacy, analysis of: students' setting life goals in the field of finance, experience in drawing up and implementing a personal budget, the use of financial planning technologies in the organization of personal life, the culture of financial behavior of students, their entrepreneurial potential, financial priorities in the organization of student life, prospects for improving their financial literacy. An integral quantitative assessment of the level of formation of students' financial competencies is presented. The influence of socio-demographic factors on the formation and development of financial literacy of students of Russian universities is studied: gender characteristics, areas of training, age, etc. The system, mechanisms and strategic directions of managing the formation and improvement of financial literacy of students of higher educational institutions of Russia as a key condition for ensuring their future economic independence are proposed. It is recommended for students and teachers of Russian universities, for governing bodies of higher education institutions, as well as for anyone who studies the problems of financial literacy of the Russian population.

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15

Koops, Egbert. Price Setting and Other Attempts to Control the Economy. Editado por Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando e Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.45.

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Prices in the Roman economy were generally set by the operation of free market forces. Occasional government interventions in the form of price ceilings occurred in times of crisis, to stabilise volatile or politically important markets, or to signal moral policies. The mechanism of price formation was generally understood, but price shocks were expected to be curbed. In a similar vein, the valuation techniques developed by the Roman jurists were based on “true” prices rather than pure market prices. Even so, party autonomy in price setting was the norm. The grain market was guided to some extent for obvious political reasons, but even here there was room for private initiative. The freedom to contract was stressed as late as Diocletian, but, not much later, rampant inflation forced him to issue his edict on maximum prices, which remains an exceptional regulation in many ways.

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16

Downey, James, e Michael Cohen. Endogenous Mechanisms of Cardioprotection. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199544769.003.0008.

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• Ischaemic preconditioning is the most powerful endogenous mechanism for limiting myocardial infarct size in the experimental setting. Its clinical application is limited to scenarios in which the index episode of ischaemia and reperfusion can be anticipated such as in the setting of cardiac surgery• Ischaemic postconditioning represents an endogenous cardioprotective strategy which is applied at the onset of myocardial reperfusion, thereby allowing its use as an adjunct to reperfusion in patients presenting with an acute myocardial infarction• Both ischaemic preconditioning and postconditioning recruit a common signal transduction pathway at the time of myocardial reperfusion, which can be targeted by pharmacological agents administered as adjuncts to reperfusion.

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17

McKinlay Gardner, R. J., e David J. Amor. Uniparental Disomy and Disorders of Imprinting. Editado por R. J. McKinlay Gardner e David J. Amor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199329007.003.0018.

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Uniparental disomy (UPD) is a fascinating pathogenetic mechanism, albeit that it is applicable to a small but important number of conditions. This chapter discusses the basis of UPD and the different mechanisms by which it may arise. It reviews the concept of epigenetics in this setting. This chapter considers UPD as it may have been observed in all the chromosomes, in some of which it appears to be without any effect, and others in which a UPD effect is well known, including the classic UPD conditions, of which Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes are the archetypes. The differing reproductive risks in these different syndromes are noted.

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18

Lei, Yuan. Alarms and Safety Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784975.003.0012.

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‘Alarms and Safety Mechanisms’ breaks that puzzling black box, which includes those critical functions designed to safeguard the ventilated patient. It describes the categories of alarms, including application alarms (also called clinical alarms), which may indicate problems with the patient; a leak or occlusion in the breathing circuit; or an improper ventilator setting. It goes on to describe technical alarms that point to an actual malfunction within the ventilator system. It also discusses alarm priorities and alarm settings or alarm limits. The chapter details each common alarm, listing alternative alarm messages as they appear on different ventilators, and describing what the alarm means and how to troubleshoot it. Finally, the chapter discusses a ventilator’s emergency states, such as the ambient state or the safety valve open state, and the ventilator inoperative alarm.

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19

Salmon, Pierre. Yardstick Competition among Governments. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499167.001.0001.

