Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Sago"

Various sago biomass (i.e., sago barks, fibres and wastewater) that potentially converted into value-added products are generated during sago starch extraction process (SSEP). In current industrial practices, such biomass are disposed to the environment and caused severe environmental issues. Therefore, in order to minimise the environmental impacts and to improve economic performance of sago industry, sago biomass is vital to be recovered. On the other hand, a sustainable sago value chain, which involved activities plantation, harvesting, sago starch extraction process (SSEP), and transportations, is synthesised in this thesis via Fuzzy Multi-Footprint Optimisation (FMFO) approach. This proposed approach considered carbon, water, and workplace footprints as well as economic performance of sago value chain. In order to trade-off the conflicts among the optimisation objectives, the concept of fuzzy optimisation is adopted in this approach. Then, recovery of sago biomass in SSEP is focused. In order to prioritise sago biomass for recovery in sago industry, Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA)-based prioritisation approach is developed in this thesis. This MFCA-based approach introduced hidden cost (HC) and carry-forward cost (CFC) to determine cost associated with waste streams. Based on the associated cost, waste streams can be prioritised for recovery. Then, this MFCA-based prioritisation approach is further extended as extended MFCA (eMFCA)-based approach to simultaneous synthesise total resource conservation network (RCN) with industrial processes. In this thesis, total water network and SSEP is synthesised simultaneously via eMFCA-based approach. Furthermore, techno-economic and environmental performance of conversion of sago barks and fibres into combined heat and power (CHP) and bioethanol is evaluated. In addition, sensitivity analysis on payback period is conducted in different scenarios due to variation of feedstock cost, enzyme cost, and labour cost. In order to further improve sustainability of sago industry, a conceptual integrated sago-based biorefinery (SBB) is envisaged. Maali’s method is adopted in this thesis to allocate the benefits of each party participating in integrated SBB. Lastly, conclusions and future works are included in the end of this thesis.

Memoria para optar al título de Periodista
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En una sociedad caracterizada por la preferencia de las recetas exitosas, resulta difícil encontrar algo distinto. Hay ocasiones en que las respuestas al ahogo que genera la “producción en serie” en materia comunicacional, nos hace olvidar que la palabra original viene de origen, así es que, para dar con ese concepto tan difícil de hallar, muchas veces es conveniente mirar precisamente al nacimiento. El fenómeno de las radios satelitales y de la televisión, que llegan a casi todos los rincones, parecieran obligar a mirar a la historia, si es que de buscar algo original se trata. En Osorno, existe una radio que por más de 60 años ha permanecido fiel a su programación. ¿Próxima a desaparecer? Nada de eso. Incluso, ha sido capaz de sobreponerse a difíciles momentos en lo económico y levantarse como una alternativa a las grandes cadenas que depredan los diales y con ello las identidades propias de cada territorio. Es la radio Sago, propiedad de la Sociedad Agrícola y Ganadera de Osorno, una emisora que ha resistido la tentación de comprar un modelo de probado resultado, anteponiendo los principios que le dieron vida. Dentro de esos principios fundantes, se encuentra el Sago – buzón, un servicio a los auditores del campo que desde fuera puede parecer pintoresco, pero que en la provincia de Osorno se ha levantado como toda una institución. En la presenta memoria de grado, intentaremos demostrar cómo un servicio original, es capaz de mantenerse inalterable a lo largo del tiempo y transformarse en algo casi irremplazable, que se levanta orgulloso y desafiante a las corrientes de nuestro tiempo. Es el Sago - buzón, una realidad inmutable, en medio de un mundo intrínsecamente cambiante y la única posibilidad de que esta verdadera “institución” desaparezca es que se acabe la ruralidad.

The study presented here was firstly to investigate the physiochemical properties of native sago starch (obtained from Metroxylon sp. and designated as sago INA), in comparison with those of Metroxylon sago starch obtained from a different source, sago starch derived from Arenga sp. palms, wheat, corn, and tapioca starches. The properties analysed were chemical composition, total starch content, apparent amylose content, pasting properties, endothermic thermal behaviour, starch paste clarity, freeze-thaw stability, hardness of gel, and microscopic structure of the granules. The results obtained indicated that sago INA starch sample contained less fat and protein, compared to cereal starches. The sago starch sample had larger sized granules and had a more transparent paste. The gels of the starch were harder, and showed a relatively better stability to freeze-thaw treatment. The other part of the study was extrusion of sago INA starch both in the absence and presence of enzyme by utilising a response surface design. In the absence of the enzyme, the experiment was conducted to establish the extrusion process conditions including moisture contents, melt temperature, and screw speed. The extruded products were then analysed for degree of molecular degradation, light microscopic structure, reducing sugars of the water soluble materials, water absorption index, water solubility index, enzyme susceptibility, and gelatinisation endothermic energy. Increased mechanical and thermal energy input received by the products in the extruder resulted in a significant degradation of the molecular weight of the macromolecules. Light photomicrographs also suggested that the granule structures of the extrudates have been reshaped. All extrudate samples had a very low gelatinisation endothermic energy compared to its native starch. The specific mechanical energy received by the products in the extruder was calculated and related to the process variables. The possibility of using the products in food application was also discussed.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The study presented here was firstly to investigate the physiochemical properties of native sago starch (obtained from Metroxylon sp. and designated as sago INA), in comparison with those of Metroxylon sago starch obtained from a different source, sago starch derived from Arenga sp. palms, wheat, corn, and tapioca starches. The properties analysed were chemical composition, total starch content, apparent amylose content, pasting properties, endothermic thermal behaviour, starch paste clarity, freeze-thaw stability, hardness of gel, and microscopic structure of the granules. The results obtained indicated that sago INA starch sample contained less fat and protein, compared to cereal starches. The sago starch sample had larger sized granules and had a more transparent paste. The gels of the starch were harder, and showed a relatively better stability to freeze-thaw treatment. The other part of the study was extrusion of sago INA starch both in the absence and presence of enzyme by utilising a response surface design. In the absence of the enzyme, the experiment was conducted to establish the extrusion process conditions including moisture contents, melt temperature, and screw speed. The extruded products were then analysed for degree of molecular degradation, light microscopic structure, reducing sugars of the water soluble materials, water absorption index, water solubility index, enzyme susceptibility, and gelatinisation endothermic energy. Increased mechanical and thermal energy input received by the products in the extruder resulted in a significant degradation of the molecular weight of the macromolecules. Light photomicrographs also suggested that the granule structures of the extrudates have been reshaped. All extrudate samples had a very low gelatinisation endothermic energy compared to its native starch. The specific mechanical energy received by the products in the extruder was calculated and related to the process variables. The possibility of using the products in food application was also discussed.

Utgångspunkten för detta examensarbete har varit sago- och barnlitteraturanvändning i undervisningen i skolår 3. Syftet var att undersöka hur litteraturarbetet bedrevs på några skolor med olika pedagogiska inriktningar. Ett syfte var också att undersöka lärarnas och elevernas uppfattningar om detta arbete och hur dessa uppfattningar skiljer sig åt mellan de skolor där sagor och barnlitteratur används mycket jämfört de där sagorna inte har en framträdande plats. Undersökningen genomfördes i form av kvalitativa lärarintervjuer och kvantitativa elevenkäter. Intervjuer genomfördes med lärare på tre olika skolor och 40 elever deltog i enkätundersökningen. Resultatet av undersökningen visade att arbetssätt och användningsfrekvens varierade mycket liksom uppfattningarna om arbetet, vidare så kom det fram att varierad och flitig litteraturanvändning i skolan inte automatiskt betyder att eleverna får ökad läslust och en mer positiv inställning till arbeta med sagor och barnlitteratur. Däremot tycktes val av arbetssätt och elevernas möjligheter att påverka innehållet betyda mer i detta sammanhang.

