Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Réseau de connaissances global"
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Pinat, Magali. "Global linkages, trade network and development". Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E031/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis doctoral dissertation investigates the impact of networks effects on international trade and finance. The first chapter estimates the role a trade partners’ centrality plays in the diffusion of knowledge and finds that importing from countries at the core of the network leads to a significant increase in economic growth. The second chapter investigates the role of clusters in the speed of technology adoption and concludes that the diffusion of ideas is fostered among countries belonging to the same cluster. The third chapter emphasizes the role of current partners in choosing a destination for new investments and finds that countries are more likely to invest in a new destination if one of their existing partners have already made some investments in the location. The fourth chapter evaluates the impact of importing risky products on the economy and finds that the elasticity of a country’s exports with respect to its import share of fragile products from a partner impacted by a natural disaster is -0.7 percent
Vernhes, Gabriel. "Les relations entre sciences, technologies et territoires au cœur de la souveraineté nationale : une approche structurale sur longue période". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAE002.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis delves into the territorial dimension of scientific and technological knowledge exchange, a pivotal aspect of the innovation process. It focuses on defence-related technological fields, such as weaponry, aerospace equipment and 3D printing, to scrutinize how scientific advancements are integrated into technological development. Furthermore, our analysis focuses on measuring strategic autonomy of national territories, assessing their capacity to independently produce, use and disseminate knowledge. This form of autonomy in critical defence innovation sectors is a key factor in current discussions on national sovereignty.From an institutionalist viewpoint, this manuscript situates the innovation process within the national innovation system framework. In this context, territory is understood as a social, political and cultural construct that facilitates interactions and the exchange of knowledge.Our empirical method mobilizes quantitative methods using a large number of patent data and scientific publications to establish global knowledge networks, based on citations and semantic proximity. In this regard, we employ a structural approach, integrating influence graph theory consolidated with econometric models.Our findings reveal two distinct global knowledge networks. The first, encompassing explicit knowledge, can be easily disseminated, and assimilated across various territories. The analysis of these networks permits a comparative evaluation of the control over strategic knowledge among different territories, highlighting situations of dominance or dependence on external sources of knowledge. The second network, with more local roots, comprises tacit, applied knowledge that is intrinsic to individuals and their social interaction networks, thereby being geographically bounded. This network accounts for the sustained presence of national expertise over an extended period, notwithstanding the globalized nature of knowledge exchange driven by globalisation and the advancement of information and communication technologies.Our study shows that the coexistence of these networks is essential in knowledge maturation. Despite the more codified and globalized nature of scientific activity compared to technological, it retains strong territorial ties, fostering local innovation through tacit knowledge exchange. These insights suggest that investments in specific domains are crucial for enhancing national sovereignty in strategic innovation
Fraslin, Marie. "Evaluating the capacity of a virtual r&d community of practice : The case of ALSTOM power hydro". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI059/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn this dissertation, we explore the potential of a forum to support collaboration and knowledge sharing among Virtual Communities of practice. We thus propose a coding scheme based on the Rainbow model and test it in order to analyze the content of two forums of R&D VcoP. We demonstrate that a forum supports asynchronous argumentative activities and thus enhances global collaboration and knowledge sharing among R&D VcoP members. We then propose an enriched model based on the work of Line Dube and tested it to characterize the R&D VcoP studied. We prove that the community configuration has a direct impact on the online dynamic of the community. We point out the main factors that play a key role in fostering online collaboration and knowledge sharing between R&D Virtual community members
Enguehard, Chantal. "Acquisition naturelle automatique d'un réseau sémantique". Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD527.
Texto completo da fonteMadani, Nacéra. "Etude de l'héritage des propriétés dans les réseaux sémantiques : Notion de réseau d'héritage légal". Paris 13, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA132016.
Texto completo da fonteRemm, Jean-François. "Extraction de connaissances par réseaux neuronaux : application au domaine du radar". Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10366.
Texto completo da fonteLyubareva, Inna. "La coopération en réseau comme alternative pour la création de connaissances. Exemple du logiciel libre". Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100046/document.
Texto completo da fonteKnowledge as a factor of production has some specific features. It does not exist independently from individuals, from their interactions and from the social context. It requires, on one hand, free circulation and openness and, on the other hand, integration (i.e. an adequate governance to ensure coherent actions). This constitutes an economic dilemma which the conventional organization forms (firm, market) often fail to solve. Therefore, the analysis of capabilities of an alternative organization – the cooperation in Network – becomes especially relevant. The analysis of this question is undertaken throughout three chapters: (1) a formal theoretical representation of the Network organization and its comparison with the market-like and hierarchical forms, (2) the empirical analysis of the patterns of its development and (3) of its performance. The example of Free and Open Source Software, representing the network-like alternative in the software industry, has been used. This work highlights the advantages and the inherent problems of the F/OSS model. It discusses the perspective of this model in other fields of the knowledge-intensive production
Barlatier, Pierre-Jean. "Dynamique des connaissances au sein d'un réseau localisé de firmes : le cas "Telecom Valley"". Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE0020.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this doctoral thesis is to study the impact of an ICT solution on the development of organizational knowledge dynamics within a localized network. In order to do so, we mobilize and develop network coherence and network capabilities concepts through a coevolutionist perspective. This work allows us to design a multi-level analytical grid that we experiment via an intervention research. This empirical study is conducted within the framework of the co-conception project of a semantic web service of competencies dedicated to a localized network of organizations from the telecommunications domain. This experimentation emphasizes the different dimensions of the network capabilities concept; studies the network's ability to manage its own coherence; and confirm the essential role of network capabilities in the organizational knowledge creation process. Finally, we examine the managerial and theoretical reach of this study as well as its limits and future research perspectives
Windyga, Zajalzkowski Piotr Stanislaw. "Évaluation et modélisation de connaissances pour la reconstruction tridimensionnelle du réseau vasculaire cardiaque en angiographie biplan". Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN10057.
Texto completo da fonteGuédon, Stéphane. "Système à base de connaissances pour l'aide à la surveillance océanique à partir d'un réseau de magnétomètres". Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0132.
Texto completo da fontePellegrin, Liliane. "Représentation de connaissances expertes à l'aide d'un réseau sémantique activé : une application à l'anatomopathologie de la tyroi͏̈de". Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX10044.
Texto completo da fonteMayouf, Mouna Sabrine. "Intégration de connaissances de haut-niveau dans un système d'apprentissage par réseau de neurones pour la classification d'images". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30341.
