Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Right to a citizenship"
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Ajeng Adinda, Sekar Dani, Antikowati - e Rosita Indrayati. "Political Rights of the Indonesian Citizen Possessing Dual Citizenship: A Contextual Analysis". Indonesian Journal of Law and Society 1, n.º 1 (30 de março de 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ijls.v1i1.16760.
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The issue of citizenship is one part of the study of state studies or commonly referred to as State Administration Law. One element of state existence is citizenship (algemene staatslehre). In the context of citizenship, the issue of citizenship is critical because, in general, the state consists of three elements, namely the territory, people who are identical with citizens, and sovereign government as a constitutive element and the recognition of other countries as declarative elements. Every citizen must have citizenship because it is an essential thing. After all, citizenship has a close relationship between the citizen and the country in which the citizen lives. These matters relate to citizens related to identity, rights, obligations, participation or participation, and shared social ownership. In addition, with citizenship, citizens automatically have legal protection wherever they are. Having two citizenships is no longer a taboo for citizens and is likely to continue to develop in the future. The fact is that there are citizens aged 18 years or over who have dual citizenship, even though the ownership of dual citizenship should be limited. One of the rights of every citizen is the right to be elected and elected. However, there are still citizens who have dual citizenship. Because of dual citizenship, approaching the General Election confuses citizens of those who have dual citizenship but still wants to fulfill their rights in electing potential national leaders and also the right to lead Indonesia.
Keywords: Political Rights, Citizenship, Dual Citizenship.
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Baruah, Padmini. ""The Right to Have Rights": Assam and the Legal Politics of Citizenship". Socio-Legal Review 16, n.º 2 (janeiro de 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55496/palt8847.
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The historical contestations around documentary citizenship in Assam have led to a situation where people from ethno -religious minority groups find themselves at the fringes of citizenship. Through a closer look at case law being played out before Assam’s citizenship tribunals, this article seeks to explore the arbitrary bureaucratic barriers that are depriving people of their crucial right to access all other rights. This is framed in the context of the historical developments that have led to conflicts around identity in the region. Through my research, I argue that the use of documentation has served specific political goals which work in tandem with existing vulnerabilities to disenfranchise those who are already disadvantaged.
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Lala Anggina Salsabila, Putri Handayani, Siti Anisah Nasution, Syarifa Aini, Bryan Yamolala Ndruru, Rahmat Fitra e Fazli Rachman. "Dampak Kewarganegaraan Ganda Bagi Warga Indonesia". Mandub : Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora 1, n.º 4 (29 de novembro de 2023): 352–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.59059/mandub.v1i4.732.
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In Indonesia, every individual has the right to citizenship status, as regulated in Article 28D Paragraph 4 of the 1945 Constitution which states that "every person has the right to citizenship status." Even though Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia in principle does not recognize dual citizenship, several legal experts and activists have proposed that Indonesia provide protection for mixed marriage families by implementing the principle of dual citizenship. This article aims to determine the impact of dual citizenship on Indonesian citizens. The research method used is a qualitative approach with library study data analysis techniques. Conceptually, dual citizenship can be interpreted narrowly and broadly. In a narrow sense, dual citizenship refers to the concept of dual citizenship (dual citizenship/nationality) in the status of a person who has two citizenships from two different countries. In a broad sense, dual citizenship is expanded not only to dual citizenship, but also to more than multiple citizenships (plural/multiple citizenship/nationality). In general, dual citizenship can arise due to the application of the principles of citizenship in terms of reciprocal birth (interplay), between the principles of jus sanguinis and jus soli or the naturalization of a citizen of one country to another country.
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Savchyn, Halyna, e Vitalina Borovikova. "CONTENTS OF THE RIGHT TO CITIZENSHIP: CERTAIN ASPECTS". Social & Legal Studios 13, n.º 3 (29 de setembro de 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32518/2617-4162-2021-3-20-27.
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The article is devoted to the research of current tendencies changes of the content of the right of citizenship under the influence of general integration processes and practices of European Court of human rights. The content of the right of citizenship is subjected under new tendencies assessment taking place in the process of realization of the Association Treaty between Ukraine and European Union. Analyzing the notion of citizenship in the context of Constitution, national legislature, European convention of citizenship differentiation of formal and legal status of an individual, legal relations between an individual and a state, combination of rights and duties according to the current tendencies of the conception of citizenship evolution are carried out. It’s indicated in the work that according to the current realization of the content of the right of citizenship it’s appropriate to maintain practical intention of regulation of legal nature and essence of absent nationality, improving of contextual and legislative principles concerning citizenship and legal identity of an individual in Ukraine as one of the basic constitutional human right. The right of citizenship, as institution of constitutional law, in recent years was proved as subjective right, changing owing to interpretation of citizenship by European Court of human rights within conventional rights and freedoms. At the same time a state, that is the subject of the definition of citizenship policy, regulates all spectrum of issues, connected with citizenship and derivative from above mentioned institution by national legislature. The sphere of citizenship minimally influenced by the norms of international law, that refers legal regulation of citizenship to the internal affairs of a state. A state owns the possibilities to determine a circle of citizens, correcting grounds of citizenship admission, setting restriction for citizens. The right of citizenship is a protection measure of possible behavior directing for the gratification of human interests, appeared in connection with acquirement, changing and outgoing of citizenship. The effectiveness of guarantees of the realization of right of citizenship in Ukraine consists of making legal guarantees that are contained in the norms of laws and depends on logic and systematic expediency, accurate focus and certainty relating specific subject and appropriate social relationship.
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Mudrinić, Ljiljana. "Multiple citizenship and steteless persons". Megatrend revija 19, n.º 3 (2022): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2202237m.
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Citizenship is important for every individual, and therefore it is necessary for states to see the right to Citizenship more through the interest of man than the policy they pursue, since beings should enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms without discrimination, and the corpus of those right and freedom also constitutes the right to citizenship. The paper discusses the international Conventions on Citizenship, especially those that address the vulnerable, stateless persons and refugees, and are dedicated to solving the problem of their status and their right to citizenship. The right to multiple citizenship, as well as the citizenship of the European Union and the member states, occupies an important place in the work.
