Artigos de revistas: "Robotics in medicine"

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Pausic, Vesna, Grigorije Jovanovic e Svetlana Simic. "Robotics in physical medicine and neurorehabilitation". Medical review 74, n.º 1-2 (2021): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns2102050p.

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Introduction. Robots have been used for rehabilitation purposes since the 1960s. The aim of this paper is to present the application of robotics in physical medicine and rehabilitation with special reference to robotic devices used in rehabilitation. Material and Methods. The paper uses literature related to the application of robotics in medicine and rehabilitation. The literature review was conducted using the following databases: Serbian Library Consortium for Coordinated Acquisition, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, Google Scholar, Science Citation Index, and portal of Croatian scientific journals ?Hrcak?. Development of robotics in rehabilitation. Nowadays, there are a great number of different robotic systems for rehabilitation. Robotics in rehabilitation is of utter importance because it works on the principle of neuroplasticity. Robots for lower limb rehabilitation. These robotic systems are most often in the form of exoskeletons. Robots for upper limb rehabilitation. Upper limb rehabilitation robots are therapeutic devices that help or provide support for arm or hand movements. Robot for upper body rehabilitation. Robot ?Tymo?. Conclusion. By using robots in physical medicine and neurorehabilitation, a faster and more complete functional recovery of the patient can be achieved.

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Yamato, Masayuki, Ryo Takagi, Makoto Kondo, Daisuke Murakami, Takeshi Ohki, Hidekazu Sekine, Tatsuya Shimizu et al. "Grand Espoir: Robotics in Regenerative Medicine". Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 19, n.º 5 (20 de outubro de 2007): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2007.p0500.

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Here, we overlook the brief history of regenerative medicine, and summarize the expectation to breakthroughs achieved by robotics in the field. One expected application of robotics is an automatic cell culture system, which can dramatically reduce the cost for manufacturing bioengineered tissues conventionally requiring GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) facility for Cell Processing Center. The other is a robotic surgery system for less invasive transplantation of cells and fabricated tissues. To show the feasibility of robotic surgery-assisted transplantation, we have shown the success of cell sheet transplantation to luminal surface of living canine esophagus by endoscopy. Thus, the contribution of robotics to regenerative medicine has been wanted to realize the greatest success of tissue engineering and cell-based medicine.

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Mosoyan, M. S., e D. A. Fedorov. "Modern robotics in medicine". Translational Medicine 7, n.º 5 (27 de novembro de 2020): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/2311-4495-2020-7-5-91-108.

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Today, robot-assisted surgery and the use of robots in medicine marks a qualitatively new stage in the development of minimally invasive technologies and endovideosurgery, due to the high level of accuracy, functionality and ergonomics of modern robotic systems. With the help of robotic technologies, the quality of diagnostic manipulations as well as the results of therapeutic procedures and surgical interventions are significantly improved, which ultimately leads to an improved prognosis and quality of life for patients, while also expanding the capabilities of clinicians. This review article presents the main historical milestones and prerequisites for the development of automation and robotic technologies used in various industries, from ancient times to the present. The history of the use of robotic procedures in various fields of medicine is briefly described. Special attention is paid to robot-assisted surgery as one of the main bases for applying modern technologies. At the moment, we can safely say that medical robotics plays a very important role in the development of surgery of the future.

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Stasevych, Maryna, e Viktor Zvarych. "Innovative Robotic Technologies and Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacy and Medicine: Paving the Way for the Future of Health Care—A Review". Big Data and Cognitive Computing 7, n.º 3 (30 de agosto de 2023): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7030147.

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The future of innovative robotic technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) in pharmacy and medicine is promising, with the potential to revolutionize various aspects of health care. These advances aim to increase efficiency, improve patient outcomes, and reduce costs while addressing pressing challenges such as personalized medicine and the need for more effective therapies. This review examines the major advances in robotics and AI in the pharmaceutical and medical fields, analyzing the advantages, obstacles, and potential implications for future health care. In addition, prominent organizations and research institutions leading the way in these technological advancements are highlighted, showcasing their pioneering efforts in creating and utilizing state-of-the-art robotic solutions in pharmacy and medicine. By thoroughly analyzing the current state of robotic technologies in health care and exploring the possibilities for further progress, this work aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the transformative power of robotics and AI in the evolution of the healthcare sector. Striking a balance between embracing technology and preserving the human touch, investing in R&D, and establishing regulatory frameworks within ethical guidelines will shape a future for robotics and AI systems. The future of pharmacy and medicine is in the seamless integration of robotics and AI systems to benefit patients and healthcare providers.

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Souza, Chris de. "Robotics in Medicine". International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery 4, n.º 2 (2013): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/ijhns-4-2-v.

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Barrientos, Antonio, e Jaime del Cerro. "Robotics in medicine". Medicina Clínica (English Edition) 152, n.º 12 (junho de 2019): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2019.02.023.

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Bravo, Raquel, e Antonio M. Lacy. "Medicine and robotics". Medicina Clínica (English Edition) 145, n.º 11 (dezembro de 2015): 493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2016.04.009.

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Doarn, Charles R., e Ronald C. Merrell. "Robotics in Medicine". Telemedicine and e-Health 21, n.º 9 (setembro de 2015): 695–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2015.29002.crd.

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Chawla, Suhani. "ADVANCEMENT OF ROBOTICS IN HEALTHCARE". International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 07, n.º 12 (2022): 3936–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2022.v07i12.006.

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If robots are not common everyday objects, it is maybe because we have looked robotic applications without considering sufficient attention what could be the experience of interacting with a robot. This article introduces the idea of a value profile, a notion intended to capture the general evolution of our experience with different kinds of objects. In the past two decades, robotics has evolved immensely with increased prospects in biological, healthcare, medicine and surgery industry. Robots are being used in almost everything and almost everywhere. However, they are not to replace qualified human workforce, instead, assist them in routine work and precision tasks to achieve high throughput. Advancements in micro- and nano-robotic devices is very much dependent on innovations in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) with collaborations among diverse domains of research viz., life science, medicine/surgery and engineering. This paper highlights the advancement of Robotics in Neuroscience, Medical Science and IOT in the context of Robotics

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Petrescu, Relly Victoria V., Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella e Florian Ion T. Petrescu. "Future Medicine Services Robotics". American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 9, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2016): 1062–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2016.1062.1087.