Texto completo da fonteNeural networks have made remarkable improvements in challenging tasks such as automatic image classification and natural language processing. However, their black-box nature hinders explainability and limits their ability to leverage external knowledge. The purpose of this thesis is to explore and propose techniques for integrating knowledge into neural networks in order to improve their performance and interpretability. The first part of the thesis focuses on integrating knowledge at the input level. The first chapter deals with data preparation. A formalization of pre-processing is proposed to ensure the transparency and reproducibility of this step. This formalization enables us to study the impact of data augmentation: to characterize a good data preparation, and the informative state of a dataset, a set of measures and principles is proposed, then experimental protocols are designed to evaluate these principles on the BreakHis dataset. The second chapter of this part focuses on exploiting high-level knowledge to determine the order in which data should be inserted into the network. We introduce an incremental curriculum learning for ordering the input data. The results obtained show an improvement of accuracy and convergence speed. Although this study is carried out on the BreakHis dataset, we believe that it can be generalized to any other dataset. The second part is devoted to the integration of knowledge within the network architecture and at the output level. In this context, we focus on hierarchical multi-label classification, for which we formalize the knowledge representing the hierarchical link. For this aim, we introduce two constraints: one representing the fact that an object can only be assigned to one class at a given level of the hierarchy, and the other imposing that the global assignment of an object respects the class hierarchy (for example, we forbid classifying an element as a bee for its sub-type and a mammal for its super-type). We design an architecture and a loss function that impose these two constraints during learning. The architecture differs from the state of the art in that a single network is used to simultaneously predict the labels of the different levels: all layers are responsible for predicting the tuple of classes. Several variants of the network have been tested on five different datasets and the results confirm the efficiency of the hierarchical constraints, thus supporting the importance of taking external knowledge into account. In order to refine the results of this hierarchical classification, we introduce an abstention mechanism, in the form of a third constraint that enforces the network to give a prediction at the most precise level of specificity on which its confidence is sufficient and to abstain otherwise. We define different confidence thresholds and proposed different constraints on the thresholds accordingly to the class hierarchy. To evaluate this mechanism, new classification metrics that take abstention into account are defined. We carry out experiments on the same five datasets and the results show the interest of abstention, and the need to define empirical thresholds adapted to each dataset. In conclusion, the work in this thesis highlights the value of exploiting external knowledge, this is true for the three main components of a neural network: at the input level during data preparation, in the structure of the network, and at the output level when classification decisions are made
Cauhapé, Damien. "Modélisation et traitement des connaissances sur le temps et les tâches médicales pour les systèmes experts en cancérologie". Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR10534.
Texto completo da fonteGutierrez, Segura Gerardo. "Médiatisation du partage des connaissances pour l'amélioration de la collaboration au sein des réseaux de PME-PMI : applications avec un réseau de SSII". Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10218.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this thesis was to study how the data-processing tools could improve collaboration and facilitate knowledge-sources exchange within SME network. We propose an operational approach adapted to the networks of SME, and we distinguish the tools to be used according to stages' of the cycle of life of the network. The communities of practices are used in order to allow mid automatically exchange of knowledge. Once acquired confidence, Natural Languages Tools as NOMINO, are proposed for automatically analysis of a numerical corpora, being made of textual documents that the members of the network agree to share. The result of the indexing is the construction of an ontology representing the global field of the concepts related to the network. In order to use the knowledge of ontology, a search engine is proposed
Gonzalez-Merchan, Carolina. "Amélioration des connaissances sur le colmatage des systèmes d’infiltration d’eaux pluviales". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0040/document.
Texto completo da fonteInfiltration systems are widely used in urban stormwater management. Infiltration systems can significantly reduce stormwater discharges to sewer systems and may therefore contribute to the mitigation of flooding problems. In addition infiltrations systems also help to reduce stormwater pollution, contribute to groundwater recharge and to water course protection. However, the hydraulic performance of infiltration systems decreases with time due to clogging effects. A clogged layer limits the transfer of water and pollutants in infiltrations systems. The clogging has a significant impact on the long-term performance of a system. The aim of this PhD study is to better understand spatio-temporal evolution of clogging on large infiltration systems involving different scales: (i) global scale, (ii) semi - global (the whole bottom and the sides), (iii) local scale (different part of the bottom). An experimental approach has been carried out in the OTHU project (Field Observatory on Urban Hydrology, www.othu.org). An infiltration basin studied with three investigations scales under real operation conditions. In a global scale, the temporal clogging evolution of the system was evaluated in terms of hydraulic resistance. This clogging indicator was calibrated from Bouwer’s model. Water inflow, TSS, COD, climatic factors (air temperature and solar energy), stormwater events and season variations were measured. The results describe the clogging evolution over 8 years. It indicates that vegetation may have a beneficial effect on infiltration capacity. In a semi global scale study, clogging evolution at the bottom and the sides, of the infiltration basin was evaluated. It proved that the clogging mainly occurs at the bottom, that is, the bottom was clogged fast and the clogging at the sides was slow. Local scale study, spatial distribution and temporal evolution of clogging at the bottom with in situ measurements during 2 years were investigated. The study characterised the clogged layer, with bio physic-chemical parameters (i.e., were investigated hydraulic conductivity, porosity, grain size, dry bulk density, organic matter and biomass content). This analyze compared also the role of different types of spontaneous vegetation. The result showed the high spatio-temporal heterogeneity on the infiltration surface. Statistical analysis of clogging evolution in each scale showed the significant impacts of biological activity in the stormwater infiltration basins, which was often neglected
Gonzalez-Merchan, Carolina. "Amélioration des connaissances sur le colmatage des systèmes d'infiltration d'eaux pluviales". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943422.
Texto completo da fonteWeppe, Xavier. "Création de connaissances et coordination : étude des pratiques dans cinq équipes-projets". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL12015/document.
Texto completo da fonteAlthough knowledge management and organizational learning have been on the agenda for several years, some important questions remain unanswered. One of these questions is related to the link between organizing and learning. This thesis aims at understanding the links between practices of knowing and practices of “coordinating” in project teams. We especially study how collective coordination is crafted to deal with the impact of knowing and how the coordinated solutions arising from this coordination practice influence the next knowing practices. With the help of the Actor Network Theory (ANT), a longitudinal and qualitative study, five project teams explore the relation between learning activities and “networking” activities. Based on the findings of these five case studies, our conclusion points towards a view of coordination as a dynamic, socio-material, heterogeneous practices characterized by ongoing learning, transformations, and reconfigurations during “controversies”. Moreover, evidence is provided that the coordination mechanisms impacts the capacity of actors to create and share knowledge
Giroux, Marie-Claude. "Le transfert d’une approche de gestion, de soins et de services centrée sur la personne au sein de cinq établissements de santé et de services sociaux québécois : le rôle de l’équipe de professionnels du Réseau Planetree Québec". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/165.