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Darmawan, Feby Dwiki, e Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto. "Invoking International Human Rights Law To Prevent Statelessness Of International Refugee Children Born In Indonesia". Prophetic Law Review 5, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2023): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/plr.vol5.iss1.art2.
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The right to a nationality is an essential human right. The importance of having a nationality lies in the fact that it is a necessary condition for the protection and enjoyment of certain basic human rights. Consequently, the failure to fulfil the right of a child to get citizenship will have an impact on the fulfillment of their basic rights. This study explores the urgency of granting citizenship status for the statelessness of international refugee children born in Indonesia, and Indonesia’s responsibility to fulfill the right to a nationality for International Refugee children born in Indonesia under International Human Rights Law. This type of research is normative research using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results of this study indicate that, under international human rights law, everyone has the right to have citizenship and be recognized by their nationality from birth, including children born to refugees. Citizenship status in a person has become a practical prerequisite to be able to obtain respect, protection, and optimal fulfillment of human rights. Indonesian laws and regulations provide two approaches to obtaining citizenship status for refugee children born in Indonesia. The first solution is to prevent citizenship through positive law, and the second solution is to provide citizenship through naturalization. It is hoped that the Indonesian government will be proactive in fulfilling its obligation to provide Indonesian citizenship rights in refugee children’s best interests, and the Indonesian government is expected to ratify the 1954 and 1961 Refugee Conventions.
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Htun, Su Yin. "Legal Aspects of the Right to Nationality Pursuant to Myanmar Citizenship Law". Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 3, n.º 2 (22 de dezembro de 2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v3i2.13480.
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It is universally accepted that everyone has the right to citizenship. Myanmar’s framework on the right to nationality constitutes a unique, exclusive, ethnic citizenship system based on jus sanguinis or the law of blood. Myanmar’s Citizenship Law was enacted in 1982 by repealing the Union Citizenship Act of 1948. As citizenship parameters were changed by the Law, many people in the Kachin, Karen, and Rakhine states lost their nationality rights and consequently suffered human rights abuses. In the Rakhine state, serious communal violence occurred in 2012, 2016, and 2017, and the government declared a state of emergency. This research paper focuses on how Myanmar can adhere to international standards for nationality rights. It provides a historical overview and legal analysis of citizenship laws in Myanmar using a human rights lens and offers suggestions for legal reforms that can help address the problem of statelessness in Myanmar. Specifically, it recommends the use of the jus soli, or the law of the soil, approach to citizenship.
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Brøgger, Ditte. "Unequal urban rights: Critical reflections on property and urban citizenship". Urban Studies 56, n.º 14 (14 de janeiro de 2019): 2977–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018802773.
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In the fast-growing cities of the Global South, urban forms of citizenship and urban rights are unequally defined and locally negotiated. The aim of this paper is to add the themes of property, landownership and housing as perspectives in the understanding of urban citizenship and to demonstrate how the urban is an arena for the negotiation of rights. This is done by examining urban citizenship and the graduated system of locally negotiated rights, including the right to property, the right to belong to an urban community and the right to urban resources. The research is located geographically in Nepal, where a typology of different classes of citizenship is developed in order to explain how classes of urban citizenship have different rights in the urban. Central to this is an analysis of unequal rights and unequal access to essential urban resources and services. The paper finds that the definition of (new) classes of urban citizenship in Nepal is critically embedded in historical practices and social structures. This demonstrates the relevance of further research into exclusionary practices in urban areas in the rapidly urbanising Global South and adds to the discussion of different types of urban citizenship and unequal rights to the urban space.
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Kim, Man Kwon. "Digital Citizenship As “The Right to Have Rights”". Ctizen&the World 40 (30 de junho de 2022): 167–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35548/cw.2022.06.40.167.
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Shachar, Ayelet. "Introduction: Citizenship and the ‘Right to Have Rights’". Citizenship Studies 18, n.º 2 (17 de fevereiro de 2014): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2014.886389.
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Wiesbrock, Anja. "Granting Citizenship-related Rights to Third-Country Nationals: An Alternative to the Full Extension of European Union Citizenship?" European Journal of Migration and Law 14, n.º 1 (2012): 63–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181612x628282.
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Abstract This article discusses the extension of citizenship-related rights to third-country nationals (TCNs) and their analogous interpretation with the rights enjoyed by European Union citizens. Starting with a discussion of the limited possibilities of fully extending Union citizenship to TCNs, it proceeds to discuss the Court’s case law regarding the application of EU general principles of law to TCNs and the interpretation of Union law concepts. It is argued that granting TCNs citizenship-related rights, such as the right to move freely within the EU and the right to non-discrimination on grounds of nationality, and their analogous interpretation with the rights enjoyed by Union citizens constitute a viable alternative to the full extension of Union citizenship.
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Reyntjens, Louise. "Citizenship Deprivation under the European Convention-System: A Case Study of Belgium". Statelessness & Citizenship Review 1, n.º 2 (17 de dezembro de 2019): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35715/scr1002.114.
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In response to Islamic-inspired terrorism and the growing trend of foreign fighters, European governments are increasingly relying on citizenship deprivation as a security tool. This paper will focus on the question of how the fundamental rights of individuals deprived of their citizenship are affected and which protection is offered for them by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (‘ECHR’). In many countries, these new and broader deprivation powers were left unaccompanied by stronger (procedural) safeguards that protect the human rights they might affect. Unlike the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the ECHR does not provide for an explicit right to citizenship. The question therefore rises what protection, if any, is offered by the ECHRsystem against citizenship deprivation and for the right to citizenship. Through a case study of the Belgian measure of citizenship deprivation, the (implicit) protection provided by the Convention-system is demonstrated.
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Arief, Supriyadi A. "Decompose Dual Nationality (Dual Citizenship) In Indonesia In Human Rights Perspective and Welfare State". SASI 26, n.º 4 (30 de dezembro de 2020): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v26i4.269.
