Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Risque de catastrophes"
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Ouazzani, Chahdi Abdelkader. "Les risques catastrophiques au Maroc : aspects de gestion de risque et d'assurance". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30072.
Texto completo da fonteOur societies are becoming increasingly exposed to the risks of natural or human disasters. Major risks change over time, the factors affecting these changes are diverse and can be environmental, technological, demographic or socio-economic. The vulnerability of developing countries to catastrophic risk is much higher than that of developed nations. This can be explained by several factors, including the quality of infrastructure likely to be affected, the lack of a risk mapping that has the direct consequence of construction in areas highly exposed to disasters, the absence of preventive measures, and the lack of funding and reconstruction policies. That being said, there is growing awareness around these areas.Morocco is among the countries that are highly vulnerable to major risks and that is why the Moroccan government, with the assistance of the World Bank and the Swiss Cooperation has decided to implement a national strategy for integrated management of disasters which includes a post-disaster compensation component based on the French "Cat Nat Plan". Therefore, Moroccan insurers will be required to cover catastrophic risks through mandatory coverage backed by certain insurance contracts.This work proposes to analyze from an operational point of view the various legal aspects of major risks management: prevention and disaster funding
Provitolo, Damienne. "Risque urbain, catastrophes et villes méditéranéennes". Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE2010.
Texto completo da fontePrompt-Crabieres, Anne. "Risque chimique". Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11218.
Texto completo da fonteLopez-Vazquez, Esperanza. "Perception du risque, stress et stratégies d'ajustement des sujets en situation de risque de catastrophe naturelle ou industrielle : approche d'une psychologie sociale du risque". Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20097.
Texto completo da fonteLas catástrofes naturales y tecnológicas preocupan nuestras sociedades en todos los niveles (económico, político, social, psicológico) pues éstas son generadoras de perturbaciones capaces de dañar a poblaciones en grande escala. Nuestra investigación, tomando en cuenta diferentes teorías psicosociales y de otras disciplinas cercanas, se fundamenta en el estudio de las consecuencias psicológicas de la exposición a riesgos mayores de poblaciones que han vivido la experiencia de una catástrofe. Es el caso de los habitantes de San Juan Ixhuatepec y de la ciudad de México quienes han conocido un desastre industrial o natural (terremoto) respectivamente. Frente a estas situaciones extremas potencialmente generadoras de estrés, el sujeto debe establecer mecanismos que le permitirán defenderse contra la agresión física y psicológica experimentada. Diferentes estrategias de ajuste pueden ser utilizadas con este fin y el intercambio sujeto-entorno se establecerá siempre de manera dinámica. Se trata de un proceso complejo en el cual las evaluaciones del sujeto intervendrán en el desarrollo de las respuestas de estrés. Estas reacciones no se generarán únicamente en función del agente agresor, otros procesos complejos, tales como la percepción de riesgos, van a intervenir. Suponemos la existencia de una variabilidad entre nuestras dos poblaciones sometidas a dos riesgos extremos diferentes con respecto al nivel de estrés desarrollado y el tipo de estrategias de ajuste utilizadas. La percepción de riesgo, considerando las particularidades de los dos grupos será igualmente diferente, ésta influenciará las respuestas de estrés y de afrontamiento (coping). Los 206 sujetos que hemos entrevistado respondieron a dos escalas: una de coping adaptada (Escala Tolosana de coping) y una de estrés (Escala Tolosana de estrés), además de un cuestionario sobre la percepción de riesgos. Nuestros resultados confirman nuestra hipótesis de variabilidad entre los procesos que se ponen en juego en las reacciones de los sujetos. La relación estrés-estrategias pasivas se distingue en todos nuestros resultados e impide en general la anticipación de los hechos y el afrontamiento directo. El modelo de la percepción de riesgo que proponemos nos permite darnos cuenta de la influencia de las evaluaciones de esta percepción en las respuestas dadas frente el peligro. Estos resultados merecerían investigaciones complementarias que puedan aportar elementos de reflexión para la realización de proyectos sociales de prevención, de tratamiento de riesgos del medio ambiente y des riesgos psicológicos
Natural and technological catastrophes worry our societies in all levels (economical, political, social, psychological) because of disturbances concerning populations in a big scale they generates. Our research taking in account psycho-sociological theories and some others ones in closer disciplines, studies the psychological consequences of people exposed to majors risks in populations who have already lived a catastrophe situation. That is the case of San Juan Ixhuatepec and Mexico City who have experienced an industrial and a natural (earthquake) disaster. Facing these extreme situations that potentially generate stress reactions, individuals have to use defensive mechanisms against physical and psychological aggression. Different coping strategies can be used in this goal and individuals-environmental exchanges will be always dynamic. We are talking about a complex process where evaluations take part in the development of stress responses. Nevertheless these reactions are not only in function of the aggression agent, other complex processes, like risk perception, will take part. We suppose variability between our two populations exposed to two different extreme risks concerning the stress level developed and the coping strategies used. Risk perception, considering two groups particularities, is different and it will influence stress and coping responses. The 206 persons we interviewed answered to two scales (Coping scale of Toulouse adapted and Stress scale of Toulouse) and a risk perception questionnaire. Our results confirm our hypothesis of variability in process of individuals' responses. The relationship of stress-passive strategies outstanding in most of our results obstructs in general anticipation of facts and direct coping. Risk perception model we propose influences evaluations of this perception in responses to danger. Those results deserve to be continued in complementary researches that can be able to participate in prevention social projects and in treatment of environment risks and psychological risks
Bouaouli, Souad. "Aspects de la communication de catastrophe dans une société à tradition orale : entre action civique et action institutionnelle". Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100162/document.
