Bibliografias temáticas / Separation

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Separation"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 26 de outubro de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Separation"

Ashgriz, N., e J. Y. Poo. "Coalescence and separation in binary collisions of liquid drops". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 221 (dezembro de 1990): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112090003536.

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An extensive experimental investigation of the binary collision dynamics of water drops for size ratios of 1. 0.75, and 0.5, for the Weber-number range of 1 to 100, and for all impact parameters is reported. Two different types of separating collisions, namely reflexive and stretching separations, are identified. Reflexive separation is found to occur for near head-on collisions, while stretching separation occurs for large-impact-parameter collisions. The boundaries between both of the separating collisions and coalescence collision are found experimentally. Theoretical models for predictions of the reflexive and stretching separation are also given.

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Fisher, Talia. "Separation of Law and State". University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, n.º 43.2 (2010): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.43.2.separation.

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In the framework of the jurisprudential literature, the law-state bond is assumed as a given. Points of dispute emerge only at more advanced stages of the discussion, with respect to such questions as the duty to obey state law or the appropriate extent of state intervention in social relations. This Article will be devoted to a reconsideration of the presupposition of the law-state link and to challenging the state's status vis-à-vis the law-both in its role as the producer of legal norms and its capacity as the arbiter of disputes. The Article opens with a comparative elucidation of the Hobbesian and Lockean justifications for the existence of the state and its intervention in the law. The first Part of this Article analyzes the "ills" of the State of Nature, reviewing the range of failures that accompany market supply of the legislative and judicial functions. These derive from the public good characteristics of legislative and judicial services, from the fact that law is a network industry, and from the cartelization tendency in the legislative and judicial markets. Based on these failures in organizing social behavior in the State of Nature, Hobbes's and Locke's theories of the social contract justify the concentration of the legislative and judicial functions in the hands of the state sovereign and grant it a monopoly over these functions. The second Part of this Article critiques Hobbes's and Locke's conclusions, first and foremost their disregard for the flaws of the public model, which they support. An implicit premise of both the Hobbesian and Lockean justifications for state law is that where the private market fails, the state will necessarily fare better. However, there is a cost to state intervention, and public supply of legislative and judicial services is not without flaws. Proponents of the public state law model must therefore further show that this model generates more efficient results than those produced by the private model. The second line of criticism will argue that the matter is not resolved even if we assume that the fully privatized model is a less attractive option for the supply of law than the fully public alternative. These two extreme alternatives do not exhaust the entire spectrum of possibilities for the law-state connection. Rather, between these two polar ends there may be intermediate forms of limited state intervention in the markets for legislation and adjudication. These configurations rest on the abandonment of the dichotomy that characterizes Hobbes's and Locke's doctrines, between a monolithic public legal order and sweeping nonintervention in the law on the part of the state. This Article closes by presenting a possible median point along the axis that illustrates the possibility of correcting the failures of the legislative and judicial markets in the framework of a polycentric legal regime based on more limited state intervention in these areas. The conclusion offered will be that while the ills of the State of Nature, as identified by Hobbes and Locke, are valid justifications of state intervention per se in the legislative and judicial markets, they do not justify intervention in the form of a state monopoly over the law. State intervention in legislation and adjudication is vital for creating the space in which legal regimes can grow-where rights can be set and adjudication conducted in light of those rights. There is absolutely no need, and therefore no justification, for the state to hold the sole power to set these rights itself and decide disputes in light thereof.

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Liu, Si Si, Chao Hui Zhang e Han Bing Zhang. "Meniscus and Viscous Forces during the Nanoscale Separation of Sphere-on-Sphere Contact Surfaces". Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (fevereiro de 2011): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.739.

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When two surfaces are brought into contact or at small separations, the liquid between them forms meniscus, which contributes to adhesion and friction. The increased adhesive force and friction are always the substantial cause leading to micro/nanodevices’s failure. In this study, a dynamic contact model of sphere-on-sphere surfaces during nanoscale separation is presented. A numerical analysis of meniscus and viscous forces based on the dynamic contact model has been carried out. During the separation process, the effects of separation distance, initial meniscus height, surface wettability and separating time on meniscus and viscous forces between the contact surfaces are investigated. The results of numerical solution revealed the adhesion mechanism of sphere-on-sphere surfaces during the separation with liquid mediated. The analyses provide a fundamental understanding of the separating process of two sphere surfaces. It is also useful for the design of the de-wetting and antisticking micro/nanoscale surfaces in various devices.

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Nasir Ahamed, Nuzhet Nihaar, Carlos A. Mendiola-Escobedo, Victor H. Perez-Gonzalez e Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas. "Assessing the Discriminatory Capabilities of iEK Devices under DC and DC-Biased AC Stimulation Potentials". Micromachines 14, n.º 12 (14 de dezembro de 2023): 2239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14122239.

