Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Scores de risques environnementaux"
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Guimbaud, Jean-Baptiste. "Enhancing Environmental Risk Scores with Informed Machine Learning and Explainable AI". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10188.
Texto completo da fonteFrom conception onward, environmental factors such as air quality or dietary habits can significantly impact the risk of developing various chronic diseases. Within the epidemiological literature, indicators known as Environmental Risk Scores (ERSs) are used not only to identify individuals at risk but also to study the relationships between environmental factors and health. A limit of most ERSs is that they are expressed as linear combinations of a limited number of factors. This doctoral thesis aims to develop ERS indicators able to investigate nonlinear relationships and interactions across a broad range of exposures while discovering actionable factors to guide preventive measures and interventions, both in adults and children. To achieve this aim, we leverage the predictive abilities of non-parametric machine learning methods, combined with recent Explainable AI tools and existing domain knowledge. In the first part of this thesis, we compute machine learning-based environmental risk scores for mental, cardiometabolic, and respiratory general health for children. On top of identifying nonlinear relationships and exposure-exposure interactions, we identified new predictors of disease in childhood. The scores could explain a significant proportion of variance and their performances were stable across different cohorts. In the second part, we propose SEANN, a new approach integrating expert knowledge in the form of Pooled Effect Sizes (PESs) into the training of deep neural networks for the computation of extit{informed environmental risk scores}. SEANN aims to compute more robust ERSs, generalizable to a broader population, and able to capture exposure relationships that are closer to evidence known from the literature. We experimentally illustrate the approach's benefits using synthetic data, showing improved prediction generalizability in noisy contexts (i.e., observational settings) and improved reliability of interpretation using Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods compared to an agnostic neural network. In the last part of this thesis, we propose a concrete application for SEANN using data from a cohort of Spanish adults. Compared to an agnostic neural network-based ERS, the score obtained with SEANN effectively captures relationships more in line with the literature-based associations without deteriorating the predictive performances. Moreover, exposures with poor literature coverage significantly differ from those obtained with the agnostic baseline method with more plausible directions of associations.In conclusion, our risk scores demonstrate substantial potential for the data-driven discovery of unknown nonlinear environmental health relationships by leveraging existing knowledge about well-known relationships. Beyond their utility in epidemiological research, our risk indicators are able to capture holistic individual-level non-hereditary risk associations that can inform practitioners about actionable factors in high-risk individuals. As in the post-genetic era, personalized medicine prevention will focus more and more on modifiable factors, we believe that such approaches will be instrumental in shaping future healthcare paradigms
Jantchou, Mbakop Prévost. "Facteurs de risques environnementaux et maladies inflammatoires chroniques intestinales". Besançon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BESA0010.
Texto completo da fonteDong, Siwei. "Réactions d'hypersensibilité immédiate en anesthésie : épidémiologie et risques environnementaux". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0171/document.
Texto completo da fonteImmediate hypersensitivity reactions occurring during anesthesia remains a major concern for anesthesiologists. The drugs most frequently responsible for anaphylaxis are neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs). The purpose of this study is to determine the current epidemiology and to identify environmental factors that may explain the high frequency of allergic reactions to neuromuscular blocking agents that can occur without any prior exposure. In the first part of the thesis, a national survey describing the epidemiology of anaphylaxis during anesthesia between 2005 and 2007 in France was carried out. The value of testing specific IgE against NMBA was confirmed.The occurrence of immediate allergic hypersensitivity reaction when first exposure to an NMBA during induction led to evoke the existence of cross-sensitization with substances present in environment and having a quaternary ammonium compound. Different hypotheses have been proposed including exposure to cosmetics and / or disinfectants, exposure to antigens encountered in phosphorylcholine yeasts, or parasites, or exposure to a derivative opiate, pholcodine. In the second part of the thesis, two occupational populations, hairdressers apprentice exposed to chemical agents containing ammonium ions, baker and pastry maker exposed to allergens yeast and parasites were compared with the general population to search for differences regarding the prevalence of specific IgE antibody against NMBA. At the end of this work, hairdressers exposed to cosmetics agents appears to be a risk factor for developing specific IgE antibodies against NMBA and we demonstrated for the first time the hypothesis of the ross-sensitization between repeated exposures to cosmetics products containing quaternary ammonium and NMBAs
Coste-Villena, Isabelle. "Risques environnementaux parasitaires d'origine hydrique et incidence de Toxoplasma Gondii". Reims, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REIMM201.
Texto completo da fonteGonçalves-Gojosso, Christine. "Les risques environnementaux dans l'entreprise sous les aspects pénaux et assurantiels". Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT3011.
Texto completo da fonteThe parallel between insurance and criminal law can appear surprising the disciplines so much seem opposite. However, the study of these matters in the context of the environmental constraints imposed on the companies highlights of many common points. Guided by the same philosophy, the disciplines use of the same means to arrive at the same ends among which prevention. In the case of supervening of an environmental damage, they are complementary. They thus allow the company, author potential of a damage, to make the environmental risk controllable. For as much, they do not manage to neutralize any risk, is because of an insufficiency or imperfection which is their own, is because of an external pressures related to the risks themselves. In fact then, the victims suffer from it
Gabrielle, Benoit. "L'évaluation environnementale des agrosystèmes: une approche intégrée pour gérer les risques agri-environnementaux". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011435.
Texto completo da fonteMes recherches s'inscrivent dans cette problématique, et sont centrées sur l'évaluation des systèmes de grandes cultures, avec une approche intégrée sous forme de bilan environnemental. Le bilan prend en compte de façon simultanée les impacts des pratiques culturales sur les milieux sol, eau, et atmosphère, pour un niveau de production donné, permettant ainsi de minimiser les transferts de pollution entre compartiments. Les impacts envisagés concernent les éléments carbone et azote, ainsi que les pesticides, à la fois pour les échanges gazeux, la rétention dans les sols et le rejet vers les eaux souterraines. La quantification des pertes environnementales repose sur une modélisation des cycles bio-géochimiques dans les systèmes sol-plante.
Le développement de modèles intégrés de simulation des processus d'émission de polluants, avec un accent particulier sur les échanges gazeux, a constitué la majeure partie de mon activité, et dans ses différentes facettes: intégration de processus, test sur jeux de données expérimentales, extrapolation dans le temps et dans l'espace, et enfin application au diagnostic environnemental dans des contextes finalisés. Ces derniers ont impliqué des domaines comme les bio-énergies, le recyclage de déchets urbains en agriculture, ou l'introduction de cultures tolérantes aux herbicides à large spectre.
La conclusion de ces analyses est que les marges de manoeuvre sont: i/ relativement faibles si l'on raisonne les pratiques de façon incrémentale dans le paradigme actuel, relativement intensif, ou ii/ intéressantes mais uniquement sur certains enjeux (eg, effet de serre pour bio-énergie), les autres enjeux étant plus difficiles à quantifier car tributaires des contextes locaux. Mes recherches futures vont donc porter sur une approche plus systémique des productions ou fonctions évaluées, intégrant des disciplines comme la micro-économie ou l'agronomie, et se déroulant dans un territoire décrit de façon explicite.
Stili, Djamel. "Risque de défaillance et contagion des risques d'entreprises". Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010073.
