Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Résistance à l'impact"
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Keisler, Carole. "Etude de la résistance à l'impact d'assemblages collés. Influence des états de surface". Bordeaux 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR10612.
Texto completo da fonteFourton, Paul. "Mécanismes de résistance à l'impact des vitrages feuilletés – effet des interfaces et de la rhéologie du polymère". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET059.
Texto completo da fonteLaminated glass is an industrial product designed for safety applications. A polymer interlayer is inserted between two glass plies to provide impact resistance properties to the glazing. Upon impact, this polymer interlayer debonds and deforms between glass fragments:these two coupled mechanisms provide the impact resistance properties. On the “interface” side, we propose an original method to finely tune the adhesion between glass and interlayer in chapter III. The surfaceof the glass is modified with sol-gel chemistry using two silane species. Despite a non-standard deposition method and coatings thickerthan a perfect molecular layer, we demonstrate that adhesion of the polymer interlayer can be tuned via surface chemistry. On the “polymer” side, we decided to change completely the nature of the interlayer, from a viscoelastic to a plastic material. Withthis plastic interlayer, we have evidenced the necessity to modify the interfaces to retrieve a stable delamination behavior. Moreover,concomitant debonding and stretching of this plastic interlayer dissipates less energy due to the localization of energy dissipation close tothe delamination fronts. Still, when viscoelastic processes are activated at the glass transition, we recover dissipation in the entire volume of the interlayer and high potency for impact applications. Last but not least, to try and make a connection between interfaces, polymer rheology and delamination properties in laminated glass,we present a numerical simulation of the crack propagation problem with a steady-state approach. Since the steady-state crack schemeis not implemented in commercial finite-element codes, we propose a strategy coupling FEA and numerical computing softwares. First results in small strains validate the method, which is expected to be extended to rate-dependent non-linear material behaviors in thefuture
Belzil, Guylaine. "Escalade et résistance aux soins d'hygiène associée à la démence : Perspective interactionnelle sur l'impact des comportements des soignants". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29055/29055.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteBailleul, Quentin. "Etude de l'impact de la mutation H3.3K27M sur le phénotype agressif et résistant de lignées cellulaires de gliome pédiatrique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1S107.
Texto completo da fonteDiffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma is one of the worst pediatric brain tumors regarding prognosis due to cell resistance to chemo and radiotherapy. One of DIPG cells main characteristics is a mono-allelic mutation on the lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27M). This mutation inhibits the trimethylation of this lysine that leads to strong modifications of gene expression. Even though this mutation seems to be a driver event in tumorigenesis, its role in cell resistance to treatment has not been deciphered. To accomplish this, we needed to establish complementary cellular models of induction but also the reversion of the mutation.This way, to evaluate the role of the mutation on resistance to treatment, we first induced the mutation in three H3K27-unmutated pediatric glioma cell lines. In parallel, using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology and gene trapping approaches, we establish DIPG cellular models in which the mutation has be reversed to restore an H3F3A wild type gene. These two strategies allowed us to have a panel of available cellular models with or without mutation. Basis on these models, we evaluated the precise role of H3.3K27M mutation on chemo and radioresistance but also on cell growth and clonogenic properties.For the model of induction, we confirmed the epigenetics impact of the mutation. Next, we showed an increased cell growth due to the mutation in two cell lines, concomitantly with an increase of clonogenic properties. H3.3K27M mutation had an impact on resistance to both chemotherapy or ionizing radiation in the same cell lines. We could identify several drugs for which the mutation increases cell resistance. We observed that H3.3K27M could improve cell resistance and aggressiveness, especially in a low-grade glioma context. Concerning the mutation reversion, we validated the loss of the mutation in one DIPG cell line. In this way, we succeeded in restoring the H3K27me3 mark. Our preliminary assays on cell growth and clonogenic properties exhibit results that are in adequacy with those obtained on the induction model.To sum up, these different models would allow us to decipher cellular and molecular mechanisms induced by the H3.3K27M mutation in DIPG cells, including resistance to treatment, and possibly identify putative therapeutic targets
Isingrini, Elsa. "Modélisation de l'impact de la dépression sur le système cardiovasculaires : utilisation du modèle de stress chronique imprédictible chez la souris". Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4033/document.