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There is a rising need for rapid and reliable analytical methods for separating microorganisms in clinical and biomedical applications. Microscale-insulator-based electrokinetic (iEK) systems have proven to be robust platforms for assessing a wide variety of microorganisms. Traditionally, iEK systems are usually stimulated with direct-current (DC) potentials. This work presents a comparison between using DC potentials and using DC-biased alternating-current (AC) potentials in iEK systems for the separation of microorganisms. The present study, which includes mathematical modeling and experimentation, compares the separation of bacterial and yeast cells in two distinct modes by using DC and DC-biased AC potentials. The quality of both separations, assessed in terms of separation resolution (Rs), showed a complete separation (Rs = 1.51) with the application of a DC-biased low-frequency AC signal but an incomplete separation (Rs = 0.55) with the application of an RMS-equivalent DC signal. Good reproducibility between experimental repetitions (<10%) was obtained, and good agreement (~18% deviation) was observed between modeling and experimental retention times. The present study demonstrates the potential of extending the limits of iEK systems by employing DC-biased AC potentials to perform discriminatory separations of microorganisms that are difficult to separate with the application of DC potentials.

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Rza Behbudov, Shahin Ismayilov, Rza Behbudov, Shahin Ismayilov. "DETERMINATION OF THE INSIDE DIAMETER AND CAPACITY OF A VERTICAL GRAVITY SEPARATOR". PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 17, n.º 06 (18 de maio de 2022): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei17062022-175.

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The article provides a brief analysis of the internal diameter and capacity of a vertical gravity separator. The process of separation should be understood as the process of separating the solid, liquid and vapor phases in a stream. Devices in which liquid and solid phases are separated from gas are called separators. Separators used in gas condensate mines are divided into classes according to their different qualities. Separators are divided into the following types (classes) according to their purpose: a) working separators; b) measuring separators. Separators are cylindrical and spherical according to their geometric shapes. Separators are vertical, horizontal and inclined depending on their position in space. Due to the phase separation, the separators are of mechanical, liquid and electric type. Mechanically operated separators that separate phase separations according to their strength are divided into gravitational, centrifugal and filter-sensitive (separating). Keywords: vertical, gravitational, separation, steam, measuring separators, horizontal

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Rao, B. N., D. Jeyakumar, K. K. Biswas, S. Swaminathan e E. Janardhana. "Rigid body separation dynamics for space launch vehicles". Aeronautical Journal 110, n.º 1107 (maio de 2006): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000013166.

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Abstract This paper presents a systematic formulation for the simulation of rigid body dynamics, including the short period dynamics, inherent to stage separation and jettisoning parts of a satellite launcher. This also gives a review of various types of separations involved in a launch vehicle. The problem is sufficiently large and complex; the methodology involves iterations at successively lower levels of abstraction. The best choice to tackle such problems is to use state-of-the-art programming technique known as object oriented programming. The necessary classes have been identified to represent various entities in the launch vehicle separation process (e.g., gravity, aerodynamics, propulsion and separation mechanisms etc.). Simple linkages are modelled with suitable objects. This approach helps the designer to simulate a launch vehicle separation dynamics and also to analyse separation system performance. To examine the influence of the design variables on the separating bodies, statistical analyses have been performed on the upper stage separation process and pull out of ongoing stage nozzle from the spent stage of a multistage rocket carrier using retro rockets.

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Marlow, Phillip, e Barbara J. Gillam. "Stereopsis Loses Dominance over Relative Size as Target Separation Increases". Perception 40, n.º 12 (1 de janeiro de 2011): 1413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7033.

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Binocular disparity produces less stereoscopic depth if the targets are separated by several degrees. It is thus possible that separation decreases the influence of stereopsis as a relative depth cue. Here, four experiments tested the strength of disparity in determining the direction of relative depth in the face of strongly conflicting relative size for a range of target separations. Under conditions of natural fixation—permitting sequential stereopsis—disparity dominated completely at small separations (0.42°) but gradually gave way to relative size domination at large separations. However, when brief presentations prevented changes in fixation, disparity completely dominated at a separation of 0.5° while relative size mostly dominated by 0.75° – 1° of separation. By varying target separation at different retinal eccentricities, we showed that separation per se was the critical factor in the dominance switch. Stereoacuity as a function of target separation for the same observers did not predict the switch from disparity to relative size. Stereoscopic dominance was found for the same small separations that are immune to stereoscopic reversals (Gillam, 1993 Perception22 1025 – 1036). Our results suggest that relative disparity has a compulsory influence on perceived depth at small separations, suggesting a different mechanism from the one operating at larger separations.