Texto completo da fonteWhen the technical and professional tools become ineffective to the extent of a disaster, the social arrangements in situ reach them by stretching aid interventions and support necessary for resilience. In the long term, these social structures contribute to the survival of cultural and history of the place affected. The two investigations into the flooding of Bab El Oued (November 2001) and the earthquake in Boumerdes / Algeria (May 2003) in Algeria, were used as raw material for this study as part of a team of researchers from the laboratory Cris Series de Paris X Nanterre. This study highlights a particular aspect of the anthropology of communication: oral communication "in disarray", its role in disaster management and its problems induced by the logic of action and rationality to the situation. In a first step, the working hypothesis used is confirmed by the results showing that the oral culture, by its proximity to, mobility and reciprocity provides the necessary means to the people to confront the crisis and hardship. This means that the collective representations shared in society promote not only the creation of communication but also, common content for the exchange of ideas, feelings and actions converge, ect. In Algeria, our field investigation, a set of standards, codes, specific practices, etc.. manages this communication and give to it a specific aspect. It follows that before the disaster, the various manifestations of popular culture have been able to resist and overcome the time tests. The crisis appears in this case, as an organizer of the communication and therefore of the action. Because persons are seeking for the information, deal it,check it and check it against in their circles. In summary, they organize the information and diffuse it in taking consideration of the crisis evolution and using typical processes such as “do it yourself” and improvisation. In a second step, the crisis strengthens the sense of identity and reveals different rationalities. Indeed, the action logics in a crisis are many and various. Therefore, the action is defined by the normative and cultural orientations of actors than by the nature of social relations. The relationship between these two complementary dimensions is, therefore, a logic action. However, this logic is often not taken into account at the professional interventions of emergency management. These, adopt methods and intervention techniques which give little importance to these characteristics, making their tasks on the ground more stringent and generating communication problems. It appears that these devices have face significant challenges in the management of emergencies, putting them face to the reality on the ground which does not or little adequate to their strict and rigid methods. They are involved in installing new problems by limiting access to essential information but also access to knowledge and training. However, access to information requires access to training and knowledge. Not only material poverty but also the deficiencies in information contribute to maintain high vulnerability of a population as it widens the gap between popular information and expert information, both being essential to effectiveness of any communication plan crisis
Goburdhun, Anaïs. "Trois chapitres sur la gestion et la corrélation du risque, et le risque météorologique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX008/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe PhD dissertation studies meteorological and economic hazard under different angles and mostly in developing countries. It is composed of three independent chapters analyzing different situations dealing with meteorological and climatic or economic hazard correlation. It estimates the potential of the studied regions for implementing an insurance scheme for the risk. Indeed, this thesis studies risks very likely to be highly correlated: whether this is for the meteorological or climatic hazard, or the price volatility risk, neighbored cities or even countries are exposed to the same risk simultaneously. This essential aspect jeopardizes risk mutualization, a key parameter of the economic insurance model. Through the three chapters of this thesis, we study the benefits linked to the mutualization of a priori correlated risks. The first chapter deals with maize price correlation in Tanzania. Using a Copula-GARCH model, we model the dependence among the 20 main markets of the country and assess if the mean maize price is smoothed by aggregating the markets. Hence, we see whether markets integration allows an efficient risk mutualization against the risk of price volatility. The second chapter deals with tropical storms risk in the South Pacific islands and their impact on infrastructures. This paper proposes an artificial tropical cyclones modeling in the region studied as well as the probability distribution of the cyclone’s occurrence and strength. This enables us accounting for the current climate for modeling costs. With data on infrastructures, we calculate the cost due to tropical storms, including for very low probability extreme events. The third chapter proposes an extension for a statistical emulator of crop yields depending climatic variables. We model the marginal impact of an increase of temperature, precipitations and CO2 concentration by running a statistical estimation on crop models rather than historical data. It allows accounting for extreme effects caused by meteorological data values not observed so far. The model robustness is assessed, among others, with copulas to compare the spatial dependence between the model and our statistical emulator and check that our estimation captures the geographic dependence
Zylberberg, Yanos. "Essais sur les catastrophes naturelles". Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0047.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis looks at reallocation of resources in the aftermath of natural disasters. The first part investigates the patterns of voluntary redistribution in small Vietnamese villages affected by a wave of tropical typhoons. The influence of needy families affects the reallocation process. In particular, the degree of redistribution is smaller when the distribution of losses is skewed in favour of spared families. When affected households are in the minority, they do not put enough pressure on the rest of the community and cannot extract a large compensation from them. The second part of this thesis analyzes the macroeconomic distortions induced by natural disasters. Capital losses of the order of 1 € generates economic slack of 40 cents. A temporary decrease of productivity is responsible for at least 2/3 of this production slowdown. This part also illustrates the importance of financial frictions in the immediate recovery after a shock. Affected entrepreneurs may lose access to credit as a result of their capital losses. Differential responses of economies following catastrophes are greatly explained by this dimension
Catroux, Fanny. "L'impact du risque sur l'évolution du droit : l'exemple des droits de l'urbanisme et de l'environnement". Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE0005.
Texto completo da fonteLied within contradictory logics, risk and law should theoretically follow separate ways, if not divergent. This original antagonism is surpassed by preventive function assigned to town planning and environment laws. Both of these, closely linked with urbanisation, deal with natural and technological risks. Risks legal framing supposes a prospective approach and a retrospective one as well. The first one is ideally based on risk anticipation while the second one aims at taking care of prejudicial consequences of its realization. This legal treatment also brings change of law by risk. Thus, first observation of antinomy between risk and law gives way to acknowledgment of their reciprocal influence
Lemarchand, Frédérick. "Socio-anthropologie des sociétés technoscientifiques : risques, catastrophes, patrimoine et développement durable". Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN1292.
Texto completo da fonteCabane, Lydie. "Gouverner les catastrophes : politiques, savoirs et organisation de la gestion des catastrophes en Afrique du Sud". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0055.