Texto completo da fonteEpidemiologic studies have demonstrated that depressive symptoms can predict cardiovascular disease in healthy patients. The purpose of this study was to develop an animal model able to reproduce the vascular alterations and the treatment resistance observed in depressed subjects who develop vascular disease. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and endothelial dysfunction were assessed in mice exposed to the Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) that constitute a reliable animal model of depression and the reversal effect of antidepressant was assessed in UCMS mice fed a high fat diet. Our results show that high fat diet regimen prevented the reversal effect of chronic fluoxetine treatment on UCMS-induced depressive-like behaviour. Moreover, UCMS-induced endothelial dysfunction was not associated with atherosclerotic plaque formation. These findings suggest that this model can reproduce the physiological but not the morphological vascular alterations observed in depressed patients who develop vascular disease as well as the reported treatment resistance in depressed patients also suffering from cardiovascular risk factor
Du, Bois-dit-Bonclaude Morgane. "L'impact de la consommation de protéines post exercice en résistance sur la faim, l'appétit et l'apport énergétique subséquent des hommes âgés sarcopéniques". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8056.
Texto completo da fonteEudes, François André Germain. "Étude de l'impact des trichothécènes de Fusarium chez le blé et sélection in vitro pour la résistance à la fusariose de l'épi". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq26063.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteAl-Maghribi, Abir. "Comportement des matériaux composites à fibres courtes : applications à l'impact basse vitesse". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/337/.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this work is to investigate the behaviour of a short fiber composite material subjected to low speed impacts. The studied material is a SMC composite material realized by compressive moulding. A first part of the study gives elastoplastic with damage behaviour of this type of material. These laws were coded into the user defined material subroutine of (LS-DYNA3D and EUROPLEXUS). Characterizations tests of the SMC-R were realized in order to identify non linear behaviour. The tests realized are tensile test, compressive test, shearing test and dynamic compressive test. The tests have allowed us to identify damage behaviour. The obtained behaviour is necessary for the study of impact. The second part of the study presents the experimental analysis of the impact. The impacts were realized for various energies (4, 8, 12, 16 J). The defects after impact tests are controlled by RX testing, US control, and microscopic observation, in the aim to analyze and quantify the defects create during the impacts. These analyses showed a conical defect in the thickness of plates. Finally a comparison is made between the results obtained experimentally and those obtained from an explicit numerical simulation. This comparison shows that the numerical simulations of impact behaviour are in good agreement with the experimental results. The results globally show a global correlation for the load-displacement behaviour and a local correlation for the defect size
Pinilla, Lady Tatiana. "Évaluation de l'impact de la mutation de résistance à l'oseltamivir (H275Y) sur les capacités réplicatives et la virulence du virus pandémique A(H1N1) pdm09". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29427/29427.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteOne class of anti-influenza agents; the neuraminidases inhibitors (NAIs), is the only choice commercially available for treatment and prophylaxis of seasonal and pandemic influenza infections. The pandemic 2009 Influenza virus, A(H1N1)pdm09, was naturally resistant to adamantanes but susceptible to the NAI: oseltamivir and zanamivir. However, more than 1.5% of cases of oseltamivir resistance have been reported during treatment and prophylaxis and most of them carried a single nucleotide mutation (cytosine to thymidine) at position 823 that resulted in a histidine to tyrosine mutation at position 275 in the neuraminidase sequence (H275Y). Considering that the number of available anti-influenza drugs is very restricted (zanamivir is now the only commercially available drug for treatment of the adamantane- and oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 strains), it is important to understand mechanisms of resistance to NAIs and to perform a surveillance program for evolution of such drug-resistant variants.
Boutoille, David. "Étude chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa de l'impact du système d'efflux MexAB-OprM sur les traitements antibiotiques et sur l'expression de la virulence". Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=d8d72834-08a6-4b17-acdc-0946548970a7.
Texto completo da fonteBacterial efflux systems extrude antibiotics, amongst a wide range of substances from the intracellular middle toward the outside. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MexAB-oprM acts synergistically with other natural or acquired mechanisms of resistance. Efflux is well characterized in vitro, but its in vivo effects are less clear. In particular, how must they be interpreted on the antibiogramm : are the implicated antibiotics still efficient in severe infections ? MexAB-oprM interferes with virulence by extruding the homoserine lactones, i. E. The transcriptional autoactivators that regulate quorum-sensing, and then might decrease expression of bacterial virulence determinants. This was shown essentially in vitro on laboratory strains. But in clinical practice, are the concerned strains really less virulent ? In this work, we tried to bring a few elements of answers to these questions. In a first part, we studied the impact of MexAB-OprM on antipseudomonal b-lactams, in an experimental model of rabbit endocarditis, using a simulation of human pharmacokinetics. In a second part, we studied the supposed relationship between MexAB-OprM and the expression of virulence, in vitro by assessing several virulence factors and quorum-sensing autoinducers, and in vivo in different murine models of pulmonary aggression
Clergué, Boris. "Évaluation de l'impact des pratiques agricoles sur les fonctions de la biodiversité à l'aide d'indicateurs agri-environnementaux : approche globale et développement d'un indicateur de "résistance aux stress biotiques"". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL048N/document.