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Sroga, Julie. "Robotics in reproductive medicine". Frontiers in Bioscience 13, n.º 13 (2008): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/2763.

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Dharia, Sejal P., e Tommaso Falcone. "Robotics in reproductive medicine". Fertility and Sterility 84, n.º 1 (julho de 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.02.015.

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Menaker, Simon A., Sumedh S. Shah, Brian M. Snelling, Samir Sur, Robert M. Starke e Eric C. Peterson. "Current applications and future perspectives of robotics in cerebrovascular and endovascular neurosurgery". Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 10, n.º 1 (18 de agosto de 2017): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2017-013284.

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Advances in robotic medicine have been adopted by various surgical subspecialties as the benefits of this technology become more readily apparent: precision in narrow operative windows, tremor controlled movements, and modestly improved outcomes, among others. Vascular neurosurgery, in particular, remains open to newer and more cutting edge treatment options for complex pathologies, and robotics may be on the horizon for such advances. We seek to provide a broad overview of these innovations in vascular neurosurgery for both practitioners well acquainted with robotics and those seeking to become more familiar. Technologies under development for cerebrovascular and endovascular neurosurgery include robot assisted angiography, guided operative microscopes, coil insertion systems, and endoscopic clipping devices. Additionally, robotic systems in the fields of interventional cardiology and radiology have potential applications to endovascular neurosurgery but require proper modifications to navigate complex intracerebral vasculature. Robotic technology is not without drawbacks, as broad implementation may lead to increased cost, training time, and potential delays in emergency situations. Further cultivation of current multidisciplinary technologies and investment into newer systems is necessary before robotics can make a sizable impact in clinical practice.

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Mirbagheri, Alireza, Mina Arab Baniasad, Farzam Farahmand, Saeed Behzadipour e Alireza Ahmadian. "Medical Robotics". International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics 8, n.º 2 (abril de 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jhisi.2013040101.

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Many research and development projects are being performed worldwide to develop new products and applications for computer-assisted and medical robotic systems. In this paper, an overview of selected state-of-the-art applications of robotic technology in medicine is presented. Four key areas of image-guided surgery, virtual reality in medicine, surgical robots, and robotic rehabilitation systems, are studied. As well, current challenges in research and development are discussed.

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Donias, Harry W., Raffy L. Karamanoukian, Philip L. Glick, Jacob Bergsland e Hratch L. Karamanoukian. "Survey of Resident Training in Robotic Surgery". American Surgeon 68, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2002): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480206800216.

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Robotics has been recognized as a major driving force in the advancement of minimally invasive surgery. However, the extent to which General Surgery residents are being trained to use robotic technology has never been assessed. A survey was sent to program directors of accredited General Surgery training programs to determine the prevalence and application of robotics in surgical training programs. Responses were tabulated and analyzed. Thirty-three per cent indicated interest in minimally invasive surgery. Twelve per cent of responders have used robotics in their practice, and 65 per cent felt robotics will play an important role in the future of General Surgery. Currently residents from 14 per cent of the responding training programs have exposure to robotic technology, and residents from an additional 4 per cent of these programs have limited didactic exposure. Program directors from 23 per cent of responding programs identified plans to incorporate robotics into their program. Robotics have been shown to make standard endoscopic surgical procedures more efficient and cost-effective as well as allowing a variety of procedures that were only possible with conventional methods to be completed with minimally invasive techniques. This new technology promises to be a large part of the future of surgery and as such deserves more attention in the training of General Surgery residents.

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Crisóstomo, Leonel, NM Fonseca Ferreira e Vitor Filipe. "Robotics services at home support". International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 17, n.º 4 (1 de julho de 2020): 172988142092501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881420925018.

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This article proposes a robotic system that aims to support the elderly, to comply with the medication regimen to which they are subject. The robot uses its locomotion system to move to the elderly and through computer vision detects the packaging of the medicine and identifies the person who should take it at the correct time. For the accomplishment of the task, an application was developed supported by a database with information about the elderly, the medicines that they have prescribed and the respective timetable of taking. The experimental work was done with the robot NAO, using development tools like MySQL, Python, and OpenCV. The elderly facial identification and the detection of medicine packing are performed through computer vision algorithms that process the images acquired by the robot’s camera. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of object recognition, facial detection, and facial recognition algorithms, using public databases. The tests made it possible to obtain qualitative metrics about the algorithms’ performance. A proof of concept experiment was conducted in a simple scenario that recreates the environment of a dwelling with seniors who are assisted by the robot in the taking of medicines.

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Barasa, Samuel, e Yonah Etene. "Robotics in Food Manufacturing Industry in the Industry 4.0 Era". International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 12, n.º 8 (30 de agosto de 2023): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2023.v12i08.009.