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Dujardin, Wouter, Cédric Van Goethem, Julian A. Steele, Maarten Roeffaers, Ivo F. J. Vankelecom e Guy Koeckelberghs. "Polyvinylnorbornene Gas Separation Membranes". Polymers 11, n.º 4 (17 de abril de 2019): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040704.

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Polynorbornenes are already used in a wide range of applications. They are also considered materials for polymer gas separation membranes because of their favorable thermal and chemical resistance, rigid backbone and varied chemistry. In this study, the use of 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB), a new monomer in the field of gas separations, is investigated by synthesizing two series of polymers via a vinyl-addition polymerization. The first series investigates the influence of the VNB content on gas separation in a series of homo and copolymers with norbornene. The second series explores the influence of the crosslinking of polyvinylnorbornene (pVNB) on gas separation. The results indicate that while crosslinking had little effect, the gas separation performance could be fine-tuned by controlling the VNB content. As such, this work demonstrates an interesting way to significantly extend the fine-tuning possibilities of polynorbornenes for gas separations.

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Nasir Ahamed, Nuzhet Nihaar, Carlos A. Mendiola-Escobedo, Victor H. Perez-Gonzalez e Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas. "Development of a DC-Biased AC-Stimulated Microfluidic Device for the Electrokinetic Separation of Bacterial and Yeast Cells". Biosensors 14, n.º 5 (9 de maio de 2024): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios14050237.

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Electrokinetic (EK) microsystems, which are capable of performing separations without the need for labeling analytes, are a rapidly growing area in microfluidics. The present work demonstrated three distinct binary microbial separations, computationally modeled and experimentally performed, in an insulator-based EK (iEK) system stimulated by DC-biased AC potentials. The separations had an increasing order of difficulty. First, a separation between cells of two distinct domains (Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was demonstrated. The second separation was for cells from the same domain but different species (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus). The last separation included cells from two closely related microbial strains of the same domain and the same species (two distinct S. cerevisiae strains). For each separation, a novel computational model, employing a continuous spatial and temporal function for predicting the particle velocity, was used to predict the retention time (tR,p) of each cell type, which aided the experimentation. All three cases resulted in separation resolution values Rs>1.5, indicating complete separation between the two cell species, with good reproducibility between the experimental repetitions (deviations < 6%) and good agreement (deviations < 18%) between the predicted tR,p and experimental (tR,e) retention time values. This study demonstrated the potential of DC-biased AC iEK systems for performing challenging microbial separations.

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Jonoska, Nataša, Masahico Saito, Hwee Kim e Brad Mostowski. "Symbol Separation in Double Occurrence Words". International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 31, n.º 07 (novembro de 2020): 915–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054120500343.

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A double occurrence word (DOW) is a word in which every symbol appears exactly twice. We define the symbol separation of a DOW [Formula: see text] to be the number of letters between the two copies of a symbol, and the separation of [Formula: see text] to be the sum of separations over all symbols in [Formula: see text]. We then analyze relationship among size, reducibility and separation of DOWs. Specifically, we provide tight bounds of separations of DOWs with a given size and characterize the words that attain those bounds. We show that all separation numbers within the bounds can be realized. We present recursive formulas for counting the numbers of DOWs with a given separation under various restrictions, such as the number of irreducible factors. These formulas can be obtained by inductive construction of all DOWs with the given separation.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Separation"

Thamsumet, Nuchutha. "Droplet-based separation tools for multidimensional biological separations". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/33779.

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Proteins have been extensively studied over the last decade as comprehensive understanding of the proteome can definitely lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers, early-stage disease diagnoses and the development of diagnostic tools and novel drug therapies. One of the crucial and fundamental processes in protein analysis is protein separation, which is usually performed as multidimensional separations to achieve high resolution and high peak capacity. However, high performance analyses are difficult to achieve due to the challenges involved in efficiently integrating different dimensions. In this work, we present the development of a microfluidic device for the effective transfer of protein droplets into the second separation dimension. Consequently, the device provides a stable, reproducible, easy to operate, portable and flexible system to connect a first dimension separation to the downstream second dimension analysis via droplets. The droplets act to preserve the resolution during transfer between separation techniques. In summary, a fluorescently labeled protein ladder serving as a representative of proteins separated from the first dimension is compartmentalized into droplets using the robotic droplet generator. These protein droplets are then transferred via the interfacing microdevice into the second dimension where the released proteins are further separated using capillary gel electrophoresis. Herein, several designs of interfacing microdevices were evaluated for the successful transfer of droplet contents (droplet injection) into the second dimension. The buffer for capillary gel electrophoresis was developed to achieve high-speed and high-resolution separations of proteins in droplet-based injection format. Several fluorescent dyes were also examined for protein labeling to achieve high fluorescent intensities necessary when using this droplet format. Successful droplet-based separation of proteins necessitates the seamless integration of all the developed components. This has been demonstrated here. This interface automates the oil depletion process, minimizes dead volume, prevents dispersion of analyte bands and reduces sample loss at the interface between separation dimensions. Furthermore, optimization of the entire system used in conjunction with the interfacing microdevice provided for ease of operation and more efficient droplet injections. Moreover, droplet injection into parallel separation channels was achieved, highlighting the interfaces capacity for high-throughput analyses.