Texto completo da fonteLasmoles, Olivier. "La gestion des risques maritimes environnementaux : contribution au renforcement de la protection de l'environnement marin". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010261/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe impact of the maritime catastrophes of recent years such as Erika, Prestige, and Deepwater Horizon, has confirmed the concerns regarding marine pollution, both with the general public and political decision-makers. Has no lesson been learned from these events? Calls for greater awareness for environmental protection have had little impact on the practices of transporters and shipowners. Violations of the marine environment must be halted as soon as possible, using suitable and effective methods. Maritime law, which relates to navigation by sea, is no longer able to protect the environment because it is based on principles of civil responsibility. Changes in obligations suggest that this should be replaced by principles derived from common law on the environment, based on criminal responsibility. In the first part, the identification of maritime risks, both old and contemporary, demonstrates that in spite of some developments in technology and an increase in its complexity, it remains fundamentally identical, with the backdrop of the sailor, the navigator, acting within the framework of an organization. In the second part, the analysis of the treatment of technical risks demonstrates, firstly, the capacity of maritime law to reform, taking the lead from good practice derived from the offshore industry. Secondly, the analysis of legal risks confirms that maritime law, in spite of its imperfections, has the resources to reform and respond to contemporary expectations in environmental matters
Louzon, Maxime. "Développement d’indicateurs chimiques et biologiques pour l’évaluation des risques environnementaux des sites et sols contaminés". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCD040.
Texto completo da fonteIn the context of the sustainable management of polluted sites and soils, the overall objective of this thesis was to improve environmental (ERA) and human health (HHRA) risk assessments.Threshold guide values (TGV) were determined ex situ in the land snail for metal(loid)s, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) as well as global indicators, such as ex situ indices of sum of excess transfer (GSET) and ecotoxicological risk (GERITOXE). These indicators were applied to 68 various contaminated soils and showed that it is not necessarily the most contaminated soils that present the highest risk. In addition, it was highlighted that excess metal(loid) transfers to snail are, unlike non-anomalous transfers from the soil geochemical background, more influenced by the total concentration than by the physico-chemical properties of the soils. Beyond these influences, the question also arose of the influence of site specificities on the bioavailability of contaminants to the snail. This was investigated in an inter-laboratory test leading to the standardization of the in situ and ex situ approaches (ISO 24032). It was evidenced that transfers are generally higher ex situ than in situ, except for few metals (e.g., Cd and Mo). This enable to discern the respective interests of in situ and ex situ ERA methods and the answers obtained according to scientific questions and management perspectives. The relationships between bioavailable concentrations and specific ecotoxicological effects for the snail were studied at different levels of organization (life history traits and genomic stability) to refine the interpretation of the global indicators developed. The relevance of the coupling of the micronucleus assay with the random amplification technique of polymorphic DNA for the assessment of genotoxicity in hemocytes was demonstrated. The study of telomere dynamics in the land snail has been developed and has revealed novel patterns. A strong telomere attrition during growth from the juvenile to the sub-adult stage was characterized, followed by a maintenance of telomere length during adult life. Although genotoxic damage has been identified and associated with health alterations to snails exposed to metal- and PAH-contaminated soils, their telomeres are not shortened in hemocytes. In the context of the applicability of the One health initiative to the management of polluted sites and soils considering both human and environmental health, the study of exposures with the relationships between bioaccessibility to humans and bioavailability to the snails of As, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils revealed strong convergences. Concerning the links between risk levels, it was shown that soils identified as "at risk" for human health could present a low or even absence of transfer of contaminants to snails and therefore an absence of environmental risk, offering alternative management perspectives.In conclusion, the results obtained pave the way towards the research of fundamental relationships between environmental and toxicological bioavailability at different levels of biological organization and the identification of the respective interests of field and laboratory approaches in risk assessments in relation to management issues. Approaches to combine environmental and health assessment methodologies are proposed in the aim to better manage environmental pollutions. Finally, the indicators developed within the framework of this thesis strengthen the positioning of targeted chemical and biological characterization tools at the site scale
Denieul, Myriam. "Procéduralisation de la décision publique face aux risques sanitaires et environnementaux posés par les produits". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCB033.
Texto completo da fonteIn the past few years, procedures have multiplied for structuring and framing the decision-making process of public entities when they are confronted with environmental and health-related risks caused by products. This trend first emerged in the US, and then spread over in the EU and in France. The patchy and disorganised development of such procedures yet begs the question of a common procedural framework for public decision-making when dealing with risks, and of its associated consequences. In this view, two main categories of procedures can be distinguished. The first one applies to the scientific assessment of risks, and its consequences for the final decision. Those procedures have been stirred by external drivers, namely successive health and environmental crisis, the ever-growing necessity to cope with situations characterised by scientific uncertainty, or by influences at the supranational level. The second category covers procedures aiming at assessing the impacts of the contemplated decision, and at ensuring participation from the public. The development of this second category results more of a deliberate choice than a constraint, and the respective weight of such procedures within the decision-making process is also more limited. This so-called 'proceduralisation' facilitates the judicial review of risks-related decisions, and requires a more pragmatic approach when examining procedural irregularities. This research aims to highlight key general principles that public decision-makers may use when confronted to identified or suspected risks
Glatron, Sandrine. "Représentations cognitives et spatiales des risques et des nuisances pour les citadins". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00565920.
Texto completo da fonteTsiba, Jean-Kevin Aimé. "L'exploitation minière dans la région du Haut-Ogooué (Gabon) : contribution à l'étude des impacts environnementaux". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0361.
Texto completo da fonteThis dissertation is about the consequences of manganese and uranium mining on the environment in Gabon, especially in the Haut-Ogooué province. The extraction of manganese in Moanda, conducted by the Comilog company (a subsidiary of the French ERAMET), has both radically altered the landscape and caused chemical pollution in the local ecosystems. The extraction of uranium, formerly conducted by Comuf (a subsidiary of Areva, then known as COGEMA) has caused severe environmental damage, both in terms of abnormally high radioactivity and landscape alteration. In both cases, the confrontation of nature and society has seen an ever increasingly rapid transformation of nature due to the growth of human activity. Such manmade hazards have potentially fatal consequences. The environmental crisis created by the two mining projects has caused anger in the local population and the civil society at large, with people blaming the government and the companies concerned for not handling the hazards in the area responsibly enough or soon enough. This dissertation suggests several avenues to improve the local quality of life in Moanda (manganese mining) and Mounana (uranium mining) in the perspective of sustainable development. Those suggestions include the creation of public structures such as the “mine police” and of analysis laboratories in charge of environmental data
Noël, Guillaume. "Indexation dans les bases de données capteurs temps réel : application à la surveillance de phénomènes environnementaux et de risques naturels". Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0091/these.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis's aim is to provide the specialists in environmental phenomenon monitoring systems with a method for structuring, querying and fast accessing to spatio-temporal data in real time using various criteria, in particular spatial and temporal ones. More precisely, we focus on the indexing of an « in memory » database for masses of spatio-temporally referenced data with time constraints for the index updating and queries. The measurements collected by a sensor network must be indexed according to the source sensor and the date of measurement. Moreover, the most recent data are usually considered as more interesting, a specificity that is usually not featured in existing indexing systems. Three indexing solutions are proposed. They differ from the existing solutions by storing the data from sensors in dedicated substructures. “Access substructures” are used to link a query to a set of sensors. The first proposal, the PoTree, aims at « in-memory » indexing of spatio-temporal data issued from a network of fixed real time sensors. The second, the PasTree, aims at « in-memory » indexing of spatiotemporal data issued from a network of agile real time sensors, i. E. Of which the sensors have a restricted mobility. It allows for a multi-criterion access to the data, using spatial references or sensor identifiers. The last proposal, the Spatio-temporal Heat (StH) aims at « in-memory » indexing of spatio-temporal data issued from a network of agile real time sensors. The main innovation of this structure is the integration of a database saturation management by offering a mechanism allowing a progressive transfer of the data towards a warehouse
Tamtam, Fatima. "Sources et devenir des antibiotiques dans le bassin versant de la seine : première approche pour une évaluation des risques environnementaux". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066521.