Texto completo da fonteRelevant tools for assessment are necessary to evaluate the impact of agricultural pratices on the functions provided by biodiversity at the plot scale to the landscape scale. The goal and the innovation of this work has been to explore a new method of creation of an assessment tool of the biodiversity functions. We have chosen like assessment method the agri-environmental indicators, which make it possible to evaluate the impact of agricultural practices on environment compartments (water, soil, air, fauna and flora) and help to decision-making. We thus propose a general architecture of an indicator of functional biodiversity and the detail of an agronomic function indicator of importance: resistance to the biotic stresses. Within this indicator, an under-indicator is: the « role of the terrestrial auxiliaries ». Carabids will be used as model auxiliary for the construction of this under-indicator. Two building methods of indicators are compared: a method with expert saying and a method with data mining, this second method representing an innovation of the thesis. The results of these methods are then compared with field datas leads on the Vittel territory. Field datas related to the follow-up of the carabid populations and the organization of the agricultural landscape. A treatment by a geographical information system allowed the validation of the indicators obtained
Nguyen, Thu Thuy. "Developpement de la matrice d'information de Fisher pour des modèles non linéaires à effets mixtes : application à la pharmacocinétique des antibiotiques et l'impact sur l'émergence de la résistance". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077029.
Texto completo da fonteNonlinear mixed effect models (NLMEM) can be used to analyse longitudinal data in patients, for example in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies, with fewer samples than the classical non-compartmental approach. A method for designing these studies is to use the Fisher information matrix (MF), approximated by first order linearization of the model. We extended this expression of MF to take into account the within subject variability and the discrete covariates. These developments were evaluated by simulations, implemented in PFIM 3. 2 dedicated to design evaluation and optimisation. We also applied PFIM to design a crossover study, showing absence of interaction of a compound on the pharmacokinetic of amoxicillin. We also proposed and evaluated by simulations an alternative approach to compute MF without linearization, based on Gaussian quadrature and stochastic integration. This approach gave more correct predictions than linearization when the model becomes very nonlinear but it is very time consuming; consequently its use is limited to NLMEM with only few random effects. Next, we studied the expansion of résistance to fluoroquinolones in intestinal flora. In a trial in piglets, we found, by non-compartmental approach, a significant correlation between fecal concentrations of ciprofloxacin and counts of resistant enterobacteria. Then we developed a mechanistic model to more precisely characterize the pharmacokinetic of fecal ciprofloxacin as well as the kinetics of susceptible and resistant enterobacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo modelling to study the bacterial résistance to fluoroquinolones in intestinal flora
Calvo, Julien. "Etude de l'impact des adipocytes de la moelle osseuse sur le développement et la chimiorésistance des leucémies aigues lymphoblastiques T (LAL-T)". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7114.