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When the existence of several jurisdictions (countries, regions, or cities) is acknowledged, the possibility arises that citizens compare what obtains in their own jurisdiction to what obtains in others. These cross-jurisdiction or yardstick comparisons can have an effect on citizens’ support of incumbents (yardstick voting) and, as a consequence, an effect on governments’ decisions, making them interact (political yardstick competition proper). Both effects have been mainly studied in the context of federalism and decentralization, with the policy variables concerned being mostly fiscal (taxes and expenditures). In that relatively simple setting, the two effects have been confirmed empirically. This book aims to document and analyze that achievement and also to extend the analysis to broader settings in terms of jurisdictions and policy domains. It is mostly in that broader context, especially when national governments are involved, that the systemic implications of yardstick competition come to the fore. With regard to electoral or downward accountability, the mechanism tends to re-empower citizens by mitigating the disabling effects of information asymmetry. With regard to policy-making, yardstick competition represents a force, latent or actual, that constrains or influences the decisions of governments. The mechanism is simple but the political settings in which it operates, crucial for its understanding, are definitely complex. A methodological justification of how the matter is treated is placed at the end of the book.

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20

Searle, Robert D. Early discussions on a mechanistic approach to pain. Editado por Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu e Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0042.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Towards a mechanism-based classification of pain?’, published by Woolf et al. in 1998. One of the great challenges of managing patients with pain problems has been the idiosyncratic response of patients to therapies designed to improve their symptoms. In part, this has been the consequence of imperfect methods of classifying pain. If it is not possible to robustly categorize patients into common pain groups, how can it be hoped that successful treatments that translate well from the research setting into clinical practice will be developed? In this landmark editorial, Clifford Woolf and his co-authors attempted to address imperfections in historical pain classification systems with a novel approach based on pain mechanisms.

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21

Steinberg, Martin. Treatment of Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0006.

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Most depression in the elderly can be effectively treated in the primary care setting. Psychiatric referral should be considered in the setting of severe depression, suicidal ideation, prior suicide attempts, multiple risk factors, psychotic symptoms, bipolar disorder, poor response to prior treatment, or high medical comorbidity. Combining pharmacological and psychosocial interventions is most likely to be effective. Available antidepressants include serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, novel mechanism agents, tricyclic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Antidepressant selection should take into account adverse effects, medical comorbidities, potential medication interactions, and patient preferences. Additional strategies (e.g. augmentation) are available for treatment resistant depression. Available psychotherapies include supportive, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and problem solving. Lifestyle interventions (e.g. exercise) may be helpful adjuncts. Given limited evidence for antidepressant treatment in cognitive impairment, for those with mild to moderate depression severity, non-pharmacological interventions should be attempted first.

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22

Britell, Patrick E., e Charles M. Andrews. Serotonin Toxicity. Editado por Matthew D. McEvoy e Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0094.

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Serotonin toxicity is a potentially life-threatening and severe illness that results from excess serotonin activity. It can be due to prescription medications, drug interactions, and sometimes intentional poisonings. This illness is often iatrogenic and can be predicted by the amount of excess serotonin (5-HT) that activates serotonin receptors both centrally and peripherally. Serotonin toxicity produces a large range of symptoms and varies in cases from mild to severe and even lethal. This chapter reviews the mechanism of development of this illness, symptoms and criteria for diagnosis, appropriate assessment of the patient in the clinical setting, and an outline for timely treatment.

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23

Alliance capability, governance mechanisms and stakeholder management in complex settings. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management, 2013.

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24

du Toit, Fanie. Settling on a Shared Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881856.003.0003.

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This chapter challenges the assumption that a society should first deal with its past before moving on to a new future, arguing instead that settling on a shared future provides the basis for dealing with the past. A key question is what kinds of processes can take reconciliation forward and turn it into a political reality characterized by durability and deep-seated institutional change toward inclusivity and fairness. I highlight four mechanisms created during the South African transition that I consider the most important and relevant to reconciliation. These platforms—the National Peace Accord (NPA), the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum (MPNF), and the TRC—carried out vitally important work, expanding the political transition across lines of political conflict. Analyzing the first three mechanisms in terms of their inclusivity and fairness occupies most of the chapter, as well as to understand how they built on, and complemented, one another.

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Ritchie, James, Darren Green, Constantina Chrysochou e Philip A. Kalra. Renal artery stenosis. Editado por Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0214.