Texto completo da fonteThis dissertation analyses the making of a government of disasters in South Africa through the development of instruments, knowledge, organisations and professions that rendered disasters governable and operationalized the state. This process finds its origins in the rise of civil defence from the mid-20th century, that constituted disasters as an object of intervention for the state through emergency planning techniques as well as the formation of a profession in the 1980s to protect the state and its critical infrastructures from anti-apartheid protests. In 1994, the conjunction between the democratic transition and simultaneous global transformations that were promoting models of “disaster management”, led to re-orientate the way disasters were governed through the circulation of experts, knowledge and policy models. The institutionalisation of disaster management within the state, its local organisations and the profession participated to reshape the form and the extent of the state. Notions of risk and vulnerability came to redefine political relations between the state and citizens, by circumscribing new objects of protection and designing “vulnerable population” as beneficiaries of the benevolence of the state. This reconfiguration is intertwined with a parallel process of “academisation” of the knowledge on disasters and the making of a new discipline. Disaster science mobilized to define and describe vulnerabilities, though it is caught in a never-ending conflict with professionals and the state on the operationalisation of this new understanding of disasters. This conflict shapes the government of disasters and reveals contradictions within the state
Michel-Kerjan, Erwann. "Contributions à l'économie des "risques à grande échelle" : essais sur le partage des risques catastrophiques". Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX24010.
Texto completo da fonteVinet, Freddy. "Le risque-grêle en France : étude géographique". Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50377-1998-222.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteAntoine, Jean-Marc. "Géohistoire des catastrophes et des risques torrentiels. Une histoire de l'environnement pyrénéen". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756668.
Texto completo da fonteAbramovici, Marianne. "La prise en compte de l'organisation dans l'analyse des risques industriels : méthodes et pratiques". Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DENS0015.
Texto completo da fonteTancons, Gauthier. "Pour une pédagogie des risques dans l'éducation en Guadeloupe : un modèle de compréhension de la vulnérabilité face aux catastrophes naturelles et anthropiques". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR1A001.
Texto completo da fonteAçimuz, Hayriye Bige. "Le droit des risques naturels : comparaison franco-turque". Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010253.
Texto completo da fonteMoreau, Yoann. "Catastrophes et mondes : disputes et trajectoires du sens des aléas majeurs". Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0516.
Texto completo da fonteThe word "catastrophe" refers to events that would be unequivocably harmful. Yet, this normative load correspoçnds only in part to the practical implications of events to which this term is applied. This shift reflects the pregnacy of a cultural form of catastrophism. The phenomena qualified as catastrophes appear as much more complex and ambivalent, so much so that they raise major social disputes and controversies. After a disaster, the legitimacy of the established paradigm of knowledge is challenged especially because its model for predicting and preventing has failed. This "critical period" allows us to observe which other paradigms of knowledge are present in the margins and "off screen" of the social field. The comparative analysis of different case studies (historical and ethnological) shows a divergence of interpretative paths but also brings to light the fundamental nature of the social dispute. Mobilizing two conceptual apparatuses - Augustin Berque's "mesology" and Philippe Descola's "grammar of cosmologies" - we propose interpretative categories (risk, constraint, resource, leisure) and explanatory classes (causes, motives, reasons, principles) that shape the dispute's framework. Then the dispute itself appears as an essential regulation of a "medial device"
Zawali, Naima. "La couverture des risques extremes de catastrophes naturelles : analyse théorique et empirique". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100005.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this thesis is to better understand the determinants of natural catastrophe insurance systems in the world, as well as of individual behavior towards these risks. We also compare the efficiency of different public intervention forms in catastrophe risk management. Our data come from international organizations, research centers and one controlled experiment. From the typology of countries in terms of flood insurance that we elaborate it appears that the publicly provided flood insurance system is globally dominant and mainly applied in low-income countries with high risk exposure. Mixed public / private system are mainly applied in rich countries with low risk exposure. Concerning insurance demand, the willingness to pay for insurance is significantly lower for catastrophe risks than for other, standard risks, regardless of probability and amount of loss. Comparing different public intervention systems, we show that the most efficient measure is insurance premium subsidy but its costs can be very high for individual whose risk perception is biased
Cömert, Baechler Nazan. "La vulnérabilité de la Turquie au risque sismique : une analyse à partir des séismes de 1999". Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05H061.
Texto completo da fonteThe 1999 Marmara earthquakes revealed how much Turkey was still highly vulnerable to seismic hazards, from a physical, institutional and individual point of view. Analysing the whole process of disaster management, that includes the pre-disaster period, the emergency period and the reconstruction period, helps understand many of the malfunctions of the disaster management policies that can explain such a heavy toll. Vulnerability is eventually the result of the lack of institutional response capacity, that induces behaviors and explains the weakness of the individual response capacity. Given the failures of the Marmara disaster management, the vulnerability revealed in this case can be considered as a sign of what could be the vulnerability during forthcoming earthquakes
Ercole, Robert d'. "Vulnérabilité des populations face au risque volcanique : le cas de la région du volcan Cotopaxi (Equateur)". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE19018.
Texto completo da fonteWe are proposing a study on the vulnerability of populations in the face of volcanic hazards primely based on the ecuadorian area case, mainly chosen because of its relation to the colombian catastrophe of nov. 13th 85 (e ruption of nevado del ruiz volcano). We aimed to a global approach of this vulnerability. The physical component of the risk doesn't make up an end in itself , but the first element of a research based on an investigation campain regarding mainly the human component, this latte r beeing generally put in low priority in preventive planification studies. The vulnerability factor weight varies upon the location, or the social group considered. However if the cognitive facto r (hazard perception and assessment of protection means) is far from beeing negligeable, it's mainly the economic, socia l, cultural and logistic factors that seem to influence the human behaviour in the event of an emergency situation. In spite of these constraints, research study tends to show that the so called "natural" risk is not a fatality, even in third world countries as long as there is a true political concern for it, backed up with the proper means of decision. In that view, particular effort has been put on the methodological aspects, and specially on a cartography that put int o light various types and levels of vulnerability of population exposed to the risk of cotopaxi volcano, elements that seems indispensable to be known before starting to get involved with preventive local actions
Goussebaile, Arnaud. "Prevention and insurance of natural disasters". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX014/document.