Texto completo da fonteVallette, Chloé. "L'environnement s'invite en ville : l'action collective face aux risques environnementaux dans la Grande Aire Métropolitaine de San José (Costa Rica)". Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN1695.
Texto completo da fonteThe Quebrada Seca River opens a desolate breach in the Great Metropolitan Area (GAM) of San José, Costa Rica’s capital. This small river, corseted between buildings, shows its grey rocks and brown dirt to neighbouring houses’ windowless walls. Clues of abandonment are everywhere. Yet, several collectives gathering inhabitants, technicians and scientists, take action in order to reduce environmental risks linked to Quebrada Seca (flooding, erosion, pollution). In formulating the tangible problems they are affected by in terms of environmental risks (Mormont, 2009), these collectives strongly criticize the urban socio-political organization. They question the accuracy of administrative territories and of communal identities. They propose specific types of territorial organization, and original collective commitment forms. Our thesis is that dealing with environmental risks allow these city dwellers to create a particular kind of urbanity (Capron and Monnet, 2000), a way of living together, that go beyond urban planning’s strict projections
Vanuls, Caroline. "Travail et environnement : regards sur une dynamique préventive et normative à la lumière de l'interdépendance des risques professionnels et environnementaux". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1048.
Texto completo da fonteCette étude s’inscrit autour du rapport travail/environnement à la lumière de l’interdépendance des risques. L’histoire des catastrophes industrielles montre qu’il n’existe pas de frontière entre les risques professionnels et environnementaux. Dans ce contexte, prend naissance la notion de risque mixte. Dans une société où les dangers se multiplient avec les progrès technologiques, a émergé une politique d’anticipation des risques. Les entreprises prennent conscience d’un rôle à jouer dans cette politique en tant qu’entités génératrices de risques industriels. Elles développent des démarches socialement responsables, connues sous le nom de Responsabilité Sociale de l’Entreprise, destinées à concilier les intérêts économiques avec les droits fondamentaux de l’environnement et les droits fondamentaux des travailleurs. Reposant sur les piliers du développement durable, le caractère transversal de la RSE résonne avec la mixité des risques et apporte une réponse de nature globale. Dans le prolongement de cette nouvelle responsabilisation, les droits du travail et de l’environnement renforcent les obligations de sécurité de l’employeur et de l’exploitant. Sous le prisme de la prévention, les deux ensembles juridiques se rejoignent dans une démarche commune d’anticipation. Le droit du travail se saisit du risque environnemental et s’emploie à le maîtriser. Le droit de l’environnement est mis au service de la protection des travailleurs qui semblerait réceptive à la précaution en milieu professionnel. La convergence de l’esprit de protection animant ces deux droits ne conduirait-elle pas à l’émergence d’un droit commun à l’environnement et au travail : un droit du risque
Noël, Guillaume Laurini Robert. "Indexation dans les bases de données capteurs temps réel application à la surveillance de phénomènes environnementaux et de risques naturels /". Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2007. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=noel.
Texto completo da fonteBarrault, Julia. "Les pratiques de jardinage face aux risques environnementaux et sanitaires des pesticides. Les approches différenciées de la France et du Québec". Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859540.
Texto completo da fonteBourrelly, Stéphane. "Modélisation et identification de facteurs environnementaux géographiques liés à des risques morbides : Application aux séquelles développées après le traitement d'une leucémie : Cohorte LEA". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE2026/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is an interdisciplinary approach combining Geography, Epidemiology and Statistics. It is a methodological thesis applying to a public health issue. The concept consist in developing a dialectical adapted to the geographic health and proposing or transposing probabilistic methods, geostatistical and datamining instruments, to model and to identify geographic environmental factors related to morbid risks. In this research the environment is considered in its integrity. It is described by spatiotemporal indicators: physicochemical, health and socioeconomic. The geographical environment of the individual and medical characteristics of targeted populations is also taken into account. Heuristic proposals aim to identify environmental health determinants, or contributing risk factors. The methods have been implemented or adapted to the issue. They are applicable and reproducible in all diseases studied in Geographic Health. In order, to illustrate these proposals, they are applied to squeals observed following the treatment of childhood leukemia - Cohort LEA. In developed countries, access to effective treatments leads to an increase of squeals incidence. Those have an impact on the quality of life. Therefore, post-cancer and children's health have positioned themselves at the core of social concerns in Europe and in France. Beyond the scientific goals, contributions in public health are expected. The idea is to provide operational space indicators to politicians in order to help them to take collective health measures. And for health professionals to be able to offer individual medical solutions, devoted to reduce the risk of exposure to environmental factors of the populations due to their geographical location. In consequence, to improve access to a good environmental health
Milinkovitch, Thomas. "Stratégie de lutte contre les catastrophes pétrolières et risque environnemental associé : évaluation de la toxicité d’un dispersant en milieu côtier chez Liza sp". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROS322/document.
Texto completo da fonteDispersant application is an oil spill response technique which accelerates the dispersion of petroleum from the sea surface into the water column by inducing the formation of oil droplets. In coastal areas this response technique is controversial since the low water depth reduces the dissemination of oil droplets and by the way increases the exposure of aquatic ecosystems to petroleum. To evaluate the toxicity of dispersant application in nearshore areas, an experimental approach was conducted. Juvenile of Liza sp. were exposed to three scenarios of contamination: (i) to chemically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, dispersant application ; (ii) to mechanically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, natural dispersion due to meteorological conditions ; (iii) to an undispersed oil slick simulating, in vivo, oil slick confinement as a response technique. Toxicity of each condition of exposure was evaluated through the mortality upon a group of individuals, through the swimming performance and the metabolic scope at the organism level, and through the measurement of biomarkers at the organ level.Comparison between an undispersed oil slick and a chemically dispersed oil slick shows that dispersant application induces an increase of the mortality and decreases the ability of the animal to cope with environmental contaminants (deduced from gill and liver total glutathione rate). Conversely, comparison between both a mechanically and a chemically dispersed oil slick, suggests that, when sea water is under mixing processes, dispersant application does not enhance petroleum toxicity. Taken together these results suggest that (i) an oil slick must not be dispersed when recovery can be conducted; (ii) dispersant application could be considered as a response technique when meteorological conditions are appropriated
Yao, Kouadio Assemien François. "Développement d'une méthodologie pour une meilleure évaluation des impacts environnementaux de l'industrie extractive". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG001.