Sago starch is extracted from the trunk of sago palm (Metroxylon spp.), which is found throughout South East Asia. In Indonesia sago is considered an underutilised crop and moreover Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is prevalent among particularly women and children. Creation of a ready to eat product from sago, which was fortified with iron, would address issues of food security both in terms of nutrition and as a non-imported carbohydrate source. With this aim studies for the manufacture of a thermomechanical directly expanded snack product using a commercial source of sago starch were conducted. Composition and properties of sago starch were analysed and compared with rice and cassava. Sago starch differed in several aspects from the two other starches widely processed in Asia. Sago starch had large granules, had the highest amylose levels and gelatinisation temperature (76 °C). X-ray diffraction suggested an A-type packing for all samples, including the sago where literature suggest a C-type ordering. Conversion of the starches (30% moisture) and their flow were studied in a capillary rheometer. A stable extruded product was achieved, but it did not expand. Capillary rheometer data showed pseudoplastic behaviour of the moistened sago starch. With increasing temperature viscosity decreased and no impact of the presence of iron (ferrous sulphate heptahydrate 800 ppm) on the flow behaviour was found, but the inclusion of iron made the extrudates brown in colour. The losses of crystallinity were measured on the extrudates from the rheometer. Levels of order loss were predicted from the state diagram and by comparison with the DSC enthalpy changes for uncooked sago at higher moisture contents. When processed at 70 °C the samples showed more amorphous material than anticipated. When processed at 100 °C still 30% of the order remained. This indicated that shear and moisture levels are critical in the processing of the starch. Thermomechanical extrusion was carried out on a twin screw pilot scale machine (Thermo Fisher, Prism). The screw and die configuration and feed rate for the sago starch (8 kg/h) were fixed. The impact of variable processing parameters of water feed rate (16.5 to 25% wwb), screw speed (200, 300 and 400 rpm) and die temperature (120, 140 and 160 °C) on the physical and physicochemical properties of extruded sago starch were investigated. At the lower water feed rates expansion occurred as the product left the extruder to form a stable extrudate with multiple air cells, which gave a crispy texture. The specific mechanical energies needed to create the expanded product were high at 400-500Whr/kg. The properties of the extrudates were more affected by water feed rate than by alterations in screw speed or die temperature. In order to reduce discolorations, iron-fortified sago starch extrudates were made using iron and ascorbic acid (1:6 ratio). The presence of additives at low water feed rate had no detrimental impact on the extrudates. The recommended extrusion parameters for the manufacture of an extruded sago starch product would be: feed rate of 8 kg/h, screw speed of 300 rpm, die temperature at 140 °C, and water feed rate at 4 mL/min (equivalent to 16.5% wwb), and it is possible that machine settings that produce even higher SME values may allow a more expanded product. From this work it appears that an iron fortified directly expanded sago product could be manufactured. Its nutritional properties and commercial applicability would need to be ascertained.

In this study we evaluated the ability of recombinant adenoviruses (rAd) encoding the antigens SAG1, SAG2 and SAG3 from Toxoplasma gondii (AdSAG1, AdSAG2 and AdSAG3, respectively) to induce immune responses and protection against the parasite. C57BL/6 mice received two doses of AdSAG1, AdSAG2, AdSAG3 or a control adenovirus (AdCTRL). The production of anti-SAG specific antibodies, as well as activation of T cells able to recognize those antigens were evaluated after vaccination. Each rAd elicited production of IgG antibodies specific against the SAG that they encode. On the other hand, only AdSAG1 led to significant activation of IFN- producing T cells, which responded in vitro to a T. gondii antigen extract and to a T CD8+ epitope (TPTENFTL) identified in the sequence of SAG1 protein. Vaccinated animals were challenged with a cystogenic strain of T. gondii for evaluation of survival and parasite load in brains. Only AdSAG1-immunized groups showed significant survival and reduction in brain cyst numbers. In vaccination experiments performed with T CD8+ cell-deficient mice, it was demonstrated that activation of IFN- producing T CD8+ cells specific to SAG1 is one of the protection mechanisms induced by AdSAG1. In a similar approach, by vaccinating MyD88 and IL-12 deficient mice with AdSAG1, we identified innate immune mechanisms activated in vivo by that rAd, which are involved in the differentiation of anti-SAG1 specific T lymphocytes into IFN- secreting cells and that contribute to the immunogenicity and protective properties of AdSAG1. To enhance the level of protection obtained with the homologous vaccination protocol (two doses of rAd), we constructed recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) encoding SAG1 and SAG2 to be used as boost dose after prime immunization with rAds, in a heterologous vaccination protocol. Again, protection was observed only after vaccination with viral vectors encoding SAG1, with a tendency to enhanced survival levels in groups of animals vaccinated according to the heterologous protocol (AdSAG1 + MVASAG1) in comparison to those groups that received homologous vaccination (two AdSAG1 doses). As for the parasite load, it was observed a significant difference between the two vaccination protocols, with the heterologous protocol providing a higher amount of reduction in brain cyst numbers. Altogether, the results indicate that the use of recombinant viral vectors is a useful approach for the development of immunization protocols against T. gondii
No presente estudo, avaliamos a capacidade de adenovírus recombinantes (rAd) codificando os antígenos SAG1, SAG2 e SAG3 de Toxoplasma gondii (AdSAG1, AdSAG2 e AdSAG3, respectivamente) em induzir resposta imune e proteção contra o parasita. Camundongos C57BL/6 receberam duas doses de AdSAG1, AdSAG2, AdSAG3 ou de um adenovírus controle (AdCTRL). A produção de anticorpos específicos anti-SAG, bem como a ativação de linfócitos T capazes de reconhecer esses antígenos foram avaliadas após a vacinação. Cada rAd induziu a produção de IgG específica contra a SAG que codifica. Por outro lado, apenas o AdSAG1 levou a ativação significativa de linfócitos T produtores de IFN-, os quais responderam in vitro a um extrato de antígenos de T. gondii e a um epítopo de células T CD8+ (TPTENFTL) identificado na seqüência da proteína SAG1. Os animais vacinados foram desafiados com uma cepa cistogênica de T. gondii, para avaliação da mortalidade e da carga parasitária cerebral. Apenas grupos imunizados com AdSAG1 apresentaram sobrevivência e redução no número de cistos cerebrais em níveis significativos. Em experimentos de vacinação de animais deficientes em células T CD8+ com AdSAG1 ficou demonstrado que a ativação de células T CD8+ produtoras de IFN- específicas contra SAG1 é um dos mecanismos de proteção induzidos por aquele rAd. Da mesma forma, por meio da vacinação de animais deficientes em MyD88 e IL-12, identificamos mecanismos de resposta imune inata ativados por AdSAG1 in vivo, os quais estão envolvidos na diferenciação de linfócitos T anti-SAG1 em células produtoras de IFN- e contribuem para a imunogenicidade e capacidade protetora do AdSAG1. Para melhorar o nível de proteção obtido com o protocolo de imunização homólogo (duas doses de rAd), foram construídos vírus vaccinia Ankara modificados recombinantes (rMVA) codificando os antígenos SAG1 ou SAG2 para serem utilizados como dose de reforço após primo-imunização com rAd, num protocolo heterólogo de imunização. Novamente, foi observada proteção apenas na imunização com vetores virais codificando SAG1, sendo que houve tendência no aumento da sobrevivência dos animais vacinados de acordo com o protocolo heterólogo (AdSAG1 + MVASAG1) em comparação com aqueles que receberam a imunização homóloga (duas doses de AdSAG1). Quanto à carga de parasitas, foi observada diferença significativa entre os protocolos de imunização, com o heterólogo proporcionando maior redução no número de cistos cerebrais. Esses resultados indicam que a utilização de vetores virais recombinantes é uma abordagem viável para o desenvolvimento de protocolos de imunização contra o parasita T. gondii

Thesis (MTech (Oceanography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019
Stuckenia pectinata (Börner, 1912) offers both advantages and disadvantages to the biota and user groups of Zandvlei Estuary, Cape Town. It is therefore imperative that S. pectinata is managed so that it provides ecosystem services without growing to levels where it negatively impacts user groups. This study aimed to understand factors influencing S. pectinata biomass and distribution in Zandvlei Estuary in order to provide conservation authorities with informed S. pectinata management options. S. pectinata biomass and distribution, and system physico- chemical parameters and nutrient characteristics were assessed monthly between November 2016 and November 2017. Samples were collected in the main body of the estuary, in the Marina da Gama canals and in three influent rivers. Elevated salinity was found to negatively influence S. pectinata biomass within the lower reaches. Nutrients were thought to influence seasonal variations in S. pectinata biomass. The distribution of sediment grain size was suspected to influence variations in S. pectinata biomass within the main body of the estuary. The results add to conservation authorities’ understanding of the influence of environmental characteristics on S. pectinata biomass and distribution allowing more effective anticipation of changes in S. pectinata biomass and distribution thus preventing extremes in its growth. The knowledge acquired will assist conservation authorities in refining the S. pectinata harvesting protocol thereby allowing the macrophyte to be maintained more effectively.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, triggering dangerous complications in immunocompromised patients and pregnant women, as well as having great economic impact for the livestock. So far the control of toxoplasmosis is made primarily by chemotherapy. However, most drugs used routinely have some limitations. In order to control this disease, several research groups, including ours, has been working to develop a medical-veterinary vaccine based on parasite antigens, vectors and protocols of immunization. In this study were implemented and standardized methodologies for amplification and cloning of recombinant immunogens in the system for the development of a prototype vaccine, based on the surface antigens of T. gondii and recombinant adenovirus encoding these antigens. Genes encoding BAG1, GRA2 and SAG1 proteins were amplified. We established a strategy for cloning SAG1, SAG2, SAG3 and TgAMA1- genes in recombinant system. The genes encoding SAG1 and SAG2 were cloned and their sequences showed high similarity with sequences from GenBank. The virtual translation of these proteins showed polymorphisms in the amino acid sequence, which can be correlated with levels of antigenicity. Simultaneously, the adenovirus encoding the SAGs (HAdSAGs) were expanded, purificated and characterizated. Immunization of C57bl/6 mice, using viral supernatant was not enought to elicit immune responses at high levels, being required HAdSAGs titration for future immunizations. Therefore, this study allowed the cloning of the two genes important for the development of a prototype vaccine. Besides, implementations methodologies that permit advancements in the development of a vaccine against toxoplasmosis using adenovirus to express proteins of the parasite
A toxoplasmose ? uma zoonose de distribui??o mundial causada pelo protozo?rio Toxoplasma gondi podendo desencadear graves complica??es em pacientes imunossuprimidos e gestantes; bem como acarretando grande impacto econ?mico para a pecu?ria. At? o momento o controle da toxoplasmose ? feito basicamente pela quimioterapia. Contudo, a maioria das drogas utilizadas na rotina apresentam alguma limita??o. No intuito do controle dessa parasitose, diversos grupos de pesquisas, inclusive o nosso, v?m trabalhando para o desenvolvimento de uma vacina m?dico-veterin?ria com base em ant?genos do parasito, vetores e protocolos para imuniza??o. Nesse estudo foram implantadas e padronizadas metodologias para amplifica??o e clonagem de imun?genos em sistema recombinante visando o desenvolvimento de um prot?tipo vacinal, tendo como base os ant?genos de superf?cie de T. gondii e adenov?rus recombinante codificando esses ant?genos. Os genes que codificam as prote?nas BAG1, GRA2 e SAG1 foram amplificados. Foi estabelecida uma estrat?gia de clonagem dos genes SAG1, SAG2, SAG3 e TgAMA-1 em sistema recombinante. Os genes que codificam SAG1 e SAG2 foram clonados e suas sequ?ncias apresentaram grande similaridade com sequ?ncias depositadas no GenBank. A tradu??o virtual dessas prote?nas apresentou polimorfismos no n?vel de amino?cidos, que poder?o ser correlacionadas com n?veis de antigenicidade. Paralelamente, foi realizada a expans?o, purifica??o e caracteriza??o dos adenov?rus que codificam as SAGs (HAdSAGs). A imuniza??o de camundongos C57BL/6, utilizando o sobrenadante viral, n?o foi suficiente para desencadear respostas imunol?gicas em altos n?veis, sendo necess?ria a titula??o dos HAdSAGs para futuras imuniza??es. Portanto, esse estudo permitiu a clonagem de dois genes importantes para o desenvolvimento de um prot?tipo vacinal, al?m de implementa??es de metodologias que permitir?o avan?os para o desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra a toxoplasmose usando adenov?rus que expressem prote?nas do parasito