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Robotics is used in food manufacturing in multiple processes. Prominent existing applications are: preparation of soil, seeding, water sprinklers, harvest controlling, cutting the harvests, food extractions, processing, packaging, loading/unloading, food warehouse operations, and food retail operations. Robots enhancements in Industry 4.0 framework have enabled cognitive and collaboration capabilities related to dynamics, kinematics, self-diagnostics, and self-control. Robots can identify and change their robotic hands as per process requirement. Robotics in food manufacturing is used to improve food quality and hygiene, increasing quality and its consistency, improving process performance, improving production rate and productivity, production reconfigurability, improving supply chain resilience and responsiveness, improving food traceability, reducing food loss and wastage, and improving workplace safety. Industry 4.0 allows robotic cyber physical systems (RCPS), HMI interfacing with robots through augmented reality thus ensuring remote real time precision monitoring and control of field robots. Robots with attached cameras with machine learning for image visualization analytics can ensure quality assurance and control of food products during all the stages of the food manufacturing logistics. The key drivers for adopting robotics in food manufacturing are cloud manufacturing, Internet of Things (attached with robotic controller cards), virtual reality simulations, augmented reality for HMI controls, additive manufacturing in food processing, integration of Industry 4.0 systems (IoT with blockchains, edge computing, big data analytics, and machine learning), and autonomous automation software. Robotics in food manufacturing using Industry 4.0 capabilities is a positive change. However, there are ethical and financial challenges. Increased usage of robotics can affect employment of food harvesting and manufacturing workers in developed as well as developing economies. Further, economics of using robotics in food manufacturing is not yet justified in developing nations given the high initial costs and prolonged time to break even. Overall, robotics in food manufacturing using Industry 4.0 has many technical and production advantages but ethical and financial viability is an ongoing research domain.

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Çaka, Cansu. "Robotic Technologies in Education and Educational Robotic Applications". Bilim, Eğitim, Sanat ve Teknoloji Dergisi (BEST Dergi) 6, n.º 2 (10 de setembro de 2022): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/bestdergi.69.

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Developments in information and communication technologies have triggered a process of social transformation. The spread of technology in every field from past to present has led to emergence of different perspectives on technology. Technological tools are used in almost every field, from medicine to engineering, from education to construction. In this context, robotic technologies have come to the fore as a large developing field that affects human life. When the studies on the use of robotics in education are reviewed, it is seen that developed countries see robotics as a driving force in education and attach great importance to the use of these technologies in terms of improving their education systems. The purpose of the current study designed based on the idea that robotic systems make great contributions to the field of education and will make even more contributions is to investigate robotic technologies and related concepts, the reflections of robotic technologies in the field of education and educational robotic applications. It is thought that such an investigation of the status and reflections of robotic technologies in education and the suggestions presented in this direction will shed light for the studies to be conducted on the use of robotic technologies in education and will provide guidance for researchers.

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Youssef, Karim, Sherif Said, Samer Alkork e Taha Beyrouthy. "A Survey on Recent Advances in Social Robotics". Robotics 11, n.º 4 (18 de julho de 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics11040075.

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Over decades, social robotics has evolved as a concept that presently covers different areas of application, and interacts with different domains in technology, education, medicine and others. Today, it is possible to envision social robots in tasks that were not expected years ago, and that is not only due to the evolution of social robots, but also to the evolution of the vision humans have for them. This survey addresses recent advances in social robotics from different perspectives. Different contexts and areas of application of social robots are addressed, as well as modalities of interaction with humans. Different robotic platforms used in social contexts are shown and discussed. Relationships of social robotics with advances in other technological areas are surveyed, and methods and metrics used for the human evaluation of the interaction with robots are presented. The future of social robotics is also envisioned based on surveyed works and from different points of view.

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Cunningham, Bryan W., Daina M. Brooks e Paul C. McAfee. "Accuracy of Robotic-Assisted Spinal Surgery—Comparison to TJR Robotics, da Vinci Robotics, and Optoelectronic Laboratory Robotics". International Journal of Spine Surgery 15, s2 (outubro de 2021): S38—S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14444/8139.

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Baranov, Serhii. "CLASSIFICATION OF ROBOTIC PLATFORMS AND READY-MADE TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR TEACHING PUPILS THE ROBOTICS FUNDAMENTALS". OPEN EDUCATIONAL E-ENVIRONMENT OF MODERN UNIVERSITY, n.º 11 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2414-0325.2021.111.

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The use of robotics systems in education also known as "Educational robotics", "Robotics in education" is gaining popularity as a trend. This is evidenced by the increase in the number of publications on this topic in scientific journals and conducting an experiment at the national level on "Methodological system of teaching the basics of technology and robotics as part of STEM-education" by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. The rapid development of the robotics industry necessitates training of appropriately qualified specialists. However, school remains a traditional place to master basic competencies needed to determine the professional orientation of a person, and familiarity with robotics increases the chances of students choosing this area of activity in the future. Teachers mainly choose the most common technical tools for teaching robotics, which has both advantages and disadvantages. It is important to develop a classification of educational technical solutions that already exist and are used in the process of teaching the basics of robotics at school. The paper analyzes sets of components used in teaching the basics of robotics for school-aged children, explores 84 different technical solutions that can be used in the process of learning robotics, and identifies common and distinctive features. As a result of the research a classification of robotic platforms and ready-made technical solutions was offered for use by teachers in the process of teaching students the basics of robotics. In the perspective of further research, it is planned to develop methodological recommendations for the selection of content and means of teaching the basics of robotics to secondary school pupils.

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Samarescu, Nicoleta. "ROBOTICS EDUCATION IN ECE: TEACHERS’ OPINION AND WAYS OF INTEGRATION". Journal Plus Education 33, Special Issue (30 de agosto de 2023): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24250/jpe/si/2023/ns/.

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Educational robotics in Early Childhood Education is proven to empower children to understand the basic functions of technology and become digitally literate. The article investigates the current opinion of teachers about educational robotics at preschool level. The study takes them through several stages of questioning: from what they understand robotics to be at preschool level, if they consider the integration of robotics elements useful, how easy they find the integration of these elements and how quickly they can integrate practical robotics elements into games didactic. With a well-done PhD process Educational Robotics can have maximum effectiveness throughout its life. The natural curiosity and way of thinking of the new generation are advantages that must be exploited. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of robotic education in the early education of children, although all we have to do is guide the specialists to integrate it into the teaching-learning process. The results of the quantitative analysis carried out with the help of teaching staff are presented by category and the significant differences that resulted are highlighted as well as recommendations for the integration of robotics elements in ECE activities.