Texto completo da fonteWorld economic losses due to natural disasters have increased faster than GDP in the last three decades because risky regions have sustained growing population and low prevention measures. Moreover, only a third of these losses are insured and the low penetration of insurance generates undesirable wealth fluctuation for affected population. In this context and in the perspective of climate change, reducing natural disaster losses and increasing insurance coverage have become main challenges for our societies, which are addressed in the present thesis. Low current levels of prevention measures and insurance coverage can be explained by the numerous market imperfections and poorly designed public policies, as detailed in the introductive chapter of the dissertation. It is thus crucial to better understand these market failures and the role of public policies to improve both of them. Chapter 2 investigates preventive behaviors in the context of city development. By featuring an urban model, it shows that riskier areas are developed nearer to the city center than further away, investment in building resilience leads to more concentrated cities and riskier areas get lower household density and higher building resilience. Moreover, insurance subsidy leads to risk over-exposure through increase of density in the riskiest areas and general decrease of resilience. This analysis highlights the negative effects of subsidization and the role that can be played by urban policies such as density restrictions and building codes. The following chapters deal with risk sharing in the context of risk correlation, a main feature of natural disaster risks. In a model of a risky economy with potential risk dependence between individuals, chapter 3 shows that Pareto optimal allocation of risks can be reached thanks to stock insurance companies in competition and a reduced number of financial assets. This result, which is valid without market imperfections, requires in particular that agents be fully liable for their contracts in each state of nature. In practice, to limit the default on liabilities in catastrophic states, public policies require agents to secure financial reserves. Chapters 4 and 5 investigate the issue of risk correlation when securing financial reserves is costly. Chapter 4 analyzes how the probability of a risk affects the purchase of insurance by risk-exposed individuals. It demonstrates that individuals are more inclined to insure for low-probability risks than for high-probability risks with standard insurance costs, but result is reversed when reserve related costs are added. Chapter 5 examines the optimal design of insurance contracts when individual risks are correlated in a community. It shows that the optimal contract consists in partial insurance against individual risk, with a lower indemnity in catastrophic states than in normal states, and potentially some dividend in normal states. The last chapter concludes by opening on further possible research related to prevention and insurance of natural disasters
Léone, Frédéric. "Concept de vulnérabilité appliqué à l'évaluation des risques générés par les phénomènes de mouvements de terrain". Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10009.
Texto completo da fonteNatowicz, Irène. "Le risque technologique majeur et l'économie de l'assurance : une application à l'industrie chimique". Grenoble 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE21015.
Texto completo da fonteChemical industry experienced technological risk evolution and insurance responded to this changes. But, this responses are nowadays inadequate because of the specificity of uncertainty and complexite. The approach that consist to lead insurers to take charge chemical risks and environmental damages, via objective responsability, has something in common with the internalization of exterla effects principle : it is analysed in the coase theorem perspective. This evolution is considered as a venture, both from social point of view than from economic point of view. Thesis demonstrates that liberal theory or state theory can't be used to analyze insurance activity. The insurance economy is then studied in the perspective of services economy because it accepte fundamental uncertainty. The environmental insurance l'ability case and chemical risks alow to draw alternative and more complexe forms to take charge risks. Thesis chalenge the insurer's ability alone, to take charge the compensation of environmental damages and chemical risks
Estrada, Díaz Gabriela. "Mise en pratique de la politique de prévention de catastrophes au Mexique : Enjeux en milieu urbain : Le cas de la ville de Minatitlán". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1076/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis dissertation explores the responses developed by the Mexican government for tackling the challenges presented by natural and man-made risks. The country counts indeed with a number of strategies for managing emergencies, and it performs quite well on reconstructing infrastructures and facilities on the aftermath of the numerous natural disasters that afflict its territory every year. This is possible thanks to the financial means available for reconstruction in the national annual budget. However, the recurrence of natural and man-made disasters, indicate a lack of planning policies and practices that could actually prevent that the existing risks become real disasters, specially in urban areas.The case of study is the city of Minatitlán. This city offers an example of how the disaster prevention policy lacks effectiveness on reducing major risks. In Minatitlán, nature is harsh and inflicts recurring floods in its territory, but human groups have certainly some responsibility in the repetition of disasters since they choose a location rather inadequate for urbanization, and implemented low-resilient development patterns. When oil industry established in the area, it reinforced the characteristics of urbanization (illegal settlements) and contributed to weaken the resistance of the settlement to disasters.At the heart of this study lays an interrogation about the operational conditions of a national disaster prevention policy in Mexico, given the local conditions that intervene in its effectiveness: geographical, socio-economical, institutional and socio-cultural frames. Therefore, the study focuses on a global comprehension of urban systems and how different elements relate to produce a specific condition of vulnerability, taking into account the multi-dimensionality of the concept.The study is presented in three parts. The first one explores the theoretical framework of the following analysis. In the second part, a couple of analysis relied on the use of public information rather accessible in Mexico. The data and texts were used with a laying interrogation about the indications they could give about the risk situations in Mexican urban settlements. Finally, the third part of the dissertation focuses on exploring the socio-cultural factors of vulnerability, namely the social representation of risk, under the premise that it has a major impact on individual and social behavior in risk (and disasters) situations.The case of Minatitlán confirms the tight links among risks and urban development. In this city, the risk has historically represented an opportunity for development. The institutional framework for risk prevention emerges well after the city was a consolidated urban settlement, but it has not been able to offer substantial changes and one can conclude that the current situation arranges a number of groups that do not see any incentive for improving the prevention strategies or enforcing planning measures. Then, a transition towards more resilient scenarios, specially in a context of climate change, is not foreseeable in the coming years.Moreover, the civil protection policy in Mexico favors a top-down public intervention in disaster periods, where each government level intervenes up to their financial and physical powers. At the lowest end of this chain, are local populations, the victims of disasters, are not encouraged to participate or become actual actors of local prevention.This being the current state of affairs in Minatitlán, the public action as well as the social representation of risks and disasters, are both contributing to maintaining a situation where prevention is not the main goal of the disaster policy
Gleyze, Jean-François. "La vulnérabilité structurelle des réseaux de transport dans un contexte de risques". Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA070025.