The tachyzoite SAG proteins are involved in activation of protective immune responses against the parasite T. gondii in infected individuals. In the present study, we have evaluated the activation of humoral and cellular immunity in mice vaccinated with recombinant adenoviruses coding for SAG1, SAG2 or SAG3 from T. gondii. Peptides corresponding to MHCI-binding epitopes, specific for the H2-Db and H2-Ld haplotype, were predicted in SAG1, SAG2 and SAG3 proteins by sequence analysis on SYFPEITHI software. Those peptides were produced by solid-phase synthesis employing the Fmoc methodology. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice received two 109 p.f.u. doses of AdSAG1, AdSAG2, AdSAG3 or AdCTRL, six weeks apart. Serum samples obtained from C57BL/6, four weeks after the last immunization, were submitted to Western-blot assays, against total tachyzoite lysate (TLA). Two to four weeks after the last immunization, spleens from both mice lineages were collected for ELISPOT assays. Splenocytes were stimulated in vitro with synthetic peptides corresponding to epitopes predicted on SYFPEITHI software. Vaccinated mice were challenged with an oral dose ME49 strain two weeks after the last immunization. Results show that immunization elicited specific IgG antibodies against the three proteins in C57BL/6 mice. Also, immunization with AdSAG1 induced specific activation of IFN-g producing CD8+ T cells in both mice. Those cells showed to be responsive to an epitope predicted on SAG1 sequence. The same level of activation was not observed in mice from the AdSAG2, AdSAG3 or AdCTRL groups. Further, the immune responses observed in AdSAG1-vaccinated mice were related to protection against an oral challenge with the ME49 strain. It was observed higher survival rate and less cysts numbers in that group. These results indicate that vaccination with recombinant viruses is feasible approach for development of anti-toxoplasma vaccines.
As proteínas de superfície (SAGs) presentes em taquizoitos de T. gondii encontram-se envolvidas na ativação de resposta imune contra o parasita. No presente estudo nós avaliamos a capacidade de adenovírus recombinantes codificando os genes de SAG1, SAG2 e SAG3 em induzir a ativação de resposta imune humoral e celular, além de imunidade protetora contra cepa cistogênica do parasita. A ativação de resposta imune humoral foi avaliada em camundongos C57BL/6 vacinados com adenovírus recombinantes (AdSAG1, AdSAG2, AdSAG3 ou AdCtrl) e a resposta imune celular foi avaliada tanto em BALB/c (resistentes) quanto em C57BL/6 (susceptíveis) à cepa ME49 de T. gondii. Peptídeos correspondentes a epítopos MHCI-restritos, específicos para os haplótipos H2-Db e H2-Ld, foram determinados para cada proteína, através da análise de seqüência no programa SYFPEITHI. Tais peptídeos foram produzidos por meio de síntese em fase sólida, de acordo com a metodologia Fmoc. Camundongos BALB/c e C57BL/6 receberam duas doses de 109 p.f.u. de AdSAG1, AdSAG2, AdSAG3 ou AdCTRL, com intervalo de seis semanas. Amostras de soro obtidas dos animais C57BL/6 quatro semanas após a última imunização foram submetidas a Western-blot contra lisado total de taquizoítos (TLA). Os resultados demonstraram que a imunização gerou anticorpos IgG específicos contra as três proteínas nesses animais. Duas a quatro semanas após a última imunização, esplenócitos de ambas as linhagens de camundongos foram coletados para ensaios de ELISPOT. Os esplenócitos foram reestimulados in vitro com os peptídeos sintéticos identificados no programa SYFPEITHI. A imunização com AdSAG1 levou a ativação de células T CD8+ produtoras de IFN-g em ambas as linhagens. Estas células se mostraram responsivas a um epítopo previamente identificado na seqüência da proteína SAG1. Camundongos C57BL/6 vacinados foram desafiados com a cepa ME49 duas semanas após o término do protocolo de imunização. Consistente com a capacidade de induzir ativação de resposta imune celular foi observada proteção parcial em camundongos C57BL/6 vacinados com AdSAG1, os quais apresentaram maior taxa de sobrevivência e menor número de cistos cerebrais se comparado ao grupo controle.

Present state of art related to biomass conversion technology so far was found to concentrate on an enzymatic process, coupled with thermal pretreatment on biomass rich in cellulose. Biomass that rich in crude starch is also important in terms of strategic and economic point of view. The main objective of this study is to adopt a new strategy for a single step conversion of a crude starch material into oligosaccharide and glucose utilizing DIC technology. In contrast to existing thermal based pretreatment, DIC technology involves two vacuum cycles; first vacuum cycle was to increase steam accessibility on biomass and to reduce generation of steam condensate thus avoid losing of monosaccharide and hemicelluloses, while second vacuum cycle was to reduce potential thermal degradation of glucose. Distributions of products formed were found to be closely associated with severity of treatment on crude starch material. At lower DIC severity, pretreatment favors the formations of high oligosaccharide composition with small fraction of glucose; while at high DIC severity, pretreatment favors formation of high glucose as a major end product. During an exploratory study to establish the relevant reaction factors; vacuum cycle and moisture content were the two main factors influencing the conversion of crude starch into glucose.DIC starch conversion into glucose was found to be moisture dependent. Both factors were combined together to optimize the other three factors: pressure/temperature, treatment times, and acid concentration. High DIC severity treatment alone could convert nearly 50% of crude starch into glucose. During DIC optimization, an experimental design was developed and tested with DIC pretreatment in order to obtain a second order polynomial mathematical model that was then applied for response surface methodology (RSM). The interaction nature of above factors was examined and was found they depend on DIC treatment severity. Two experimental designs with low and high DIC severity were developed; Low DIC severity (acid: 0.01-0.05 molar, time: 0.5-3.0 min) and High DIC severity (acid: 0.05-0.20 molar, time: 3.0-10.0 min) with similar temperature range (144-165oC) were used. Data mining operation was done on RSM model to develop a kinetic model at both treatment severities. Kinetic data, including rate constant and activation energy were calculated from kinetic models of both severities to compare with actual dilute acidhydrolysis kinetic studies on two DIC treated samples. It was found that activation energy (Ea)for glucose generation at High DIC severity (Ea: 59.44 kJ/mol) was lower than at optimum dilute acid hydrolysis (Ea: 91.30 kJ/mol); while for glucose degradation, Ea was higher with High DIC severity (Ea: 144.12 kJ/mol) if compared to dilute acid hydrolysis (Ea: 45.14 kJ/mol).This indicates that glucose generation with DIC requires less energy while its degradation needs high energy. This combination was required to maximize glucose generation and minimize glucose degradation. Further studies with non-isothermal state during DIC and dilute acid hydrolysis support this finding. In normal polysaccharide conversion to low molecular weight (LMW) oligosaccharides and glucose procedures; two process steps were involved, namely the first process involved thermal pretreatment followed by a second process with dilute acid hydrolysis. In the present work, attempt was made to exclude dilute acid hydrolysis stage in order to establish that DIC process alone is sufficient for total polysaccharides conversion into LMW mainly glucose fraction. Information gathered from quantitative and statistical analysis on (i) exploratory studies, (ii) kinetic models from RSM of DIC process and (iii) kinetic data based on experimental works during dilute acid hydrolysis study; support the assumption that DIC treatment alone is sufficient for the total conversion required.

Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att se sagans betydelse för ett barn i förskoleålderns språkliga utveckling. Syftet var även att undersöka hur pedagogers och föräldrars engagemang kan bidra.  Metoden som använts i examensarbetet är en kvalitativ undersökning på två förskolor med olika förutsättningar. Därefter har sedan jämförts likheter och skillnader mellan hur barnen tagit till sig av sagans ord och mening. Det har även gjorts enkätundersökningar där föräldrar och pedagoger har fått ge sin syn på hur de upplever att barn påverkas och utvecklas av sagor. Bland svaren har bl.a. pedagoger bidragit till examensarbetet med olika idéer på hur man kan locka barn till sagoläsning på ett pedagogiskt sätt. Det har genomgående under arbetets gång visat sig hur sagans betydelse, och flera olika roller, påverkar barnets språkliga utveckling men även hur sagan påverkar barnets självkänsla, trygghet, koncentration, nyfikenhet och fantasi. Det som lärts är vikten av att vara tydlig  likväl mot enspråkiga barn som flerspråkiga barn och att pedagogen är observant på att uppfatta barnets förståelse språkligt.

This thesis is concerned with how a set of different texts, all titled with various English or Icelandic versions of Egils saga, exists, can be interrelated, and may be read. The first level of interpretation, before reading of the text even begins to occur, is a response to the book as a physical object whose ordering encourages and excludes certain interpretations. The first two chapters analyze the six English translations of Egils saga: W.C. Green (1893), E.R. Eddison (1930), Gwyn Jones (1960), Christine Fell and John Lucas (1975), Hermann Palsson and Paul Edwards (1976), Bernard Scudder (1997): together with the Icelandic editions used as their source texts, in terms of paratext, as developed by Gerard Genette. The third chapter consists of translation analyses. These use some of the methods of traditional translation criticism, together with more liberal methods of analysis associated with 'Translation Studies', as established by Susan Bassnett, among others. I conclude that the reader of translations who intends to move between 'target language' (language of translation) and 'source language' (language for translation), or who is in the process of getting the freedom to make transitions between these languages, is a special case, and that there is a literature which exists for them. By this I mean that, while it can be liberating to read literary translations as works 'in their own right', there are areas in some literary translations where it is best, or possible, to manipulate several languages and culture levels. There are also literary translations where the play between source language and target language, texts and paratexts, is necessary to their existence. Although I retain the 'source' and 'target' terminology of Translation Studies, I begin the chapter by questioning the direction of the vector: "target" texts are in some senses the 'source' texts for the 'source' texts subsequently encountered by readers between languages. The final chapter studies processes of transformation in Egils saga, following the Islenzk fornrit text. It shows how the saga itself is concerned with the meaning and powers of language and processes of transmission: it translates itself, not in a modern self-reflexive sense, but with its own, historically particular aesthetic.

Debido al contexto del Covid 19, decidimos desarrollar un modelo de negocio basado en las necesidades que se presentan a partir de la “nueva normalidad”. Luego de una investigación realizada en Lima, la cual incluyó distintos niveles socioeconómicos, analizamos la información recopilada para determinar cómo los hábitos de higiene de las personas han cambiado y cómo se pueden satisfacer esas nuevas necesidades. La propuesta de negocio es atractiva y viable debido a que encontramos que las personas no cuentan con los insumos necesarios para una correcta rutina de higiene fuera de casa. Es por ello por lo que esta propuesta se basa en la venta, a través de canales digitales, de un producto innovador en el mercado peruano. El producto es un papel jabón antibacterial que permite un correcto lavado de manos fuera de casa que se almacena en un estuche antiviral y antibacterial. Además, el empaquetado del producto es eco amigable y el estuche que hace transportable el Papel jabón es reutilizable, por lo que tiene un impacto positivo en el medio ambiente. El proyecto ha sido evaluado y analizado en distintos niveles para garantizar su viabilidad. Los puntos evaluados fueron: el análisis del entorno, análisis financiero, planeamiento operativo y preoperativo, Recursos Humanos, Marketing, Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y La validación del modelo de negocio y del producto a partir de encuestas y entrevistas tanto a usuarios como expertos en la materia.
Due to the actual context of the Covid 19 we decided to develop a business focused on the needs that this “new reality” demands. After a research carried in Lima, involving different socioeconomic levels and demographic profiles and Based on interviews and online information we analyzed that the habits of the consumer have changed a lot this year, especially the cleaning routine. The business proposition is attractive and viable because we realized that people don’t have the necessary resources to complete a properly cleaning routine when they are not at home. So that’s why this business model is based on selling an innovative product in the Peruvian market throughout the social media. The product is an antibacterial paper soap that allows you to wash your hands properly when you are not at home; it also comes with an antibacterial and antiviral case that makes it portable and reliable. The packaging is eco friendly and the case itself too because it can be reused so it has a positive impact in the environment. The project has been evaluated and analyzed from different perspectives to guarantee its viability. The items evaluated were the context analysis, financial analysis, operative and pre-operative planning, HR planning, Marketing planning, social responsibility and a validation of the product with customers and specialists.
Trabajo de investigación

В статье рассматривается вопрос статуса переводчика на современном этапе, его тактика и стратегия в переводческой деятельности, фокусируется внимание на парадигме упражнений, соотносимых к аспектным и текстовым переводами. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19025
The article in question deals with the status of an interpreter, his tactics and strategies in the process of translation. The attention is being focused upon the preparatory work considering types of exercises in academic procedure. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19025

Debido al contexto del Covid 19, decidimos desarrollar un modelo de negocio basado en las necesidades que se presentan a partir de la “nueva normalidad”. Luego de una investigación realizada en Lima, la cual incluyó distintos niveles socioeconómicos, analizamos la información recopilada para determinar cómo los hábitos de higiene de las personas han cambiado y cómo se pueden satisfacer esas nuevas necesidades. La propuesta de negocio es atractiva y viable debido a que encontramos que las personas no cuentan con los insumos necesarios para una correcta rutina de higiene fuera de casa. Es por ello por lo que esta propuesta se basa en la venta, a través de canales digitales, de un producto innovador en el mercado peruano. El producto es un papel jabón antibacterial que permite un correcto lavado de manos fuera de casa que se almacena en un estuche antiviral y antibacterial. Además, el empaquetado del producto es eco amigable y el estuche que hace transportable el Papel jabón es reutilizable, por lo que tiene un impacto positivo en el medio ambiente. El proyecto ha sido evaluado y analizado en distintos niveles para garantizar su viabilidad. Los puntos evaluados fueron: el análisis del entorno, análisis financiero, planeamiento operativo y preoperativo, Recursos Humanos, Marketing, Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y La validación del modelo de negocio y del producto a partir de encuestas y entrevistas tanto a usuarios como expertos en la materia.
Due to the actual context of the Covid 19 we decided to develop a business focused on the needs that this “new reality” demands. After a research carried in Lima, involving different socioeconomic levels and demographic profiles and Based on interviews and online information we analyzed that the habits of the consumer have changed a lot this year, especially the cleaning routine. The business proposition is attractive and viable because we realized that people don’t have the necessary resources to complete a properly cleaning routine when they are not at home. So that’s why this business model is based on selling an innovative product in the Peruvian market throughout the social media. The product is an antibacterial paper soap that allows you to wash your hands properly when you are not at home; it also comes with an antibacterial and antiviral case that makes it portable and reliable. The packaging is eco friendly and the case itself too because it can be reused so it has a positive impact in the environment. The project has been evaluated and analyzed from different perspectives to guarantee its viability. The items evaluated were the context analysis, financial analysis, operative and pre-operative planning, HR planning, Marketing planning, social responsibility and a validation of the product with customers and specialists.
Trabajo de investigación

Denna uppsats analyserar Selma Lagerlöfs debutroman Gösta Berlings saga utifrån teorierna zookritik och ekokritik. Analysen ämnar visa hur naturen framställs och hur den påverkar romanens karaktärer samt analysera hur det hierarkiska förhållandet mellan människa och natur artar sig i romanen. Analysen utgår även ifrån de filosofiska och teologiska tankegångar som ligger till grund för tudelningen mellan kultur och natur i det moderna samhället. Uppsatsens analys bygger på ett närläsningsstudium av tre kapitel i romanen. De kapitel som analyseras är första kapitlet ”Landskapet”, nittonde kapitlet ”Dovres häxa” och tjugotredje kapitlet ”Patron Julius”. Resultatet av studien visar på att naturbeskrivningarna i Gösta Berlings saga är mångfacetterade och att denna mångfald av naturbeskrivningar leder till att romankaraktärerna påverkas olika av naturen beroende på naturens skiftande framtoning samt att den hierarkiska ordningen mellan människa och natur ter sig mer jämbördigt i romanen än vad som åberopas i den första Moseboken och av cartesianismen. Analysen visar också på att beroendeförhållandet mellan människa och djur är mer problematiskt att fastslå i romanen eftersom tamdjur och vilddjur porträtteras olika och där de senare beskrivs som mer jämbördiga gentemot människan än vad de tidigare gör.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuche ich verschiedene Funktionen, die das Wort 'Ich' in unserer Sprache einnehmen. In der Alltagssprache sprechen wir in vielen verschiedenen Weisen und Situationen über uns selbst. Dies ist verbunden mit verschiedenen Verwendungsweisen des Pronomens der ersten Person, das verschiedene Rollen in unserer Sprache haben kann. Wittgensteins Spätphilosophie ist bestrebt diese Rollen zu beschreiben. Dazu beobachtet Wittgenstein den Gebrauch der Alltagssprache.