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The state is obliged to fulfill and protect the rights of its citizens, including the right to citizenship status. This status will facilitate citizens in living their lives, both in the country that grants citizenship status and in other countries. The high mobility of citizens results in boundaries between countries no longer limited by distance and time. As a result, a person's citizenship status can change, either because of personal needs or obligations of the second country which requires citizens to have citizenship status of the country. The problem in this research is to what extent dual citizenship in the perspective of human rights can realize a welfare system ?. This research is a normative study using a statutory approach, historical approach, and case approach. The results of the study indicate that the guarantee of the right to citizenship status is an inseparable part of the concept of human rights as contained in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. However, with the rapid flow of global developments causing dual citizenship accommodation in Indonesian citizenship law is something that can be applied in the future. Recognition of dual citizenship can be seen as part of the efforts of the state to bring prosperity to all citizens and protect the citizens' rights to citizenship status.
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Biparva, Amir, e Seyed Ghasem Zamani. "Human and Citizenship Rights Education by Media". Modern Applied Science 10, n.º 9 (7 de junho de 2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n9p101.
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Development of human rights and citizenship rights is based on publication of its concepts among the people in global society. This publication of concepts and introduction of the people from different nations to human rights are done through education. Media with their role in transfer of information and knowledge have educational function. Media with their educational function ensured education right as one of the human rights while informing the public thoughts with their own rights and increasing their demands through human rights and citizenship rights education. Human rights and citizenship rights education activate the people of society in normalization of the related rules and this media education which is directly and indirectly related to obligation of states to right of education binds the states to respond to increased demands of human rights and citizenship rights and take action regarding development of the human and citizenship rights in national and international level. Human rights and citizenship rights have exclusive capability which leads to increased awareness of states with human and citizenship rights and increased demands of states and international society considering high number of media addresses and diversity of their content in presentation of materials about human and citizenship rights in education for all society levels and increased demand leads states and international society to develop norms of the human and citizenship rights through legislation, codification and enactment of the conventions on human rights and this process leads to development of human and citizenship rights at local and global levels.
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Oltay, Edith. "Concepts of Citizenship in Eastern and Western Europe". Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 11, n.º 1 (1 de setembro de 2017): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auseur-2017-0003.
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AbstractThe classical meaning of citizenship evokes a nation-state with a well-defined territory for its nationals, where national identity and sovereignty play a key role. Global developments are challenging the traditional nation-state and open a new stage in the history of citizenship. Transnational citizenship involving dual and multiple citizenships has become more and more accepted in Europe. Numerous scholars envisaged a post-national development where the nation-state no longer plays a key role. While scholarly research tended to focus on developments in Western Europe, a dynamic development also took place in Eastern Europe following the collapse of communism. Dual citizenship was introduced in most Eastern European countries, but its purpose was to strengthen the nation by giving the ethnic kin abroad citizenship and non-resident voting rights. In Western Europe, the right of migrants to citizenship has been expanded throughout the years in the hope that this would result in their better integration into society. Eastern Europe and Western Europe operate with different concepts of citizenship because of their diverging historical traditions and current concerns. The concept of nation and who belong to the national community play a key role in the type of citizenship that they advocate.
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Gyawali, Chandra Kanta. "Citizenship: A Political or Legal Matter? From Legal - Anthropological Perspective". Patan Pragya 6, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2020): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v6i1.34394.
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Citizenship is a political as well as legal or a constitutional matter. This is also a social right of citizen. The status of being a citizen and the quality of persons, works as a member of a community. Without citizenship, one is denied of rights to live, work, vote, pay taxes and many other things related to his or her rights and duties. Consanguineous relationship, jus soli, naturalization and honorary are considered as major categories of citizenship in Nepal.
The citizenship on consanguineous relationship may be linked with the theory of anthropology under the direct line descent, immediate descent, lineal descent, maternal line descent, mediate descent and paternal line descent.
In Nepal, a child of a citizen having obtained the citizenship of Nepal by birth prior to the commencement of the Constitution of Nepal should acquire the citizenship of Nepal by descent, if the child’s father and mother (parents) both are citizens of Nepal. Many citizens are in condition of statelessness and deprived of the right to obtain citizenship due to legal, social, administrative, poverty and identities problems of the citizens. Therefore, any citizen of Nepal should not be statelessness or deprived of the right to obtain citizenship on the basis sex, caste, and race, religion social and cultural values.
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Prabowo, Yogi, Wicipto Setiadi e Ahmad Ahsin Thohari. "Fulfillment Of Citizenship Rights For The Children Of Indonesian Migrant Workers Who Are Working Illegally In Malaysia". Journal of Social Science (JoSS) 3, n.º 4 (13 de maio de 2024): 1350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.57185/joss.v3i4.301.
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The right to citizenship is a fundamental right for every human being. However, there are still individuals who have not been able to access their citizenship rights, namely the children of Indonesian migrant workers who are working illegally in Malaysia. The author wants to know about the protection of citizenship rights for the children of Indonesian migrant workers who work illegally in Malaysia, as well as the state's responsibility in fulfilling the citizenship rights of these children. This research used a qualitative normative method. It relied on literature and written sources for data. The results indicate that the children of Indonesian migrant workers who work illegally in Malaysia, according to principles and applicable laws, are Indonesian citizens. However, they do not have documents to prove their citizenship. The Indonesian government has a responsibility to ensure the possession of citizenship documents for the children of Indonesian migrant workers who work illegally in Malaysia.
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Lee, Charles T. "Improvising “Nonexistent Rights”: Immigrants, Ethnic Restaurants, and Corporeal Citizenship in Suburban California". Social Inclusion 7, n.º 4 (28 de novembro de 2019): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i4.2305.