Texto completo da fonteAn increasing demand of mineral resources is associated with modern society development. In parallel, mining projects face strong oppositions both from public and from environment protection agencies, due to the potential impacts associated with ore extraction. In order to conciliate the needs of producing raw materials and of taking into account the preservation of the quality of the environment, it is necessary to assess the environmental impact previous to the start of the mining activities. The Environmental Impact Assessment procedure helps to identify and evaluate the environmental impacts of a project. Although Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is mandatory, the regulations do not impose any impact assessment method. Thus, EIA practitioners are free to use the method that suits them and their own expertise to estimate the environmental impacts of a project. The main purpose of this work is to propose a method to more effectively evaluate the environmental impacts of the mining industry. To achieve this, two approaches have been explored: the Mining Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology (MEIAM) developed in this thesis and the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is a standardized methodology. MEIAM is based on the risk analysis approach and makes it possible to evaluate the impacts taking into account the climatic and geological conditions and the initial state of the zone. LCA is a standardized technique that assesses the impacts produced on the site and those generated off-site but whose generating activities are related to the system studied. These methods were implemented on a gold mine in Côte d’Ivoire.MEIAM, taking into account the particular characteristics of the study area, showed high impact results for both surface water and groundwater pollution, mainly at the operation and post-closure stages. This study has also shown that pollution sources with high level impacts include tailings, soils previously contaminated by dust fallout and mining works. Regarding the LCA, which is in essence an overall method, it has made it possible to highlight quite significant off-site impacts. For on-site effects, the study showed that the impacts on human health are mainly due to metal emissions from operation activities (ore processing and tailings management as well as blasting). Finally, our work showed that all the impacts were better taken into account by a combination of MEIAM and LCA in the EIA procedures
DELETRAZ, Gaelle. "Géographie des risques environnementaux liés aux transports routiers en montagne. Incidences des emissions d'oxydes d'azote en vallées d'Aspe et de Biriatou (Pyrénées)". Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003245.
Texto completo da fonteRuel, Martine. "Une approche de gestion des risques environnementaux le cas de la zone d'influence et de coopération du Parc National Kouchibouguac, Nouveau-Brunswick". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0018/MQ46792.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDeletraz, Gaëlle. "Géographie des risques environnementaux liés aux transports routiers en montagne : incidences des émissions d'oxydes d'azote en vallées d'Aspe et de Biriatou (Pyrénées)". Pau, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003245.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis evaluates the impact of road pollution on mountain ecosystems (acidification and eutrophisation) and shows that geographic approach is complementary to that of the chemists or biologists. Two valleys have been chosen for field studies : Biriatou and the Aspe valley (Somport). Road atmospheric pollution studies raise many methodological difficulties. To study the effects of this pollution, it must be first charted. We describe the model of spatial diffusion of pollution used. The method integrates topography. We have established a cartography of nitrogen deposits for the two studied sectors. Then, this thesis talks about impacts. The evaluation of the deposition is not sufficient to determine the risk. Each ecosystem has specific characteristics (buffer capacity of soil, type of vegetation). The critical loads differ according to the environmental conditions. The definition of the risks areas needs the comparison of the levels of pollution and environmental conditions
Ruel, Martine. "Une approche de gestion des risques environnementaux : le cas de la zone d'influence et de coopération du Parc National Kouchibouguac, Nouveau-Brunswick". Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1999.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteLORTHOIS, PELISSIER CATHERINE. "Enquete cas-temoins : sur les facteurs de risques professionnels et environnementaux pouvant induire des syndromes myelodysplasiques dans la region nord-pas-de-calais". Lille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL2M303.
Texto completo da fonteBourrelly, Stéphane. "Modélisation et identification de facteurs environnementaux géographiques liés à des risques morbides : Application aux séquelles développées après le traitement d'une leucémie : Cohorte LEA". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE2026.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is an interdisciplinary approach combining Geography, Epidemiology and Statistics. It is a methodological thesis applying to a public health issue. The concept consist in developing a dialectical adapted to the geographic health and proposing or transposing probabilistic methods, geostatistical and datamining instruments, to model and to identify geographic environmental factors related to morbid risks. In this research the environment is considered in its integrity. It is described by spatiotemporal indicators: physicochemical, health and socioeconomic. The geographical environment of the individual and medical characteristics of targeted populations is also taken into account. Heuristic proposals aim to identify environmental health determinants, or contributing risk factors. The methods have been implemented or adapted to the issue. They are applicable and reproducible in all diseases studied in Geographic Health. In order, to illustrate these proposals, they are applied to squeals observed following the treatment of childhood leukemia - Cohort LEA. In developed countries, access to effective treatments leads to an increase of squeals incidence. Those have an impact on the quality of life. Therefore, post-cancer and children's health have positioned themselves at the core of social concerns in Europe and in France. Beyond the scientific goals, contributions in public health are expected. The idea is to provide operational space indicators to politicians in order to help them to take collective health measures. And for health professionals to be able to offer individual medical solutions, devoted to reduce the risk of exposure to environmental factors of the populations due to their geographical location. In consequence, to improve access to a good environmental health
Ahn, Jung-Hyun. "Evaluation des risques de crédits et concurrence : analyse de l'impact du credit scoring et de la titrisation sur les stratégies des banques". Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100076/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focuses on two major financial innovations that have taken place during the last decades in the banking sector: securitization and credit scoring. More specifically, we develop three theoretical analyses on the relationship between intensification in banking competition and the increasing use of these tools on the one hand, and the impact of such use on the banks' information production function (namely screening and monitoring) on the other hand. The main results of the analyses are the following. Firstly, greater competition does not warrant the choice of the most efficient technology when two banks differentiated by their loan granting technology, the one being based on the classical relationship lending and the other on credit scoring, compete for deposits as well as for loans (double banking competition). Secondly, banks can resort to loan sales markets in order to avoid revealing the private information they have collected about their clients during the lending relationship when private information provides a competitive advantage in the future competition. Thirdly, securitization can be used as a strategic tool to soften loan market competition. More precisely, banks can use securitization as a tool to signal their intention to lower the intensity of their monitoring, in order to reduce the problem of adverse selection to their competitors. Although it can make banks collectively better off by increasing overall profit, this result is achieved to the detriment of the overall loan market efficiency
Yao, Kouadio Assemien François. "Développement d'une méthodologie pour une meilleure évaluation des impacts environnementaux de l'industrie extractive". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG001/document.