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Castiblanco, Paola Andrea, José Luis Ramirez e Astrid Rubiano. "Smart Materials and Their Application in Robotic Hand Systems: A State of the Art". Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 6, n.º 2 (15 de maio de 2021): 401–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v6i2.35630.

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The use of soft robotics and smart materials for the design of devices that help the population in different tasks has gained a rising interest. Medicine is one of the fields where its implementation has shown significant advances. However, there are works related to applications, directed to the human body especially in replacement of devices for the upper limb. This document aims to explore the state of the art relating to the study of soft robotics, the implementation of smart materials, and the artificial muscles in the design or construction of hand prostheses or robotic devices analogous to the human hand.

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Adel, Samar, Abbas Zaher, Nadia El Harouni, Adith Venugopal, Pratik Premjani e Nikhilesh Vaid. "Robotic Applications in Orthodontics: Changing the Face of Contemporary Clinical Care". BioMed Research International 2021 (16 de junho de 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9954615.

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The last decade (2010-2021) has witnessed the evolution of robotic applications in orthodontics. This review scopes and analyzes published orthodontic literature in eight different domains: (1) robotic dental assistants; (2) robotics in diagnosis and simulation of orthodontic problems; (3) robotics in orthodontic patient education, teaching, and training; (4) wire bending and customized appliance robotics; (5) nanorobots/microrobots for acceleration of tooth movement and for remote monitoring; (6) robotics in maxillofacial surgeries and implant placement; (7) automated aligner production robotics; and (8) TMD rehabilitative robotics. A total of 1,150 records were searched, of which 124 potentially relevant articles were retrieved in full. 87 studies met the selection criteria following screening and were included in the scoping review. The review found that studies pertaining to arch wire bending and customized appliance robots, simulative robots for diagnosis, and surgical robots have been important areas of research in the last decade (32%, 22%, and 16%). Rehabilitative robots and nanorobots are quite promising and have been considerably reported in the orthodontic literature (13%, 9%). On the other hand, assistive robots, automated aligner production robots, and patient robots need more scientific data to be gathered in the future (1%, 1%, and 6%). Technological readiness of different robotic applications in orthodontics was further assessed. The presented eight domains of robotic technologies were assigned to an estimated technological readiness level according to the information given in the publications. Wire bending robots, TMD robots, nanorobots, and aligner production robots have reached the highest levels of technological readiness: 9; diagnostic robots and patient robots reached level 7, whereas surgical robots and assistive robots reached lower levels of readiness: 4 and 3, respectively.

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Lopez Garcia, Pablo, Elias Saerens, Stein Crispel, Anand Varadharajan, Dirk Lefeber e Tom Verstraten. "Factors influencing actuator’s backdrivability in human-centered robotics". MATEC Web of Conferences 366 (2022): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236601002.

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Human-Centered Robotics aims to use robotic devices to improve our life. In Europe alone, around 650.000 people live with limb amputations, 40 Mio. have jobs with high of lumbar injuries, and 40 Mio. are 80+ years. Worldwide, active prostheses, exoskeletons, and service robots could help improve these people’s lives. However, their adoption is unfortunately strongly hindered by technological limitations in the actuators powering these devices. Backdrivability characterizes an actuator’s ability to be driven from the load side, and it is a crucial property to enabling capable human-centered robotic devices. In this paper, we describe the underlying factors that determine actuator backdrivability in robotics and investigate suitable scaling laws to understand how these factors are conditioned by the motor and gearbox selection and the specific operational cycle of a robotic device. This analysis unveils the complexity and challenges faced to accurately model and predict this complex phenomenon, contradicting an extended hypothesis in the robotics community that sees low-ratio transmissions as the best strategy to build backdrivable, lightweight actuators.

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Wu, Haibo, Senzhu Bo, Fan Xia, Xiaofeng Shen, Yusheng Liu, Shiqin Xu e Fuzhou Wang. "Robotics in Modern Medicine: Where Will Medicine Go?" Science Insights Medicine 2017, n.º 2017 (15 de novembro de 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/sim.17.re097.

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Zhou, Yuan, Chongwen Ma, Ziyan Wei e Xuewen Kang*. "A Bibliometric Analysis: The Application of Robotic Technology in Spine Surgery in the Past 30 Years". Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 5, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2024): 064–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1873.

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Purpose: The aim of this study is to comprehensively analyze the application of robotic technology in spine surgery and display the current research status in this field. Methods: To investigate the distribution and characteristics of robotics in spinal surgery, the publications in PubMed and web of science was examined and analyzed. We utilized CiteSpace and VOSviewer to review and visualize academic literature from the previous 30 years on the use of robotic technology in spine surgery. Results: According to the findings of the research, it indicates that robotics is becoming more widespread in spine surgery, with robotics playing an important role in pedicle screw placement, intraoperative navigation, imaging guidance, and minimizing radiation exposure for surgeons and surgical teams. how to establish a set of standards, how to reduce personnel radiation exposure in the operating room, postoperative follow-up between traditional and robotic surgery, and the prognosis and incidence of complications such as spondylosis, and so on are all topics that will be discussed. Conclusion: The study looked into the recovery time following robotic surgery, the expense of hospitalization, the robotic technology in terms of time during surgical procedures, blood loss, and implant placement accuracy, which are all topics that will be investigated more in the future. While there are some discrepancies in government, physician, and patient views, expectations, and clinical data for robotic surgery, robots will increasingly be used in areas that demand great precision. The application of robotic technology in spine surgery will be extensive.

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Joseph, Jacob R., Brandon W. Smith, Xilin Liu e Paul Park. "Current applications of robotics in spine surgery: a systematic review of the literature". Neurosurgical Focus 42, n.º 5 (maio de 2017): E2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.2.focus16544.

