Bibliografias temáticas / Scottish history

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Scottish history"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 6 de fevereiro de 2022

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Scottish history"

Allen, A. M. "Scottish History Society, Miscellany of the Scottish History Society". Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 36, n.º 1 (maio de 2016): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2016.0175.

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Simpson, John M. "Cowan, Scottish History and Scottish Folk". Scottish Historical Review 80, n.º 2 (outubro de 2001): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2001.80.2.301.

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Wormald, Jenny, e Gordon Donaldson. "Scottish Church History". American Historical Review 92, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1866688.

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TANNER, DUNCAN. "Scottish Labour History". Twentieth Century British History 3, n.º 2 (1992): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/3.2.191.

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WILKES, JOANNE. "SCOTT'S USE OF SCOTTISH FAMILY HISTORY IN REDGAUNTLET". Review of English Studies XLI, n.º 162 (1990): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/xli.162.200.

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Goodare, Julian. "ECONOMIC HISTORY, PEOPLE'S HISTORY AND SCOTTISH HISTORY". Scottish Economic & Social History 13, n.º 1 (maio de 1993): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/sesh.1993.13.13.77.

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DEVINE, THOMAS M. "Whither Scottish History? Preface". Scottish Historical Review 73, n.º 1 (abril de 1994): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.1994.73.1.1.

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Murdoch, Alex. "Cox, Exploring Scottish History". Scottish Historical Review 80, n.º 2 (outubro de 2001): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2001.80.2.300.

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Goldie, Mark. "The Scottish Catholic Enlightenment". Journal of British Studies 30, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1991): 20–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385972.

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In the eighteenth century, most Scottish Protestants took it for granted that Roman Catholicism was antithetical to the spirit of “this enlightened age.” Amid the several polarities that framed their social theory—barbarism and politeness, superstition and rational enquiry, feudal and commercial, Highland and Lowland—popery in every case stood with the first term and Protestantism with the second. Sir Walter Scott's Redgauntlet, set in the 1760s, is redolent of these contrarieties. He draws a stark contrast between the world of Darsie Latimer, the cosmopolitan, bourgeois, and Presbyterian world of an Edinburgh attorney, and the world of Hugh Redgauntlet, rugged and rude, clannish and popish. When the Stuart Pretender appears on the scene he is disguised as a prelate, his odor more of sinister hegemony than of pious sanctimony. Scott's tableau captured the Enlightenment commonplace that the purblind faith of popery was a spiritual halter by which the credulous were led into political despotism. Catholicism, by its treasonable Jacobitism and its mendacious superstition, seemed self-exiled from the royal road of Scottish civil and intellectual improvement.It is not too harsh to suggest that modern scholarship on the Scottish Enlightenment has implicitly endorsed this view, for next to nothing has been written about the intellectual history of Scottish Catholicism, let alone anything comparable with the two full-scale studies now available on the English Catholic Enlightenment. One historian has suggested an alternative view, by suggesting that, in the emergence of the Scottish Enlightenment, it was Catholics and Episcopalians who, as alienated outsiders, helped loosen the straitjacket of Calvinist orthodoxy.

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Bell, Barbara. "The National Drama". Theatre Research International 17, n.º 2 (1992): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300016205.

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The National Drama was a nineteenth-century dramatic genre unique to Scotland, dealing with Scottish characters in Scottish settings. It has been neglected this century by scholars of theatre and of Scottish history in general. This is a curious oversight given the importance of the National Drama in the development of the Scottish theatre and to the image of Scotland as a nation at home and abroad. The omission may have been the result of a too close association with Sir Walter Scott in the minds of many for whom the phrase ‘High Tory Romanticism’ summed up Scott's career and influence. But, the National Drama is worthy of fresh consideration because, although it is true that dramatizations of some of Scott's Scottish works formed the core of the national repertoire, the National Drama comprised a wide variety of pieces from a range of sources and its influence over the Scottish theatre was considerable.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Scottish history"

Lawes, Richard. "A history of modern Scottish mountaineering". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192259.

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This study of mountaineering in Scotland moves the subject from the margins of historicalwriting - often located under the subheading of 'leisure and recreation' - into the mainstream of social history. lt particularly presents new evidence, in the form of oral history life story interviews, specially recorded, analysed and archived for this study. Elite climbers and mountaineers of the last thirty years constitute the majority of the interviewees, many of whom were influential personalities. ln analysing their interviews, I reflect on oral history as a method and examine how these elite climbers have redefined Scottish mountaineering ethics and practices. As most interviewees were active mountaineering participants during and after the 'Thatcher years', there is an emphasis on this period. However, the longer history presented in the substantive chapters analyses the transformation of Scottish mountaineering from its beginnings as an early working utility before the nineteenth century all the way through to its contemporary status as a modern recreational pastime. This thesis has a primary purpose of "filling a gap', of using existing Scottish mountaineering sources, usually written for purposes other than broader historical nanative, to tell a story that seldom appears in general histories. But it also seeks to contribute to a social history of Scotland that focuses on the way a seemingly marginal activity like mountaineering can create sub-cultures that help to explain how people adapt to major socio-political crises and changes. I have argued that the early history of Scottish mountaineering reveals traditions against which contemporaries' practices have been built, and against which they have reacted; that climbers of the 1930s and 1980s have shown the possibility that climbing might inadvertently, or deliberately, be an agent of political expression; that winter climbing represents a distinctive aspect of Scottish mountaineering with a special identity and image amongst its practitioners, which recently has become a contested activity with ethical questions raised by changes in practice and environment. lssues of gender expression have been considered throughout this thesis, not only as regards masculinities but also in connection with expression of femininities; and finally equipment has been discussed in several chapters and is linked to the cuttural analysis of identity and ethics.