Texto completo da fonteBoucher, Johanne. "La gestion des connaissances et le développement des capacités dans les réseaux d'aide au développement : le cas d'Oxfam-Québec et de ses partenaires". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6622.
Texto completo da fonteKasmaoui, Fatima Zahra. "Analyse du rôle des réseaux sociaux et d'aide à la création d'entreprises dans la dynamique de déploiement à l'international des Born Globals : Cas de quatre Born Globals marocaines". Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/b31d308a-011a-4470-becf-8ffcdcf8c8c4/blobholder:0/2020LIMO0041.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThe phenomenon of international entrepreneurship presents a response to the continuous and inescapable evolutionary trend of the global economic and business context. In these circumstances, the development of technology, communication and low-cost transport have contributed to the erasing of borders between countries and the increasing global demand in many markets and therefore force companies of all ages to look for international opportunities. Thus, the idea that a company should venture into international markets only after a long period of consolidating its position in its domestic market has become a fact of the past. The qualitative research carried out here is interested in understanding and explaining the phenomenon of entrepreneurial internationalization of Born Global companies via cross fertilization of network and territorial embedding. In a logic of interference, we first analyze the contribution of the social network and the intermediation network (in this case clusters and incubators) in the emergence of BGs, then the translation (narrative and schematic) of the trajectory of construction and evolution of the social network of these firms and finally the identification of the catalytic mechanisms of this network dynamic. To this end, after a contextualization phase of the research, four cases of Moroccan BG firms were studied on the basis of semi-directive focused interviews, following a method of embedded cases. Subsequently, a corpus of thirteen (13) propositions was developed, followed by a global theorical model that highlights all the explanatory components of the phenomenon studied with regard to the research question posed in this thesis
Gotzig, Bernhard. "Recherche du schéma optimal d'exploitation d'un réseau de distribution électrique". Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0209.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis is the exploration of the do main of the optimisation of the radial topology of a distribution system for different operation states on a real time basis. We have therefore developed several powerful computation utilities, especially a unified approach which may be used both for the optimisation in the normal state and for finding a restoration plan for the isolated llnfalllted areas in the case of an OLltage of an element in the network. In arder to satisfy the real time constraint, we have L1sed heuristic methods which permit the global optimum to be approached effeciently within a very short computation time. The verification of the results obtained by the heuristic methods is done using optimisation methods which are more dedicated for the research of the global optimum. In validating the proposed method with reallarge scale distribution networks, we have shown the efficiency of our approach in both computation time and the quality of the results
Chevalier, Stéphanie. "Inférence logique de réseaux booléens à partir de connaissances et d'observations de processus de différenciation cellulaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG061.
Texto completo da fonteDynamic models are essential tools for exploring regulatory mechanisms in biology. This thesis was guided by the need expressed in oncology and developmental biology to automatically infer Boolean networks reproducing cellular differentiation processes.By considering observations and knowledge that the modelers have at their disposal, this thesis presents an approach that allows to model the richness of this cellular behavior by inferring all the compatible Boolean networks at that scale of the regulatory networks commonly considered in biology.To develop this method, three main contributions are presented.The first contribution is a formal framework of the properties of data collected to study cellular differentiation. This framework allows reasoning about the desired dynamic properties within Boolean networks to be consistent with this cellular behavior.The second contribution concerns the encoding of the model inference problem as a Boolean satisfiability problem whose solutions are the Boolean networks compatible with the biological data. For this, constraints on the dynamics of Boolean networks corresponding to the previously formalized properties have been implemented in logic programming.The last contribution was to apply to real biological problems the model inference method, named BoNesis, which was developed thanks to the constraints. These applications showed the benefit of inferring a set of models for the process analysis and illustrated the modeling methodology, from the preparation of biological data to the analysis of the inferred models
Diagne, Hadja Maïmouna. "Gestion intelligente du réseau électrique réunionnais. Prévision de la ressource solaire en milieu insulaire". Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0014.
Texto completo da fonteThe integration of intermittent renewable energy in the energy mix is currently limited to a threshold of 30% of the total power being produced. This restriction aims at ensuring the safety of the power input. The elimination of this technical obstacle will be possible with solutions to energy intermittence of wind and solar energy. The energy issues which islands are facing today prefigure global problems in a more or less long term. These territories constitute unique laboratories for testing new technologies of storage, management and forecasting of energy. The contribution of this thesis focuses on the forecasting of global horizontal irradiance at different time horizons. Indeed, the generated PV power stems directly from the intensity of the global horizontal irradiance. First, the review of solar irradiance forecasting methods allows to classify numerical weather models and statistical forecasting methods depending on spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it shows that best performance is obtained with hybrid models. Second, a short-term forecast model (day ahead forecast) is developed with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and a Bayesian neural network. The hybridization of these methods improves the day ahead forecast performance. Third, a model for forecasting the very short term is developped with the Kalman hybrid model. This method offers on the one hand an energy forecasting and on the other hand a multi-horizon forecast. Comparing the performance of the aforesaid with the reference method, namely the persistence method, shows an improvement of the quality of the forecasts. Combining the Kalman filter with the WRF numerical model allows an operational implementation of the forecast
Huyet, Anne-Lise. "Extraction de connaissances pertinentes sur le comportement des systèmes de production : une approche conjointe par optimisation évolutionniste via simulation et apprentissage". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF21528.
Texto completo da fonteDi, Martino Jean Claude. "Intégration de connaissances dans des systèmes distribués pour l'extraction de raies spectrales dans des images sonar". Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10008.
Texto completo da fonteDupuch, Laurence. "Rôle de l’explicitation de la structuration des connaissances pour les apprentissages : apports des réseaux sémantiques fondés sur la relation d’inclusion de classes". Paris 8, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA084130.
Texto completo da fonteKnowledge acquisition depends on the construction of structured categories regarding a domain. In this thesis, we hypothesize that making knowledge organization explicit within a learning situation, through the use of semantic networks based on the class inclusion relation, can promote categorization at the relevant abstract level regarding the task and increase the quality of inferences due to properties inheritance. We think that these networks can be also used to create school evaluations and to analyze the mistakes made by pupils. In order to test these hypotheses, primary (3th or 5th grade) or secondary (2nd year) schoolchildren were initiated to the manipulation of semantic network regarding several domains from primary school education: the quadrilaterals, the grammatical determiners or generalities about conjugation. Their knowledge was assessed through problem solving, multiple choice questionnaires or tasks of verb categorization. Their results were compared with the ones from children having studied the same contents in a classical manner. The results supported our hypotheses: the “network” groups performed generally significantly better than the control groups for the different domains
Hervé, Adrienne. "Global activisme and civil society : a study of transnational advocacy networks". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0058.