Comida saludable; alimentación nutritiva; salud; bienestar, Delivery
El presente documento expone el plan de negocios y desarrollo para la puesta en marcha de un restaurante de bufette de comida saludable en la ciudad de Lima, “PERUANO COME SANO”. Dedicado a vender platos compuestos de alimentos saludables y nutrientes con peso y medidas adecuadas. Ofreciendo un producto innovador en el mercado, que brinda una alternativa de tener comida fresca, saludable y de calidad, ordenada desde la comodidad de su casa o atendido en el local. Se muestra el estudio de mercado realizado con el fin de conocer las percepciones, necesidades y expectativas de los clientes potenciales frente a la idea de negocio. De acuerdo con el análisis del mercado, se crearon las estrategias de mercado y comerciales. Se realizó un estudio técnico, analizando los estudios y la factibilidad de procesos operativos, con los costos y el capital requerido para la puesta en marcha. En este criterio se realizó un análisis de las necesidades de compra de máquinas, equipos y materias primas. En el plan organizacional se presenta la estructura del negocio y justificación del tipo de sociedad que se creó. En el análisis financiero se refleja en cifras el comportamiento esperado del plan de negocio y la diferenciación con respecto al nuevo funcionamiento de “Peruano Come Sano”; se analiza la rentabilidad del negocio, utilizando herramientas como el valor presente neto y la tasa interna de retorno, factores que soportan los hallazgos de este de éxito del negocio.
This document sets out the business and development plan for the launch of a healthy food restaurant in the city of Lima, "PERUANO COME SANO". Dedicated to a seller of dishes composed of healthy foods and nutrients with appropriate weight and measurements. Offering an innovative product in the market, offering an alternative of having fresh, healthy and quality food, ordered from the comfort of your home or served on the premises. The market study carried out in order to know the perceptions, needs and expectations of potential customers regarding the business idea is shown. Based on the market analysis, create the market and trading strategies. A technical study was carried out, analyzing the studies and the feasibility of operating processes, with the costs and capital required for start-up. In this criterion, an analysis was made of the purchase needs of machines, equipment and raw materials. The organizational plan presents the business structure and the justification for the type of company that was created. In the financial analysis, the expected behavior of the business plan and the differentiation with respect to the new operation of "Peruano Come Sano" are reflected in figures; Analyzes the profitability of the business, uses tools such as net present value and internal rate of return, factors that support the findings of this business success.
Trabajo de investigación

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução, Florianópolis, 2014.
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A tese contém a tradução completa para o português da Brennu-Njáls saga (Saga de Njáll), obra islandesa anônima da segunda metade do séc. XIII, considerada a mais importante das sagas de islandeses (Íslendingasögur) e um dos expoentes da literatura escandinava medieval. Inicia-se com uma apresentação geral sobre a obra e seu contexto literário, salientando alguns aspectos relevantes de sua recepção moderna, e então, servindo-se de ideias de Lawrence Venuti e Antoine Berman, faz uma proposta de tradução estrangeirizante que almeja, por meio da escolha do texto-fonte e de estratégias tradutórias, desviar-se de algumas tendências constatáveis no contexto de recepção da tradução. Para tal, serve-se o tradutor da noção de horizonte de expectativa formulada por Hans Robert Jauss e da concepção de que o tradutor, além de mediador entre línguas e culturas, é também um autor cujo trabalho envolve elementos intuitivos e criativos. A exposição do projeto tradutório busca manifestar a posição tradutiva e o horizonte do tradutor, salientando a responsabilidade crítica envolvida no ato tradutório. A tradução estrangeirizante é aqui definida como tradução desviante de preconcepções correntes acerca da cultura-fonte e da literatura-fonte no contexto de recepção, de modo que a tática de tradução estrangeirizante coloca-se como uma estratégia de ação crítica na recepção de uma literatura estrangeira.

Abstract : The thesis contains the complete translation into Portuguese of Brennu-Njáls saga (Njal?s saga), an anonymous Icelandic work from the second half of the 13th century and considered to be the most important of the sagas of Icelanders (Íslendingasögur) and one of the landmarks of Medieval Scandinavian Literature. It beggins with a general presentation of the work and its literary context, pointing out some relevant aspects of its modern reception, and then proposes a foreignizing translation, making use of Lawrence Venuti?s and Antoine Berman?s ideas. This translation aims, through the choice of the source-text and translation strategies, to deviate from some observable tendencies in the reception context for the translation. Thus, the translation employs the notion of ?horizon of expectation? formulated by Hans Robert Jauss. It also suggests that a translator, besides being a mediator between languages and cultures, is also an author whose work involves creative and intuitive elements. The exposition of the translation project aims to manifest the translator?s position and the translator?s horizon, pointing out the critical responsibility involved in the act of translating. Foreignizing translation is here defined as a translation that deviates from current preconceptions about the source-culture and the source-literature within the reception context, so that the tactics of the foreignizing translation may be seen as a critical action in the reception of a foreign literature.

Background  In a world where the development of technology is fast and is continually creating new challenges for human health, there is a need to find an uncomplicated method to educate people to prevent different diseases and increase the level of physical activity. In Sweden, there is a book (Saga Sagor FKFK) that children receive during their 5-year health control visit in order to improve physical activity level. There is a long history of using books for educational purposes and has been shown to increase knowledge.  Aim  To describe the creation and implementation process in the case of Saga Sagor FKFK and to identify potential improvements for future similar projects. To describe how the book was experienced by child healthcare nurses and adoption of the book.  Methods This is a descriptive study, which includes two semi-structured interviews and 574 answers from a survey of nurses working within child health care.  Results The implementation of the book is divided into 11 steps that describes process of implementation. Nurses confirmed that they would need extra material and training about healthy lifestyles in order to improve the quality of child health care visits.  The results indicate that 99% of nurses have a positive experience in working with the book and are using it during the 5-year health care visits.  Conclusions In conclusion, Saga Sagor FKFK is a popular tool among nurses and facilitates their work during child health care visits. Thus, more material is needed in order to make the work with the book easier.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att behandla begreppen möjligheter, hopp och framtidsutsikter, kopplat till sagan. Har sagan betydelse för oss idag och i så fall vilken? Kan den hjälpa oss att bearbeta känslor och upplevelser och hur påverkar den vår syn på våra möjligheter? Genom att jag har analyserat tre nutida sagofilmer av Tim Burton, läst litteratur om sagans funktion och betydelse och sedan kopplat samman dem i en diskussion har jag kommit fram till att sagan helt klart är relevant idag och kan hjälpa oss att bearbeta problem både medvetet och omedvetet. De tre filmer jag har analyserat berör ämnen som i allra högsta grad är viktiga för oss som lever idag, som att hitta sig själv, våga stå på egna ben, vikten av att höra till, att vara älskad och att älska, ensamhet, utanförskap, att vara annorlunda, olycklig kärlek, hopp, fördomar och möjligheter. Genom att sagor oftast slutar lyckligt ger de oss mod att våga leva sig in i deras värld och de problem som presenteras, och på så sätt hjälper de oss att på ett tryggt sätt bearbeta det vi brottas med. Genom att bli helare människor kan vi möta framtiden med andra ögon.

In this essay, I’ve chosen to analyze and discuss the symbolic meaning and purpose of the Överhogdal-weaves dating between the years 800-1100. I have looked in to the Nordic mythology that was the Scandinavian beliefs at the time and explained the meanings of some of the motives I think contribute to the main thought behind the weaves. To help me get some more understanding of the motives I’ve also looked at the picture stones from Gotland and compared them to the weaves.