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Bao, Ye. "Enantiomeric separations and microorganism studies with analytical separation techniques". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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Stone, Andrew Colin. "Oil/water separation in a novel cyclone separator". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2007. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/5202.

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Conventional bulk oil-water separation is performed in large gravity separators that take up large areas and potentially contain large volumes of hazardous material. An intensified bulk separator has the potential to provide significant benefit in saving space, especially where this is at a premium, and in improving safety. The I-SEP, a novel geometry of Axial-Flow Cyclone (also known as Uniflow or straight-through) separator, has been tested as an intensified bulk oil-water separator. The objective of this work is to quantify performance by producing a map of separation performance with variation of inlet conditions, using variation of outlet back pressure to make the separator adaptable to variable inlet flow. A second objective is to compare the experimental performance of the I-SEP with a mathematical model. Using a Perspex test-unit with kerosene, or a silicone-based oil, and water in a batch flow loop, a map has been produced for outlet compositions and separation efficiencies at multiple inlet velocities. This was done for a range of inlet water cuts from 10% to 90% and with a geometry varied by lengthening the separating chamber of the test unit. A Computational Fluid Dynamics model using the Reynolds-Stress model has been developed with the FLUENT 6.0 CFD code. This has been compared with quantitative flow visualisation data and drop sizing information to model the separation of the cyclone by a discrete-phase technique. An optimum configuration and operating conditions has been found, with peak efficiencies in excess of 80%. This shows the important effect in improving performance achieved by the manipulation of outlet flow splits using backpressure. This Axial-Flow Cyclone design achieves a broader range of separation effect than published Reverse-Flow Cyclone designs. However, the unit will need to undergo further development to reduce shear and maximise residence time at high swirl.

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Stensils, Elin. "Separation". Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168616.

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Separation Mitt projekt rör sig kring temat separation, separation av funktioner, separation i fysisk bemärkelse och separation av människor. Jag spenderade mycket tid åt att undersöka kreamtoriet som anläggning, dess programdelar och platsen som vi fått till förfogande. Hela tiden rörde sig undersökningen tillbaka till separation, krematoriets funktionsseparering, åtskillnaden av industri och ceremoni. Jag valde att använda detta som en språngbräda för projektet. Krematoriet är som byggnad tydligt indelad i olika funktioner som försöker distansiera sig från varandra, den industriella och den ceremoniella, men även den del av programmet som berör personalen då de inte är i arbete. Tre olika funktioner som drar i olika riktningar, så jag började fundera över om jag ville arbeta för att överbrygga eller förstärka denna separation och hur detta skulle kunna representeras fysiskt fysiskt genom en byggnad. Tidigt i den undersökningen insåg jag att det var förstärknigen av det rådande förhållandet mellan funktionerna och rummen som jag ville arbeta med. När jag sedan började arbeta med formen började jag därför med att dela upp programmet i tre olika volymer och försökte få dem att förhålla sig till varandra utan att förenas till en helhet. Av praktiska skäl (för personalen) så valde jag istället att försöka få in tydligt separerade funktioner i en dammanhängade byggnad. Här kom ideén att använda mig av ett förvrängt gridsystem för att generera spännande former ch samtidigt uppfylla min strävan efter rum som fysiskt ger sken av att försöka separera sig från varandra. Resultatet är mitt krematorium, som bygger på ett rutnät på1500x1500mm soms edan har manipulerats genom att jag dragit de trte huvudfunktionerna i olika riktning. att komma fram till en metod för att förvränga gridet på ett sätt som inte blev helt och hållet godtyckligt var en lång process. Först ville jag att sträckan mellan punkterna i gridet skulle vara konstant och att bara mötespunkterna skulle förändras. Jag testade detta i modell, med ett intressant resultat men när jag sedan försökte mig på samma sak digitalt så visade det sig ganska snabbt att det fanns mycket begränsade möjligheter. Så jag valde slutligen att låta sträckan mellan punkterna vara flexibla och behandla gridet genom att låta punkterna flyttas utefter ett förutbestämt mönster. Då min byggnad är så tydligt format av det förvrängda gridet så ville jag visa upp det även för besökaren och då det hade varit omöjligt att låta alla punkter bli pelare av användningstekniska skäl så fick vissa punkter bli pelare, andra rumsskapande Byggnadens struktur består både av bärande väggar och pelare som är utplacerade enligt det bestämda gridet. Materialen som används i strukturen är i huvudsak massivträ, förutom i källarplanet och i de väggar om omsluter ugnshallen. Innerväggarna är obeklädda och materialet på interiören är därmed samma som i strukturen. Förutom de bärande pelarna återfinns även en mängd tunnare pelare som finns till enbart för atmosfärens skull. hela projektet är en process & en undersökning av hur man kan arbeta med gridsystem och hur man arbetar med och överbrygger de begränsningar som ett bestämt systen medför. En undersökning i att sätta upp striktearegler för sig själv och att sedan våga ta steget att bryta dem när man måste.
Separation This project follows a theme of separation, separation of functions, fysical separation and separation of people. A Chrematory is in its nature in a constant state of conflict, very different and complicated functions forced together into the same building, functions wich are trying to move in away from each other, trying to separate. There are basically three different parts of the chrematory, the industrial side, the part for the family an friends of the diseaced and the parts for the employes. All with verya specific demands and different atmospheres. I Wanted to enhance this state of separation between the functions but still keep them in the same building and i came up with a strategi to make that possible. I was going to use a distorted grid system to let the separation show in the built form. The project became a study of grids, how you can distort them in diferent ways and how you can use them to create different atmospheres and interesting forms. But also a study of how to make strict rules for yourself, how to keep them, and work with the difficulties you face when you have these rules to follow. And last but not least how to learn how to break your own rules when they have to be broken.