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Russel, Rosalind. "Women of the Scottish Enlightenment : their importance in the history of Scottish education". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314730.

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Brown, Alison. "Social history of Scottish homicide, 1836-1869". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31387.

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This project is a qualitative examination of homicide in Scotland during the period 1836-1869, putting homicide in geographical, environmental and social context. Using the quantitative research in the history of crime in nineteenth-century Scotland as a point of departure, and engaging with the Scottish criminal justice system, the Lord Advocate’s Precognitions, consisting of declarations of the accused and witness statements for homicide cases reaching Scotland’s High Court of Justiciary, are used to demonstrate the ways in which specific social structures and social interactions provided greater opportunity for conflict and higher propensity for unlawful killing. It is argued that these scenarios were more likely during the period of rapid industrialization and social dislocation occurring in Scotland in the mid-nineteenth century.

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Sabbah, Youssef. "Philosophical history in Scott's Waverley novels". Thesis, Bangor University, 2003. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/philosophical-history-in-scotts-waverley-novels(a69912b9-af58-4bbc-9e27-ffb6e7eb6433).html.

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This study explores Scott's vision of historical progress and how its impact on various aspects of human life is reflected in his Scottish novels. Central to this study are civic and heroic virtues in the contexts of religion, family, nationalism, politics, economy, law and justice . It falls into an introduction, six chapters and a conclusion. The introduction sets these concerns in the context of Scottish philosophy and history and argues that Scott rejects Burke's absolutism but looks for a more flexible and rational evolution of the institutions and principles that make for social cohesion. The first chapter argues that Scott's historicism is not the product of a mixture of Romantic and Enlightenment attitudes, of sympathy or nostalgia and rationalism or progressivism. Rather it is derived from the so-called "philosophical" historians of the Scottish Enlightenment. For these writers the individualism of modern commercial society had been a problematic development, since unchecked individualism might ultimately undermine social cohesion necessary for all human flourishing. Scott is thus the inheritor of a rationalist, progressive philosophy of history, but one with well-defined reservations about progress and modernity. The second chapter questions the traditional reading of Waverley as a mixture of Romantic nostalgia and Enlightenment skepticism about "primitive" societies. Scott's Highlanders, I argue, function not simply as colourful quasi-Romantic primitives, but as the embodiment of civic and heroic virtues, which renders the novel a Scottish Enlightenment parable on the indispensability of "civic virtue". The third chapter deals with Old Mortality, a novel now often read as a sort of Hobbesian critique of the seventeenth-centut British civil wars. Indeed, the civic virtue of the parties involved in the conflict is displayed in such a light that selfIsh individualism might seem preferable. But on comparing the novel's treatment of the civil wars to that of David Hume's History of England, I show that Old Mortality is a profound meditation on the fundamentally social constitution of human nature, and that it defends rather than belittles public-spiritedness. In the fourth chapter I show how Scott undercuts the political conflict in Rob Roy by reducing it to a sort of clash of cullures which nevertheless share certain values. Using J.G.A. Pocock's seminal work, Virtue, Commerce, and History, I suggest that Scott calls for an updating of civic virtue. Chivalric Honour mutates into Credit to meet commercial needs, and to define social relationships. Also, Scott attempts a synthesis of the otherwise antagonist principles of Burke and Paine concerning family affairs. The virtue of paternal piety, as a cohesive force, is redefined as mutual understanding rather than dictatorship. Scott recognizes the law of inheritance but submits it to civil law. The fifth chapter deals with The Heart of Midlothian. The novel, I argue, gives civic virtue a religious dimension by making it providentially recognized. Skeptical of secular values in establishing the genuine civil society, the novel legitimizes a moral autonomy that derives from rational and progressive religion. Moral autonomy in this sense defines actions of mundane authority in whatever capacity, domestic, political, economical and judicial. Updating religion in one of its aspects, I show, aims at asserting Scottish national and cultural identity, given the fact that historically the Kirk has always been one of its crucial components. On the other hand, the novel attempts to define the tense relationship between Scotland and England within the Union in terms of moral values. Taken in the context of colonization, the novel focuses on vices infiltrating into English commercial society, which in a similar manner are transferred into Scottish society, and threaten the morality of the British nation at large. The sixth chapter on Redgauntlet focuses on Scott's treatment of loyalty as a civic virtue in more than one context. In the context of law and justice, loyalty is modified to operate under the rubric of personal integrity and civil courage. In the political context it is defined in terms of national consensus. In the economic context, it supports advancement as long as it operates within communal interest. The concluding chapter uses Guy Mannering, The Antiquary and The Bride of Lammermoor to support the thesis that Scott's fictional dealings with history in the "Scottish" novels is directed to an accommodation of ancient virtues with present forms of society and nationhood.