Texto completo da fonteThe goal of the thesis was to understand how advocacy nongovernmental organizations cooperate with one another and to assess the factors that affect their influence in the transnational community. This thesis has examined the relationships between 436 NGOs, located in 75 countries, that belonged to 10 advocacy networks concerned with environmental policy, policy for development, and economic reform. In particular, it has looked at the structure and organization of the advocacy networks and of the hypernetwork created by links between the 10 advocacy networks. The thesis delineates a social system whose components can be understood in terms of four concepts that direct attention to the principal features of the system: (1) organizational field; (2) advocacy network; (3) advocacy organization; and (4) hypernetwork or network of networks. A major contribution of this study is the identification and description of the hypernetwork which linked the 10 advocacy networks. The existence of the hypernetwork showed that advocacy networks do not perform their roles independently of one another. The hypernetwork is a community in which member networks cooperate with one another. Twelve organizations belonged to four or more of the advocacy networks and presumably performed roles in integrating the networks
Ouzrout, Yacine. "Architectures collaboratives pour l'aide à la décision dans les entreprises en réseau". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793994.
Texto completo da fonteChevillot, Xavier. "Réponses fonctionnelles des écosystèmes estuariens dans le contexte du changement global : le cas du réseau trophique de l'estuaire de la Gironde". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0030/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe philosophical and technical changes associated with the emergence of our "modern" civilizationcaused numbers of physical, chemical and biological changes those led to changes in the functioning of"Nature". The necessity to understand this functioning has led to question the reconfiguration process ofthe various eco-sociosystems’ components and features under the influence of Global Change. TheGironde estuary, one of the largest estuaries in Western Europe, has shown since three decades, signsof this Global Change. In this context, this study highlights the functional trajectory of this estuarineecosystem during the last thirty years. Three aspects of its functioning are described, analyzed anddiscussed. First, the study of the inter-annual fish community evolution highlighted three periods withdistinct functioning. The exploration of the seasonal patterns of the fish and zooplankton dynamicsduring each period shows phenological changes able to cause, in some cases, prey-predator mismatch.This leads to question the stability of trophic interactions and the trophic capacity of the ecosystem forfish. Finally, within each of these three periods, the estuarine food web was modeled within a holisticframework. The comparison of the functional properties of each model highlighted an increase in thestress of the Gironde estuary and questioned the sustainability of its nursery function for Bay of Biscaymarine stocks. Four forecasting scenarios summarize conclusions of this study and let see possiblefutures of this ecosystem
Le, Crosnier Hervé. "Réseau, bibliothèques et documents numériques : architecture informatique et construction sociale". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Caen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204139.
Texto completo da fonteAvec le développement accéléré du numérique et des réseaux, nous sommes les témoins d'un basculement fantastique des activités humaines, qui porte sur l'expression de la culture et de la communication, la transformation des processus industriels, les relations inter-personnelles, les activités de travail et de loisir des individus, les conditions d'exercice de la démocratie.
En moins d'une vingtaine d'années, le nombre et la puissance des ordinateurs mis dans les mains des individus a explosé, offrant aux personnes et aux groupes une capacité de traitement inimaginable auparavant. Leur couplage avec l'interconnexion des réseaux a bousculé la donne culturelle, relationnelle, économique, politique, géopolitique, éducative, sociale, médiatique....
La maîtrise de techniques symboliques (traitement d'images, stockage de fichiers numériques, usage du réseau comme ressource d'information, recherche documentaire, transcodage de la musique, écriture et publication personnelle) s'est répandue comme une traînée de poudre dans le monde entier.
Les tranches d'âge concernées se sont élargies en quelques années. La jeunesse et plus encore l'adolescence faisant un large usage des médiations techniques dans sa sociabilité et son apprentissage personnel. Le troisième âge découvre avec intérêt les techniques numériques, de l'appareil photo au mail, qui les gardent en contact avec leur descendance. Les différences d'usage entre les sexes se réduisent, et le travail des groupes de femmes pour utiliser la technologie comme un outil d'égalité et de libération porte des fruits dans tous les types de communautés, notamment dans les pays en développement.
Les divers réseaux et pratiques immatérielles convergent de plus en plus vite vers un réseau ubiquitaire, mêlant intimement les activités de communication, de production symbolique (culture, connaissance et divertissement) et de diffusion. Les terminaux se diversifient, se font mobiles (baladeurs, ordinateurs portables, PDA, téléphones mobiles nouvelle génération...) et s'incrustent dans toutes les activités (travail, culture, loisir, vie quotidienne).
Les principes d'individualité, de vie privée, d'autonomie et même de citoyenneté ne sont plus des qualités intrinsèques aux personnes, mais ressortent de l'émergence de " technologies de la personnalité " et de systèmes d'exposition et de gestion de la personnalité (réseaux sociaux, systèmes d'identification, auto-publication, partage d'environnements culturels ou de jeux, mondes virtuels...).
Le " système nerveux " de l'économie mondiale repose sur ces échanges immatériels accrus, sur les formes nouvelles de production qu'ils permettent, et sur la valorisation et la monétarisation des activités de connaissance, de communication, d'éducation et d'échange. Ces événements technologiques accompagnent et rendent possibles, ou imaginables, d'autres bouleversements dans l'organisation du monde, souvent regroupés sous le terme de " mondialisation " d'une part et de " société de l'information " de l'autre.
Ces bouleversements massifs et en profondeur méritent une attention particulière de la recherche, afin d'analyser ce phénomène au moment même de son bouillonnement, et d'en dégager des principes, des concepts et des grilles d'analyse qui permettent :
- de proposer de nouvelles applications, protocoles et architectures, d'une part pour les sciences de l'ingénieur ;
- de replacer les pratiques sociales, économiques et culturelles qui se cristallisent et se recomposent dans le réseau et le numérique, au sein du fil global de l'histoire et des données de long terme ;
- de repérer les fractures qui se constituent, afin que les sciences humaines et sociales puissent jouer un rôle éclairant pour les citoyens et les acteurs politiques et économiques.