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Modern practice typically utilizes indirect angiography by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging as the first-line diagnostic tool for renal artery stenosis, with no established screening tool able to meaningfully impact the pre-test probability of a positive finding. Neither can any current imaging technique reliably predict patient, blood pressure, or renal outcome following renal artery revascularization, although promising developments have been made in recent years.A major mechanism of hypertension in renovascular hypertension is overproduction of renin in response to hypoperfusion. While renin levels can be useful in investigating patients likely to have secondary hypertension, in the setting of renal impairment renin levels are not particularly useful in distinguishing treatable renal artery stenosis from other causes of renal disease.

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Mann, Peter. Autonomous Geometrical Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0022.

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This chapter examines the structure of the phase space of an integrable system as being constructed from invariant tori using the Arnold–Liouville integrability theorem, and periodic flow and ergodic flow are investigated using action-angle theory. Time-dependent mechanics is formulated by extending the symplectic structure to a contact structure in an extended phase space before it is shown that mechanics has a natural setting on a jet bundle. The chapter then describes phase space of integrable systems and how tori behave when time-dependent dynamics occurs. Adiabatic invariance is discussed, as well as slow and fast Hamiltonian systems, the Hannay angle and counter adiabatic terms. In addition, the chapter discusses foliation, resonant tori, non-resonant tori, contact structures, Pfaffian forms, jet manifolds and Stokes’s theorem.

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Bechara, Antoine. Impulse Control Disorders in Neurological Settings. Editado por Jon E. Grant e Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0126.

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This chapter will argue that impulse control disorders, including addiction, are the product of an imbalance between two separate but interacting neural systems: (1) an impulsive amygdala-striatum–dependent neural system that promotes automatic and habitual behaviors and (2) a reflective prefrontal cortex–dependent neural system for decision making, forecasting the future consequences of a behavior, and inhibitory control. The reflective system controls the impulsive system via several mechanisms. However, this control is not absolute; hyperactivity within the impulsive system can override the reflective system. While most prior research has focused on the impulsive system (especially the ventral striatum and its mesolimbic dopamine projection) in promoting the motivation and drive to seek drugs, or on the reflective system (prefrontal cortex) and its mechanisms for decision making and impulse control, more recent evidence suggests that a largely overlooked structure, namely the insula, plays a key role in maintaining poor impulse control, including addiction. This review highlights the potential functional role the insula plays in addiction. We propose that the insula translates bottom-up, interoceptive signals into what subjectively may be experienced as an urge or craving, which in turn potentiates the activity of the impulsive system and/or weakens or hijacks the goal-driven cognitive resources that are needed for the normal operation of the reflective system.

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Oliver, Charles M., e S. Ramani Moonesinghe. Setting rate, volume, and time in ventilatory support. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0093.

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Ventilator rate, volume, and time parameters are interrelated directly, mechanically, and physiologically, and interactions between intrinsic pulmonary physio-mechanics, pathology and the effects of mechanical ventilation complex. The physiological consequences of mechanical ventilation and risks of ventilator-induced trauma may be exacerbated by lung pathology. Programming of ventilator parameters should be considered within the context of an individualized ventilatory strategy to achieve adequate gas exchange, while minimizing attendant risks of mechanical ventilation. Recommended strategies should be modified within accepted limits to mitigate disease-specific risks. Parameters should subsequently be titrated against blood gas- and ventilator-derived targets, and other clinical variables.

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Kindervater, Lisa, e Sheila Meintjes. Gender and Governance in Post-Conflict and Democratizing Settings. Editado por Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes e Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.37.

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Women have the opportunity to make significant economic, political, and sociocultural gains during transitions to peace and democracy; however, these gains are frequently lost when competitive electoral politics resumes. This chapter identifies the key mechanisms responsible for this loss, providing examples from several countries in sub-Saharan Africa. These mechanisms include institutional constraints, historical political conditions, donor-driven agendas, prevailing cultural norms, and the nature of the women’s movement. The chapter suggests that while the enactment of laws and policies related to women’s rights are an important first step, a feminist and transformational agenda in post-conflict societies requires focus on patriarchal cultures and practices. The chapter argues that such transformation is aided by the fostering of strong relationships between grassroots women activists and politically elite women.