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Dickson, Philip James. "Gas liquid separation within a novel axial flow cyclone separator". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3999.

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Cyclone separators have been described in detail and, although substantial research has been performed on solid / gas devices, the use of cyclones for gas / liquid separation has been comparatively ignored; this is particularly true for higher concentrations of liquid and for degassing applications. Consequently no generic models are available which will predict separation efficiency or pressure drop for all designs of cyclone. A novel design of axial flow cyclone called WELLSEP was examined for the purpose of degassing. This design was not believed to be optimal and no design criteria or performance prediction models were available for it. An experimental programme was therefore produced and executed to investigate changes in geometry and the affect of fluid dynamics. Changes to the length, vortex finder and swirl generator were examined first and then one design was selected and tested over a number of liquid flow rates, Gas Void Fractions (GVFs) and liquid extractions. Data was collected from the experiments which assisted in the development of semi-empirical models for the prediction of pressure drop and separation efficiency. These models could be used in the design of WELLSEP. Geometric and fluid dynamics changes have both been shown to influence the performance of the tested cyclone. The principal conclusions that have been drawn from this research are: " Of the tested designs, the design based upon a 30mm vortex finder diameter, settling chamber length of three times the diameter of the cyclone and a four start helix gave the optimum separation efficiency over the greatest range of conditions. 0 The separation efficiency is affected by the superficial liquid velocity and the liquid extraction but not the GVF. " The dimensionless pressure drop coefficient (Euler number) is a function of liquid extraction and GVF. It may also be a function of the superficial liquid velocity but it is unproven by this research.

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White, Tyrone. "Investigating gas/solid separation using a novel compact inline separator". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1999. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4615.

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Identified as an important issue for marginal fields, the removal of sand from hydrocarbon fluids has been investigated. A review of existing sand separation equipment has recognized a need for a new separator which will satisfy the design and performance requirements necessary for protecting offshore processing equipment. This thesis details the work and analysis undertaken which has contributed towards the design and development of a new offshore gas/solid separator. A critique of different separation techniques has identified axial flow cyclone (AFC) separators as a suitable separator design for offshore desanding applications. After reviewing existing models which simulate the performance of AFC separators a simple classification table has been developed. Using the conclusions of this review as a starting platform, a methodology for developing a new computational fluid dynamics (CFD) performance model for the new separator was proposed. Experimental work undertaken at the CALtec laboratories and the BG plc (formerly British Gas Research and Technology) Low Thornley test facilities are presented. The results obtained have been used to analysis the performance of difference separator internal designs. In addition, the results have been used to evaluate the robustness of existing AFC performance models and validate the new CFD model. For the investigated operational duties, the new CFD model has been shown to consistently under-predict the collection efficiency, whereas the other AFC models over-predict. From a design point of view, a model which under-predicts the overall collection efficiency will result in the over-design of the separator for a particular operating duty. Therefore, the use of such a model will ensure the design of a separator which will offer greater than expected levels of protection of downstream equipment from erosion wear.

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Ahmed, A. "Signal separation". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595390.