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OBJECTIVESurgical robotics has demonstrated utility across the spectrum of surgery. Robotics in spine surgery, however, remains in its infancy. Here, the authors systematically review the evidence behind robotic applications in spinal instrumentation.METHODSThis systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Relevant studies (through October 2016) that reported the use of robotics in spinal instrumentation were identified from a search of the PubMed database. Data regarding the accuracy of screw placement, surgeon learning curve, radiation exposure, and reasons for robotic failure were extracted.RESULTSTwenty-five studies describing 2 unique robots met inclusion criteria. Of these, 22 studies evaluated accuracy of spinal instrumentation. Although grading of pedicle screw accuracy was variable, the most commonly used method was the Gertzbein and Robbins system of classification. In the studies using the Gertzbein and Robbins system, accuracy (Grades A and B) ranged from 85% to 100%. Ten studies evaluated radiation exposure during the procedure. In studies that detailed fluoroscopy usage, overall fluoroscopy times ranged from 1.3 to 34 seconds per screw. Nine studies examined the learning curve for the surgeon, and 12 studies described causes of robotic failure, which included registration failure, soft-tissue hindrance, and lateral skiving of the drill guide.CONCLUSIONSRobotics in spine surgery is an emerging technology that holds promise for future applications. Surgical accuracy in instrumentation implanted using robotics appears to be high. However, the impact of robotics on radiation exposure is not clear and seems to be dependent on technique and robot type.

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Taryudi, Taryudi, Linlin Lindayani, Heni Purnama e Astri Mutiar. "Nurses’ View towards the Use of Robotic during Pandemic COVID-19 in Indonesia: A Qualitative Study". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, G (1 de janeiro de 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.7645.

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Background: Rapid advances in artificial intelligence and robotics have alleviated difficulties for patients, hospitals, and the industry as a whole. However, the health care system is identically human-centered at its core, and many healthcare professions may not be ready to work with robots. Understanding nurses' views toward robotics can help integrate robotic technologies into future patient care. Objectives: This study aimed to explore how nurses view using robotics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study used a qualitative descriptive technique to registered nurses who provide direct care to the patients with COVID-19 recruited from two hospitals in Indonesia. Purposive sampling was used to select respondents with criteria of those who had worked for at least one year and were willing to participate—the analysis used qualitative content analysis. Results: A total of 20 female nurses with an average age of 32.8 ± 4.0 years participated in this study. The qualitative findings revealed three themes with nine sub-themes, namely the use of robotic in nursing care (sub-theme: reducing the risk of COVID-19 transmission, monitoring patients remotely, and helping in providing care), the burden of using robotic in nursing care (sub-theme: digital literacy in nursing care, culture difference in providing care, changing care practice habits, and safety concern, and attitude toward robotic in nursing care (sub-theme: negative response). Conclusions: This study explored nurses' views on the usage of robotics during the pandemic COVID-10. It implies that a strategic plan would have many benefits and limitations, such as nursing care burden, negative attitude, and cultural awareness.

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Bautista, Maria, Jorge Manrique e William J. Hozack. "Robotics in Total Knee Arthroplasty". Journal of Knee Surgery 32, n.º 07 (1 de março de 2019): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1681053.

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AbstractTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a highly successful operation that improves patients' quality of life and functionality. Yet, up to 20% of TKA patients remain unsatisfied with their clinical result. Robotic TKA has gained increased attention and popularity as a means of improving patient satisfaction. The promise of robotic-assisted TKA is that it provides a surgeon with a tool that accurately executes bone cuts according to presurgical planning, as well as provides the surgeon with intraoperative feedback helpful for restoring knee kinematics and soft tissue balance. Several systems are now available, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Evidence that the use of robotics will lead to improved implant survival, function, and patient-reported outcomes is slowly being accumulated, but this has not been clearly proven to date. Recent literature does show that the use of robotics during TKA is not associated with increased surgical time or complications. The goal of this review is to provide an objective assessment of the evidence surrounding robotic technology for TKA.

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Riliwan Adekola Adebayo, Nwankwo Constance Obiuto, Oladiran Kayode Olajiga e Igberaese Clinton Festus-Ikhuoria. "AI-enhanced manufacturing robotics: A review of applications and trends". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, n.º 3 (30 de março de 2023): 2060–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.3.0924.

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This review explores the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on manufacturing robotics, elucidating a comprehensive overview of applications and emerging trends within the realm of smart manufacturing. As industries increasingly embrace Industry 4.0 principles, the integration of AI into manufacturing robots has become pivotal for enhancing efficiency, flexibility, and adaptability. The synergy of AI and manufacturing robotics has resulted in a plethora of applications that redefine traditional manufacturing processes. Machine learning algorithms empower robots with predictive maintenance capabilities, allowing them to anticipate and address equipment issues before they escalate. Computer vision technologies enable robots to perceive and interpret visual information, enhancing their ability to handle complex tasks such as quality inspection and object recognition. AI-driven collaborative robots, or cobots, seamlessly interact with human workers, optimizing workflow and productivity. Furthermore, AI-enhanced robotics play a crucial role in autonomous material handling, logistics, and supply chain management, streamlining operations in diverse manufacturing environments. Recent trends in AI-enhanced manufacturing robotics underscore the dynamic evolution of this field. Edge computing is gaining prominence, allowing robots to process data locally and respond in real-time, minimizing latency and enhancing overall system performance. The advent of reinforcement learning has empowered robots to adapt and optimize their actions based on dynamic manufacturing environments, leading to improved flexibility and adaptability. The integration of digital twins facilitates virtual simulations, enabling manufacturers to model and analyze the behavior of robotic systems before physical implementation. Explainable AI is emerging as a critical trend, ensuring transparency and interpretability in complex decision-making processes of AI-driven robotic systems. The integration of AI into manufacturing robotics represents a paradigm shift, revolutionizing traditional manufacturing practices. This review highlights the myriad applications and trends shaping the landscape of AI-enhanced manufacturing robotics. As industries continue to invest in smart manufacturing technologies, the collaborative synergy of AI and robotics is poised to drive unprecedented advancements in efficiency, quality, and agility within the manufacturing sector.