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Newman, Abraham L., e Elliot Posner. Legitimacy Claims and Pre-Crisis Transatlantic Alignment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818380.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 focuses on soft law’s second-order consequences for rising regulatory powers. One of the key puzzles in the international regulation of finance is the persistence of cooperation even as the number of economic great powers increases. The emergence of the European Union as a financial rule-maker in the late 1990s and early 2000s, roughly on par with the United States, resulted in a transatlantic alignment of regulatory approaches, not conflict over the fundamentals. This chapter demonstrates how soft law was used by reform-minded factions in Europe to legitimize their claims and tip in their favor political contests over the modernization of internal regulation. International soft law served as a mechanism of endogenous change, helping to foster a great power preference alignment along market-friendly paths and setting the stage for the financial crisis.

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Metzner, Julia, e Karen B. Domino. Outcomes, Regulation, and Quality Improvement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0010.

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To improve the safety of patients undergoing procedures in remote locations, practitioners should be familiar with rigorous continuous quality improvement systems, national and regulatory patient safety efforts, as well as complications related to anesthesia/sedation in out of the operating room (OOOR) settings. This chapter discusses severe outcomes and mechanisms of injury in OOOR locations, national patient safety and regulatory efforts that may be adapted to the OOOR setting, and quality improvement efforts essential to track outcomes and improve patient safety. Patient safety can be improved by adherence to respiratory monitoring (e.g., pulse oximetry and capnography), sedation standards/guidelines and national patient safety and regulatory efforts, and development of vigorous quality improvement systems to measure outcomes and make changes.

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Zehfuss, Maja. Culture: Knowledge of the People as Technology of Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807995.003.0004.

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This chapter explores how people came to be recognized as central to what the West calls counterinsurgency wars and how cultural knowledge came to be seen as central to war-fighting in line with the vision of ethical war. It examines the US Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Manual as setting out how, in practice, culture matters and how it can be made useful to operations. Cultural knowledge therefore had to be made available to the military, and the so-called Human Terrain System (HTS) became the mechanism for doing so. The chapter discusses the notion that ‘the people’ were being made central and addresses the question of why social science research came to be seen as the right resource for militaries on deployment. It sets out in particular how the social sciences are seen to be able to deliver answers to questions of ethics, providing a problematic technology of ethics.

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Anand, Lallit, e Sanjay Govindjee. Continuum Mechanics of Solids. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864721.001.0001.

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Continuum mechanics of Solids presents a unified treatment of the major concepts in Solid Mechanics for beginning graduate students in the many branches of engineering. The fundamental topics of kinematics in finite and infinitesimal deformation, mechanical and thermodynamic balances plus entropy imbalance in the small strain setting are covered as they apply to all solids. The major material models of Elasticity, Viscoelasticity, and Plasticity are detailed and models for Fracture and Fatigue are discussed. In addition to these topics in Solid Mechanics, because of the growing need for engineering students to have a knowledge of the coupled multi-physics response of materials in modern technologies related to the environment and energy, the book also includes chapters on Thermoelasticity, Chemoelasticity, Poroelasticity, and Piezoelectricity. A preview to the theory of finite elasticity and elastomeric materials is also given. Throughout, example computations are presented to highlight how the developed theories may be applied.

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Leins, Anne Kathrin, e Ralph Spintge. Music therapy in medical and neurological rehabilitation settings. Editado por Susan Hallam, Ian Cross e Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0049.

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This article discusses music therapy in medical and neurological rehabilitation settings. Neurologic music therapy encompasses evidence-based methods of the functional application of music in the rehabilitation of neurologic disorders. One of the most widely implemented clinical areas is its application in sensorimotor therapy, focusing on gait training. Music therapy is also widely applied in pain therapy. Meta-analyses underline the effectiveness of music therapy in acute pain of adult pain patients. Research focuses on clinical outcome, but also investigates possible underlying mechanisms such as the psychophysiological effects of music.

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Aberle, Sara J., e Donald H. Jenkins. Assessment and management of combat trauma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0338.