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Badenoch, Christopher H. "The conjectural history of language in Scottish enlightenment". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0009/MQ42121.pdf.

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Forsyth, Graeme Neil. "The Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history, 1800-1914". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3412.

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The nineteenth century saw the revival and widespread propagation in Scotland of a view of Scottish history that put Presbyterianism at the heart of the nation's identity, and told the story of Scotland's history largely in terms of the church's struggle for religious and constitutional liberty. Key to this development was the Anti-Burgher minister Thomas M'Crie, who, spurred by attacks on Presbyterianism found in eighteenth-century and contemporary historical literature, between the years 1811 and 1819 wrote biographies of John Knox and Andrew Melville and a vindication of the Covenanters. M'Crie generally followed the very hard line found in the Whig- Presbyterian polemical literature that emerged from the struggles of the sixteenth and seventeenth century; he was particularly emphatic in support of the independence of the church from the state within its own sphere. His defence of his subjects embodied a Scottish Whig interpretation of British history, in which British constitutional liberties were prefigured in Scotland and in a considerable part won for the British people by the struggles of Presbyterian Scots during the seventeenth century. M'Crie's work won a huge following among the Scottish reading public, and spawned a revival in Presbyterian historiography which lasted through the century. His influence was considerably enhanced through the affinity felt for his work by the Anti- Intrusionists in the Church of Scotland and their successors in the Free Church (1843- 1900), who were particularly attracted by his uncompromising defence of the spiritual independence of the church. The steady stream of historical works from Free Church ministers and laymen during the lifetime of the church corresponded with a very weak output of academic history, and in consequence the Free Church interpretation was probably the strongest single influence in forming the Scots' picture of their history in the late nineteenth century. Much of this interpretation, - particularly the belief in the particularly Presbyterian nature of the Scottish character and of the British constitution, was accepted by historians of the other main branches of the Presbyterian community, while the most determined opposition to the thesis was found in the work of historians of the Episcopal Church. Although the hold of the Presbyterian interpretation was weakened at the end of the century by factors including the merger of most of the Free Church in 1900 and the increasing appearance from 1900 of secular and sometimes anti-Presbyterian Scottish history, elements of it continued to influence the Scottish national self-image well into the twentieth century.

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Brock, Jeanette M. "Scottish migration and emigration 1861-1911". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388817.

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Naylor, Adam Charles Illingworth. "Scottish attitudes to Ireland, 1880-1914". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20057.

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Brown, David Ewan. "The Scottish origin-legend before Fordun". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23752.

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Clarke, T. N. "The Scottish Episcopalians 1688-1720". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235318.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Scottish history"

Cowan, Edward J. Scottish history and Scottish folk. Glasgow: University of Glasgow Department of Scottish History and Literature, 1995.

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Donaldson, Gordon. Scottish church history. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985.

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Gordon, Donaldson. Scottish church history. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985.

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Scottish family history. London: Batsford, 1988.

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Sellar, David. Scottish legal history. Edinburgh: Butterworths Law, 1998.

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Moody, David. Scottish family history. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1990.

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Moody, David. Scottish family history. Baltimore, Md: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1994.

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Scottish battlefields: 500 battles that shaped Scottish history. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2008.

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Scottish photography: A history. Edinburgh: Luath, 2007.

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Scottish history in verse. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 2013.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Scottish history"

Sebastiani, Silvia. "The Natural History of Humankind and the Natural History of Man". In The Scottish Enlightenment, 45–71. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137069795_3.

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Highet, Campbell. "Historical Prologue". In Scottish Locomotive History, 17–34. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208716-1.

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Highet, Campbell. "The Third Trend-Setter". In Scottish Locomotive History, 69–87. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208716-4.

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Highet, Campbell. "John Farquharson McIntosh". In Scottish Locomotive History, 187–204. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208716-9.

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Highet, Campbell. "Initial Stages". In Scottish Locomotive History, 35–49. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208716-2.

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Highet, Campbell. "James Manson Leaves his Mark". In Scottish Locomotive History, 147–66. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208716-7.

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Highet, Campbell. "The Drummond Trend Widens". In Scottish Locomotive History, 167–86. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208716-8.

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Highet, Campbell. "The Trends Develop". In Scottish Locomotive History, 116–46. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208716-6.

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Highet, Campbell. "A New Star in the Firmament". In Scottish Locomotive History, 88–115. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208716-5.

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Highet, Campbell. "The Introduction of Superheating". In Scottish Locomotive History, 205–34. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208716-10.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Scottish history"

Gurevskaia, L. A. "The significance of James Beatty in the history of the Scottish Enlightenment". In TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-07-2018-02.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Scottish history"

Saville, Alan, e Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, junho de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.

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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, setembro de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.

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Brophy, Kenny, e Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, junho de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.

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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.

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