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The problem of signal separation is a very broad and fundamental one. A powerful paradigm within which signal separation can be achieved is the assumption that the signals/sources are statistically independent of one another. This is known as Independent Component Analysis , (ICA). In this thesis, the theoretical aspects and derivation of ICA are examined, from which disparate approaches to signal separation are drawn together in a unifying framework. This is followed by a review of signal separation techniques based on ICA. Second order statistics based output decorrelation methods are employed to try to solve the challenging problem of separating convolutively mixed signals, in the context of mainly audio source separation and the Cocktail Party Problem. Various optimisation techniques are devised to implement second order signal separation of both artificially mixed signals and real mixtures. A study of the advantages and limitations of decorrelation methods is made and some theoretical insights are drawn into a major identifiability problem associated with convolutive source separation using second order statistics only. Motivated by the fact that many signals in real life, especially audio signals, exhibit large degrees of non-stationarity, decorrelation algorithms that take into consideration aspects of non-stationarity are devised. Next, a model based approach to source separation is considered. The problem of non-stationary ICA (nsICA) is addressed, where the mixing system is scalar but time-varying. The density of the sources are modelled as finite mixtures of Gaussians. Simulation based Bayesian methods, notably Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques, are employed to separate both synthetic and real data that have been mixed by non-stationary mixing matrices. Satisfactory results have been obtained with very few data points, using batch methods, such as Gibbs sampling. The techniques of Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods, or particle filtering, are employed to this problem as well, in the context of both blind and semi-blind signal separation, which involve tracking the time varying mixing system.

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Strid, Matilda. "Does Play Pre-separation Affect Separation Behaviors in Dogs?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148212.

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Separation anxiety is one of the most common behavioral disorder in companion dogs. Dogs not suffering from separation anxiety may still exhibit separation-related behaviors, which can differ depending on environmental contexts. In the present study, dogs without separation-related problems were video recorded during a short separation (3 min) from, and during reunion with, their owner. Comparison was done between if the dogs had played or been calm pre-separation. The dogs spent most time in proximity to the entrance and gazing towards where the owner left during separation. Their body-position was mostly standing, followed by sitting. All dogs were wining during separation, which occurred approximately four times more than barking. Dogs that had played pre-separation were running around more and had a longer latency to the first movement, compared to when they had been calm pre-separation. During reunion, when dogs had played pre-separation, they wagged their tail more and had a longer latency to lip licking, compared to when they had been calm pre-separation. The separation behaviors that occurred in this study aligns with previous work in this subject. Furthermore, one can suggest that play pre-separation might have an effect on separation behaviors, where speculations can be done if the positive affect associated with play might be the underlying cause for these findings.

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Bhattacharjee, Samita. "Prediction Of Separation Factor In Foam Separation Of Proteins". Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 1994. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/132.

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Polyhedral foams offer large gas-liquid interfacial area associated with a small amount of liquid. Therefore, if a solute adsorbs preferentially at the interface, the concentration of the solute in the foam will be greater than in the solution from which the foam has been generated. This effect provides a simple method of concentrating materials which have a tendency to adsorb on the gas-liquid interface. This is particularly relevant to biomaterials like whole cells, proteins, enzymes etc., which are surface active and are present in low concentrations in the broth. Foam separation has therefore attracted considerable attention, and several reports exist in literature on concentrating cells, proteins and enzymes using foams. Foam separation is based on the difference in surface activity of the components to be separated. A surface active molecule consists of a lyophobic and a lyophilic group. (As water is commonly used as a solvent, the lyophilic and lyophobic groups are called hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, respectively). When dissolved in a solvent, the presence of lyophobic groups in the interior of the solvent distorts the solvent liquid structure, thereby increasing the free energy of the system.

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Bhattacharjee, Samita. "Prediction Of Separation Factor In Foam Separation Of Proteins". Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/132.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Separation"

Yarborough, A. Louise. Separation. Minneapolis, MN: Mill City Press, 2010.

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Bernstein, Hilda. Separation. London: Corvo, 2003.

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Rothschild, Jon, ed. Separation. London: Black Swan, 1995.

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Toda, Fumio, ed. Enantiomer Separation. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2337-8.

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Kumar, Ashok, Igor Yu Galaev e Bo Mattiasson, eds. Cell Separation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75263-9.

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Glangeaud, F. Wave separation. Paris: Editions Technip, 1994.

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Macasek, Feodor. Separation chemistry. New York: Ellis Horwood, 1992.

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Budhiraja, R. P. Separation chemistry. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, 2004.

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Jefferies, Dinah. The separation. Leicester: Thorpe, 2015.

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1941-, Navratil James D., ed. Separation chemistry. New York: Ellis Horwood, 1992.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Separation"

Grier, Savannah, Anna-Lee Stafford e Kevin B. Meehan. "Separation". In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 4843–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1908.

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Nyman, Mattias. "Separation". In X.media.press, 42–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18244-0_21.

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Gold, Lois. "Separation". In Between Love and Hate, 15–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6582-0_2.

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Nyman, Mattias. "Separation". In Edition PAGE, 34–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-00768-6_14.