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Lessons from the management of combat trauma are applicable in both the military and civilian sectors. While there are additional challenges in the combat arena, preparing for the various injury patterns commonly encountered from combat-related injury and their management is imperative for medical personnel deployed to a combat zone. Combat-related mortality continues to show haemorrhage as a major cause of death, with most deaths occurring prior to arrival at a medical treatment. For fatalities that are judged to be potentially survivable, missed or delayed life-saving interventions, delayed evacuation, and inadequate haemorrhage control are all contributory factors. To target these areas, medical training and organizational efforts have been focused on improving haemorrhage control, remote resuscitation, and logistical systems. Further study should be aimed at reducing the known contributing factors and developments focused on prehospital management. Treating patients with modern resuscitative and supportive techniques is the hallmark of high-quality injury management, regardless of the mechanism of injury or the setting.

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Javanbakht, Arash, e Gina R. Poe. Behavioral Neuroscience of Circuits Involved in Arousal Regulation. Editado por Israel Liberzon e Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0007.

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This chapter evaluates the evidence that hyper-reactive noradrenergic responses during trauma contribute to hyperarousal symptoms in PTSD, including disturbances in sleep. Some genetic vulnerability for PTSD involves the adrenergic system, and a hyperactive central noradrenergic system might serve to over-consolidate and sustain the affective component of fear memories. Reduced moderation of noradrenergic reactions during low hormone phases of the menstrual cycle could also lead to increased susceptibility to PTSD. This chapter considers a mechanism by which hyperactivity in the noradrenergic system during sleep would impair REM sleep theta and non-REM sleep spindles in the limbic system, both of which are implicated in the consolidation of new safety memories, thereby compromising extinction recall and setting into motion a positive feedback loop in PTSD pathophysiology, involving hyperarousal, failure to integrate contextual information, and biased attention to threat. If so, novel pharmacotherapeutic interventions inhibiting the noradrenergic system during sensitive periods in sleep should be considered.

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Mann, Peter. Liouville’s Theorem & Classical Statistical Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0020.

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This chapter returns to the discussion of constrained Hamiltonian dynamics, now in the canonical setting, including topics such as regular Lagrangians, constraint surfaces, Hessian conditions and the constrained action principle. The standard approach to Hamiltonian mechanics is to treat all the variables as being independent; in the constrained case, a constraint function links the variables so they are no longer independent. In this chapter, the Dirac–Bergmann theory for singular Lagrangians is developed, using an action-based approach. The chapter then investigates consistency conditions and Dirac’s different types of constraints (i.e. first-class constraints, second-class constraints, primary constraints and secondary constraints) before deriving the Dirac bracket from simple arguments. The Jackiw–Fadeev constraint formulation is then discussed before the chapter closes with the Güler formulation for a constrained Hamilton–Jacobi theory.

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Whisenant, Meagan, e Kathi Mooney. Integrating Concurrent Palliative Care into Cancer Care Delivery Settings. Editado por David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton e Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0018.

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This case study reviews the evidence for adoption of concurrent palliative care (CPC) during treatment for advanced cancer. Increasing research evidence and expert panel consensus has resulted in national guidelines and professional society endorsement of early integration of palliative care into oncology care. However, there is variable uptake of these guidelines and penetration of CPC into practice. Barriers to implementation include the need to increase awareness of existing evidence and guidelines, stigma, adequacy of a workforce for scale-up, lack of models for integration and delivery, and restrictive reimbursement mechanisms. Changing health care models that emphasize value-based care over fee-for-service can accelerate adoption. Use of technology can also overcome barriers related to scalability and resource use. The case study concludes with the recommendation that implementation science methodologies be used to guide successful integration of CPC in outpatient and home-based settings for patients with advanced cancer and their family caregivers.

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39

Breast Cancer: Setting Priorities for Effectiveness Research. Natl Academy Pr, 1990.

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40

Andriopoulos, Constantine, e Manto Gotsi. Methods of Paradox. Editado por Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski e Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.26.