[...] et les derniers mots de la conclusion
Les questions du domaine public et des biens communs de l'information, parce qu'elles permettent d'imaginer une société dans laquelle la transmission et le partage des connaissances serait un moment essentiel de la socialisation et de la vie collective me semblent des questions centrales, qu'il faut encore polir et repolir sur le métier de la recherche sur le document numérique et les réseaux.
Le numérique nous apporte des promesses inégalées de coopération et d'extension de la culture et de la connaissance. Comment permettre à tous les habitants de la planète d'en profiter ? Quels verrous faut ils ouvrir ? Quels ressorts de rêve et d'utopie peuvent être remontés pour que se libère une énergie libératrice ? Comment les réflexions techniques peuvent-elles accompagner un projet social mondial ?
Le chercheur, l'intellectuel et le citoyen sont convoqués pour travailler la compréhension de cet univers du numérique qui irrigue et transforme si profondément nos sociétés. Et faire coopérer les solutions techniques, juridiques, sociales et organisationnelles pour ouvrir des espaces publics mondiaux nouveaux. Ici et maintenant.
Rakotosamimanana, Sitraka. "La peste à Madagascar : spatialisation, connaissances par la population et perception de l'accessibilité aux soins". Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. https://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/20_24_S_Rakotosamimanana.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThe plague is a pathogen complex with three main actors: the pathogen, the flea and the rodent. It is a major threat in the history of humanity. While in some parts of the world it has disappeared, in Madagascar it is endemic and a public health problem. This zoonosis, in its human form, affects about 400 individuals every year, particularly in areas located at an altitude of more than 800 meters above sea level, known as the central highlands. Even within the central highlands, the expression of the disease is not the same. This geography thesis aims to identify the different factors that can explain the endimicity, persistence and differences in the epidemiological expression of the disease, as well as the appearance of human cases of the plague on the island. Biological and ecological factors alone cannot explain the dynamics and circulation of the plague in Madagascar. Since health has both a social and biological aspect, the socio-spatial, behavioral and environmental factors that promote the appearance of human cases and the circulation of the disease have been explored in this thesis
Bascans, Jérémy. "Modèles de mémoires d'entreprise avec intégration automatique d'informations". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30144.
Texto completo da fonteToday, companies manipulate large volumes of information that are constantly increasing, always more complex and heterogeneous, in their content and their structures. This information, necessary for these enterprises' operation, represents a knowledge capital often not exploited. As a result, special attention is given to Organizational Memory (OM) systems. The purpose of these memories is to capitalize the information produced and exchanged by the internal and external actors (Information System (IS), employees, customers, suppliers, etc.) of the company with the aim of representing and sharing them while helping collaborative decision-making. Thereby organized, shared and reused information becomes organizational knowledge. The implementation of this memory requires a strong involvement of all stakeholders by directly impacting their tasks and requiring changes to their IS. In this context, this thesis objective is to enable the automatic capitalization of information by automatically organizing, representing and contextualizing the information so that they can be shared and exploited while minimizing the stakeholders' effort. In addition to involving stakeholders, current research is often limited to solutions specific to the companies and memories types. To help overcome these limitations, we propose an " Adaptive Organizational Memory with Automatic Integration of Information process ", based on an extended heterogeneous network. A first level of this approach proposes a meta-model of OM correlated to a process of automatic integration of information independent of the company type, the job and its stakeholders. In order to help any type of company to build its OM from the meta-model, we propose, at a second level, a generic and extensible model linked to an algorithm of automatic integration of the information, named OMAII for Organizational Memory with Automatic Integration of Information process. This OMAII model has been implemented and validated in its ability to automatically integrate new information in a relevant way. Because Wikipedia is an important vector of knowledge based on the collaborative creation based on very strong values of sharing, we chose to evaluate the capacity of our prototype to organize the information in the same way. The evaluation concerns the automatic information matching process of which the purpose is to intelligibly associate the information with each other in the memory in a non-deterministic general framework. To do this, we first evaluated and compared our approach by linking documents to interest subjects in a similar way to Wikipedia to compare similarities and dissimilarities between them. In a second step, we conducted a detailed study of the dissimilarities through a human evaluation of the information organization within our OM and its automatic integration
Després, Jacques. "Modélisation du développement à long terme du stockage de l’électricité dans le système énergétique global". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT073/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe current development of wind and solar power sources calls for an improvement of longtermenergy models. Indeed, high shares of variable wind and solar productions have shortandlong-term impacts on the power system, requiring the development of flexibility options:fast-reacting power plants, demand response, grid enhancement or electricity storage. Ourfirst main contribution is the modelling of electricity storage and grid expansion in the POLESmodel (Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems). We set up new investmentmechanisms, where storage development is based on several combined economic values.After categorising the long-term energy models and the power sector modelling tools in acommon typology, we showed the need for a better integration of both approaches.Therefore, the second major contribution of our work is the yearly coupling of POLES to ashort-term optimisation of the power sector operation, with the European Unit CommitmentAnd Dispatch model (EUCAD). The two-way data exchange allows the long-term coherentscenarios of POLES to be directly backed by the short-term technical detail of EUCAD. Ourresults forecast a strong and rather quick development of the cheapest flexibility options: gridinterconnections, pumped hydro storage and demand response programs, including electricvehicle charging optimisation and vehicle-to-grid storage. The more expensive batterystorage presumably finds enough system value in the second half of the century. A sensitivityanalysis shows that improving the fixed costs of batteries impacts more the investments thanimproving their efficiency. We also show the explicit dependency between storage andvariable renewable energy sources
Merhej, Dany. "Intégration de connaissances a priori dans la reconstruction des signaux parcimonieux : Cas particulier de la spectroscopie RMN multidimensionnelle". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782465.
Texto completo da fonteVoyant, Cyril. "Prédiction de séries temporelles de rayonnement solaire global et de production d'énergie photovoltaïque à partir de réseaux de neurones artificiels". Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00635298.
Texto completo da fonteDambreville, Romain. "Prévision du rayonnement solaire global par télédétection pour la gestion de la production d’énergie photovoltaïque". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT078/document.
Texto completo da fonteTo handle the integration of intermittent energies to the existing grid,managers require more and more acurate tools to forecast the primary resources. This thesisfocuses on the very short term forecast of the global horizontal irradiance (GHI), maininput for most photovoltaic power plant. We chose to use both ground based images fromhemispherical cameras and satellite images to provide a forecating tool. In the first handwe present a novel appraoch to estimate the GHI using ground based images. On secondhand, we propose several satellite based methods to forecast the GHI up to one hour. Finally,we developp a new method allowing us to merge both data in order to benefit from theirrespective advantages. All the methods were tested against real data acquired on the SIRTAsite, Polytechnique campus
Lefebvre, Polus Edwige. "Apports croisés de la modélisation géostatistique et déterministe : exemple des nitrates et de l'oxygène dissous dans un réseau hydrographique". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00563806.