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Castellini, Gabriele. "Separation". In Categorical Closure Operators, 137–63. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-8234-7_12.

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Nyman, Mattias. "Separation". In 4 Farben — ein Bild, 40–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97894-4_20.

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Grier, Savannah, Anna-Lee Stafford e Kevin B. Meehan. "Separation". In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1908-1.

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Adhya, Anirban, e Philip D. Plowright. "Separation". In Urban Design Made by Humans, 162–65. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254935-51.

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Austin, Dennis. "Separation". In Malta and the End of Empire, 63–108. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003367185-3.

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Dinur, Eran. "Separation". In The Filmmaker's Guide to Visual Effects, 48–60. 2^a ed. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003289371-6.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Separation"

Alves, M., e E. Kemp. "Electromagnetic shower separation in LArTPCs". In Electromagnetic shower separation in LArTPCs. US DOE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1996518.

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Han, Chungmin, e Jaesung Park. "Size Based Particle Separation Method by Zero Diffusivity". In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53393.

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Separation is one of the most basic and frequently using techniques for biological research. Researchers have been using gel-electrophoresis for DNA separation and also using various chromatography techniques for protein and bio-molecule separations. Recently, as micro and nano fabrication techniques have developed, interest in miniaturized micro scale biology research tools has also increased. According to this trend, micro scale devices for separating various sized of particles such as cells, organelles, proteins, lipids and vesicles play an important role in a total system. Therefore, separation devices based on various methods are suggested. Widely used separation methods for micro devices are electro-kinetics with special channel geometries and laminar flow control. In electro-kinetic methods, micro channel electrophoresis and DEP (dielectrophoresis) are commonly used.[1] These separation methods, however, can only be used in very narrow range because their working conditions, high voltage and charge dependence, are not compatible with many biomaterials.

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Kumar, Vivek, Sudipto Chakraborty e B. C. Meikap. "Separation of Particles in a Hydrocyclone Separator". In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_025.

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Chambers, J., e Wenwu Wang. "Frequency domain blind source separation". In IEE Seminar on Blind Source Separation in Biomedicine. IEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20040612.

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Zheng, Ya, Saili Li, Dongshuai Hu e Yiping Dai. "Numerical Simulation Study on Characteristics of Vertical Gravity Separator in a Kalina Cycle System". In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42794.

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In various novel thermodynamic cycles which utilize waste heat and geothermal resources, the Kalina cycle is the most significant improvement in thermal power plant design and it has been considered as an ambitious competitor against the Organic Rankine Cycle. However, the kalina cycle faces the complicated separate process and the design of separators still depends on the experience empirical formulae. Therefore, the vertical gravity separator used for separating ammonia-water mixture plays a vital important role in this system. The separator should keep high separation performance and enable the system to operate with stability. In this paper, we propose the initial structure design of a vertical gravity separator according to the separation theories. Based on the initial structure design of separator, conventional separator has been improved by changing the structure and operational parameters, including the ammonia concentration, inlet velocity, diameter, angle and height of inlet, and that has been numerically simulated by the means of CFX in computational fluid dynamics. In-depth estimating the separating performance of vertical gravity separator, different structural and operational parameters of vertical gravity separator are simulated and discussed. The separation performance and the distribution of ammonia-water mixture are estimated including flow field, trajectories of motion of particles, pressure drop, separation efficiency and so on. The results can be expected to be of great technical interest as basis for the design of vertical gravity separators.

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Fjeldly, T. A., E. B. Hansen e P. J. Nilsen. "Novel Coalescer Technology in First-Stage Separator Enables One-Stage Separation and Heavy-Oil Separation". In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/18278-ms.

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Landry, Steven, e Taehoon Kim. "Separation Standards under Automated Separation Assurance". In 10th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-9386.

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Zhao, Lixin, Zhengrong Hua, Yue Wang, Yanqing Hu e Zhanzhao Ma. "Centrifugal Separators Used for Oilfield Multi-Phase Separation". In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57965.

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The development of centrifugal separators used for oilfield multi-phase separation is introduced. The structural types and functional principles of the separators, which include static, adjustable, rotary and dynamic hydrocyclones, spiral separator, gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone, and spiral tube separator, etc., are described. The main characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, separating effect of the separators are analyzed respectively. The application condition of each type is introduced as well. The research state-of-the-art of the separators and some of their applications are also described. The right way for selecting an efficient separator is based on the actual operating condition in order to obtain satisfactory treating result. This paper would be beneficial for the selection, design, and application of different separators in oilfields, especially for offshore applications.

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Ping, Song, Hao Zhi-yong, Jing Guo-xi, Wang Yi, Li Sheng e Yang Ji. "Study on High Efficiency Separation Oil Mist Separator". In 2011 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2011.690.