Texto completo da fonteAn increasing demand of mineral resources is associated with modern society development. In parallel, mining projects face strong oppositions both from public and from environment protection agencies, due to the potential impacts associated with ore extraction. In order to conciliate the needs of producing raw materials and of taking into account the preservation of the quality of the environment, it is necessary to assess the environmental impact previous to the start of the mining activities. The Environmental Impact Assessment procedure helps to identify and evaluate the environmental impacts of a project. Although Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is mandatory, the regulations do not impose any impact assessment method. Thus, EIA practitioners are free to use the method that suits them and their own expertise to estimate the environmental impacts of a project. The main purpose of this work is to propose a method to more effectively evaluate the environmental impacts of the mining industry. To achieve this, two approaches have been explored: the Mining Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology (MEIAM) developed in this thesis and the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is a standardized methodology. MEIAM is based on the risk analysis approach and makes it possible to evaluate the impacts taking into account the climatic and geological conditions and the initial state of the zone. LCA is a standardized technique that assesses the impacts produced on the site and those generated off-site but whose generating activities are related to the system studied. These methods were implemented on a gold mine in Côte d’Ivoire.MEIAM, taking into account the particular characteristics of the study area, showed high impact results for both surface water and groundwater pollution, mainly at the operation and post-closure stages. This study has also shown that pollution sources with high level impacts include tailings, soils previously contaminated by dust fallout and mining works. Regarding the LCA, which is in essence an overall method, it has made it possible to highlight quite significant off-site impacts. For on-site effects, the study showed that the impacts on human health are mainly due to metal emissions from operation activities (ore processing and tailings management as well as blasting). Finally, our work showed that all the impacts were better taken into account by a combination of MEIAM and LCA in the EIA procedures
Mézière, Patrick. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'une méthodologie pour l'évaluation des risques sanitaires et environnementaux des produits de construction : cas d'illustration avec deux usages du PVC dans le bâtiment". Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0121/these.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteNowadays, in the field of building, there does not exist systematic and unified approach to assess environmental and sanitary risks of building products considered during their setting up, their use phase and their end-of-life. Therefore, we aim at suggesting a methodology allowing to assess this type of risks. The developed methodology applies to a building product considered in its "use scenario" (standard EN 12920). It is composed of five main parts : 1 – inventory of the assessment scenarios, 2 – description of the assessment scenarios, 3 – organisation into a hierarchy of each assessment scenario and identification of priority scenarios, 4 – characterisation of the assessment scenarios, 5 – synthesis of the assessment. We test its applicability using a PVC cladding and a PVC floor covering as examples. Specific tests elaborated to assess emission of pollutants from PVC building products in water and air show that, for PVC cladding, emissions phenomena in water are mainly controlled by the solubility of species contained in this cladding. Moreover, the role of the degradation phenomena of the material, in particular UV action, is very important. Risks linked to the exposition of cladding to rain are acceptable. For the original PVC floor covering, VOC quantities in air decrease rapidly and risks associated to this type of emission are juged acceptable. Nevertheless, physico-chemical ageing phenomena that can occur during its use were not considered. Applicability of the proposed methodology is globally demonstrated. Moreover, we discuss the limits and prospects of our work
Mézière, Patrick Moszkowicz Pierre. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'une méthodologie pour l'évaluation des risques sanitaires et environnementaux des produits de construction cas d'illustration avec deux usages du PVC dans le bâtiment /". Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2006. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=meziere.
Texto completo da fonteKröger, Edeltraut. "Facteurs de risque occupationnels et environnementaux de la démence : l'étude sur la santé et le vieillissement au Canada". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19995.
Texto completo da fonteGuehi, Calixte Haba Hebane. "Facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire chez les patients avant et après initiation des antirétroviraux en Afrique Sub-Saharienne, expérience de l’Essai Temprano ANRS 12 136". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0324/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe international initiatives for promoting access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) have reduced HIV- related morbidity and mortality. Meanwhile, there are growing cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in developing countries, which are witnessing an epidemiological transition. Our objective was to assess the significance of CVRF before and after initiating antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected people in Africa. Temprano trial aimed to assess the benefits and risks of early antiretroviral therapy and 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) after 30-month follow-up. This study concluded that both interventions are effective to reduce severe morbidity, what led WHO, in 2015, to recommend starting ART immediately if CD4 count drop below 500 cells / mm3. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of CVRF and the significance of obesity and overweight at baseline and after 24 months of ART in particular. We then assess the cardiovascular risk score according to the Framingham equation, with and without lipids, at baseline and at the end of follow-up. There were: (i) a positive correlation between the 2 equations (ii) a sharper increase in cardiovascular risks among women and (iii) no difference in the risk increase according to treatment strategies. Finally, in the long-term follow-up of Temprano trial, we are showing the efficacy of IPT on the reduction of mortality, which brings hope in a context where, despite the on-going epidemiological transition, the causes of deaths are still dominated by Tuberculosis in sub- Saharan Africa
Kaffashian, Sara. "Cognitive Aging : Role of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00940586.
Texto completo da fonteMaison, Dominique Antoine. "Information et prise de décision dans la gestion des risques sanitaires environnementaux : Les apports de l'intelligence économique et territoriale Exemples de l'Organisation Mondiale de la santé et de la Guyane française". Toulon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUL0011.
Texto completo da fonteWould it be short and magnetic waves, nanotechnologies or more traditionally fields like air or drinking water quality, environmental health topics has now gained a fully-fledged part in public debates. All through the development of civilisations, intuitions or descriptions have identified the effect of the human environment on health. Nevertheless, health and environment are more prone to be considered as distinct fields than as a single corpus. Sanitary aspects are often seen as a minor part of public health, a domain often considered mainly as the management of health care systems, with the physician as an emblematic figure. Now, the social demand has been increasing after that effect of environment on health has been heavily questioned such as for microwaves, soil or air contaminants. Necessity arises to define, implement and be accountable for public policies in that matter. This work deals with this approach seen under the information aspects: their nature, gathering, building and final use in the decision process. Specifically, we will assess the possible inputs of techniques and methods developed by economic and territorial intelligence. In a first part, we set the theoretical framework for environmental health: technical fields, problem formulating. This step conditions widely the handling of problems and thus public policies. Those policies in France do rely on actors and intervention tools the functions of which are presented through some significant examples. They show the limits of institutional and technical knowledge, finally set aside in many cases to make the final decision. Among the reasons are the lack of understanding for the technical features of environmental health, as well as the incapacity to work out the whole set of data needed to make a decision. Moreover, the shattering of public stakeholders falls sometimes into rivalry and bickering and reflects the lack of understanding of environmental health as a corpus, not as punctual stakes. The always heavier influence of international institutions on norms and regulations is neither anticipated nor taken into account, in France at least. All those reasons participate in shrinking the scope of the decisions on the one hand; on the other hand they do strip the deciders from their role in benefit of bureaucratic and supranational actors. Go-between decisions and intermediate steps are in cause. Corps of civil servant emerged from this process, developing distinct interests and ambitions, that may different from the common interest and using technical pretexts. Recently, a u-turn has been taken in that respect, purely political and organisational decisions being made on behalf of technical inputs. A result of this first part of our reflexion is the growingly intricate weight of territories interests, would it be global with the World Health Organization or European with the EU, besides “traditional” territories as the state and local territories that still have to affirm themselves. In order to identify the links created by information through those different territories and set of interest, we take the example of a remote French territory in South America, French Guiana. Regulations implemented there result from WHO, EU, French national state with some consequences and lack of adaptation due to specific local settings. Classical “top down” approaches are all the more useless that local reality differs from common settings. We do propose 3 case-studies to illustrate this hypothesis. We also use those studies to try to identify causes of failures or success. Among them is the necessity to identify key information that is able to push the decider to take a decision. Technical aspects are not enough under that aspect. Formalized participation of stakeholders and beneficiaries can help and should be systematically used, starting upstream any program and being able to confer some kind of sustainability. But more, there is a need to develop an integrated sanitary intelligence at the territory scale, the only way to encompass fully the many impacts of environment on health for public policies
Olivero, Julie. "Entreprises et management environnemental : pratiques de gestion dans les établissements à risques règlementés situés sur le littoral français". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1072.