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Building on Henri Lefebvre’s radical concept of “right to the city,” contemporary literatures on urban citizenship critically shift the locus of citizenship from its juridical-political foundation in the sovereign state to the spatial politics of the urban inhabitants. However, while the political discourse of right to the city presents a vital vision for urban democracy in the shadow of neoliberal restructuring, its exclusive focus on democratic agency and practices can become disconnected from the everyday experiences of city life on the ground. In fact, in cities that lack longstanding/viable urban citizenship mechanisms that can deliver meaningful political participation, excluded subjects may bypass formal democratic channels to improvise their own inclusion, belonging, and rights in an informal space that the sovereign power does not recognize. Drawing on my fieldwork in the Asian restaurant industry in several multiethnic suburbs in Southern California, this article investigates how immigrant restaurant entrepreneurs, workers, and consumers engender a set of “nonexistent rights” through their everyday production and consumption of ethnic food. I name this improvisational political ensemble corporeal citizenship to describe the material, affective, and bodily dimensions of inclusion, belonging, and “rights” that immigrants actualize through their everyday participation in this suburban ethnic culinary commerce. For many immigrants operating in the global circuits of neoliberal capitalism, citizenship no longer just means what Hannah Arendt (1951) once suggested as “the right to have rights,” or what Engin Isin and Peter Nyers (2014) reformulate as “the right to claim rights,” but also the right to reinvent ways of claiming rights. I suggest such improvisation of nonexistent rights has surprising political implications for unorthodox ways of advancing democratic transformation.
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Manzoor, Bushra, e Muhammad Daniyal Khan. "Gender Discrimination and its Impact on Pakistani Women Married to Afghan Refugees (1980-2018)". Central Asia 93, Winter (10 de janeiro de 2024): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-93.207.
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Gender discrimination in nationality law of Pakistan not only undermines women’s equality in citizenship but also violates their right and results in hardships for their families. State’s Nationality law that discriminate women to have equal rights of citizenship undermines them to access healthcare, education, employment, family unity, inheritance, mobility and property rights. The current research highlights the problems faced by the women married to Afghan refugees through thematic and discourse analysis of the interviewees using CAQDA, i.e., MAXQDA-2022 software. The study is qualitative in nature and the analysis is based on a coding model. The sample is taken through snowball sampling of the population under study. The research shows how unequal nationality laws violate women right to get citizenship and obstruct their equality in the family. The Pakistani law of citizenship also impacts the enjoyment of women right by them as well as their children and spouses.
Gender equality in nationality laws is not only fundamental to equal citizenship of women but it also support families’ wellbeing, children rights to identity and sustainable development. Thereby, it will benefit the society as a whole.
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Dari, Victoria. "Guarantees of governance of the right to nationality in states of continental law". National Law Journal, n.º 2(248) (janeiro de 2023): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/1811-0770.2022.1(247).05.
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Citizenship is a fundamental right, a legal situation, a quality, a legal status. Therefore, fundamental rights are enshrined in constitutions and are determined by the legal status of the citizen, which are essential for citizens, for life, liberty and the development of their personality. These rights are essential only in relation to a company. The fundamental right - the right to citizenship, is a subjective right of citizens of a state, an essential right to life, liberty and dignity, indispensable for the development of human personality, a right established by the Constitution and guaranteed by the Constitution. The article includes the analysis of the guarantees of the right to citizenship in the legal systems analyzed comparatively: continental and Anglo-Saxon law. The authors consider it opportune to first make a brief characterization of the mentioned legal systems, highlighting the main features that bring them closer or distinguish them. The states in both legal systems under review provide in its legislation the possibility of naturalization for persons legally residing in its territories.
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Dingu-Kyrklund, Elena. "The Human Right to Citizenship". Nordic Journal of Human Rights 22, n.º 02 (24 de maio de 2004): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1891-814x-2004-02-11.
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Aranha, Stephen. "Citizenship as a Fundamental Right". International Journal of Bahamian Studies 21, n.º 1 (28 de outubro de 2015): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15362/ijbs.v21i1.212.
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Spiro, P. J. "Dual citizenship as human right". International Journal of Constitutional Law 8, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2010): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/mop035.
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Jarmara, Tomáš. "Cultural Right, Citizenship and State". Civilia 11, n.º 2 (15 de dezembro de 2020): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/civ.2020.011.
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Stormhøj, Christel. "Women’s Citizenship Rights And The Right To Religious Freedom". Nordic Journal of Religion and Society 23, n.º 01 (10 de fevereiro de 2017): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1890-7008-2010-01-04.
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Öst, Heidi. "The Concept of the Åland Islands’ Regional Citizenship and Its Impact on the Inclusion of Migrants". European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 13, n.º 1 (22 de maio de 2016): 220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01301011.
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This article explores how the minority protection regime affects immigrants in the Åland Islands, focusing on the institution of regional citizenship. Is the inclusion of migrants in the Åland Islands of Finland affected by this institution? The article reviews the historical foundations of the minority protection regime, its legislative development, and contemporary debates surrounding the Åland Islands’ institution of regional citizenship. It argues that the right of domicile of the Åland Islands should not be considered a barrier to inclusion for immigrants although it is in part tied to political rights, as well as to the right to acquire property and trade in the Islands. Contemporary debates on the link between the right of domicile and Finnish citizenship attest to the contested nature of this marginal regional citizenship, which, to the extent it performs an exclusionary function, depends on the construction of national citizenship.
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Kantrowitz, Stephen. "Jurisdiction, Civilization, and the Ends of Native American Citizenship: The View from 1866". Western Historical Quarterly 52, n.º 2 (17 de março de 2021): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/whab003.
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Abstract Most nineteenth-century political debates over U.S. citizenship revolved around the claims of people, often African Americans or immigrants, who aspired to that status. But Native American citizenship’s genealogy began instead with the United States assertion of the right to purchase or conquer the territory of its Indigenous neighbors, to replace them as its sole or primary inhabitants, and to make policy for the people thereby dispossessed. These very different histories of citizenship collided in 1866, when the U.S. Senate considered how to codify that status in the Civil Rights Act and Fourteenth Amendment. This article interprets these debates as the collision of an array of distinct and divergent settler colonial processes and experiences. It argues that the ultimate resolution—a half-articulated commitment to let local settler communities decide—both contradicted the ostensible purposes of the Civil Rights Act and accurately reflected how the era’s settler colonial society understood the purposes and functions of Native citizenship.