Texto completo da fonteThe increasing importance of natural and technological disasters have lead societies to take an interest in the risks prevention and prediction. A way to reduce risks consists in reducing the vulnerability of the threatened items, that is their propensity to be damaged. Among these items, the transport network are particularly interesting because they are threatened not only in a material way (damaging to the infrastructure), but also in a functional way (damaging the use) through the damaging to their structural properties (then relation opportunities offered by the networks). In order to understand and to forecast the functional disturbances of a transport network threatened by a disaster, it is relevant to define and evaluate the vulnerability of its structure, that is of the networks lattice out of any use consideration, and to understand the underlying relational organization. In that respect, we first have to build a framework adapted to such structural study, that is to define the data structure, the assumptions, the modelisation choices ans the necessary tools. Then we propose a definition of the vulnarability and we develop tools for its evaluation and its caracterization. According to the interests and the limits of such tools, we propose at last to improve the caracterization of the vulnerability by highlighting the structural properties which explain the different vulnerability levels on th network. This research is lead on several real networks which bring up various scales and whose features are interesting within a risk context
Calvo, Élodie. "Accidents de masse et responsabilité pénale". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0323/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn times of consumerism and mass production, news has provided us examples of technological, sanitary and environmental disasters which have required criminal law. Nevertheless, criminal law doesn’t seem to be perfectly adapted to the reality of mass accidents.In one hand, it appears that the resultant of mass accidents is an assault to a group of people, goods and environmental elements affected by one single harmful event. However, considering that one of the criminal law principles is the indifference to the number of victims, the massive aspect of the mass accident is not taken into account as a resultant of the offence. Thus, these accidents can only be punished by the means of general offences. However, due to the difficulty of establishing the causal link, those offences are not easy to identify. Indeed, such damages are often caused by multiple factors, which leads us to another question about the causal sequence of events and about the certainty of each cause.In the other hand, about repression, mass accidents are often caused by legal entities, which leads us to another difficult question: the criminal liability of societies and enterprises. In the same way, mass accidents are often the resultant of private or public-decisions-makers’ actions or omissions; their link to the offence can follow various rules. The punishment for those massive accidents, especially for the environmental ones, is also a difficult question; therefore, it is necessary to adapt criminal sentences to the specificities of those situations. Eventually, the main question remains the one about the evolution of criminal law, that needs to take into account the collective dimension of massive accidents, notably by creating specifics offences
VETTOREL, BRIGITTE. "Le samu de pau : bilan d'activite de 1986 a 1989 : recensement des risques de catastrophes en bearn et soule". Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU31069.
Texto completo da fonteDusserre, Gilles. "Contribution à la gestion des interventions lors d'accidents de transport de matières dangereuses". Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11046.
Texto completo da fonteTandé, Delphine. "La construction sociale des risques majeurs et de la crise à la télévision : quelle participation à l'élaboration d'une culture de sécurité ?" Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100118.
Texto completo da fonteThese topics have a strong political and social meaning since the eighties, the question of the risk and the crisis is challenging the ability of a society to define collective objectives and to bring together individuals around a common notion of safety. We have to think the idea of safety from a general perspective or to delimit the points of reference, the standards and the shareable values due to the socio-cultural divergences of the players involved in the crisis management. Historically built around technical and operational materials intended for the emergency professionals (experts), the culture of safety reveals its limits. Whereas, the crisis questions the performance of the democratic system, challenges the information methods concerning dangers threatening citizens as well as their role in their choices for a society, this culture is insufficiently global and lacks a collective scope. The television then, socializing and turning the crisis political, shows some stakes. Some televised debates, reports and documentaries are building up a concept of the culture of safety other than technical, by exposing the entire social protagonists, could they be ; company representatives, speakers for a civic society, politicians, citizens, experts or first-aid workers. However, the partitioning rules imposed during the debates organization, the construction of speeches or the representation of the social participants restrict this concept collective range. Advocates of the individual interest, mediators in conflicting relations, patrons of a sterile social dialogue, of a depiction of a not politicized victimized citizen and antagonistic politics the programs are promoting a social division. If the social space is clearly visible, the major social and political questions are barely covered. Without the representation relating to a political project and a social cohesion, the culture of safety does not federate. Nevertheless, these programming shouldn't be held responsible for a deeper society problem
Jossou, Markolf. "Coproduction de la résilience territoriale et Services d'incendie et de secours (SIS) : une lecture par les compétences et le système d'acteurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0415.
Texto completo da fonteThe thesis studies the mechanisms that generate territorial resilience potentials (TRP) for a better management of disaster risks (natural, technological, health, etc.) while questioning the role of SIS in this framework. As knowledge is a key source of resilience, we focus our reflections on the key competences and processes that constitute these mechanisms. The research is conducted in two phases. The first phase, exploratory, allows us to lay the foundations (e.g. analytical framework) to investigate different fields of study in the second phase. The latter allows for a testing of the first results through four comparative case studies with explanatory purposes (Wynn and Williams, 2012; Avenier and Thomas, 2015). The results show that co-producing the TRP is a matter of mechanisms that combine three key processes (amalgamation at the macro level, combination/recombination at the meso level, and acculturation to risk at the micro level) and four key competencies (planning, evaluation, creativity/imagination, and relationship skills). The combination of processes and key competencies promotes two major resilience mechanisms: reliability and transformation. In addition, the clarification of the ambiguous, inhibiting or favourable role of certain key factors influencing territorial strategies helps to better understand the effects that generate resilience. The SIS have to play a double role of support and structuring of the actors' networks. Our work thus contributes to meeting a triple challenge: characterizing territorial resilience, understanding its generating mechanisms and operationalizing it
L'Homme, Patrick. "Risques majeurs et droit des sols : les outils juridiques de la protection des personnes et des biens dans les zones soumises à un risque naturel prévisible ou technologique majeur". Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU2005.