Texto completo da fonteThe increasing societal awareness and the intensification of the regulation make henceforth strategic environmental issues for pollutant sites. Included within the scope of the CSR, this thesis aims to understand the management decision of environmental risks within risky sites located in French densely populated coastal areas. It analyses the ways of evaluating, managing and communicating about environmental risks, also called “industrialo-environmental risks” (IER), and identifies motivations and difficulties of these actions as described by managers. The research is based on a multidisciplinary theoretical framework: the work on the individual decision under risk, the stakeholder theory, and the neo-institutionalism. The research methodology is divided into two times: a qualitative study of 19 interviews with textual analysis, and a survey of 196 sites by questionnaire. Results emphasize that, despite a collective awareness of environmental issues, IER have been significantly managed since only a decade. If regulatory stakeholders and leaders' values primarily guide risky sites towards a more "responsible" management, the complexity of regulation and the lack of information explain the slowing of environmental initiatives (EMS, EMAS eco-audit, partnerships). The surveyed sites adopt reactive approaches of regulatory compliance. Costs, lack of human and financial resources, and the low perception of the immediate benefits are considered as barriers to the pursuit of more ambitious environmental activities. Thus, the IER management appears more as a way to legitimize and sustain activities as an economic advantage
Schnackenberg, Ashley. "Les effets d’amendements sur la fonctionnalité des sols de potagers contaminés par les éléments métalliques et sur la réduction des dangers environnementaux et sanitaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR055.
Texto completo da fonteThe need for nature in the city, the craze for "healthy eating" and difficult socio-economic contexts contribute to the development of gardening in (peri-)urban areas. Communities are regularly solicited for the creation of collective gardens. However, due to their environmental and historical contexts, the soils of vegetable gardens are complex environments, still little known; their functioning can be strongly disturbed by physical, chemical and biological degradation. Their contamination can even present health hazards, particularly in connection with the ingestion of soil particles or vegetables. Among the techniques that can improve the functioning of soils and influence the behavior of pollutants, especially metallic ones, the addition of amendments such as green waste compost, phosphate and carbonate products, natural or synthetic zeolites, or industrial by-products (red mud, iron shot, iron oxy-hydroxides) are cited as being able to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of metallic elements. However, the effectiveness of these amendments and their durability are still in question. The management of amendments, whether organic or mineral, raises questions since they may contain metallic and/or organic contaminants. However, the use of soil amendments as a method of managing vegetable garden soils and the health risks on amended soils are still relatively unstudied.The subject of this thesis is to study the interest of organic and mineral amendments to manage urban vegetable garden soils with moderate anthropogenic contamination. The aim is to evaluate the potential of these amendments (used alone or in mixtures) to reduce in a sustainable way the phyto-availability of metallic pollutants as well as the exposure of gardeners and their families. In situ experiments will be carried out in different environmental and urban contexts and will be based on ex situ experiments aimed at selecting the choice of the studied amendments
Huteau, Charlotte. "Le déplacement en zones côtières : entre anticipation et gestion des risques naturels : perspectives juridiques". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROD002/document.
Texto completo da fonteCoastal areas have always been attractive for their economic potential and their touristic and residential interest. They have been massively settled in countries all over the world. However, while coastlines are weakened by human impact, they are also subject to degradations due to climate change. Besides the sea-level rise, often emphasized by the media, we must consider the erosion caused by storms and hurricanes. The current context is strongly marked by the question of the environmental displaced persons who do not have any status. This situation can be illustrated by the small island states whose territory is threatened by the sea-level rise. Thus, the issue of managing these problems in respect with human rights arises to an increased extent. The challenge of this work, supported by different country profiles: Bangladesh, USA, France, Small Island States (including the Maldives, Kiribati, Tuvalu), is to seek the root causes of this dilemma that has become so intense that it leads to displacement, and then to promote and facilitate adaptation in-situ or adopt new displacement policies that are no longer perceived as a failure but as an adaptation strategy towards risks. This change of perspective intends to mobilize legal tools from various branches of law (Urbanism, Insurance, Liability and humanitarian law, etc.). It also intends to respect principles to ensure anticipation and acceptance of the approach by the people. With the study of these examples, we must identify these commons elements and take into account the specificities of each country and each community
Elabidi, Houda. "La prise en compte des facteurs ESG (environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance) dans l'appréhension du risque opérationnel : le cas du secteur bancaire en France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080058.
Texto completo da fonteIn the adaptation of their governance models, methods and management processes. In this context, financial institutions are more and more involved in processes of expression, influence and standardization that interfere with their own vision and the ability to act. Such a context could not support either passivity or inaction and should, on the contrary, encourage financial institutions to develop more sophisticated risk management processes and to promote better application. However, the emergence of new sources of risk has made it more difficult to analyze the overall risk incurred by these institutions, hence the need to detect, control and limit it rapidly. This is why a social and governance environmental analysis makes it possible to diversify the sources of information, to refine and qualify the financial evaluation by non-financial criteria, but which participate fully in the development policy in the financial sector. This strengthens the role of risk governance in establishing guidelines and setting a framework for using a more comprehensive approach to risk management. In many cases, information on environmental, social and governance risks is overlooked by financial institutions, especially banks
Mieulet, Elise. "La prolifération de moustiques vecteurs sur le littoral méditerranéen et dans les départements français d’Amérique : enjeux environnementaux et sanitaires". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3095.
Texto completo da fonteIn France,the human-mosquito relationship and the mosquito control policies show differentiated stories and features from one territory to another.Thus,if in FDA mosquitoes never ceased being epidemic factors,however,on the Mediterranean coast until recently they no longer represented a Health risk.Indeed,in the FDA,since their implementation,mosquito control campaigns have always been conducted for a sanitary purpose through vector control campaigns.Meanwhile,in metropolitan France,aiming to reduce the nuisance,these policies were initially implemented to ensure the inhabitants comfort.But,starting from 2004,following the durable installation of the Asian tiger mosquito on the French Mediterranean coastline and the progressive widening of its distribution area,the context evolves and,from now on,the metropolitan France is potentially exposed to health risks hitherto circumscribed to tropical areas.Mobilising the theoretical frameworks of environmental,health and risks sociologies,and based on a corpus gathering qualitative (311 interviews and direct observations) and quantitative data (1415 questionnaires),this PhD analyses the recombining of the relationship between environmental and health challenges in light of the vector mosquitoes proliferation.It initially focuses on the place and status of the insect within the different populations.Then, the socio-economic factors influencing the individual vulnerability of exposure to the insect are studied.The third part is devoted to the expectations and requests of the inhabitants regarding the public management of the mosquitoes’ proliferation.Finally, a diachronic analysis centered on the Alps-Maritimes region is developed
Mbodji, Mor. "Etude des impacts environnementaux et sanitaires des déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEE) au Sénégal : cas de la ville de Dakar". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1290.