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Uyun, Qurrotul. "DUE TO LAW OF SELECTING THE RIGHT REPUDIATION CITIZENSHIP STATUS IN CITIZENSHIP LAW REVIEW OF INDONESIA". JARES (Journal of Academic Research and Sciences) 4, n.º 2 (30 de setembro de 2019): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35457/jares.v4i2.809.
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Designation (naturalization) includes giving Indonesian citizenship status of one or a number of people from foreign nationals, or gives the status as a citizen of Indonesia or the number of people who do not have citizenship (stateless) .According to the laws of the Republic of Indonesia citizens who have dual citizenship must choose one of these citizenship so until he has only one nationality. For Indonesian citizens are treated when these approvals to those Indonesian nationals, according to Indonesian citizenship legislation that called "gain" or "select" nationality of the Republic of Indonesia will be replaced with Indonesian nationality, and which are called "retained" Dutch nationality or nationality of foreign countries or "reject" Indonesian nationality. So goes the Indonesian nationality, if it has lost the nationality Indonesia automatically all matters concerned with the rights and obligations of citizens or her country also erased or lost. The problem that will be discussed are: Does the right of repudiation in the process of selecting citizenship status lead to legal consequences for those concerned? Does repudiation rights used in the process of selecting citizenship status in Indonesia? By studying this research, it is expected to find out the point of problems in selecting indonesian citizenship.This research used qualitative. Since this method is a directed and systemic method. In addition, this research study used statute approach and conceptual approach. It is an approach which comes from views and doctrines that are developed in the science of law.The findings of this research are: first, as a result of law that is rejected, rejected state has no right to force someone to reject the offer, this happens because of self-will without intervension from other sides. Since, the status of citizenship related to the existence in getting right and obligation of someone in every action. The second problem is repudiation right that is used in Indonesia by special naturalization. It means that the state is able to offer or give citizenship status by using it, and in this session, the citizen has right to receive or reject that offer.
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Piraman, Fatemeh, Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Ahmadi e Masoud Raei. "Pathological Analysis of the Charter of Citizenship Rights in Iran in Judicial Rights Terms with a Focus on Human Dignity". Journal of Politics and Law 10, n.º 1 (29 de dezembro de 2016): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n1p177.
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Judicial right is one of the most significant fields of citizenship rights. A large part of the right legal instances become considerable when a citizen is under suspicion. To codify the examples of legal rights principally, the concept of human dignity needs to be the focal point on a constant basis. In the case of ignoring this criterion in arranging the constitutional rights the justice would not be attained, and the legal security of the citizens would be disrupted.Within the constitutional rights of Iran, the charter of the citizenship rights as a comprehensive document considered within the constitutional right field. In the preface and principles of this document human dignity is confirmed as one of the most significant factors in codifying the citizenship rights. However, in the continuation and in the arrangement of the instances of the citizenship rights this criterion has not been considered as expected.The charter of the constitutional rights compared to previous rules of it has no significant innovation. Two groups of factors have caused the insignificant role of human dignity within the judicial rights. The first groups include the general factors such as presenting an inaccurate definition of citizen and mingling the instances of human rights with examples of rights. The second group of factors that mostly relate the lack of precise positioning towards some of the accepted principles of the legal right has provided the possibility of violating human dignity in this charter.
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Prabowo, Yogi, e Taufiqurrohman Syahuri. "Citizenship In Immigration Perspective". Journal of Law and Border Protection 4, n.º 2 (1 de outubro de 2022): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v4i2.360.
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Citizenship shows the relationship between the state and citizens. The right to citizenship is the basic right of every person. However, the state absolutely can determine the principles in determining citizenship. Indonesia has made arrangements for citizenship through Law Number 12 of 2006 regarding Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia. This research uses normative legal analysis because the object of this research is the legislation which has permanent and binding legal force. Conceptually, Indonesia makes Pancasila as its own views, ideas, and ideals about ideal citizenship. In determining citizenship status, Indonesia adheres to the ius sanguinis principle and the ius soli principle to a limited extent. Basically, Indonesia applies single citizenship, but children can be given limited dual citizenship for the sake of fulfilling human rights and protection. With the regulation of citizenship both in national and international law, in fact there are still stateless people. Indonesia is also inseparable from the existence of stateless people. In line with the regulation of citizenship in Indonesia, Immigration is here to provide services and protection to the status of Indonesian citizenship, as well as to ensure the existence and activities of foreign nationals in the territory of Indonesia in order to guarantee the potential, dignity and worth of every person in accordance with human rights based on Pancasila and The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
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Arianto, Dian. "THE PROTECTION TO CHILDREN OF DUAL CITIZENSHIP IN POSSESSING TITLE ON LAND IN INDONESIA". Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 6, n.º 3 (31 de dezembro de 2017): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v6i3.16786.
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<p>This juridical-normative research aims to identify and analyze the protection of the proprietary rights of children born under mixed marriages over ownership right and ownership right conveyance process for children with dual citizenship. The research results indicated that the legal protection on ownership right proprietary rights of children under mixed marriages can be enjoyed by the children by choosing Indonesian as their citizenship at most 1 year after obtaining such bequest over the land. When the children choose foreign citizenship, then they must pass the ownership rightover the land. The transfer process on the land requires the children to be at least 18 years of age or married and cannot be represented by foreign parents/custodians, and thus a trustee is appointed based on District Court’ ruling.</p>
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Maas, Willem. "Free Movement and Discrimination: Evidence from Europe, the United States, and Canada". European Journal of Migration and Law 15, n.º 1 (2013): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342025.