Texto completo da fonteT-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALLs) is a T cell progenitor proliferation malignancy that mostly occurs in children and young adults. Over the years, intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been demonstrated to play a role in initiation and onset of the leukemic proliferation. Among other organs, T-ALL expands in most cases in various Bone Marrow (BM) sites. These niches have a complex cellular composition with hematopoietic, stromal, endothelial, nervous cells and also adipocytes that form the Medullar Adipose Tissue (MAT). Two types of MAT exist in the BM niches. The constitutive MAT takes place in long bones extremities whereas the regulated MAT arises and grows as a results of external stimuli like aging and BM ablation. Mice harbor both constitutive MAT enriched and deprived BM niches respectively in tail and thoracic vertebrae. Hence, using in vivo models we observed that mouse and human T-ALL develop slowly in tail compared to thoracic vertebrae. Tail-derived T-ALL cells display lowered cell surface marker expression, decreased metabolism and cell cycle progression demonstrating a dormancy phenotype. Functionally tail-derived T-ALL cells exhibit a deficient short-term ex vivo growth and a delayed in vivo propagation. These features are non-cell autonomous as T-ALL from tail and thorax share identical genomic abnormalities, and also functional disparities disappear in vivo and in prolonged in vitro assays. Importantly, tail-derived T-ALL display higher intrinsic resistance to cell cycle-related drugs, i.e. Vincristine sulfate and Cytarabine. Moreover, T-ALL recovered from gonadal adipose tissues or from co-cultures with adipocytes share metabolic, cell cycle and phenotypic or chemoresistance features with tail-derived T-ALL. These results demonstrate that BM niches differentially orchestrate T-ALL propagation and that adipocyte enriched BM protects T-ALL during drug treatments. To support these findings, single cell RNA sequencing analysis suggests that a few thoracic derived T-ALL cells exhibit a similar mRNA expression pattern to those from the tail. Altogether, these results emphasize the hypothesis of chemoresistance inducing niche among the thoracic hematopoietic-enriched adipocytes-deprived BM
Pelouard, Vanina. "Analyse de l'impact de la microstructure d'un alliage 718 obtenue par fabrication additive (LPBF) vis à vis de la résistance à la corrosion sous contrainte en milieu primaire de REP : étude des effets d'échelles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP044.
Texto completo da fonteThe opportunities for applications of metal additive manufacturing (MAM) do not exclude the nuclear field, where the use of the LPBF process (laser melting on a powder bed) opens the way to potential technological developments, particularly in the design and manufacture of nuclear fuel assemblies for pressurized water reactors. In this field, the use of 718-LPBF could lead to improved performance and increased operating margins for critical parts. However, this process generates microstructures that differ significantly from those produced by conventional manufacturing processes, and raises the question of how to justify the performance of the resulting materials. This question is particularly relevant when the alloy is exposed to loading conditions that combine both a mechanical stress, irradiation and an environmental condition, as encountered in fuel assemblies. Under this type of loading, and depending on the microstructure used, a stress corrosion cracking (SCC) damage mechanism can develop, leading to premature component failure. This multi-scale study, launched by Framatome, has enabled to define a microstructural window that reduces or even inhibit the susceptibility of alloy 718 LPBF to SCC, while maintaining high mechanical performances fully comparable to those of conventional 718. A SCC damage mechanism based on the cumulative effect of oxygen diffusion at grain boundaries via NiO formation and strain localization in the dendritic substructure has been identified. Microstructure optimization was therefore implemented via post-fabrication treatments that limit the localization of deformation as well as the detrimental contribution of intergranular slip. These microstructural conditions give alloy 718 LPBF good resistance to CSC. These results also constitute a first contribution to the understanding of the SCC mechanism of the 718 LPBF in a PWR environment, which has not yet been reported in the literature. The results of the tests, the analyses and the observations made, clarify the guidelines for the implementation of microstructures adapted to the targeted applications. These results also reveal the relevance of this new process mode for nuclear applications and open new opportunities for futur implementation
Olivares, Elodie. "Évaluation de l'impact des antibiotiques sur la formation de biofilms par P. aeruginosa : place de l'Antibiofilmogramme®". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ074/document.
Texto completo da fonteCystic fibrosis (CF) patients are predisposed to chronic colonisation of the upper airways by P. aeruginosa. This opportunist pathogen is characterized by its ability to adhere to a surface and to form a protective biofilm, which is highly tolerant to antimicrobials. In routine, antibiograms are realised on planktonic bacterial cultures. The efficacy of the corresponding antimicrobial therapies appears low for the eradication of bacterial biofilms. The realisation of Antibiofilmograms® on CF clinical isolates (a new tool investigating the susceptibility of sessile bacteria to antibiotics) highlighted phenomena of biofilm formation inhibition and induction. More precisely, aminoglycosides are able to delay the bacterial adherence. Conversely, the β-lactam family shows the ability to stimulate the early adhesion of microorganisms. These different effects of antimicrobials on the bacterial behaviour are confirmed with more conventional in vitro methods (Crystal Violet, enzymatic treatment with DNase I) and a cell model (static co-culture of eukaryotic cells and bacteria). The clinical relevance of the Antibiofilmogram® is reinforced by its ability to detect the initiation of the early bacterial adhesion, to select inhibitor molecules and to avoid the inducer ones. Associated to traditional antibiograms, its application should be pertinent to optimise the CF therapies for the treatment of chronic lung infections
Gonçalves, Marques Gabriela. "Effet du recyclage mécanique sur la modification structurale et le comportement mécanique du PET vierge et renforcé choc". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10273.