Texto completo da fonteFraslin, Marie. "Comment organiser la pérennisation et le partage des connaissances dans un environnement international entre le centre de technologie et les bureaux d'études ?" Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957898.
Texto completo da fonteForoughmand, Aarabi Hadrien. "Towards global tempo estimation and rhythm-oriented genre classification based on harmonic characteristics of rhythm". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS018.
Texto completo da fonteAutomatic detection of the rhythmic structure within music is one of the challenges of the "Music Information Retrieval" research area. The advent of technology dedicated to the arts has allowed the emergence of new musical trends generally described by the term "Electronic/Dance Music" (EDM) which encompasses a plethora of sub-genres. This type of music often dedicated to dance is characterized by its rhythmic structure. We propose a rhythmic analysis of what defines certain musical genres including those of EDM. To do so, we want to perform an automatic global tempo estimation task and a genre classification task based on rhythm. Tempo and genre are two intertwined aspects since genres are often associated with rhythmic patterns that are played in specific tempo ranges. Some so-called "handcrafted" tempo estimation systems have been shown to be effective based on the extraction of rhythm-related characteristics. Recently, with the appearance of annotated databases, so-called "data-driven" systems and deep learning approaches have shown progress in the automatic estimation of these tasks. In this thesis, we propose methods at the crossroads between " handcrafted " and " data-driven " systems. The development of a new representation of rhythm combined with deep learning by convolutional neural network is at the basis of all our work. We present in detail our Deep Rhythm method in this thesis and we also present several extensions based on musical intuitions that allow us to improve our results
Zhou, Rongyan. "Exploration of opportunities and challenges brought by Industry 4.0 to the global supply chains and the macroeconomy by integrating Artificial Intelligence and more traditional methods". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPAST037.
Texto completo da fonteIndustry 4.0 is a significant shift and a tremendous challenge for every industrial segment, especially for the manufacturing industry that gave birth to the new industrial revolution. The research first uses literature analysis to sort out the literature, and focuses on the use of “core literature extension method” to enumerate the development direction and application status of different fields, which devotes to showing a leading role for theory and practice of industry 4.0. The research then explores the main trend of multi-tier supply in Industry 4.0 by combining machine learning and traditional methods. Next, the research investigates the relationship of industry 4.0 investment and employment to look into the inter-regional dependence of industry 4.0 so as to present a reasonable clustering based on different criteria and make suggestions and analysis of the global supply chain for enterprises and organizations. Furthermore, our analysis system takes a glance at the macroeconomy. The combination of natural language processing in machine learning to classify research topics and traditional literature review to investigate the multi-tier supply chain significantly improves the study's objectivity and lays a solid foundation for further research. Using complex networks and econometrics to analyze the global supply chain and macroeconomic issues enriches the research methodology at the macro and policy level. This research provides analysis and references to researchers, decision-makers, and companies for their strategic decision-making
Depigny, Marine. "Terrorisme international et mesures de sûreté : analyse économique du comportement du voyageur sur le réseau de transport aérien mondial". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO22020/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn our dissertation, we question the impact of both international terrorism and security measures on the behavior of the users of the global air transportation network. Using an econometric model, we analyze a new database, AirNetTerror, which contains data on all international passenger flows toward the U.S. from 1990 to 2006 as well as the events of international terrorism by country for the same period. The relevance of our research is twofold. On the one hand, our investigation regarding air travelers’ behavior and their possibilities of modifying their itinerary in light of international terrorism has – so far as we know – never been studied. On the other hand, as we analyze passenger flows from the perspective of the network, we propose a dynamic representation of the impact of travelers’ behavior changes related to terrorist threats and security measures. In particular, taking into account the interdependent security that rules the global air transport network, allows us to question the existence of failures in security measures. Our results underline a significant impact of both international terrorist events and security measures. Furthermore, we locally observe itinerary modifications of travelers that are linked to the previous phenomena. Thus, the combined effect of terrorist threats and security measures seems to lead to equilibrium breaks – that are limited but real – in passenger flows of the global air network. Our thesis offers a different representation of the impact of international terrorism on air transport by placing the traveler’s behavior at the center of the strategic interactions between security actors and terrorists
Leguerrier, Delphine. "Construction et étude d'un modèle de réseau trophique de la vasière de Brouage (Bassin de Marennes-Oléron, France) : prise en compte de la saisonnalité et des échanges physiques pour la synthèse constructive des connaissances sur une zone intertidale d'une région tempérée". La Rochelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LAROS220.
Texto completo da fonteBenhayoun-Sadafiyine, Lamiae. "La capacité d'absorption des PMEs intégrées dans des réseaux d'innovation collaboratifs : évaluation à travers une grille de maturité". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAG002/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn order to face the increased market competition, SMEs are joining collaborative innovation networks (CINs). In fact, these sturcutres enable them access to complementary knowledge that is necessary to conduct their innovation projects. The contribution of an SME to such a network requires an absorption of the knowledge brought by the other participants and eventually of knowledge external to the constituted network.The aim of this thesis is to develop a maturity tool to assess the absorptive capacity of SMEs operating in such contexts. This evaluation will help them contribute effectively to the project and foster the innovation success of this latter. It will also guide them towards the best practices to capitalize on their experiences within these networks and hence improve the performance of their own organizationsA mixed method has been adopted for the development of this tool. A first qualitative phase enabled the identification of absorption practices for an SME embedded in a CIN. This phase is mainly composed of an in-depth literature review, 20 semi-directive interviews with 13 SMEs in the Rhône-Alpes region of France and the Yorkshire region in the UK and two working sessions with expert researchers and practitioners. A second quantitative phase aimed at evaluating the relevance of these practices for each possible situation of an SME's participation in a CIN. To this end, a survey questionnaire was first tested with 2 practitioners and 2 researchers and then administered to a sample of SMEs who had operated in similar contexts. The collected data was analyzed according to a PLS-SEM approach and enabled formulating a prediction equation for each absorption practice, according to the context of the SME's participation within the network. The practices resulting from the qualitative phase combined with the formulas steming from the quantitative one were then operationalized through a maturity grid. The latter will be iteratively improved through successive applications with SMEs embedded in CINs.This thesis implies contributions at several levels. From a theoretical point of view, it confirms the prominence for innovation of the concept of absorptive capacity, through its characterization for the context of an SME embedded in a CIN. From a practical point of view, the implementation of this characterization through a tool for the use of SMEs helps them foster the success of their experiences within such networks. Finally, from a methodological point of view, the adoption of a quantitative approach to contextualize a maturity grid is a novel methodology in the development stream of such performance improvement tools
Sosa, Andrea Patricia. "El papel de las megaempresas agropecuarias en la financiarización del régimen alimentario global : los casos del Grupo Los Grobo y El Tejar en Argentina y en Brasil (1996-2015)". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20085.