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Abstract This article surveys some general lessons to be drawn from the tension between the promise of citizenship to deliver equality and the particularistic drive to maintain diversity. Democratic states tend to guarantee free movement within their territory to all citizens, as a core right of citizenship. Similarly, the European Union guarantees (as the core right of EU citizenship) the right to live and the right to work anywhere within EU territory to EU citizens and members of their families. Such rights reflect the project of equality and undifferentiated individual rights for all who have the status of citizen. But they are not uncontested. Within the EU, several member states propose to reintroduce border controls and to restrict access for EU citizens who claim social assistance. Similar tensions and attempts to discourage freedom of movement also exist in other political systems, and the article gives examples from the United States and Canada. Within democratic states, particularly federal ones and others where decentralized jurisdictions are responsible for social welfare provision, it thus appears that some citizens can be more equal than others. Principles such as benefit portability, prohibition of residence requirements for access to programs or rights, and mutual recognition of qualifications and credentials facilitate the free flow of people within states and reflect the attempt to eliminate internal borders. Within the growing field of migration studies, most research focuses on international migration, movement between states, involving international borders. But migration across jurisdictional boundaries within states is at least as important as international migration. Within the European Union, free movement often means changing residence across jurisdictional boundaries within a political system with a common citizenship, even though EU citizenship is not traditional national citizenship. The EU is thus a good test of the tension between the equality promised by common citizenship and the diversity institutionalized by borders.
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Shafiei, Mohammad Saeed, e Meysam Nematollahi. "Supporting Individual and Society as One of the Principles of Citizenship Rights in Islamic Republic of Iran". Journal of Politics and Law 9, n.º 10 (30 de novembro de 2016): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n10p180.
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Citizenship rights is an obvious issue and one must defend the rights of citizens; but at the same time, we must consider the social realities of a society. When one speaks of the rights of citizens in a society, it does not mean to abide it and this right must be respected especially by government officials. To achieve this objective, the emphasis on understanding, implementation, and observance of citizenship rights should become as a culture and the government should do its supportive measures and efforts fairly and accurately so that social anomalies that are rooted in the lack of abiding citizenship rights, do not spread in the society. Therefore, it should be said that citizens, society, and the government are the three vertices if citizenship rights triangle, as the existence of all vertices is necessary. In this article, we discuss the concepts of citizenship rights and evaluate and assess the supporting principles of the individual and society which are considered as the government’s duties. The reason for studying this issue is to find out why to support individual and society rights? Is this support a citizenship right? The aim of this study is to review citizenship rights including socio-political rights, economic rights and social welfare, judicial and cultural rights as well as supporting principles of the individual and society. To do this study, articles, and various books were studied and fundamentals of supporting the individual and society were developed and extracted. This review showed that supporting individual and community are including citizenship rights, and has been emphasized in all laws and international conventions.
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Pronyakina, Svetlana Yu. "Dual and multiple citizenship in the Russian Federation: Prospects for the development of legal regulation". Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 24, n.º 2 (22 de maio de 2024): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2024-24-2-203-210.
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Introduction. After the legislative distinction between the concepts of “dual citizenship” and “multiple citizenship”, predicting the prospects for the development of legal regulation of social relations emerging in the field of dual and multiple citizenship, as well as development of practical proposals to consolidate the legal status of persons with multiple citizenship in the Russian Federation, becomes relevant. Theoretical analysis. The author examined the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating the legal status of persons with dual and multiple citizenship, in particular, analyzed the current legislative restrictions and prohibitions established for this category of persons. Empirical analysis. The author studied the problem of exercising electoral rights by citizens of the Russian Federation with multiple citizenship, including the problem of renouncing the citizenship of a foreign state, and analyzed judicial practice on challenging decisions of election commissions of municipalities on the annulment of registration/refusal to register candidates for deputies. Results. The author proposes the concept of the Federal Law “On the legal status of persons with multiple citizenship in the Russian Federation”: legislative consolidation of the concept of “person with multiple citizenship”, formulation of the goals of establishing prohibitions for persons with multiple citizenship, establishment of additional prohibitions for persons with multiple citizenship in the sphere of the use of electoral rights, in particular, the ban on passive suffrage (the right to be elected) in municipal elections, the ban on active suffrage (the right to vote) for persons with multiple citizenship permanently residing outside the Russian Federation.
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Madmalil, Ehsan, e Fereydoun Akbarzadeh. "Theoretical reflection on the impact of globalization processes on civil rights". Environment Conservation Journal 16, SE (5 de dezembro de 2015): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2015.se1637.
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The concept of citizenship is one of the old key concepts in political philosophy that has been reproduced in various forms since the formation of classical political philosophy up to modern times within the theory set forth in this type of theoretical philosophy. So, pre-modern theory, modern theory and postmodern theory can be noted. The concept of citizenship is an idea which governs the right of modern human and was emerged in the Western Europe and is a product of modern politics. Accepting Legal and political rights and duties is raised by citizenship status, its main foundation and the basic idea of the concept. In the contemporary world, citizenship has been interested more than other societies. The question that comes to mind here is that how is the situation of civil rights in the era of theoretical terms in globalization? In response to the question hypothesis is that with globalization, citizenship in its modern form that was enclosed in the geography of the national government has lost its sense and civil rights embodied in the discourses that are outside the reach of state law. This study aimed to investigate the impact of globalization on the civil right and conceptual evolution theoretically, as contemporary theorists have theorized it. Research findings indicate the "global citizenship" as a concept is emerging in the era of globalization as the result of rethinking of citizenship in the modern age. The methodology of study is analysis - descriptive, this means that the concept of civil right is described and then the theoretical changes in the era of globalization will be analyzed.
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Pathak, Urvi. "Statelessness And The Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019: The Case Of Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees". Socio-Legal Review 17, n.º 2 (julho de 2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.55496/lunc3940.