Texto completo da fonteMavoungo, Joseph. "La Vulnérabilité des populations des Petites Antilles face au risque sismique, l'exemple de la Martinique : Aspects comportementaux, cognitifs, perceptifs; gestion préventive de proximité et aménagement des espaces de vie". Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0194.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis proposes a study of the vulnerability of the insulars populations face to the seismic risks from the first example of Martinique (Lesser Antilles). This choice was made especially because of the fact that this French isle, located at the heart of the seismogen zone of the highest magnitude observed, has not yet known an important earthquake since the destructive one of 1839. This isle is also open to others Caribbean spaces as the isle of Dominica. Our approach of this vulnerability will be systemic. It takes its foundation on a long campaign of investigation which privileged the human component rather than the physic component, the first one not being enough taken into consideration in the works of preventive plannification. This work shows the importance of the consideration of perceptive and cognitive factors and of the others social, cultural, psycholosociologic and economic factors associated as fundamental elements of incline and even of determination of the components of the populations before, while and after a potential seismic crisis. In all, the thesis shows that seismic risk is not a natural thing. Depending on the connection of human behaving to their natural environment, it can be controled when the population exposed, passes from fatalism to a dynamic preventive, supported by the local and national politics. We have developed a particular methodology of evolution of the vulnerability, standing at the same time on geographic criterions and intrinsic to human, which emerge on the production of a cartography of the types and level of vulnerability, of perception and of knowledge of risk. This methodology is reproducible on others insulars territories
Omar, Ali Bouh. "Risques naturels et développement dans la région de l'IGAD". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30003.
Texto completo da fonteThe IGAD region is particularly affected by natural disasters which have caused significant human and economic damages. Despites disparities, IGAD countries are among the poorest in the world. The link between wealth level, development process and natural disasters has been little studied in this context. The main aim of this thesis is to develop methods and tools of analysis to assess the causes and possible remedies of natural disasters. This research is mainly based on a database called BDCanaca which lists natural disasters’ impacts in this region. The data from this database revealed the existence of spatiotemporal disparities in natural disaster damage at regional and national scales as well. The high vulnerability of the region to natural disasters is due to the extent of socio-economic and demographic constraints. It has also shown the heterogeneity of existing sources and the inaccuracy of natural disaster balances. The intrastate or interstate conflicts that have rocked this region over the last decades are factors that explain the enormity of the impacts of natural disasters and therefore its level of vulnerability. The increasing occupation of vulnerable areas by poor populations is the main risk factor. In order to curb the natural disasters’ consequences, a panel of risk management measures and policies has been implemented by the region's states, which are among the first in the continent to procure themselves with managing body to follow up with natural disasters’ effects. But these structures do not always have the means to implement effective policies that would benefit from integrating and supporting the adaptation strategies developed by the populations from affected regions
Milinkovitch, Thomas. "Stratégie de lutte contre les catastrophes pétrolières et risque environnemental associé : évaluation de la toxicité d'un dispersant en milieu côtier chez Liza sp". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00589750.
Texto completo da fonteBédard, Rachelle. "Une analyse sociologique de la gestion mondiale du risque de désastres: Le cas de la Stratégie internationale pour la prévention des catastrophes naturelles". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26847.
Texto completo da fonteMilinkovitch, Thomas. "Stratégie de lutte contre les catastrophes pétrolières et risque environnemental associé : évaluation de la toxicité d’un dispersant en milieu côtier chez Liza sp". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROS322/document.
Texto completo da fonteDispersant application is an oil spill response technique which accelerates the dispersion of petroleum from the sea surface into the water column by inducing the formation of oil droplets. In coastal areas this response technique is controversial since the low water depth reduces the dissemination of oil droplets and by the way increases the exposure of aquatic ecosystems to petroleum. To evaluate the toxicity of dispersant application in nearshore areas, an experimental approach was conducted. Juvenile of Liza sp. were exposed to three scenarios of contamination: (i) to chemically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, dispersant application ; (ii) to mechanically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, natural dispersion due to meteorological conditions ; (iii) to an undispersed oil slick simulating, in vivo, oil slick confinement as a response technique. Toxicity of each condition of exposure was evaluated through the mortality upon a group of individuals, through the swimming performance and the metabolic scope at the organism level, and through the measurement of biomarkers at the organ level.Comparison between an undispersed oil slick and a chemically dispersed oil slick shows that dispersant application induces an increase of the mortality and decreases the ability of the animal to cope with environmental contaminants (deduced from gill and liver total glutathione rate). Conversely, comparison between both a mechanically and a chemically dispersed oil slick, suggests that, when sea water is under mixing processes, dispersant application does not enhance petroleum toxicity. Taken together these results suggest that (i) an oil slick must not be dispersed when recovery can be conducted; (ii) dispersant application could be considered as a response technique when meteorological conditions are appropriated
Peltier, Anne. "La gestion des risques naturels dans les montagnes d'Europe occidentale : étude comparative du Valais (Suisse), de la vallée d'Aoste (Italie) et des Hautes-Pyrénées (France)". Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20072.
Texto completo da fonteComparative analysis shows that for two centuries there has been a certain convergence of speeches and public policies about risks: the approach on climatic change succeeded the speech on the deforestation of mountains, and legal hazard mapping replaced the afforestation and forests protection. However, a finer analysis reveals important differences in the repartition of the competences among the different actors of risk management, with the application of preventive information and more importantly hazard mapping. The political organisation, which gives a more or less significant role to local communities in the development of zoning, constitutes one of the explanations of these differences. Equally to be taken into consideration is the political culture as well as risk philosophy, which associates the present and inherited political, social, economic and cultural contexts as well as the dominant representations in the administrations
Utasse, Marina. "Les réseaux de transport routiers face aux laves torrentielles : contribution à l'évaluation du risque : l'exemple des Alpes françaises". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010702.