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Despite growing scholarly interest in paradoxes, there is still a lack of literature expressly engaging with the methodological mechanics of “doing” paradox research. First, there are no clearly established guidelines around what should count as paradox in research endeavours. Second, there is uncertainty around who sees/thinks/experiences the paradox and what is relevant when it comes to the emergence, choice, interpretation, and appropriation of paradoxes in empirical settings. Third, there is still confusion around where one can find evidence of paradoxes. This chapter aims to shed some light on these methodological shortcomings. It suggests that paradox researchers can deal with these methodological challenges by: 1) showing evidence of contradictory, interrelated, simultaneous, and persistent paradoxical tensions in the empirical setting, 2) developing reliable and flexible protocols for paradox identification, 3) pushing for multilevel paradox studies, 4) practicing reflexivity, 5) staying close to the context, and 6) leveraging multi-modality.

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Bauman, Kristy A., e Robert C. Hyzy. Volume-controlled mechanical ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0095.

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The goal of mechanical ventilation is to achieve adequate gas exchange while minimizing haemodynamic compromise and ventilator-associated lung injury. Volume-controlled ventilation can be delivered via several modes, including controlled mechanical ventilation, assist control (AC) and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). .In volume-controlled modes, the clinician sets the flow pattern, flow rate, trigger sensitivity, tidal volume, respiratory rate, positive end-expiratory pressure, and fraction of inspired oxygen. Patient ventilator synchrony can be enhanced by setting appropriate trigger sensitivity and inspiratory flow rate. I:E ratio can be adjusted to improve oxygenation, avoid air trapping and enhance patient comfort. There is little data regarding the benefits of one volume-controlled mode over another. In acute respiratory distress syndrome, low tidal volume ventilation in conjunction with plateau pressure limitation should be employed as there is a reduction in mortality with this strategy. This chapter addresses respiratory mechanics, modes and settings, clinical applications, and limitations of volume-controlled ventilation.

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Zirnbauer, Martin R. Symmetry classes. Editado por Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik e Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.3.

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This article examines the notion of ‘symmetry class’, which expresses the relevance of symmetries as an organizational principle. In his 1962 paper The threefold way: algebraic structure of symmetry groups and ensembles in quantum mechanics, Dyson introduced the prime classification of random matrix ensembles based on a quantum mechanical setting with symmetries. He described three types of independent irreducible ensembles: complex Hermitian, real symmetric, and quaternion self-dual. This article first reviews Dyson’s threefold way from a modern perspective before considering a minimal extension of his setting to incorporate the physics of chiral Dirac fermions and disordered superconductors. In this minimally extended setting, Hilbert space is replaced by Fock space equipped with the anti-unitary operation of particle-hole conjugation, and symmetry classes are in one-to-one correspondence with the large families of Riemannian symmetric spaces.

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43

Restorative Care Nursing for Older Adults: A Guide For All Care Settings (Springer Series on Geriatric Nursing). Springer Publishing Company, 2004.

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44

Leeman-Markowski, Beth A., e Kimford J. Meador. Cognitive Enhancement in Epilepsy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0007.

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Cognitive deficits, including attention, language, and memory dysfunction, are common in the setting of epilepsy and can greatly impair quality of life. Cognitive dysfunction in epilepsy is often multifactorial and may relate to the underlying etiology or epilepsy syndrome, comorbid psychiatric disease, interictal epileptiform discharges, effects of seizures, antiepileptic drugs, and surgical interventions. Studies have addressed the prevention of impairment and, less commonly, methods for cognitive enhancement. This chapter examines the possible underlying mechanisms of cognitive deficits in epilepsy, methods for prevention of dysfunction, issues in study design, and data regarding cognitive enhancement.

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45

Mann, Peter. Symmetries & Lagrangian-Hamilton-Jacobi Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0011.

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This chapter discusses conservation laws in Lagrangian mechanics and shows that certain conservation laws are just particular examples of a more fundamental theory called ‘Noether’s theorem’, after Amalie ‘Emmy’ Noether, who first discovered it in 1918. The chapter starts off by discussing Noether’s theorem and symmetry transformations in Lagrangian mechanics in detail. It then moves on to gauge theory and surface terms in the action before isotropic symmetries. continuous symmetry, conserved quantities, conjugate momentum, cyclic coordinates, Hessian condition and discrete symmetries are discussed. The chapter also covers Lie algebra, spontaneous symmetry breaking, reduction theorems, non-dynamical symmetries and Ostrogradsky momentum. The final section of the chapter details Carathéodory–Hamilton–Jacobi theory in the Lagrangian setting, to derive the Hamilton–Jacobi equation on the tangent bundle!