Texto completo da fonteI study the role of agricultural mega-companies of Argentinean origin in the financialization of agriculture, a process that characterizes the transition period opened at the end of the second food regime in the 1970s. The analysis focuses on the practices of these companies, which are central actors in the financialization of agriculture at a regional level since 1) they are a vehicle for national and international financial capital in agricultural production and 2) they adopt financialized behaviors that transform the organization of work and production. I call direct and reverse financialization to these two dimensions. Both have an impact on agrarian change dynamics that reflect (and at the same time help shape) the logic of financial expansion in the agricultural sector. I analyze the effects of these two facets of financialization in the processes of concentration of land and production, as well as specialization and fragmentation of work. Finally, I study the transformations in productive organization that these companies introduce and/or spread during their crossborder expansion and the implications of these dynamics of accumulation for the agrarian question of the XXIst century. This thesis shows the centrality, in these processes, of the so-called "network model" deployed by the mega-companies under study. In Argentina, this model has given flexibility to the production process and provided legitimacy to forms of accumulation that combine productive and financial logics. It has attracted national and international financial capital that facilitated the expansion of mega-companies to other Latin-American countries, and deepened the process of concentration at the top (of land and production) and fragmentation at the bottom (of labor) through mechanisms combining dispossession and productivity
En esta tesis estudio el papel de las megaempresas agropecuarias de origen argentino en el proceso de financiarización de la agricultura que caracteriza el período de transición abierto con el fin del segundo régimen alimentario en la década de 1970. El análisis se sitúa en el nivel de las prácticas de estos actores, elemento implícito en la bibliografía pero que hasta el momento no mereció suficiente tratamiento. Mi hipótesis principal es que tales empresas son centrales para comprender la financiarización del sector agroalimentario regional en tanto 1) vehiculizan el ingreso de agentes financieros nacionales e internacionales en la producción agropecuaria y 2) adoptan comportamientos financieros que transforman la organización del trabajo y la producción. Denomino respectivamente financiarización directa y financiarización inversa a estas dos dimensiones. Ambas tienen impactos en las dinámicas de cambio agrario –y a su vez contribuyen a moldear– las lógicas de la expansión financiera en el agro. En ese marco, me preocupo por los efectos de estas dos facetas de la financiarización en los procesos de concentración de tierras y de la producción, así como de especialización y fragmentación del trabajo. Por último, doy cuenta de las transformaciones en las formas de organización productiva que introducen y/o difunden estas empresas en su proceso de expansión transfronteras impulsado por capitales financieros, y las implicancias de estas dinámicas de acumulación para la cuestión agraria del siglo XXI. Esta tesis muestra la centralidad del llamado “modelo en red” desplegado por las megaempresas estudiadas en estos procesos. En Argentina, este dispositivo permitió, por un lado, dar flexibilidad al proceso productivo y, por el otro, dotar de legitimación a formas de acumulación que combinan lógicas productivas y financieras. Además, funcionó como un modelo de negocios atractivo para capitales financieros nacionales e internacionales, que facilitaron su expansión translatina. El “modelo en red” facilitó la profundización de los procesos de concentración por arriba (de la tierra y el capital) y fragmentación por abajo (del trabajo) a través de mecanismos renovados que combinan desposesión con productividad
Surel-Meley, Marie. "Vivre avec un diabète au Burkina Faso : Pratiques de santé confrontées au modèle global d'autonomie du patient". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3112.
Texto completo da fonteThis PhD dissertation proposes to examine local conditions of the insertion of a model of self-management of chronic disease in the context of the emergence of diabetes as a public health problem in Burkina Faso. The reflection is based on an ethnographic corpus that includes stories of illness experience, observation of medical activities and care practices, as well as the singular experience of the anthropologist involved in a therapeutic quest for his host. A socio-anthropological approach of a bwa village (Dédougou area) characterizes the local food social space and identifies the cultural and social dimensions of health and disease. Historical and political insights are invited to think about the relationship between patients and the local health system. The modalities of construction and practical purposes of lay knowledge about diabetes are questioned. Therapeutic itineraries of patients reveal the perception of social risks related to individualized eating behaviors. A logic of "resourcefulness" can "manage" diabetes in a context of uncertainty that increases the prohibitive cost of treatment. The current limits of medicalization of diabetes are analyzed with respect to patients’ quality of life. This contextualisation suggests that the local application of the global project to empower patients produces the emergence of new issues at the heart of care relationship. The thesis opens a reflection on the articulation between local practices, global model, and the paradigm of care, understood in the perspective of improving patients’ lives
Breux, Yohan. "Du capteur à la sémantique : contribution à la modélisation d'environnement pour la robotique autonome en interaction avec l'humain". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS059/document.
Texto completo da fonteAutonomous robotics is successfully used in controled industrial environments where instructions follow predetermined implementation plans.Domestic robotics is the challenge of years to come and involve several new problematics : we have to move from a closed bounded world to an open one. A robot can no longer only rely on its raw sensor data as they merely show the absence or presence of things. It should also understand why objects are in its environment as well as the meaning of its tasks. Besides, it has to interact with human beings and therefore has to share their conceptualization through natural language. Indeed, each language is in its own an abstract and compact representation of the world which links up variety of concrete and abstract concepts. However, real observations are more complex than our simplified semantical representation. Thus they can come into conflict : this is the price for a finite representation of an "infinite" world.To address those challenges, we propose in this thesis a global architecture bringing together different modalities of environment representation. It allows to relate a physical representation to abstract concepts expressed in natural language. The inputs of our system are two-fold : sensor data feed the perception modality whereas textual information and human interaction are linked to the semantic modality. The novelty of our approach is in the introduction of an intermediate modality based on instances (physical realization of semantic concepts). Among other things, it allows to connect indirectly and without contradiction perceptual data to knowledge in natural langage.We propose in this context an original method to automatically generate an ontology for the description of physical objects. On the perception side, we investigate some properties of image descriptor extracted from intermediate layers of convolutional neural networks. In particular, we show their relevance for instance representation as well as their use for estimation of similarity transformation. We also propose a method to relate instances to our object-oriented ontology which, in the assumption of an open world, can be seen as an alternative to classical classification methods. Finally, the global flow of our system is illustrated through the description of user request management processes
Morère, Olivier André Luc. "Deep learning compact and invariant image representations for instance retrieval". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066406.