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For decades since the Sri Lankan civil war, Sri Lankan Tamil refugees have lived as stateless persons in India. However, India does not recognise “refugees” and “stateless persons” as legally separate categories, and treats them in a common immigration system with “ foreigners”. This conflation of citizenship law with the immigration regime is a result of the introduction of the category of “illegal migrant” as a determinative tool of Indian citizenship. This paper explores recent shifts in Indian citizenship laws, which have been embroiled in the tension between jus soli and jus sanguinis bases of citizenship, particularly with the category of “illegal migrant” and the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, and their impact on Sri Lankan Tamil refugees’ citizenship. This paper finds that despite the influence of international human rights, formal citizenship continues to be the clinching factor in Sri Lankan Tamil refugees’ quality and security of life in India today – an echo of Hannah Arendt’s conception of the “right to have rights”, by which she meant that the right to citizenship is a gateway for an individual to access all other rights. Against this backdrop, this paper suggests interim solutions for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees to secure formal citizenship in India, and in particular, the role of courts in crafting jurisprudence that would support the alleviation of their statelessness. In the same breath, this paper strongly argues in favour of, first, the need for a forward-looking reconceptualization of Indian citizenship laws based on the jus soli principle; and second, a recognition of India’s burden under the UN Conventions on statelessness to reduce and prevent statelessness, particularly through eliminating documentation-heavy citizenship determinations.
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McMahon, Joe, Adam Cygan e Erika Szyszczak. "II. Eu Citizenship". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 55, n.º 4 (outubro de 2006): 977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei139.
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The Court has continued with its expansive interpretation of the Citizenship provisions in Article 18 EC which it had previously acknowledged as being a fundamental right granted to all EU citizens by the Treaty.1 The case-law of the Court has, in particular, stressed the relationship between the free movement rights under Article 18 EC and preventing discrimination against EU nationals on grounds of nationality and without which the Citizenship provisions would lack force. Two recent judgments of Bidar2 and Ioannidis3 demonstrate the extent to which the Court will prevent covert discrimination on grounds of nationality. In a third judgment, that of Schempp,4 the Court, seemingly sensitive to criticism of interfering in domestic tax policy, adopts a more measured interpretation of discrimination when considering whether the rights granted under Article 18 EC are interfered with.
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I Made Lanang Maha Adi Putra e Ni Made Ari Yuliartini Griadhi. "Analisis Pengaturan Status Kewarganegaraan Seseorang Yang Melakukan Perkawinan Campuran Di Indonesia Dari Perspektif HAM". Jurnal Relasi Publik 1, n.º 2 (25 de maio de 2023): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.59581/jrp-widyakarya.v1i2.367.
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This study aims to find out and understand the regulation of the citizenship status of a person who enters into mixed marriages in Indonesia, and to know and understand this regulation from a human rights perspective. The method used is normative research using a conceptual approach and a statutory approach. The results of the research show that the provisions of Article 26 of Law no. 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship basically provides for restrictions on human rights related to a person's freedom to choose citizenship status. These provisions stipulate that as a result of mixed marriages, Indonesian men or women lose their citizenship status because according to the law of origin the foreign husband or wife has given citizenship status. In addition, this provision also contradicts Article 28E paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which basically states that everyone is free to embrace religion and worship according to their religion, choose education and teaching, choose a job, choose citizenship, choose a place to live in the territory of the country and leave it. and has the right to return. and also Article 26 paragraph (1) of Law no. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights which basically states that everyone is given the right to own, replace, obtain or maintain citizenship status.
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Aitchison, Guy. "Rights, citizenship and political struggle". European Journal of Political Theory 17, n.º 1 (25 de março de 2015): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885115578052.
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This paper adds a new perspective to recent debates about the political nature of rights through attention to their distinctive role within social movement practices of moral critique and social struggle. The paper proceeds through a critical examination of the Political Constitutionalist theories of rights politics proposed by Jeremy Waldron and Richard Bellamy. While political constitutionalists are correct to argue that rights are ‘contestable’ and require democratic justification, they construe political activity almost exclusively with reference to voting, parties and parliamentary law-making, neglecting the vital role rights play in political struggle outside and against the official institutions of democratic citizenship. In contrast to the political constitutionalist stress on the patient and reciprocal negotiation of rights within formal electoral processes, this paper locates the political nature of rights in their conflictual logic as ‘claims’ in multiple spheres that function to mobilise oppositional support against powerful adversaries and challenge dominant understandings. An activist citizenship of rights is frequently necessary, it argues, given the structural barriers of power and inequality that distort legislative decision-making and lead to the denial of fundamental moral entitlements to less powerful groups. The paper provides an illustration of activist citizenship taken from a contemporary squatting movement centred around the right to housing, Take Back the Land. In exercising the moral right to housing, for which they demand political recognition, through the occupation of vacant buildings, the practices of Take Back the Land reflect the conflictual dimension of rights as claims in keeping with their historical role in empowering subordinate groups to challenge unjust relations of power and inequality.
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King, Desmond S., e Jeremy Waldron. "Citizenship, Social Citizenship and the Defence of Welfare Provision". British Journal of Political Science 18, n.º 4 (outubro de 1988): 415–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400005202.
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This article analyses the normative status of claims to the social rights of citizenship in the light of New Right criticisms of the welfare state. The article assesses whether there is any normative justification for treating welfare provision and citizenship as intrinsically linked. After outlining T. H. Marshall's conception of citizenship the article reviews its status in relation to: traditional arguments about citizenship of the polity; relativist arguments about the embedded place of citizenship within current societies; and, drawing upon Rawlsian analysis, absolutist arguments about what being a member of a modern society implies. Each argument has some strengths and together they indicate the importance of retaining the idea of citizenship at the centre of modern political debates about social and economic arrangements.
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Pfeifer, Geoff. "Balibar, citizenship, and the return of right populism". Philosophy & Social Criticism 46, n.º 3 (27 de junho de 2019): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453719860228.