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Perets, Itay, Brian H. Mu, Michael A. Mont, Gurion Rivkin, Leonid Kandel e Benjamin G. Domb. "Current topics in robotic-assisted total hip arthroplasty: a review". HIP International 30, n.º 2 (23 de dezembro de 2019): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120700019893636.

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Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is among the most successful procedures of modern medicine, yet failures and complications continue to occur, leaving room for improvement. Robotics is a cutting-edge technology that tries to improve joint arthroplasty surgery. There is some evidence that shows that robotic-assisted THA improves implant positioning, but less is known about its effect on clinical outcomes or the rate of complications. This article reviews the literature on robotic-assisted THA to elucidate the history, advantages, disadvantages, and current clinical understanding of this procedure.

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Snyder, Laura A. "Integrating robotics into a minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion workflow". Neurosurgical Focus 45, videosuppl1 (julho de 2018): V4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.7.focusvid.18111.

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Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF) is a well-accepted procedure with good outcomes. Robotics has the potential to augment these outcomes. This video demonstrates and discusses how surgeons can implement the use of a robotic device in an MIS TLIF workflow. The planning software and robotic arm guidance allow the surgeon to use intraoperative CT to guide the placement of pedicle screws in an MIS TLIF with optimal trajectory and decreased radiation. As robotic technology continues to improve, developing safe workflows that integrate robotics with currently well-established techniques should improve patient outcomes.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/rJWOa6XVLW0.

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Ahmad, Paras, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Ali Aldajani, Abdulmajeed Alahmari, Amal Alanazi, Martin Stoddart e Mohammed G. Sghaireen. "Dental Robotics: A Disruptive Technology". Sensors 21, n.º 10 (11 de maio de 2021): 3308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103308.

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Robotics is a disruptive technology that will change diagnostics and treatment protocols in dental medicine. Robots can perform repeated workflows for an indefinite length of time while enhancing the overall quality and quantity of patient care. Early robots required a human operator, but robotic systems have advanced significantly over the past decade, and the latest medical robots can perform patient intervention or remote monitoring autonomously. However, little research data on the therapeutic reliability and precision of autonomous robots are available. The present paper reviews the promise and practice of robots in dentistry by evaluating published work on commercial robot systems in dental implantology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, prosthetic and restorative dentistry, endodontics, orthodontics, oral radiology as well as dental education. In conclusion, this review critically addresses the current limitations of dental robotics and anticipates the potential future impact on oral healthcare and the dental profession.

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Dmitriev, A. Yu, e V. G. Dashyan. "Robotics in Cranial Neurosurgery, 35 Years of Evolution". Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care" 11, n.º 2 (9 de setembro de 2022): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2022-11-2-355-363.

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We reviewed the experience of robotic devices in cranial neurosurgery for 35 years. The brief history is represented, prerequisites for robotics development are specified. The most popular devices are listed, which are used for surgical instruments positioning and remote manipulations. We pointed key robotic features, main results of their application, showed advantages, shortcomings and ways to resolve some problems. The accurateness of robotic systems is shown in comparison with frame-based stereotactic surgery. The main trends in robotic development in the future are described as well.

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Purdon, Kyla, John Dickens, Willis de Ronde, Kshir Ramruthan e Gerrie Crafford. "Voyager, a ground mobile robotic platform for research development". MATEC Web of Conferences 388 (2023): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338804016.

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This paper describes a mobile ground-based robotic platform named Voyager which was developed to support robotics research and replace the old mobile robotic platform, the Pioneer. A comparative analysis was done with three mobile robot: platforms Pioneer 3-DX, Clearpath Robotics Jackal, and SuperDroid Robots VIPR to determine the requirements for Voyager's development. The Voyager is currently equipped with a 3D LiDAR scanner, inertial measurement unit, and camera to allow for the onboard software to perform obstacle avoidance as well as avoid non-traversable terrain when driving outdoors. This universal platform has been used for developing new algorithms for path planning, obstacle avoidance, localisation, and mapping.

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R, Jain. "Revolutionizing the Future: Exploring the Multifaceted Advances of Robotic Technologies". Advances in Robotic Technology 1, n.º 1 (2 de outubro de 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/art-16000101.

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In recent years, the realm of robotics has witnessed a remarkable evolution, transforming from rudimentary machines into highly sophisticated systems that are reshaping various aspects of our lives. This research paper delves into the multifaceted advances of robotic technologies, encompassing their applications in industries, healthcare, space exploration, and everyday life. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, we analyse the current state of robotics; discuss key achievements, challenges, and future prospects. This paper aims to provide an insightful overview of the burgeoning field of robotics, shedding light on its transformative potential.

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Noritsugu, Toshiro. "Special Issue on Robotics for Innovative Industry and Society". International Journal of Automation Technology 8, n.º 2 (5 de março de 2014): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2014.p0139.

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Robotics has become one of the most important automation technologies for industry and society. Robot components such as actuators and sensors, together with mechanisms and control systems, are being more and more combined with intelligent sensors in innovative industry design and fabrication. Robot technology is being applied in such fields as welfare, education, agriculture, and energy. Robot technology for welfare and nursing is being promoted by the government to increase lifestyle creativity as society ages. This special issue focuses on robotics in fields from manufacturing industries to societal needs. Papers ranging from robotics theory to robot application have been invited. Among the topics covered are robot mechanisms, robot components, actuators, sensors, and controllers, robot control theory, robotic systems, energy saving, industrial applications, automation, vehicles, entertainment, medicine, welfare and nursing applications, and robotics education. The 15 papers presented in this issue include actuators such as rubber artificial muscles or phase-change actuators, pneumatics, power assist devices such as assist glove and upper-limb assist devices, robotic suits, sensor fusion, omnidirectional locomotion, underwater robots, force display apparatuses, meal assistant robots, manufacturing applications of parallel-link mechanisms, surface polishing, and agricultural applications. These papers bring readers the latest state-of-the-art robot technologies useful in everything from analysis and design to control and applications in innovative industries. We thank the authors for their invaluable contributions and the reviewers for their advice – all of which have made this special issue both informative and entertaining.