Texto completo da fonteImage instance retrieval is the problem of finding an object instance present in a query image from a database of images. Also referred to as particular object retrieval, this problem typically entails determining with high precision whether the retrieved image contains the same object as the query image. Scale, rotation and orientation changes between query and database objects and background clutter pose significant challenges for this problem. State-of-the-art image instance retrieval pipelines consist of two major steps: first, a subset of images similar to the query are retrieved from the database, and second, Geometric Consistency Checks (GCC) are applied to select the relevant images from the subset with high precision. The first step is based on comparison of global image descriptors: high-dimensional vectors with up to tens of thousands of dimensions rep- resenting the image data. The second step is computationally highly complex and can only be applied to hundreds or thousands of images in practical applications. More discriminative global descriptors result in relevant images being more highly ranked, resulting in fewer images that need to be compared pairwise with GCC. As a result, better global descriptors are key to improving retrieval performance and have been the object of much recent interest. Furthermore, fast searches in large databases of millions or even billions of images requires the global descriptors to be compressed into compact representations. This thesis will focus on how to achieve extremely compact global descriptor representations for large-scale image instance retrieval. After introducing background concepts about supervised neural networks, Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) and deep learning in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 will present the design principles and recent work for the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), which recently became the method of choice for large-scale image classification tasks. Next, an original multistage approach for the fusion of the output of multiple CNN is proposed. Submitted as part of the ILSVRC 2014 challenge, results show that this approach can significantly improve classification results. The promising perfor- mance of CNN is largely due to their capability to learn appropriate high-level visual representations from the data. Inspired by a stream of recent works showing that the representations learnt on one particular classification task can transfer well to other classification tasks, subsequent chapters will focus on the transferability of representa- tions learnt by CNN to image instance retrieval…
Bouzeghoub, Mokrane. "Secsi : un système expert en conception de systèmes d'informations, modélisation conceptuelle de schémas de bases de données". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066046.
Texto completo da fonteHattab, Tarek. "Impacts du changement global sur les assemblages d’espèces exploitées sud méditerranéens, application au golfe de Gabès (Tunisie) : de la modélisation des niches aux conséquences trophiques". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20041/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot highly affected by several sources of disturbances interacting synergistically: global warming, habitat loss and overfishing threaten marine biodiversity and disrupt the ecosystem balance. To ensure a sustainable management of coastal marine ecosystems according to the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, it is necessary to study the ecosystem responses to these disturbances. However, despite the variety of global change studies in Mediterranean areas, ecosystems responses to these changes remain poorly understood and particularly at the southern part of the Mediterranean Sea. In this PhD thesis, the Gulf of Gabes was chosen as study area since it is one of the most affected regions by global change which makes it a mesocosm model of more regional patterns that occur in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, as a first step, we replaced the Gulf of Gabes in its biogeographic and ecosystem regional context. This was achievied through a phylogenetic-based delineation of biogeographical species pools of coastal Mediterranean fishes and using an ecosystem model to describe its structure and functioning in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystem model properties. We therefore projected potential future geographic ranges and assemblages composition of biogeographical exploited species pool according to global warming and habitat loss scenarios. Then we assessed their effects on food web structure. Taking into account the taxonomy and inter-species evolutionary relationships, we generate a new bioregionalisation of the continental shelf based on the turnover of lineages. Our results showed that climate is the major driver of species distribution and assemblage's composition. In addition, the exploration of phylogenetic dissimilarity across the Tunisian coast highlighted four major biogeographic areas showing a low spatial congruence with zoning used for fisheries management in Tunisia.Projected range shifts of the 60 main exploited species of the Gulf of Gabes through the implementation of a new climate model (NEMOMED8) revealed that, by the end of the century, 34 species could contract their ranges including 12 species that could become locally extinct across the Gulf of Gabes. Furthermore, by combining Posidonia meadows loss scenarios and climate change projections, our results showed that the magnitudes of the changes range induced by climate change are larger than those resulting from the loss of habitat.The Ecopath mass-balance model allowed us to describe the structure and functioning of the ecosystem of the Gulf of Gabes in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystems. These models encompass the entire trophic spectrum from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels as well as the main fishing activities in the area. The model results showed that, among the fishing activities studied, bottom trawling was identified as the activity having the widest-ranging impacts across the different functional groups and the largest impacts on some commercially-targeted demersal fish species. Finally, to study the effects of species range shift on food web structure, we used a new methodology to infer trophic interactions between species. Based on the robust relationship between the size of prey and predators, we predicted the current food webs and project potential changes in their structures. We found that a significant portion of the Gulf of Gabes would face an increase of connectance and an extension of trophic pathways in parallel with a decrease in the number of prey per predator and the number of predators per prey. This PhD thesis paves the way towards the understanding of the role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem functioning
Fouré-Joopen, Helga. "La dynamique coopérative inter-organisationnelle dans les réseaux innovants : le facteur confiance dans le cas de deux clusters français". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30022.
Texto completo da fonteIn a context of "hyper" competition, the capacity of adaptation to a constantly changing economic environment, determines the future of companies. The necessity of innovating and of mobilizing knowledge is a constant challenge for the continued existence of organizations. Various types of company networks are an answer to this situation because, in order to innovate, it is necessary to cooperate and to master the economy through networks. Managers, little prepared for a "Knowledge" management which would mobilize the firm's expertise, must be prepared towards a new shape of management which does not just take direct costs into consideration. The collective knowledge of a company, its immaterial capital, is in reality, only assessed in posteriori at the end of the innovation process. Furthermore, the construction of a real collective intelligence based on sharing expertise comes up against resistance on behalf of the collaborators. This resistance is mainly due to a lack of trust towards the partners inside and outside a network. A change in communication skills and becoming more transparent and more open, is a possible means of developing human potential and social capital, and of improving socio-economic performance. The implementation of a communication platform piloted and coordinated by a Community manager, based on new media, can serve as tool of change towards collaboration. A company introducing new technology without mutual trust evolving from dialogue and coordination with users will most certainly require the services of an outside expert to accompany the collaborative project