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46

Feinman, Jared W., e John G. Augoustides. Neuroprotection for Aortic Surgery and Stenting. Editado por David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer e Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0017.

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Despite recent advances, aortic surgery and stenting for an array of diseases still pose a significant risk of permanent and severe injury to the brain and/or spinal cord. These neurological risks are best understood in terms of the primary disease pathology, the extent of aortic involvement, mechanisms and risk factors, the role of neuromonitoring modalities, and the surgical techniques required for repair. This chapter will present an overview of perioperative practice in aortic surgery and stenting based on this framework and the latest guidelines and trials in order to describe best practices and promising options for neuroprotection in this challenging clinical setting.

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47

Bleck, Thomas P. Pathophysiology and causes of seizures. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0231.

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Seizures result from imbalances between excitation and inhibition, and between neuronal synchrony and dyssynchrony. Current models implicate the cerebral cortex in the genesis of seizures, although thalamic mechanisms (particularly the thalamic reticular formation) are involved in the synchronization of cortical neurons. Often, the precipitants of a seizure in the critical care setting are pharmacological. Several mechanisms linked to critical illness can lead to seizures. Failure to remove glutamate and potassium from the extracellular space, functions performed predominantly by astrocytes, occurs in trauma, hypoxia, ischaemia, and hypoglycaemia. Loss of normal inhibition occurs during withdrawal from alcohol and other hypnosedative agents, or in the presence of GABA. Conditions such as cerebral trauma, haemorrhages, abscesses, and neoplasms all produce physical distortions of the adjacent neurons, astrocytes, and the extracellular space. Deposition of iron in the cortex from the breakdown of haemoglobin appears particularly epileptogenic. Although acute metabolic disturbances can commonly produce seizures in critically-ill patients, an underlying and potentially treatable structural lesion must always be considered and excluded.

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Kothari, Jaimal, e Marie Scully. Thrombocytopenia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0272.

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Thrombocytopenia is an extremely common finding in patients in intensive care. This can lead to serious morbidity and mortality from bleeding, and also uncertainty with regards to how to assess this risk in the wider context of the underlying pathology, which may be multifactorial, when specific blood products should be transfused, and the associated risks of carrying out interventional procedures. Haemodilution, platelet consumption, increased platelet destruction, reduced production, and increased sequestration are the main mechanisms that account for thrombocytopenia, and in the ICU setting there is typically an interplay of more than one of these that accounts for the counts seen. Sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation are the most common causes of thrombocytopenia in the ICU, with significant overlap between the pathologies. Less common causes in an intensive care unit setting include heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and thrombotic thromobocytopenic purpura (TTP). The evidence base surrounding platelet thresholds remains poor and is an active area of research. Anticoagulation in the context of thrombocytopenia is problematic and requires a patient-specific approach.

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49

Convolutions in French Mathematics, 1800-1840: From the Calculus and Mechanics to Mathematical Analysis and Mathematical Physics. Vol.1: The Setting (Science Networks. Historical Studies). Birkhäuser Basel, 1990.

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50

Groff, Elizabeth R. Do We Really Need Collective Social Process to Understand Why Crime Occurs and Offenders Commit Crime? Editado por Gerben J. N. Bruinsma e Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.4.

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This chapter examines the potential role of social process in contributing to our understanding of why crime occurs where it does. It focuses on the role of social process in explaining crime that occurs at microplaces; in “small-scale social systems whose components include people and inanimate objects” known as behavior settings. Behavior settings emphasize the situational and dynamic nature of interactions between the social and physical environment of the microplace as situated within a particular context. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to social process and its operation at microplaces. It then identifies instances where the inclusion of social process enhances current environmental criminology. It concludes by discussing some of the challenges to the measurement of social process-related mechanisms hypothesized to affect crime events and suggesting a way forward.

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