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Geisler, Wilson S. "Effects of blur on separation discrimination". In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.wm2.

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Optical blur has a wide range of effects on localization performance, depending on stimulus configuration and task. Furthermore, in some tasks, the efficiency of human observers, relative to an appropriate ideal observer, actually increases with increasing blur.1 To explore this puzzle, separation discrimination was measured for 5'-long line segments as a function of base separation, luminance, and level of Gaussian blur. Blur and luminance had large effects at small base separations and relatively small effects at large separations. The data were also compared with the predictions of an ideal observer that was limited only by quantal fluctuations and the preneural factors up to the level of the photopigment in the photoreceptors.1 The predictions matched the data for base separations up to those yielding optimal sensitivity. However, at larger base separations, threshold increased and the effects of blur disappeared. Thus, at large separations relative efficiency is higher for blurred stimuli.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Separation"

Singh, Anup K., e Christopher Palmer. Pseudo-stationary separation materials for highly parallel separations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maio de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/923083.

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Ronconi, Lucas, Hernán Ruffo e Martín González Rozada. Protecting Workers against Unemployment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evidence from Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, dezembro de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011366.

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This paper takes advantage of several reforms that provide time and cross sectional variation to identify the effects of unemployment insurance and severance payments on the duration of unemployment and on the separation probability in Argentina. Administrative data permits analysis of the duration of unemployment of covered spells with detailed information about transfers and their duration, while household surveys permit the study of separation probability and transitions to informal jobs, which are not observed in administrative data. It is found that unemployment duration increases significantly when unemployment insurance transfers are higher or are provided for a longer period; the effects of severance pay on unemployment duration are less robust. On the other hand, higher severance pay is found to reduce separation probability, while unemployment insurance transfers have a positive but small effect on separations.

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Chandra, Shailesh, Mehran Rahmani, Timothy Thai, Vivek Mishra e Jacqueline Camacho. Evaluating Financing Mechanisms and Economic Benefits to Fund Grade Separation Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, janeiro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1926.

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Investment in transportation infrastructure projects generates benefits, both direct and indirect. While emissions reductions, crash reductions, and travel time savings are prominent direct benefits, there are indirect benefits in the form of real estate enhancements that could pay off debt or loan incurred in the improvement of the infrastructure itself. Studies have shown that improvements associated with rail transportation (such as station upgrades) trigger an increase in the surrounding real estate values, increasing both the opportunity for monetary gains and, ultimately, property tax collections. There is plenty of available guidance that provides blueprints for benefits calculations for operational improvements in rail transportation. However, resources are quite limited in the analysis of benefits that accrue from the separation of railroad at-grade crossings. Understanding the impact of separation in a neighborhood with high employment or population could generate revenues through increased tax collections. In California, the research need is further amplified by a lack of guidance from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) on at-grade crossing for separation based on revenue generated. There is a critical need to understand whether grade separation projects could impact neighboring real estate values that could potentially be used to fund such separations. With COVID-19, as current infrastructure spending in California is experiencing a reboot, an approach more oriented to benefits and costs for railroad at-grade separation should be explored. Thus, this research uses a robust benefits-to-cost analysis (BCA) to probe the economic impacts of railroad at-grade separation projects. The investigation is carried out across twelve railroad-highway at-grade crossings in California. These crossings are located at Francisquito Ave., Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Station, Sassafras St., Palm St., Civic Center Dr., L St., Spring St. (North), J St., E St., H St., Parkmoor West, and Nursery Ave. The authors found that a majority of the selected at-grade crossings analyzed accrue high benefits-to-cost (BC) ratios from travel time savings, safety improvements, emissions reductions, and potential revenue generated if property taxes are collected and used to fund such separation projects. The analysis shows that with the estimated BC ratios, the railroad crossing at Nursery Ave. in Fremont, Palm St. in San Diego, and H St. in Chula Vista could be ideal candidates for separation. The methodology presented in this research could serve as a handy reference for decision-makers selecting one or more at-grade crossings for the separation considering economic outputs and costs.

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Skone, Timothy J. Gravity Separation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), março de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509068.

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Skone, Timothy J. Magnetic Separation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), março de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509080.

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Heung, L. K. Separation Membrane Development (Separation Using Encapsulated Metal Hydride). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), junho de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799397.

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Thallapally, Praveen A., e Moises A. Carreon. Kr/Xe SeparatioKr/Xe Separation over Metal Organic Framework Membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dezembro de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1578070.

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Thomas, F. C. Comparison of microfossil / sediment separations performed by two magnetic separation systems. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130745.

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Fred Ahrens e Tim Patterson. Acoustic Separation Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), fevereiro de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/793330.

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BUREAU OF NAVAL PERSONNEL WASHINGTON DC. Pre-Separation Guide. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, março de 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada282965.

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