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Williams, Rua M. "I, Misfit". Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 25, n.º 3 (2021): 451–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/techne20211019147.

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I draw upon Critical Disability Studies and Race Critical Code Studies to apply an oppositional reading of applied robotics in autism intervention. Roboticists identify care work as a prime legitimizing application for their creations. Popular imagination of robotics in therapeutic or rehabilitative contexts figures the robot as nurse or orderly. Likewise, the dominant narrative tropes of autism are robotic—misfit androids, denizens of the uncanny valley. Diagnostic measures reinforce tropes of autistic uncanniness: monotonous speech, jerky movements, and systematic, over-logical minds. Today, robots are pitched as therapeutic tools to intervene in the social (under)development of autistic children; robots with monotonous voices, jerky, dis-coordinated movements, unsettling affect, and behavior predicated on a system of finite state logic. I present eerie and uneasy connections between the discredited works on autism and selfhood by Bettelheim and contemporary rehabilitative robotics research and imagine possibilities for robotics to divest from legacies of enslavement and policing.

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Dauleshiar, B., M. Abdulbakioglu e F. Kassimov. "Incrеаsing students ' interest in the subject of phуsics by integrating the science of robotics". Q A Iasaýı atyndaǵy Halyqaralyq qazaq-túrіk ýnıversıtetіnіń habarlary (fızıka matematıka ınformatıka serııasy), n.º 4 (15 de dezembro de 2023): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2023-4/2524-0080.04.

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The rapid advancement of technology has significantly influenced the field of scientific research and innovation. This includes various areas such as robotics, physics, integration, and the application of knowledge. Designing experiments to test and analyze the impact of these advancements requires careful consideration. This study was conducted in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan, specifically in the 8th grade at Aset Beyseuov schools, to assess the learning outcomes of students in robotics in the 2022-2023 academic year. The participants were selected based on the school's curriculum and were part of a specialized cluster for robotics education. Following the eighth session, a questionnaire based on Torranstyn's study (1979) was administered to gather data on variables such as intrinsic motivation, student engagement, innovations, and career aspirations. As a result, 10 different tests and physics-related robotic construction activities were conducted. Covariance analysis was utilized to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed a positive correlation between robotics education and students' academic progress in physics.

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Durga Deeak Valluri. "Exploring cognitive reflection for decision-making in robots: Insights and implications". International Journal of Science and Research Archive 11, n.º 2 (30 de março de 2024): 518–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.2.0463.

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This study critically examines the potential of embedding a cognitive reflection model within robotic decision-making systems. Cognitive reflection, which enables humans to surpass initial impulses and heuristics for improved decision outcomes, is proposed as a mechanism to augment the decision-making capacity of autonomous robots. By analyzing existing decision-making paradigms in robotics, this paper conceptualizes the adoption of cognitive reflection and evaluates its prospective transformative impact on the field. Through a detailed investigation, it articulates the significant enhancements in robotic intelligence and functionality that cognitive reflection can offer. Furthermore, it rigorously discusses the technical feasibility, ethical considerations, and broader societal ramifications, delineating a comprehensive framework for the responsible and effective integration of cognitive processes in robotics.

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Khan, Shaikhul Arefin, Md Mokarram Hossain Chowdhury e Uthso Nandy. "AI Robotics Technology: A Review". Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 25, n.º 10 (1 de novembro de 2023): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i101011.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) has changed the course of our lives in many ways, both professionally and personally. Soon, autonomous systems will be integral to a wide variety of fields, including space, marine, and aviation robotics, field, and road robotics, and service robots. However, automated systems not only do routine tasks but also significantly improve the quality of the labor force. Artificial intelligence and robotics have advanced to the point that it's possible to build a computer with awareness, sentience, and the ability to think. Innovative research into combining AI with robots is yielding many exciting prospects for the future of technology. The process of compiling these potentials has begun. Abbreviating "robotic process automation" to "RPA" helps keep things simple. backed by tools that facilitate a new kind of Bioinformatic process automation (BPA) in the business world something which is based on software, such as artificial intelligence (AI) or robots. employees of a society or organization.

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Devi, Kskn Venkata Ramana, Smitha B S, Sorabh Lakhanpal, Ravi Kalra, Vandana Arora Sethi e Sadiq Khader Thajil. "A review: Swarm Robotics: Cooperative Control in Multi-Agent Systems". E3S Web of Conferences 505 (2024): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450503013.

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Swarm robotics epitomizes a frontier in cooperative control within multi-agent systems, where the emulation of biological swarms offers a paradigm shift in robotics. This paper delves into the mechanisms of decentralized decision-making and the emergent behaviors that arise from local interactions among autonomous robotic agents without the need for a central controller. It explores the synthesis of simple control rules that yield complex, adaptive, and scalable group behaviors, akin to those found in natural swarms. A critical examination of communication protocols elucidates how information-sharing among agents leads to the robust execution of collective tasks. The research further investigates the dynamics of role allocation, task partitioning, and redundancy, which are crucial for the resilience of swarm robotic systems. Through simulation and empirical analysis, the efficacy of swarm algorithms in various applications, including search and rescue, environmental monitoring, and collective construction, is demonstrated. The study's findings underscore the significance of bio-inspired algorithms and the potential of swarm robotic systems to adapt and thrive in unpredictable environments. The implications for the future of autonomous systems are profound, as swarm robotics paves the way for innovations in distributed artificial intelligence and robotic.

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White, Matthew, Mary Vining Radomski, Marsha Finkelstein, Daniel Allan Samuel Nilsson e Lars Ingimar Eugen Oddsson. "Assistive/Socially Assistive Robotic Platform for Therapy and Recovery: Patient Perspectives". International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/948087.