Texto completo da fonteRecycling is today one of the possibilities for limiting the environmental impact of plastic wastes. In this context, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is in the spotlight, being the most recycled polymers in the word. Despite the efforts spent in recycling this material, many technical challenges still restrain its industrial development. This research work intends to better understand the limitations of the mechanical recycling of PET and to offer innovative technical solutions for these drawbacks. The ambition of this project is to extend the use of acrylic-based impact modifiers to boost the mechanical performances of PET while studying their recycling potential. The first experimental phase of this research focus on clarifying the relationship between structural modification caused by successive reprocessing cycles and the mechanical response of recycled PET (rPET). Then, the introduction of low concentration of additives is assessed. Two different reinforcement strategies based in impact modifiers, reactive or nonreactive, are investigated and their performances compared. Finally, the reprocessing potential of the produced blends is also identified. The contribution of the presence of impact modifiers on the different structural modifications observed previously can help to better understand their action and the different mechanisms taking place. Throughout this work, processing parameters and the rheological response of the blends are discussed. Thermal transitions and the morphology of the blends also guide their understanding. Finally, aspects such as the effect of the physical aging of the PET matrix are investigated. The main objective of this PhD work is, therefore, to expand the recycling possibilities of PET, facilitating it without affecting its ecological balance
Bevilacqua, Sibylle. "Evaluation de l'impact d'une équipe opérationnelle en infectiologie sur la consommation et le coût des antibiotiques au CHU de Nancy : essai d'intervention contrôlé". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10076/document.
Texto completo da fonteOveruse and inappropriate use of antibiotics has been described worldwide for about 25 years, in both community and hospital settings. In addition to its deleterious effect on patients, antibiotic misuse can lead to the emergence of bacterial resistance and increased the cost of hospitalization. Indeed, during the 1990s several organizations published plans to control the costs of antibiotics and limit selective pressure on microorganisms through surveillance and interventions promoting rational use. An antimicrobial policy has been implemented at the University Hospitals of Nancy since the mid-1990s. This antibiotic policy was therefore reinforced the beginning of 2006, changes included complete reorganization of the methods of prescribing and delivering antibiotics in all wards of the University hospitals of Nancy. In addition, an Operational Multidisciplinary Antibiotic Team (OMAT) including an infectious disease physician and a clinical pharmacist was established in some wards. To evaluate the effectiveness of this OMAT, in reducing the hospital antimicrobial consumption and costs a cluster controlled "before-after" study was performed. We compared consumption of antibiotics overall and by therapeutic class and cost savings between "before" and "after" in both groups (control and intervention). The results of this study have shown that overall consumption of antibiotics decreased after implementation of the OMAT by 34% in the intervention group and by 3% in the control group (p = 0.003). For the same activity, the total cost savings were 14-fold higher in the intervention group. Establishment of an operational multidisciplinary team may be an effective way to reduce hospital antibiotic use and cost
Delalande, Nicolas. "Consentement et résistances à l'impôt : l'Êtat, les citoyens et le problème de la confiance sous la IIIe République". Paris 1, 2009. http://www.numeriquepremium.com/content/books/9782020964487.
Texto completo da fonteChachaty, Elisabeth. "Evaluation de l'impact des antibiotiques sur la flore intestinale des sujets sainsnotamment sur la colonisation par "Clostridium difficile" ou par des entérobactéries résistantes : comparaison de méthodes de typage des souches de "C difficile"". Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA114842.
Texto completo da fonteCordeiro, Oscar. "L'impact de l'utilisation des antibiotiques sur la résistance bactérienne des pathogènes respiratoires chez les patients atteints de maladies pulmonaires obstructives chroniques sévères". Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15049.
Texto completo da fonteSylla, Mohamed. "Étude de l'impact d'une intervention d'observance sur le développement de la résistance aux antirétroviraux au Mali et au Burkina Faso". Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7638.
Texto completo da fonteKioua, Abderraouf. "Étude du comportement mécanique à l'impact à basse vitesse d'un composite lin/kevlar/époxy". Thèse, 2020. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9536/1/eprint9536.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDesranleau, Dandurand Ulysse. "Évaluation de l'impact de l'utilisation de tylosine et de virginiamycine sur les profils de résistance aux antimicrobiens chez enterococcus SP. et Escherichia coli isolés de porcs". Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7193.
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