Texto completo da fonteThe Alps are highly impacted by debris-flows triggered by heavy rainfall and snowmelt. Such damaging events to transportation networks caused important socio-economic impacts. Owing to many landlocked valleys in the Alps, the disturbance of road networks does not just affect the damaged area, but extends to all reliant areas and activities. The objective of this thesis was to conduct a systemic analysis of the risk-network structured around every steps of the risk. We selected three catchments located on roads with high territorial issues in the French Alps. The method combined several approaches: 1) a statistical rainfall analysis associated with damaging events, 2) a torrential flows modeling related to physical damage, 3) a comparison of theoretical road crisis management protocols with real crisis management following a damaging event, 4) functional disturbances beyond the impacted area. This thesis has highlighted the factors aggravating structural vulnerability of the network ; it explains the action planning establishing during the damaging event on the Rif Blanc June 4, 2012. Finally, it was estimated the territorial losses of accessibility at various spatial scales
Elise, Kimathy. "Risques et dégâts cycloniques : simulation des vents et images numériques". Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0256.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is set in the problem of prevention and risk reduction. The study consisted in combining several disciplines to allow the reflexion and decision-making before the passage of a hurricane through the valuation of potential damage but also after its passage by the valuation of damage for the crisis management. This undertaking implicated a research work in two levels of dimensions. A first stage which allowed, in a regional dimension, a first approach of the restitution of the wind field using the atmospheric model ARPS developed by the Oklahoma University and adapted for our applications. So, we deducted the potential resulting damage from the relation between the third power of the wind speed and the destruction induced. The second level is considered more locally, at districts scale, for an evaluation of the post crisis damage, by an analysis work on SPOT images. For better apprehending the global cyclonic risk over Guadeloupe, several scenarios of passage and a strong and a weak category of hurricane are treated. The method is validated by the treatment of the case of the hurricane Hugo. Thus, we could draw up, for each trajectory, hazard maps that we Iink to risk maps. At the same time, concerning the imagery, we applied an operator of buildings' corners to the urban zones which were determined as belonging to the zones at risks in the first level. This allows a fast analysis of the damage and enables us to have an idea of the localization and the importance of the damage
Chandes, Jérôme. "Propositions d'amélioration de la coordination de la logistique humanitaire dans la gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1073.
Texto completo da fonteThe purpose of this investigation is to underline the advantages offered by applying the collective strategy model in the context of humanitarian logistics, enriching the existing benefits that operations management and business logistics techniques have brought to the field. In both man-made and natural disaster relief, humanitarian logistics operations have been hampered by a lack of coordination between actors, which directly affects performance in terms of reactivity and reliability. Adapted collective strategies could offer a solution to this problem. A literature review deals with the issue of humanitarian logistics through an operational dimension, followed by a strategic approach. This is rounded out with a case study dealing with the Pisco earthquake in Peru (August 2007), which is based on a participant observation methodological approach.The research presented revealed that a collective action approach had a positive impact on the working of humanitarian supply chains, as long as a “hub” was used to provide accountability and reliability. If a technical approach, particularly in matters of operations management (optimization of transportation, location of regional warehouses, etc.) is essential to better manage humanitarian logistics, it must also be in the service of a collective strategy, notably in the pre-positioning of supplies and the coordination of relief efforts. The case study provides several ideas for improving operation coordination, particularly through direct “symbiotic partnerships” in vertical relations and direct “commensalistic partnerships” in horizontal relations
Quenet, Grégory. "Les tremblements de terre en France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles : une histoire sociale du risque". Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010630.
Texto completo da fonteMaldonado, Brito Moralba. "Paysage, environnement et risque naturel : concepts et tendances d'une nouvelle préoccupation : l'émergence de la notion de paysage dans la vallée de Caracas". Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010522.
Texto completo da fonteLeone, Frédéric. "Caractérisation des vulnérabilités aux catastrophes " naturelles " : contribution à une évaluation géographique multirisque (mouvements de terrain, séismes, tsunamis, éruptions volcaniques, cyclones)". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00276636.
Texto completo da fonteBourcart, Léo. "Émergence et usages du concept de résilience dans les mondes académique et institutionnel". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAH023/document.
Texto completo da fonteSince the beginning of the decade 2000, the concept of resilience has been repeatedly used in the institutional fields of international aid (emergency aid, development aid) and civil security (prevention, population protection, risks and crises management) until becoming impossible to ignore. In parallel, the concept of resilience has been used in various disciplines for a much longer time, like in psychology, geography, in the field of ecology, in political science, in management studies and in ergonomics. This thesis work precisely aims at identifying and making the inventory of these different academic and institutional uses. The first part of the thesis provides an accounting of the different uses of the concept of resilience in the disciplines and search fields previously mentioned. The second part is primarly focused on the use of the concept of resilience by the main international aid institutions and NGOs. It is secondly focused on the uses of the concept of resilience by the institutions and organizations directly involved in civil security issues at an international and European level and at a national level with the United States, the United Kingdom and France. It shows that the use of the concept of resilience can be interpreted as a reconfiguration process of their activity in a context where crises persistently happen and progressively weaken their own legitimacy and conditions of action
Sonon, Hyppolite. "L'encadrement juridique de la gestion des risques d'inondation au Bénin". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL0142.
Texto completo da fonteThe reduction of the increase of flood risks and their consequences on human security has often been thought, in developing countries, in terms of costs and techniques based on the work of climatologists, hydrologists and others, neglecting most often the legal and institutional aspect. This work on the legal framework of flood risk management in Benin aims to provide some answers to the reflection on the legal approaches to natural disaster prevention, particularly floods.If the objective of flood risk reduction policy is to implement prevention and protection measures, with adequate means, in order to protect people, property and the environment, to what extent can the legal framework for flood risk management contribute to poverty reduction? The answer can be legal, insofar as, upstream, during and downstream of the disaster, the administrations in charge apply texts and initiatives that the citizens accept and respect.In addition, and following the same objective of poverty reduction, the repair of damage caused by floods to vulnerable populations could be legally instituted in order to allow the recovery of victims. The implementation of such measures remains the best way to reduce the risk of flooding, and to ensure the security of future investments that will contribute objectively to poverty reduction
Merhi, Jihad. "Beyrouth : entre risque et sécurité. Une géopolitique urbaine d'une ville sous tension". Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040084.