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Arendt famously pointed out that only citizenship actually confers rights in the modern world. To be a citizen is to be one who has the ‘right to have rights’. Arendt’s analysis emerges out of her recognition that there is a contradiction between this way of conferring rights as tied to the nation-state system and the more philosophical and ethical conceptions of the ‘rights of man’ and notions of ‘human rights’ like those championed by thinkers such as Immanuel Kant who understands rights belonging universally to all humans as a result of facts having to do with what it means to be human. Étienne Balibar, in his recent work, adds to this by pointing out that there is a contradictory movement between this universalizing tendency in philosophical thought and the production of the citizen-subject out of the exclusionary acts of law and force. In this article, I put Balibar’s work in dialogue with the contemporary moment where we are witnessing the re-emergence of a nativist right populism. I use Balibar to help distinguish between three modes of political existence that we find today. Two of these three are more or less well understood. They are the non-citizen, who has no – or almost no – rights in a given nation-state and the citizen who enjoys the full benefit of the rights a given nation-state has to give. The third category is what I term the ‘nominal citizen’. This last category is somewhere in between full citizenship and non-citizenship. Individuals in this last category have rights in name but are largely unable to exercise them. Understanding this last category can, among other things, help us at least partially make sense of the return of right populism and also help us see the ways in which the modern category of citizenship, with its contradictions as elaborated by Balibar, can provide a means for resistance.
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Suksi, Markku. "Interdependency between Sovereignty, Citizenship and the Right to Vote". ICL Journal 12, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2018): 19–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icl-2017-0086.
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Abstract It is fully legitimate and permissible under international human rights law to limit the right to vote to the citizens of the State. The relationship between sovereignty, citizenship and the right to vote is to some extent self-evident and undramatic. However, the triangular relationship between the three concepts is an important background factor summarizing much of what States are and do, and therefore, it is necessary to make visible the self-sustaining nature of the triangle and explicate the three corners of the triangle by means of drafting history of the human rights conventions and case law from international and national court instances as well as by means of examples from national law, in this case drawn from the Nordic space. The point here is that although the various human rights conventions formulate a right to participation through elections, the normative powers exercised in relation to sovereignty, citizenship and the right to vote are held by the national law-maker, and they are not influenced much by international human rights law.
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Scherschel, Karin. "Citizenship by work?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 46, n.º 183 (1 de junho de 2016): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v46i183.112.
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The paper discusses current changes of the German labor market for certain groups of refugees. On the one hand, we can observe a partial opening of the labor market. Especially the economy welcomes the idea of opening the labor market for refugees. On the other hand, this policy establishes a perspective that puts a strong emphasis on economical benefits, even in the field of refugee protection. This policy is inconsistent with the idea of human rights, which state a right to work. Some researchers argue that the access to the labor market will be a chance to get citizenship rights. In contrast to this view, I argue that the focus on labor market participation leads to a classification of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ refugees. At the same time, the partial opening is a gateway for ‘activation policies’ with different sanctions intervening into the refugee protection system.
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Mullally, Siobhán. "Citizenship and family life in Ireland: asking the question ‘Who belongs’?" Legal Studies 25, n.º 4 (novembro de 2005): 578–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2005.tb00685.x.
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Citizenship laws provide us with models of membership. They define the terms on which strangers and natives belong to political communities, allocating both the benefits of membership and the brutalities of exclusion. Recent legal changes in Ireland, restricting the right to citizenship by birth and limiting the rights of migrant families, highlight the vulnerability of children in migrant families and the limits of citizenship status. Many other states have grappled in recent times with the right to citizenship by birth and the entitlements to family life that come with such a claim. In both the UK and Australia the jus soli principle has been significantly restricted. In the US, Canada and elsewhere, while the jus soli principle continues to apply, citizen children born to undocumented migrant parents are subject to de facto deportations, their right to membership of the nation-state ‘postponed’ because of the legal status of their parents. In challenges to deportation proceedings involving such children, the perspective of the child as a bearer of rights is marginalised, with disputes turning largely on the balancing of states' interests in immigration control against the residence claims made by migrant parents.
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Partini, NFN. "Women’s Political Participation in the Practice of Citizenship in Indonesia". Jurnal Perempuan 19, n.º 2 (1 de março de 2014): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.34309/jp.v19i2.77.
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Women’s participation in politics is the manifestation of the citizenship right fulfillment. Women as well as vulnerable groups as citizens have the right to improve their existence in politics. The rights that attach to women as citizens hopefully can make them not only as the vote-getter or political parties’ participants but also as those being elected and exercise policy. Politic is genderless but politic system is constructed mostly by men. And women are lacking confidence within this culture of politic. It then deteriotes the stigma that women are unable and having no capacity to compete with men. Although women are legal citizens but the culture of politic is neither friendly to women nor conducive to feminine traits. The electoral process in citizenships system hopefully does not only create the man-represented view, but also a transformation process between the political party and the women platform.
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Tushnet, Mark. "The New Citizenship and Wars of Position". Law & Social Inquiry 21, n.º 01 (1996): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1996.tb00012.x.
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Suppose Charles Reich had typed “The New Citizenship” on the first page of his article. He might have rediscovered republicanism a generation earlier than the neo-republicans of the 1980s. Perhaps he might even have understood that a right to some minimum of property, sufficient to guarantee the independence essential to the exercise of citizenship rights, could be derived from concepts of republican citizenship.
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Friendly, Abigail. "The Place of Social Citizenship and Property Rights in Brazil’s ‘Right to the City’ Debate". Social Policy and Society 19, n.º 2 (5 de novembro de 2019): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746419000435.
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There has been considerable attention on Brazil’s experience in applying the right to the city, influencing the urban reform movement and subsequent legislation including the 1988 Constitution and the 2001 Statute of the City. While much is known about Brazil’s urban transformations, this article views this trajectory within debates on social citizenship, expanding the focus to show that property is integral to this debate. Through the lens of social citizenship, property rights and insurgency, this article traces Brazil’s right to the city debate through a focus on three issues: (1) the rights dimension of such debates; (2) the role of the social function of property in urban legislation; and (3) the role of insurgent planning evident in urban social movements. While property rights and land rights are often distanced from debates on social citizenship, the Brazil case provides evidence in which the two are clearly intertwined.
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Lardy, H. "Citizenship and the right to vote". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 17, n.º 1 (1 de março de 1997): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/17.1.75.
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Carey, Brian. "Against the right to revoke citizenship". Citizenship Studies 22, n.º 8 (24 de outubro de 2018): 897–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1538319.
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Anwari, Jamil S. "Pain Management: Citizenship or Human Right?" Anesthesia & Analgesia 106, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2008): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318161979d.
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