Texto completo da fonteWaste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is particularly problematic around the world. The aim of this thesis was to assess the potentially harmful effects of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) on the dispersion of metals in the environment and their fate to human health in Dakar, Senegal. Studies first focused on the determination of metals in the soils of four WEEE recycling sites in Dakar (Mbeubeuss, Mermoz Pikine and Reubeuss) by LIBS and portable X-ray fluorescence techniques. The results of this work showed that all the sites studied were contaminated by elements such as Pb, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn in comparison with a control site. The distribution of metals is highly dependent on the site and therefore on the recycling activity. The potential contamination of the population through the food chain was assessed by analyzing vegetables produced near the largest WEEE waste dump (Mbeubeuss). Speciation by sequential extraction of the elements Sb, Pb, Sr, Cr, Cu Mn and Zn in market garden soils showed that the elements were mainly present in the residual fraction. This approach has shown that the metals are not mobile and not very bioavailable to plants. The contamination of metallic elements in two batches of vegetables produced from two distinct market gardening areas near Mbeubeuss and the evaluation of the potential health risk associated with the consumption of these products were studied. The results obtained from the first batch showed the contents of Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn and Fe led to risk indices. For the 2nd batch of vegetables (closer to Mbeubeuss) the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Pb are higher with a risk linked to the presence of Cr. The results of this work led to the conclusion that there is a potential health hazard for consumers of vegetables linked to the Cr element, only if it is present as CrVI
Bouquet, Aurélien. "Etude du dinoflagellé benthique toxique Vulcanodinium rugosum dans les lagunes méditerranéennes soumises au changement global : caractérisation toxinique et dynamique in situ, transfert des toxines dans les maillons trophiques supérieurs et risques associés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONG016.
Texto completo da fonteHarmful phytoplankton blooms have growing impacts on ecosystems and human populations. In the context of warming waters and oceans, they are one of the main issues linking environmental, animal and human health. This research focuses on the toxic microalga Vulcanodinium rugosum, which produces pinnatoxins (PnTX) and portimines (Prtn). These toxins accumulate in marine organisms and are frequently detected worldwide, particularly in French Mediterranean lagoons. The objectives were to study the microalga distribution in relationship with environmental conditions in four French Mediterranean lagoons, the contamination by PnTX G and Prtn A of various marine organisms, the ecological impacts and the health risks.At first, we developed a sensitive and specific methodology for detecting Vulcanodinium rugosum cells in marine environments, based on artificial substrates coupled with qPCR (AS-qPCR). The results of our field campaign showed that microalgae and toxins were present in all studied lagoons, and that they could contaminate a wide variety of marine species including bivalve molluscs, fish, gastropods and echinoderms. The spatiotemporal dynamics of microalgae and toxins in mussels were linked to seasonal variations in temperature and other hydrochemical factors. A modeling approach based on environmental parameters enabled us to assess the risks to human populations at different times of the year. We estimated that over 25 % of seafood consumers exceeded the provisional acute benchmark value in summer at Ingril and Vic. We did not observe any impact of mullet juvenile exposure to Vulcanodinium rugosum, but this species could be involved in the expansion of the microalga within the lagoons via transport through the intestinal tract. Finally, the kinetics of contamination and elimination in oysters showed that high concentrations could be linked to long-term exposure, and that PnTX G persisted for a long time in bivalve molluscs’ tissues.This work provided therefore important knowledge on the impacts of Vulcanodinium rugosum on ecosystems and humans. The information and tools developed should be of great interest to environmental and health monitoring managers. This study also led to questions concerning the general expansion of Vulcanodinium rugosum area, other species that could possibly be contaminated, sub-lethal impacts on marine organisms, and the chronic risks to humans inherent in persistent contamination in seafood products. They therefore show the importance of studies focusing on this dinoflagellate and its toxins, particularly in the context of warming waters favoring blooms on a global scale
Mefleh, Aline. "Contributions à la théorie des valeurs extrêmes : Détection de tendance pour les extrêmes hétéroscédastiques". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD032/document.
Texto completo da fonteWe firstly present in this thesis the permutation Bootstrap method applied for the block maxima (BM) method in extreme value theory. The method is based on BM ranks whose distribution is presented and simulated. It performs well and leads to a variance reduction in the estimation of the GEV parameters and the extreme quantiles. Secondly, we build upon the heteroscedastic extremes framework by Einmahl et al. (2016) where the observations are assumed independent but not identically distributed and the variation in their tail distributions is modeled by the so-called skedasis function. While the original paper focuses on non-parametric estimation of the skedasis function, we consider here parametric models and prove the consistency and asymptotic normality of the parameter estimators. A parametric test for trend detection in the case where the skedasis function is monotone is introduced. A short simulation study shows that the parametric test can be more powerful than the non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov type test, even for misspecified models. We also discuss the choice of threshold based on Lepski's method. The methodology is finally illustrated on a dataset of minimal/maximal daily temperatures in Fort Collins, Colorado, during the 20th century. Thirdly, we have a training sample data of daily maxima precipitation over 24 years in 40 stations. We make spatio-temporal prediction of quantile of level corresponding to extreme monthly precipitation over the next 20 years in every station. We use generalized extreme value models by incorporating covariates. After selecting the best model based on the Akaike information criterion and the k-fold cross validation method, we present the results of the estimated quantiles for the selected models. Finally, we study the wind speed and wave height risks in Beddawi region in the northern Lebanon during the winter season in order to protect the oil rig that will be installed. We estimate the return levels associated to return periods of 50, 100 and 500 years for each risk separately using the univariate extreme value theory. Then, by using the multivariate extreme value theory we estimate the dependence between extreme wind speed and wave height as well as joint exceedance probabilities and joint return levels to take into consideration the risk of these two environmental factors simultaneously
Dritsas, Sophoclis E. "Organisation et gestion du littoral - évaluation des ressources humaines : réfugiés environnementaux et aménagement du territoire en Europe et en Méditerranée : Etudes de cas : La Gironde (L’estuaire) en France et Thessalonique (Les deltas d’Axios-Loudias-Aliakmonas) en Grèce". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0078/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe present thesis seeks to define a conceptual framework in order to examine the populationmovements related to environmental risks. For about twenty years, several terms haveemerged to describe thedisplaced people such as: environmental refugees, eco-refugees,climate refugees or eco-migrants. The terms and the status attributed to these populations arelargely dependent on the nature, strength and speed of the environmental event contributing totheir displacement. It is therefore necessary to specify the criteria in order to avoid anyconfusion and to be able to assess the physical flows generated by the environmentaldisasters. Our analysis is focused on the risks of submersion and inundation along the coastand in the delta areas associated with rise in the sea levels. In view of these increasing risks, it is absolutely necessary to set up a "proactive strategy", based on the triptych protection -prevention - anticipation. For each type of risk considered, this strategy requires, beyond thedelimitation of the geographical areas concerned, quantification and qualification of thepotentially affected populations. Consequently, the main aspect of our problematic combinestwo types of vulnerability:the firstdue to environmental disasters’ risks such as floods and thesecondto increasing population pressure. Finally, we chose to examine in our study two areashighly subjected to flood risks such as the Gironde estuaryin France and the Axios -Loudias-Aliakmonas Deltas in Central Macedoniain Greece trying to estimate the potential size ofpopulation movements in 2025 and 2050
TIXIER, Philippe. "Conception assistée par modèle de systèmes de culture durables : Application aux systèmes bananiers de Guadeloupe". Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010937.