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Improving adherence to therapy is a critical component of advancing outcomes and reducing the cost of rehabilitation. A robotic platform was previously developed to explore how robotics could be applied to the social dimension of rehabilitation to improve adherence. This paper aims to report on feedback given by end users of the robotic platform as well as the practical applications that socially assistive robotics could have in the daily life activities of a patient. A group of 10 former and current patients interacted with the developed robotic platform during a simulated exercise session before taking an experience-based survey. A portion of these participants later provided verbal feedback as part of a focus group on the potential utility of such a platform. Identified applications included assistance with reaching exercise goals, managing to-do lists, and supporting participation in social and recreational activities. The study participants expressed that the personality characteristics of the robotic system should be adapted to individual preferences and that the assistance provided over time should align with the progress of their recovery. The results from this study are encouraging and will be useful for further development of socially assistive robotics.

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Bischof, Andreas, Eva Hornecker, Philipp Graf e Lena Franzkowiak. "Integrierte Roboterentwicklung für die Pflege: Konzeptionelle und praktische Herausforderungen am Beispiel ReThiCare". TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 31, n.º 1 (8 de abril de 2022): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/tatup.31.1.48.

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Innovation agendas for care are increasingly flanked by demands for participatory and transdisciplinary approaches. However, especially in care robotics, it is difficult to shift the focus to early involvement of people and lifeworlds. We present the integrated methodology of a care robotics project and introduce inter- and transdisciplinary steps that help open up the development process even in an early project phase and adapt goals for robotic concepts to needs. We then discuss these steps in terms of their conceptual and practical research challenges.

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Patel, Yatin R., Harry W. Donias, Douglas W. Boyd, Ravi U. Pande, Jeffery L. Amodeo, Raffy L. Karamanoukian, Giuseppe D'Ancona e Hratch L. Karamanoukian. "Are you Ready to Become a Robo-Surgeon?" American Surgeon 69, n.º 7 (julho de 2003): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480306900711.

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Robotic and minimally invasive surgery represents the future of modern surgical care. However, its role during the training of surgical residents has yet to be investigated. A previous study conducted by our group surveyed program directors at accredited general surgery training programs in the United States to determine the prevalence and application of robotics in their residency programs. This current study is a follow-up survey sent to residents across the United States to see whether they were being adequately trained and exposed to robotic surgery during their training. A survey was sent to 1800 general surgery residents, and their responses were tabulated and analyzed. Twenty-three per cent of the 1800 residents responded to our survey. An overwhelming 57 per cent of the responders indicated a high interest in robotic surgery. However, 80 per cent of the responders indicated not having a robotic training program. Robotic surgery has led to many promising advancements within the surgical subspecialties. With this emerging technology comes the need for a greater emphasis on the training of surgeons in robotics during their residency.

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Bullock, Emily K. C., Michael J. Brown, Gavin Clark, James G. A. Plant e William G. Blakeney. "Robotics in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Current Concepts". Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, n.º 22 (10 de novembro de 2022): 6674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226674.

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This current concepts article reviews the literature pertaining to the use of robot-assisted systems in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The bulk of the literature is regarding the MAKO (currently the most used system worldwide) and the historic ROBODOC robotic systems. There is a paucity of literature available on other systems, with several still in pilot-phase development. Whilst the evidence shows improved radiological outcomes with robotic THA, functional outcomes are equivocal between conventional and robotic techniques. Acceptance of robotic THA worldwide is limited by its accessibility including cost, and by already exceptional results with the conventional technique. It is, however, a rapidly developing area of orthopaedic surgery. This article discusses the history of robotics in THA, current surgical techniques, functional and radiological outcomes, and ongoing avenues for development.

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Troccaz, Jocelyne, Giulio Dagnino e Guang-Zhong Yang. "Frontiers of Medical Robotics: From Concept to Systems to Clinical Translation". Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 21, n.º 1 (4 de junho de 2019): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052502.

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Medical robotics is poised to transform all aspects of medicine—from surgical intervention to targeted therapy, rehabilitation, and hospital automation. A key area is the development of robots for minimally invasive interventions. This review provides a detailed analysis of the evolution of interventional robots and discusses how the integration of imaging, sensing, and robotics can influence the patient care pathway toward precision intervention and patient-specific treatment. It outlines how closer coupling of perception, decision, and action can lead to enhanced dexterity, greater precision, and reduced invasiveness. It provides a critical analysis of some of the key interventional robot platforms developed over the years and their relative merit and intrinsic limitations. The review also presents a future outlook for robotic interventions and emerging trends in making them easier to use, lightweight, ergonomic, and intelligent, and thus smarter, safer, and more accessible for clinical use.

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Delda, Ray Noel Medina, Rex Balisalisa Basuel, Rodel Peralta Hacla, Dan William Carpiano Martinez, John-John Cabibihan e John Ryan Cortez Dizon. "3D Printing Polymeric Materials for Robots with Embedded Systems". Technologies 9, n.º 4 (2 de novembro de 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies9040082.

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The fabrication of robots and their embedded systems is challenging due to the complexity of the interacting components. The integration of additive manufacturing (AM) to robotics has made advancements in robotics manufacturing through sophisticated and state-of-the-art AM technologies and materials. With the emergence of 3D printing, 3D printing materials are also being considered and engineered for specific applications. This study reviews different 3D printing materials for 3D printing embedded robotics. Materials such as polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), flexible photopolymers, silicone, and elastomer-based materials were found to be the most used 3D printing materials due to their suitability for robotic applications. This review paper revealed that the key areas requiring more research are material formulations for improved mechanical properties, cost, and the inclusion of materials for specific applications. Future perspectives are also provided.

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Razumov, A. N., E. A. Rezchikov, A. V. Maistruk, M. V. Arkhipov e V. F. Golovin. "The safety of robotics for restorative medicine". Voprosy kurortologii, fizioterapii i lechebnoi fizicheskoi kul'tury 92, n.º 5 (2015): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/kurort2015554-56.

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