En los controles de salud se recoge información general y actualizada, que ayuda a reconocer riesgos, necesidades, composición familiar, situación socio-económica (funcionamiento familiar, datos socio-económicos, factores protectores y de riesgo), habilidades de los padres, cuidados básicos, red de apoyo social. El control de niño sano incluye actividades de promoción de la salud. Esto es fundamental en las etapas tempranas de vida, que es el momento más adecuado para adoptar actitudes y hábitos saludables que repercutirán en el estado de salud del resto de la vida. Las medidas de prevención y de detección precoz de riesgo, evitarán alteraciones y secuelas permanentes. El Ministerio de Salud tiene un programa para realizarlos en forma gratuita, de esta manera se previenen enfermedades a través de la detección precoz de alteraciones en su desarrollo y se educa a la familia para que aplique hábitos de higiene y alimentación. Con este programa se valora el desarrollo psicomotor del niño y la orientación a sus padres sobre distintos aspectos del crecimiento infantil, que pueden ir desde necesidades nutricionales y emocionales hasta prevención de accidentes caseros, también se los educa a los responsables de los niños en caso de enfermedad para que sepan hasta qué punto pueden manejar las situaciones por cuenta propia y cuándo es hora de llevarlo al médico o a la urgencia. De esta manera se evita uno de los problemas actuales de los servicios de urgencias, que es la sobrecarga de trabajo. Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar las causas y factores sociales, culturales y económicos que producen la ausencia de los controles de salud de los niños pertenecientes al área programática del Centro de Salud Nº 60 de Gutiérrez, Maipú, Mendoza, en el 1° trimestre del 2012.
Fil: Dávila, Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería..
Fil: Di Marco, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería..

Denna studie syftar till att ta reda på mer om hur pedagoger i förskolan kan arbeta med sagor som ett verktyg i värdegrundsarbetet. En mycket viktig del i barns uppfostran är just att barnen får lära sig vilka grundläggande värderingar som finns i vårt samhälle. I förskolan finns läroplanen att utgå från och värdegrundsfrågor om hur vi som människor bör vara mot varandra är centrala i förskolans verksamhet. Det empiriska materialet till den här studien är insamlat med hjälp av tre intervjuer och tre observationer på en förskola. Informanterna uttrycker att arbetet med sagor är väldigt roligt samtidigt som det finns mycket för barnen att lära av sagor. Sagor har ofta ett tydligt budskap som behandlar olika moraliska frågor. Genom att barnen får möta olika karaktärer med olika karaktärsdrag får de träna sig i hur de kan bemöta olika människor. Att barn är väldigt empatiska och har en stark vilja att hjälpa är något som framkommer i såväl intervjuer som observationer. Resultatet visar vidare att det finns mycket som är positivt med att arbeta med sagor och värdegrund. Det finns också en del utmaningar som till exempel att anpassa nivån på sagoupplevelserna efter de olika barn som finns i barngruppen.

My doctoral dissertation focuses on Icelandic literature and society from around 1150–1550 in the context of the reception and reinterpretation of Latin/Ancient Roman culture in mediæval Icelandic texts after the late introduction of non-runic written culture in Scandinavia. The purpose of the thesis is to discuss the possible Latin/Ancient Roman influences on Old Norse-Icelandic literature, language, mentality, and identity. It employs Rómverja saga as an example, along with the related Latin and Old Norse-Icelandic literature. Rómverja saga is a collection of Old Norse translations of selected ancient Latin works: Sallust’s Bellum Iugurthinum and De coniuratione Catilinae, and Lucan’s De Bello Civili. The chronological framework I set up for my thesis extends from as early as the second half of the 12th century (the composition of Rómverja saga has often been dated to around 1180), to as late as the half of 14th century, when the preserved manuscripts were produced (ÁM 595 a-b 4o , ÁM 225 fol. and ÁM 226 fol.). The mediæval manuscript ÁM 595 a–b 4o contains an earlier, fragmented version of Rómverja saga, (“The history of the Romans”). The younger and complete, although abridged version, is preserved in the manuscripts ÁM 225 fol. and ÁM 226 fol. When the research is necessitated by the problems of reception, I venture beyond these chronological boundaries to the time of transition from the medieval to the early modern period in Iceland (ca. 1550). Until recently, Rómverja saga was little studied. Over the years, Rómverja saga manuscripts have been edited by Konráð Gíslason (1860), Meißner (1910), and, most recently, Þorbjörg Helgadóttir (2010). The research on Rómverja saga manuscripts, including, the questions of dating (and the text itself), manuscript authorship, ownership and provenance, and the narrative’s connections to Sverris saga and Veraldar saga has been conducted by Meißner (1903), Hofmann (1986), Þorbjörg Helgadóttir (1987–1988; 1996), Hermann Pálsson (1988; 1991), Gropper (Würth) (1998; 2009), Robertson (2004), Stoltz (2009), and Wellendorf (2014). My approach, however, reaches beyond these questions. I examine the place of Rómverja saga in the cultural transfer of knowledge and learning, as well as the saga’s place in the civilising process of the Europeanisation of Scandinavia. Latin or Ancient Roman culture had flowed into Scandinavia via waves of texts from the South. Literary contacts between continental Europe and Scandinavia started as early as the Christianisation of the North. Powerful currents of Latin learning and continental European culture can be traced in Iceland from that period onwards. The North underwent Christianisation, the first profound colonial civilising process, in the 11th and 12th centuries. The region opened up to Latin culture, and later to the courtly culture and the primary intellectual stream of the Middle Ages in Europe – translatio studii et imperii, the cross-cultural exchange of knowledge – the transfer of written knowledge through translation – between the societies of Europe. Rómverja saga is an intriguing manifestation of the Europeanisation of the mediæval North through the means of translation. By focusing on this ‘displaced’ text, an Old Norse-Icelandic translation/compilation of several Latin/Ancient Roman texts, I intend to examine the cultural connections between the two seemingly unrelated periods, namely Antiquity and the Middle Ages, and places: the Roman Empire and the Viking-Age and mediæval Scandinavian kingdoms and the Icelandic Commonwealth. This dissertation aims to describe how specific Latin manuscripts holding ancient Roman texts were imported from continental Europe to Scandinavia and Iceland to the certain monasteries and cathedral schools, the cathedral at Skálaholt and the Þingeyrar monastery. There, they ended up in the hands of monks who not only used them to teach Latin and possibly history, but also translated Latin texts into vernacular. Further consequence of the importation of manuscripts is the influence the process yielded on the production of texts in situ, the education of the country’s intellectual elites, and social change sensu largo: in mindset and identity. I primarily focus on the main intellectual stream of the Middle Ages in Europe – translatio studii, cultural transfer or cross-cultural exchange of knowledge and learning between societies in Europe. I also examine the ‘cultural imperialism’ that helped the Catholic Church and the continental monarchies gain influence across Northern Europe. Through these cultural means, they were inducing those within their sphere of influence to imitate the forms and values of the dominant culture. I reflect on the mediæval Icelanders' pursuit of knowledge of the South and Greco-Roman Antiquity as a deliberate activity undertaken at all levels: starting with the import of manuscripts, translation and reading practices, intertextual relations, all the way to changes in social cognition, mentality, and identity. Preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion, my dissertation is divided into five chapters. The introduction pertains to the background of cultural transfer: people, places, trails, institutions, chronology, locations, and manuscripts. It also establishes the methodical and theoretical background of my approach to the Icelandic sagas and ancient Roman literature. Throughout my discussion I refer to a number of theoretical perspectives employed in fields such as linguistics, literary studies, and history. The research undertaken in this study is based upon methodological principles set out by postcolonial theory, reader-response criticism, theory of intertextuality, material philology, approaches to cognitive linguistics as established by George Lakoff, and approaches to historical cognitive linguistics by Andreas Musolff. These theories enabled me to look at Rómverja saga from multiple angles. The resulting portrait is that of a complex phenomenon featuring material, textual, intertextual, linguistic, and socio-cultural dimensions of the text. The first chapter is a textual analysis of Rómverja saga addressing the question of what became of the ancient Roman text that would eventually be translated by a mediæval Icelander. Digging into the textual strata of this case of cultural transfer, I open up an intertextual perspective. The underlaying question is: what happened to this cultural product that moved through time and space to emerge and become enshrined in new contexts and configurations? What are the differences between the original text and the target text? How did the translator re-read the text? The translator, confronted with the texts of foreign linguistic, sociohistorical, cultural and literary origins, as ancient Rome must have been to a mediæval Icelander, had to decode the text and translate it not only from a foreign language into their own but also from a foreign cultural context into their own. Differences and tension within the text indicate the presence of conflicting discourses. This is particularly valid not only within the interfaces of cultures and languages that collide in the translated text but especially in the case of a text that was thought as a compilation of texts; texts that had originated in different ideological contexts. How did the compiler of Rómverja saga resolve the contradiction between the republican Sallustius and the antimonarchist Lucanus, whose works have radical republican and antimonarchical ideological implication, and his own Icelandic literary milieu, whose writings have conservative and monarchist ideological implications? In this part of my dissertation, I explore omissions, additions, and other modifications that indicate shifts in ideology, from anti-royalist to monarchist, and the differences in values and morals between ancient Romans and mediæval Icelanders. In the second chapter, I analyse the social milieu of identified readers of Rómverja saga and owners of the Rómverja saga manuscripts from a prosopographical perspective to define the target group of readers of Rómverja saga in the Middle Ages. As a sample I refer to a group of 30 late mediæval and early modern readers identified on the basis of marginal notes left by them in the Rómverja saga manuscripts. This group of readers consisted of landowners with hereditary lands or land grants, often civil officers of high rank or clergymen, parish priests and bishops. Many of them educated in the Icelandic cathedral schools or abroad at the European universities or cathedral schools, learners of Latin as a second language, all of them males with one exception for a woman. The third chapter examines the intertextual relations surrounding Rómverja saga and addresses how the saga became intertwined with vernacular Icelandic literature. On the basis of citations of the Rómverja saga text, I propose the dating to the third quarter of the 12th century, contrary to the latest dating argued by Jonas Wellendorf – AD 1250-1350, and the localisation of the text itself (the cathedral at Skálaholt or the Þingeyrar monastery), the functions of the text (history textbook), and the literary milieu of the author (a learned monastic environment). In the fourth chapter, I focus on the strata of the social cognition as resembled by the language of the Old Icelandic and Latin texts, looking for traces of Latin-Old Norse interfaces, the encounters of these two conceptual worlds and their interactions in the vernacular Icelandic literature as a consequence of the influence of Rómverja saga. With the flow of Latin learning to Iceland, the Old Norse-Icelandic conceptual world did not remain intact. The classics imported from the South and the Latin language had an important influence on the mediæval Northern World. Through translation, mediæval Icelanders incorporated European culture into their own, which made them not only familiar with continental European culture but also enabled them to identify with the region. Therefore, in the following part of my dissertation, I also seek to answer the following questions: to what extent was Old Norse-Icelandic language and literature, in the sense of semantics/meaning, influenced by Latin language and literature? Changes in mentality came hand-in-hand with language change, but what precisely was the influence of classical ideas on Old Norse-Icelandic thought? Might these ideas have been to a certain degree integrated into the mentality of mediæval Icelanders? Or at least the mentality of certain groups inside mediæval Icelandic society? In my dissertation, I explore these questions while looking for evidence of the transfer of social norms in the form of cognitive metaphors from continental Europe as they are found in the Sagas of Antiquity (Antikensagas) and the vernacular sagas. The research in this part of my dissertation focuses on social cognition in the context of Latin and Old Norse-Icelandic literature and language, their interfaces, the cross-cultural adaptation of cognitive structures (a process wherein a bit of cultural information is brought into a society), its existing schemata, existing meaning structures, and how it may be subsequently accommodated and assimilated into the social structure, causing changes in mentality and worldview. In order to see the network of beliefs and attitudes (connected with the worldview of the cultural community from which it stems) which underlie Rómverja saga and its texti recepti, Sallustius and Lucanus (and which would be otherwise invisible while always implicit in the texture of the saga), I dig deeper into the text and its language to find cognitive structures and metaphors. Using as examples works by Lucanus and Sallustius, and works such as Rómverja saga and other Antikensagas, as well as related vernacular Old Norse-Icelandic literature, I consider the following: First, if and how were these cultural concepts translated from Latin to Old Norse-Icelandic? Second, how was meaning changed, accommodated, or adapted? Third, to what extent was Old Norse-Icelandic language, in the sense of semantics and meaning, influenced by Latin? Fourth, might these Ancient Roman-Latin ideas have been to a certain degree integrated into the mentality of mediæval Icelanders (or at least the worldview of certain groups inside mediæval Icelandic society)? Fifth, if yes, in what way was the mentality of mediæval Icelanders affected by these concepts? Examples of four conceptual metaphors present in the mediæval Icelandic literature are given and analysed as culturally transferred notions of Latin/ Ancient Roman provenance: FORTUNE AS A WHEEL, FATE AS A WOVEN CLOTH, SOCIETY AS A BODY, and RULER AS A FATHER OF FATHERLAND. The fifth chapter concerns the mediæval theory of Trojan origins of Scandinavians as an example of a hybridised identity and examines the uses of Rómverja saga as a source text in its development. Literature is actively involved in the making of society. It plays a significant role in discursive practice. Texts participate in creating the cultural moment from which they originated and in which they were read, and should be associated with other phenomena in society that occurred during a given period. Literature produces cultural effects. The truly important feature of this phenomenon is the creation of hybrid cultures open to continued changes. Therefore, we should read cultural transfer in terms of ‘cultural transplantation’: elements become grafted from one ‘cultural body’ to another and are in turn adapted to new cultural environments. Through an assimilationist attitude towards foreign language and culture – Latin in the case of mediæval Scandinavia – it was willingly and knowingly embraced by leading mediæval Icelandic intellectuals as a modus operandi of the society's Europeanisation. Ultimately, a kind of hybrid identity was developed in the North from following substrates: Old Norse oral tradition, Christianity, and continental Latin culture. They merged in the mediæval Icelandic society embedded deeply in the pre-Christian traditions, but strongly influenced by Christianity and Latinity.