Texto completo da fonteStudying urban security in Beirut, a schizophrenic city of war and peace, is in itself a challenge due to its unique security vulnerabilities. In this city, characterised by politico-religious antipathies as much as inter and intra-denominational hostilities, where authority is not lodged exclusively in the general government, the socio-economic factor, usually efficient as a scale of measurement for urban and mainly social risks, proved to be quite inoperative. Based on the fact that socio-economic fluctuations did not have significant repercussions on risks and urban security in this city, a more specific and comprehensive approach unveiled the presence of more decisive « existential » risks, endogenous to the particular type of the country’s politico-spatial structure. The country’s eccentric character revealed itself in an apparently united State structure that masks a territorialisation of public space, and thus, non-united Lebanese States. A mechanism of auto-defense grew among individuals to replace the weak authority of a fragile State in which the political regime, foreign interferences and armed group play a destructive role. The approach to the study of security in this multi-politico-religious space, which must be driven by an interpretation of the territory on a micro-local scale along with an analysis of the auto-defense mechanism, helped pave the way for the introduction of a new tool for measuring security in the framework of a sub-discipline that we agreed to call « Securitarian Geography ». Unable to fit in the classical analysis of geography, Beirut, like many other weak or fragile States, tends to require advanced studies in urban sociology and micro-political studies that put forward latent factors influencing security. This new scientific tool called «Securitarian Geography », introduced by us as researchers, will be a novelty tool in the hand of geopoliticians, to better study the specificity of infra-local sub-spaces in vulnerable territories
Briones, Gamboa Fernando. "LA CONSTRUCTION SOCIALE DU RISQUE :L'ISTHME DE TEHUANTEPEC FACE AU PHENOMENE CLIMATIQUE "EL NIÑO" [OAXACA, MEXIQUE]". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00264789.
Texto completo da fonteDans l'isthme de Tehuantepec [Oaxaca, Mexique], région multiethnique dominée par les Zapotèques, le phénomène climatique El Niño change les schémas normaux des pluies et sécheresses. Les catastrophes, des inondations petites mais récurrentes, sont davantage liées aux conditions de vulnérabilité sociale plutôt qu'à l'intensité des phénomènes météorologiques.
La construction sociale du risque est analysée à travers des conflits politiques, des réactions contre les plans de développement de ces dernières décennies, ce qui a stimulé l'industrialisation et la fragmentation des villes : Juchitán, Tehuantepec et Salina Cruz. Les zones de risque d'inondations ont été urbanisées dans le cadre de tensions politiques et de manœuvres clientélistes telles que des invasions et des distributions de terres.
D'autre part, dans la même région, quelques communautés rurales de l'ethnie huave ont des connaissances climatiques intégrées à leur organisation sociale à travers des pratiques chamaniques et un calendrier religieux où le temps occupe un rôle central, ce qui offre un ajustement minimal aux aléas. Ainsi, les impacts sont différenciés entre les villes et les villages non par l'exposition physique, sinon par la vulnérabilité sociale et des activités productives qui déterminent les représentations du risque, donc des actions face aux catastrophes dites naturelles.
Chu, Thanh Quang. "Using agent-based models and machine learning to enhance spatial decision support systems : application to resource allocation in situations of urban catastrophes". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066256.
Texto completo da fonteNikolkina, Irina. "Modélisation des écoulements de gravité et des ondes longues : application à l'évaluation des risques de catastrophes naturelles dans les Antilles françaises". Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0435/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe dissertation is devoted to research in the field of marine natural hazards (tsunamis, storm surges) in the French West Indies, using analytical and numerical models of fluid mechanics. Emphasis is placed on the development of models of landslide motion and generated tsunami waves. The simple "solid block" model is used to evaluate the characteristics of pyroclastic flow Soufriere Hills volcano (Montserrat). The "fluid model" of a landslide (so called Savage-Hutter model) is studied analytically; within this model a new family of exact solutions that describe the motion of nonlinear gravity flow in a valley or underwater canyon is found: nonlinear Riemann wave, dan break problem, self-similar solutions (M - wave and parabolic cap). In the framework of the linear shallow water theory the process of generation of tsunami waves by landslides of variable volume moving with variable velocity above the basin of variable depth is studied. For the specific bottom profile ("reflectionless" one) the resonant phenomena is investigated in the basin of variable depth. Numerical methods are used to analyze marine hazards: historical (storm surges, caused by Cyclone LILI in 2002; volcanic tsunami 2003 on Montserrat) and possible events (possible tsunami of the coast of Martinique). Various data on marine natural disasters are obtained during field surveys (volcanic tsunami in 2003, stonn surges caused by Hurricane Dean in 2007). Designed catalogs of tsunamis and storm surges are created based on results of numerical modeling and field studies; some statistical analysis is perfomed
Blesius, Jean-Christophe. "Vivre avec les industries ? De la maîtrise de l’urbanisation à l’éducation aux risques : cas de Vitry-sur-Seine (France) et de Montréal-Est (Québec)". Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1005/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe major industrial risk is the probability of a fire, a toxic spill or an explosion on a particular location. This type of risk is inherent in some establishments that store, handle, and manufacture hazardous products. The major industrial disaster, which embodies this risk, will have a significant impact on people and their property. Some densely built cities suggest situations of close cohabitation between industrial and other types of buildings (residential, equipment, other activities, etc.). By the analysis of two cases, the City of Vitry-sur-Seine, France and Montréal-Est, Québec, Canada, this research proposes a reflection on the responses implemented to cope with major industrial risks concerning two storage facilities. After a period of a necessary risk identification process, several families of responses can be implemented: reducing the risk at source ; preparation of intervention measures in case of emergency; information transmission; planning practices; emergency action; recovery. By using the expression of "risk territories", these responses indicate that the risk is able to "make do" to the territory. This research will show that, for the same type of risk, the responses may differ on the two investigation sites.This is the case of the urbanization control which aims to create (or recreate), by planning practices, a certain distance away from industries at risk and other types of construction, or more generally to promote conditions for a better coexistence between these two sets. Differences are not due to the geographical factor but rather economic and historical factors. Despite this difference, it appears a common set: a very complex implementation of the urbanization control. Moreover, it seems difficult to not live with the industry. This is also the case of the answer which consists to educate at risk. This response, at first reading, consists in talking about the major risk to young children in schools. Differences are explained by practical factors (lack of time, resources) but also and not least by the thematic of representations. Nevertheless, the implementation of a risk education seems to overcome some issues in order to not be a simple transmission of information. Thus, this research focuses on the development around hazardous industrial establishments, while proposing to extend the discussion on topics related to science education. It allows to question the place acquired to the industries in cities today. Furthermore, it attempts to show that it is better to reflect on solutions that enable a better coexistence between city and industry.KeywordsMajor industrial risk; Risk territories ; Prevention; Control of urbanization ; Risk Culture ; Risk Education