Texto completo da fonteL'évaluation et la conception de tels systèmes de culture innovants nécessitent l'utilisation d'outils de modélisation spécifiques qui rendent compte des caractéristiques particulières du système. Un modèle spécifique appelé SIMBA à été développé dans ce sens. SIMBA simule l'évolution de la structure du peuplement de bananiers au cours des cycles de culture, point clé qui conditionne l'ensemble de la dynamique du système. La composante parasitaire, qui influe sur la pérennité de la bananeraie et conditionne l'emploi des produits phytosanitaires est également prise en compte. Le parasitisme des nématodes phytoparasites est simulé, en interaction avec la croissance et la structure du peuplement, l'état du sol et l'emploi de nématicides. SIMBA simule également la croissance des bananiers et leur productivité, la structure du sol, la couverture du sol et le bilan hydrique. Des indicateurs qualitatifs et intégrateurs, conçus spécifiquement, permettent, couplés à ces modules biophysiques, l'évaluation au cours du temps de risques environnementaux comme le risque de pollution des eaux par les produits phytosanitaires et le risque d'érosion. Les pratiques culturales sont prises en compte à travers des règles de décision qu'il est ainsi possible d'évaluer. Le modèle SIMBA, en fournissant des sorties agronomiques, environnementales et économiques (marge brute), permet ainsi l'évaluation multicritère de systèmes de culture simulés selon plusieurs points de vue.
SIMBA a ensuite été utilisé selon une méthode originale de prototypage en deux étapes (exploration globale puis optimisation spécifique). Les résultats obtenus ont permis d'identifier certains systèmes de culture qu'il conviendra de tester ‘au champ'. Cette approche systémique et fonctionnelle, qui a permis des avancées significatives au niveau de la modélisation des systèmes bananiers, constitue un outil performant pour la conception de systèmes de culture durables.
Derien, Anthony. "Solvabilité 2 : une réelle avancée ?" Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733700.
Texto completo da fonteGuindo, Abdoulaye. "Modélisation de l’hétérogénéité spatiale du risque environnemental dans les essais de prévention randomisés contre les maladies transmissibles". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0679.
Texto completo da fonteIn the context of communicable diseases (e.g. malaria, cholera, etc.), proximity to environments favoring transmission (e.g. breeding sites or sources of contagion, etc.) influences the infection risk, thus causing a spatial heterogeneity of this risk. However, in randomized trials, these environmental aspects are not fully observable (e.g. breeding sites).The aim of this thesis was to model this spatial heterogeneity of environmental risk not observed in a prevention trial.In the first section, using a simulation study, we showed that randomization alone did not eliminate the bias due to the spatial heterogeneity of environmental risk. We showned that the SPDE (Stochastic Partial Differential Equations) approach estimated with the INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace approximations) method and modeling this spatial heterogeneity through the localization of individuals by a Gaussian field defined by the Matèrn covariance, allowed to correct this bias.The second section focused on modeling the spatial heterogeneity of environmental risk in the context of recurrent events. We re-analyzed the data from two malaria prevention trials in Mali: One evaluating the effect of adding azithromycin to Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) against malaria in children under 5 years of age in Bougouni, and the other evaluating the efficacy of malaria protection measures in Bandiagara.In the last section, we have elaborated a user guide for the Bayesian SPDE model with the INLA estimation method
Monneron-Gyurits, Matthias. "Bioaccessibilité et spéciation des métaux/métalloides sur d’anciens sites industriels en vue d’une gestion intégrée et d’une refonctionnalisation". Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0062.
Texto completo da fonteToday, the management of polluted sites and soils appears to be a major challenge for environmental and health policies. To do this, decision support tools must be developed and validated to facilitate the identification and understanding of the risks involved. In this context, the objective of this study is to improve knowledge of the links between the nature of contaminants, their geochemical behavior, the nature of carrier phases and bioaccessibility. Ultimately, this understanding will lead to a more specific assessment of the environmental and health risks attributable to them, and to a more coherent remediation. To do this, two contaminated sites with different typologies (mining vs. industrial) were studied but with similar contamination (As, Pb, Zn and Cd). After a representative sampling in accordance with the type of site and its geomorphology, a fine physico-chemical characterization was carried out on each sample before determining their environmental and physiological stability (bioaccessibility). The coupling with environmental mineralogy made possible to explain the behavior of the elements in the various environments. In a second step, in order to overcome the constraints of a complex environment such as the soil and to define the real impact of each bearing phase on the risks, pure phases were synthesized and subjected to the same tests as the natural samples. A return to the solid is then systematically carried out, highlighting the mineralogical changes undergone by the sample. Mixtures have also been made to understand and better understand the cocktail effects of metallic and metalloid elements. This integrated, multi-analytical and multi-scale approach is then the first step in a long process of understanding and predicting risks based on geochemistry and environmental mineralogy coupling
Genton, Marine. "Individuals’ perceptions of their cancers’ risks stemming from environmental factors : overview, relationships with adoption of health-related behaviors and determinants". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1146.
Texto completo da fonteObjectives: (1) To explore and analyze individuals’ perceptions of their own cancers’ risks in general and stemming from environmental factors. (2) To investigate their relationships with individuals’ adoption of health-related behaviors. (3) To identify and analyze the determinants of these perceptions. Methods: A theoretical and an empirical literature reviews, an exploratory qualitative study among individuals with and without personal cancer history and a confirmatory quantitative study among a representative sample of the French population have been conducted. Results: (1) Cancers’ risks stemming from environmental factors are a subject of concern among French people. In particular, more than half of our sample perceived themselves at risk to develop cancers stemming from outdoor air pollution, pesticides and stress. (2) Individuals’ adoptions of health-related behaviors can be associated with their risk perceptions, but are more associated with their endorsement of prevention-related beliefs, and their time and risk preferences. Endogeneity strongly impacts the significance of associations between perceptions and behaviors. (3) Endorsement of cancers-related beliefs and salience of cancers’ risks stemming from environmental factors determine more strongly individuals’ risk perceptions than availability and affect heuristics, knowledge, perceived control and voluntariness of risk exposures, personal health history and socio-demographic characteristics. Discussion: Our results, consistent with the literature, bring new outcomes helpful to better understand individuals’ risk perceptions and to design targeted public health policies
Haddadi, Ahmed Zine El Abidine. "Construction d’un score prédictif du risque nosocomial pour des patients de réanimation". Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S039/document.
Texto completo da fonteLimiting nosocomial infections is still a health challenge although the technical development has improved. They are inherent in medical care and the health care services have the highest prevalence. Indeed, whatever the service (surgical, medical or both), the patients life-giving process is under attack because of the emergence of one or several organ faillures;This generates a diagnostic and therapeutic arsenal which is often invasive.Among the consequences resulting from these infections we will take into account :i) a longer stay in hospitalii) an extra costiii) a higher mortality rateiv) bacterial resistance .If we could anticipate upstream and downstream this issue with complex origins and sometimes fatal consequences, it would be a major asset for patients and a strategic tool for medical teams.The present study is organized in three parts, and first focusses onto the identification of the nosocomial event and death risk factors in intensive care where the study took place. We took into account the the case-mix of the intensive care unit in the TIMONE University Hospital. The study was made with two different statistic methods that is logistic regression and the competitive risks method.The next step first consisted in comparing the predictive capacities of the APACHE II, LOD, SOFA and SAPS II scores in nosocomial patients hospitalized in intensive care . Then it tried to determine if the variation of the LOD, SOFA, APACHEII and SAPS II scores was a prognostic risk factor.Results showed that the best predictive performance was objectively measured by the SOFA and that only the variation of this score between the first day in hospital and the day of the diagnosis of a nosocomial infection, calculated thanks to the AUC, could be predictive of a nosocomal risk. After these steps, and with the results calculated , the construction of a predictive score could be established thanks to the logistic regression method. The objective of this score is to help, or even influence the prescribing doctors when they take decisions or when they try to adjust their therapeutic practices