The Diary of Saga Moor is the textural component accompanying the studio-based research as part of my MFA. It takes the form of a fictionalised diary the daily keeping of which constituted a durational performance from September 2008 to late September 2009. This action ?? the daily keeping of a fictive diary of an invented individual resulted in a text of 33,000 words, which was edited down to the length of a general MFA research paper. I chose the form of a Performative Diary Text as it allowed me to frame my research into the proscenium arch of the studio as a Superfiction, replete with its own characters whose daily activities articulated the principal topics of my research and by extension my painting, which during the course of my MFA I began to understand was performative. The diary parallels my own life, as history imitates fiction and art imitates life. Saga Moor takes us on a journey through her world and as becomes clear she opens up the studio component to an analysis of its core processes; commencing as a Masters of Fine Arts student, zombies, travel adventures??, her close friend Soma Garner and Moor??s own painting practice. Saga??s story looks at ideas of authenticity, personas, masks and facades through her personal investigation of modern art theory, digital imaging, painting and personal recollections. As her life develops, so does her character and the text is best understood as the mapping of that life. It allows for a contextualization of the research as a performative action, with consequences that over time transformed my practice. The ??life imitating art?? premise though is always a prevalent motif underlying the character of Saga Moor. The science fictional idea of Moor??s eventual demise as the 50-metre woman draws attention to the fallibility of fiction and frailty of the flesh, imagined or real.

Savo unikalumo išgyvenimas psichoterapinėje grupėje Šiame magistro darbe buvo tiriamas savo unikalumo išgyvenimo psichoterapinėje grupėje fenomenas. Įvadinėje dalyje į unikalumo fenomeną buvo pažvelgta iš filosofinių (S.Kierkegaardo, M.Heideggerio, M.Buberio, P.Tilicho) ir psichologinių (G.W.Allporto, C.R.Rogerso, S.M.Jourardo, J.Bugentalio, V.Franklio, A.R.Beisserio) idėjų perspektyvos. Buvo siekiama išsiaiškinti, kaip savo unikalumas patiriamas konkrečioje psichoterapinėje grupėje ir apibrėžti unikalumo fenomeną konkrečiai tiriamųjų grupei. Tyrime buvo naudojamas fokusinių grupių metodas. Fokusinė grupės buvo organizuojamos trumpalaikių psichoterapinių grupių kontekste. fokusinėse grupėse dalyvavo 13 žmonių: 11 moterų ir 2 vyrai. Buvo surengtos 2 fokusinės grupės, kurias pagal iš anksto paruoštą planą vedė moderatorius – šio darbo autorė. Gauti duomenys buvo apdoroti A.Giorgi fenomenologinės analizės metodo pagalba. Sudaryti 10 specifinių situacinių savo unikalumo fenomeno apibrėžimų, kuriais remiantis buvo suformuluoti 2 bendri galutiniai fenomeno apibrėžimai. Šio tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad: 1)savo unikalumo išgyvenimas psichoterapinėje grupėje yra sudėtingas fenomenas, pasižymintis didele pasireiškimų įvairove; 2)savo unikalumo patyrimas psichoterapinėje grupėje glaudžiai susijęs su universalumo patyrimu: savo unikalumas išgyvenamas kartu su universalumu su grupės dalyviais arba tuoj po jo; 3)savo unikalumo patyrimas trumpalaikėje psichoterapinėje grupėje yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The Phenomenon of Uniqueness in a Psychotherapy Group The phenomenon of uniqueness in a psychotherapy group was studied in his master‘s degree work. Introduction was dedicated to review the human relationship phenomenon from the philosophical (S.Kierkegaard, M.Heidegger, M.Buber, P.Tilich) and psychological (G.W.Allport, C.R.Rogers, S.M.Jourard, J.Bugental, V.Frankl, A.R.Beisser) perspective. The aim of this work was to explore in what way the phenomenon of uniqueness is experienced in a certain psychotherapy group and define the phenomenon of uniqueness for the certain research group. The method of focus group was used in this research. Focus groups were organized in the context of short-term psychotherapy groups. 13 persons were participating in the focus groups: 11 women and 2 men. 2 focus groups were created, which were managed by the author of this study based on provided plan. The results were processed using A.Giorgi phenomenal method. 10 specific situational definitions of the phenomenon of uniqueness were created, which were used to formulate two ultimate definitions of the phenomenon. Results of the study revealed, that: 1) the phenomenon of uniqueness in a psychotherapy group is complex phenomenon, characterised by large diversity of manifestations; 2) the phenomenon of uniqueness in a psychotherapy group is closely related to universality experience: the uniqueness is experienced together with the universality of the group‘s participants or immediately after it... [to full text]

Orientador: Heloise de Oliveira Pastore
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Mestrado
Quimica Inorganica
Mestre em Química

This paper is a morphological structure-analysis of icelandic tales to determine their common and distinguishable components in relation to one another and to the russian folktale with Vladimir Propp’s book Morphology of the Folktale (1968) as theoretical basis. The paper looks at the Poetic Edda and Njals saga and the functions of the actions for each other and for the story as a whole. Although the icelandic tales shows great similarities with the russian folktale in general, it also shows deviations. The functions have sometimes appeared on inverted positions, and in a full third of the stories the evil has won over the good in a crucial struggle, but has in 90 % of these stories still been punished before the end. In seven of the thirty tales the story has ended with a foreboding of misfortune or lack. My conclusion is therefore that the icelandic tales indeed shows a common morphological structure, but also deviations in relation to Propps conclusions which could function as a basis of critique against his theory as well as a foundation for future research to improve his theory.

Barn har oftast under sin uppväxt kommit i kontakt med sagor och berättelser då det oftast finns böcker i hemmen och på förskolan. Under våra vft perioder (verksamhetsförlagd tid) i olika förskolor har vi fått uppleva att barnlitteratur inte används i så stor utsträckning som vi hade förväntat oss. Vi tycker det är synd att pedagogerna inte använder barnböckerna mer eller uppmuntrar barnen till att läsa mer då böckerna kan stimulera barnens utveckling, både språkligt och matematiskt. Därför har vi i detta arbete valt att studera hur sagor och berättelser kan användas i ett lärandesyfte med fokus på matematik. De teorier och forskning vi har tagit del av visar att det finns många fördelar med att använda sagor och berättelser i ett undervisningssyfte.Vår studie är en empirisk undersökning och vi har genom intervjuer samlat in data och analyserat dessa. Utifrån intervjusvaren kan vi se att många barnböcker innehåller mycket matematik t.ex. antalsord, lägesord och former. Det gäller att pedagogerna är medvetna om den matematik som finns i böckerna och kan ta tillvara på detta i sitt matematikarbete med barnen.

”Språkutveckling genom musik och sagor” är skriven av Rebecca Ljungdahl och Maria Svensson. Syftet med arbetet är att se hur förskollärare använder sig av sagor och musik i ett språkutvecklande syfte. Vi har gjort vår studie genom observationer av barn och pedagoger samt kvalitativa intervjuer med pedagogerna. Vi koncentrerade oss på två verksamheter i en storstad i Skåne. Vår undersökningsgrupp var en pedagog på respektive förskola samt de barn som deltog i de samlingar pedagogerna höll i. Undersökningens frågeställningar lyder: ”Stimulerar pedagoger på ett medvetet sätt barns språkutveckling genom musik, sagor och berättelser och om så är fallet, på vilket sätt?” ”På vilket sätt reagerar och intresserar sig barn för musiken och sagorna i förskolan?” ”Vilken hänsyn tar pedagogerna till flerspråkiga barn i arbetet med musik, sagor och berättelser?” Det vi har kommit fram till är att pedagoger vet mycket teoretiskt om hur man bör arbeta med musik och sagor med ett språkutvecklande syfte, dock följs inte alltid dessa tankar i praktiken.

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist im Rahmen eines Projektes zur Untersuchung der Genexpression bei Tiermodellen neurologischer Erkrankungen entstanden. Mit herkömmlichen Kandidatenansätzen ist eine Genexpressionsanalyse nur in beschränktem Umfang zu realisieren. Ziel war daher die Etablierung eines Verfahrens wie SAGE (serielle Analyse der Genexpression), das die Analyse des gesamten Transkriptoms zuläßt. Wie die Arbeit zeigt, ist SAGE in einem Standardlabor durchführbar. Es wurden geringfügige Abwandlungen der Orginalmethode eingeführt. Zur Sequenzfehlerkorrektur wurde ein spezielles Computerprogramm entwickelt und evaluiert. Zur Evaluierung der statistischen Auswertung von SAGE wurde zusätzlich zu einer Darstellung des gesamten statistischen Entscheidungsprozesses explorativ die Situation statistischer Entscheidungen wie sie im Rahmen üblicher SAGE Experimente auftreten mit vier Tests nachgeahmt. Es wurde eine Testvariante (modifizierter Z-Test) angewandt und evaluiert, die bis dato noch nicht zur Auswertung von SAGE benutzt worden war. Um die Reliabilität von SAGE abschätzen zu können, wurde von vier Mäusegroßhirnen die Gesamt-RNS vereinigt. Diese Transkriptgrundpopulation wurde zweigeteilt und parallel untersucht. Die beiden Gruppen wurden anhand eines statistischen Tests, der die gesamte Verteilungen der beiden Profile prüft, auf Homogenität untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde das Zusammenhangsmaß ermittelt. Dies ergab, daß die Reliabilität von SAGE im vorliegenden Kontext (relativ geringe Stichprobe und ein komplexes Gewebe) nicht optimal ist. Es kann jedoch keine Aussage dazu gemacht werden, ob dies der Methode selbst, das heißt ihrer molekularbiologischen Praxis und der Datenaufbereitung, anzulasten ist oder einer großen Stichprobenvariabilität. Dies bedeutet, daß in der vorliegenden Arbeit keine endgültige Aussage zur Reliabilität von SAGE möglich ist. Es werden Möglichkeiten dargestellt mit einer suboptimale Reliabilität im Rahmen von zukünftigen Projekten umzugehen.
The work presented here evolved within the framework of a project that examines gene expression of neurological conditions in animal models. Using conventional methods (candidate genes study) gene expression analysis is limited. Hence, the aim was to establish a procedure like SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) that allows for analysis of the entire transcriptome. As shown it is possible to perform SAGE in a standard laboratory. Minor changes to the original version were made. A special computer program was developed and evaluated to reduce sequencing errors. In addition to a description of the entire statistical process, the statistics of SAGE were explored by simulating normal SAGE experiments, using 4 statistical tests. One test version (modified Z-test) that has not been used for statistical analysis of SAGE yet was applied and reviewed. To assess the reliability of SAGE the total-RNA of 4 corteces of mice was extracted and combined. This basic transcript population was divided in two and the parts examined in parallel. Both groups were analysed using a statistical test that tests the entire distribution of both profiles for homogeneity. Additionally the correlation (and its degree) of the profiles was calculated. The result was that the reliability of SAGE is not optimal in the context of this work (relatively small sample and complex tissue). However, no conclusion can be drawn as to whether the method itself (biomolecular practice and data analysis) is responsible for this, or whether it is due to sample variability. This means that in the work presented here no final statement concerning the reliability of SAGE is possible. Possibilities are described to deal with the issue of suboptimal reliability within the framework of future projects.

The thesis examines the medieval Icelandic sagas’ many accounts of travel taken by Scandinavian characters to lands in the distant north, south, east and west. These Norse far-travellers have various motivations for their journeys, and particular motivations and motifs are associated with each cardinal direction. Travel to the distant west and north, for example, is typified by commercial motivations: real estate and settlement schemes in the west, trade and tribute-collection in the north. Travel to the distant east frequently takes the form of royal exile, and piety is often the central motivation for journeys to the distant south. Other sorts of narrative patterns are also discussed. It is shown, for example, that there is a sort of “moral geography” evident in the literature, whereby journeys towards “holy” regions (east and south) are more spiritually beneficial than journeys in the opposite directions. The study systematically identifies and discusses saga-accounts of far-travel, surveying the various purposes and themes associated with each of the cardinal directions. The first chapter introduces the material and key terms and provides a survey of the relevant scholarship. The following four chapters cover far-travel in each of the four directions, west, south, east and north respectively. The primary-text examples cited throughout support literary observations, and the conclusions drawn are all focused on literary aspects of the texts. Additionally, some historical observations are occasionally made, though these are never the main focus of the arguments. The sixth and final chapter supplements the concluding sections of these four main chapters and draws additional conclusions. The concluding chapter also offers a diagrammatic representation of the relationships between the various motivations for far-travel in the different cardinal directions.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur några förskollärare, lärare och skolledare ser på de pedagogiska förutsättningarna för en likvärdig utbildning inom förskolor och skolor. Kvalitativa intervjuer användes som metod i studien. I studien intervjuades tre förskollärare, tre lärare, en förskolechef och en biträdande rektor från två förskolor och två skolor. Resultaten visade att respondenterna ansåg att alla barn ska få sina behov tillgodosedda för att utbildningen ska kallas likvärdig. Respondenterna menade att brist på personal med pedagogisk kompetens och för stora barngrupper försämrade möjligheterna att ge en likvärdig utbildning. Respondenterna menade därför överlag att för att en likvärdig utbildning ska bli möjlig krävs både i förskolan och skolan mindre barngrupper och mer fortbildning för personalen. Den ena slutsatsen i studien var att deltagarna uttryckte att det var skillnad i hur de ville arbeta och hur de faktiskt arbetade, mot en likvärdig utbildning. Den andra slutsatsen var att flera av respondenterna upplevde att en del barn i deras verksamhet inte fick det stöd de behöver