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1
Fiori, Emiliano, e Michele Trizio. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Byzantine Studies Plenary Sessions. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-590-2.
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The present volume collects most of the contributions to the plenary sessions held at the 24th International Congress of Byzantine Studies, and incisively reflects the ever increasing broadening of the very concept of ‘Byzantine Studies’. Indeed, a particularly salient characteristic of the papers presented here is their strong focus on interdisciplinarity and their breadth of scope, both in terms of methodology and content. The cross-pollination between different fields of Byzantine Studies is also a major point of the volume. Archaeology and art history have pride of place; it is especially in archaeological papers that one can grasp the vital importance of the interaction with the so-called hard sciences and with new technologies for contemporary research. This relevance of science and technology for archaeology, however, also applies to, and have significant repercussions in, historical studies, where – for example – the study of climate change or the application of specific software to network studies are producing a major renewal of knowledge. In more traditional subject fields, like literary, political, and intellectual history, the contributions to the present volume offer some important reflections on the connection between Byzantium and other cultures and peoples through the intermediary of texts, stories, diplomacy, trade, and war.
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Fiori, Emiliano, e Michele Trizio. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Byzantine Studies Plenary Sessions. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-590-2.
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The present volume collects most of the contributions to the plenary sessions held at the 24th International Congress of Byzantine Studies, and incisively reflects the ever increasing broadening of the very concept of ‘Byzantine Studies’. Indeed, a particularly salient characteristic of the papers presented here is their strong focus on interdisciplinarity and their breadth of scope, both in terms of methodology and content. The cross-pollination between different fields of Byzantine Studies is also a major point of the volume. Archaeology and art history have pride of place; it is especially in archaeological papers that one can grasp the vital importance of the interaction with the so-called hard sciences and with new technologies for contemporary research. This relevance of science and technology for archaeology, however, also applies to, and have significant repercussions in, historical studies, where – for example – the study of climate change or the application of specific software to network studies are producing a major renewal of knowledge. In more traditional subject fields, like literary, political, and intellectual history, the contributions to the present volume offer some important reflections on the connection between Byzantium and other cultures and peoples through the intermediary of texts, stories, diplomacy, trade, and war.
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Van Den Heuvel, Ellen G. H. M., Lisette Cornelia Petronella Gerardina Maria De Groot, Monique Maria Raats, Jan Steijns, Edith Feskens e Inge Tetens, eds. Food-Based Dietary Guidelines: The Relevance of Nutrient Density and a Healthy Diet Score. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-443-6.
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Sharma, Anil Kumar, e Vikas Beniwal. Industrial Enzymes: Trends, Scope and Relevance. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.
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Catanzaro, Michael P., e Rachel J. Kwon. Hinchey Classification of Acute Diverticulitis. Editado por Rachel J. Kwon. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0048.
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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark historical study in surgery: the Hinchey classification of acute diverticulitis. It describes the history of the disease, gives a summary of the study including study design and results, and relates the study to a modern-day principle of evidence-based medicine: validation of scoring systems. Hinchey’s classification of diverticulitis has become the most widespread system and while the Hinchey score may currently have less clinical relevance as it did in his time, its publication and eventual adoption marked a practice-changing paradigm shift in the way diverticulitis is viewed and managed today.
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Beniczky, Sándor, Harald Aurlien, Jan Brøgger, Ronit Pressler e Lawrence J. Hirsch. Standardizing EEG Interpretation and Reporting. Editado por Donald L. Schomer e Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0026.
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This chapter describes how to standardize electroencephalographic (EEG) interpretation and reporting in clinical practice. The Standardized Computer-Based Organized Reporting of EEG (SCORE) software program was developed by an international taskforce under the auspices of the International League Against Epilepsy and the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Clinically relevant features are scored by choosing predefined terms in the software. This process automatically generates a report and at the same time builds up a database for education, quality assurance, and research. SCORE is the template used for the interactive online educational EEG platform of this textbook.
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Lee, Christoph I. Coronary Artery Calcium Score and Risk Classification. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0023.
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This chapter, found in the chest pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of computed tomography (CT) coronary artery calcium score for cardiovascular risk stratification. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Researchers report that adding coronary artery calcium score to traditional risk factors produces significant improvements in classification of patients for future risk of coronary heart disease events, especially for intermediate-risk individuals who stand to benefit the most from a risk stratification strategy. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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Norah, Gallagher, e Shan Wenhua. 2 Scope And Definition. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law:iic/9780199230259.003.002.
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A bilateral investment treaty (BIT) is relevant for a particular arbitration case only when the case falls within its scope of application. Normally the scope of application of a treaty includes four aspects: subject matter (ratione materiae), covered persons and entities (ratione personae), territorial application, and temporal application. The Chinese BITs are not an exception to this but they do, however, raise some special, perhaps unique, questions. This chapter deals with the four aspects on the scope of application, with special attention to those issues with “Chinese characteristics”. It also deals briefly with the issue of investment admission, which has been left, by and large, within the discretion of the host state.
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Lee, Christoph I. Quantitative CT Score in Predicting Outcome of Hyperacute Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0005.
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This chapter, found in the headache section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of quantitative computed tomography (CT) scores in predicting outcomes of hyperacute stroke. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that the ASPECTS CT score may provide an objective, simple method for helping predict which acute stroke patients are unlikely to recover despite immediate thrombolytic therapy. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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Curtis A, Bradley. 10 War Powers and the War on Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190217761.003.0010.
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This chapter considers the relevance of international law within the U.S. legal system to the United States’ initiation and conduct of war. After briefly reviewing some of the most relevant treaties relating to war and warfare, the chapter considers the Constitution’s distribution of war authority between Congress and the President. It then discusses how international law, including the provisions in the UN Charter relating to the authority of the Security Council, as well as collective self-defense treaties, might affect the President’s war authority. The chapter then shifts to the “war on terrorism” and discusses the relevance of international law, including the Geneva Conventions, to issues concerning the scope of the military’s detention authority in that conflict, with particular reference to the Supreme Court’s 2004 decision in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld. International law and other issues relating to the use of military commissions to try terrorist suspects are also considered. The chapter concludes by discussing legal debates relating to coercive interrogation and targeted killing.
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Larroyo, Francisco, e José Gaos. Two Ideas of Philosophy (1940). Traduzido por Aurelia Valero Pie e Robert Eli Sanchez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190601294.003.0008.
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The question concerning the possibility of a Mexican or Spanish-American philosophy, an important issue for Gaos, sounds metaphilosophical, but in this debate, Larroyo dismisses the idea of metaphilosophy as an absurdity, which is either a contradiction in terms or leads to an infinite regress. For Larroyo, the task of defining philosophy is as old as philosophy itself and does not require the “new” discipline of metaphilosophy. This selection illustrates how questions about the definition and scope of philosophy were increasingly becoming a subject of public debate, thus contributing to the normalization of philosophy. Questions regarding whether philosophy is a science, as Larroyo thought, or a personal confession, as Gaos thought, or whether the essence of the psychology of the philosopher is arrogance or humility are relevant not only to the possibility of Mexican philosophy, but also to determinations of the value or relevance of philosophy in Mexican society at large.
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Corbett, Jack, e Wouter Veenendaal. Democratization and Economic Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796718.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 interrogates modernization theory and the belief that economic growth is key to explaining why democratic regimes rise and fall. Many small states in Africa, the Caribbean, and most significantly the Pacific are poor but retain high Freedom House scores. Conversely, some small states, in Europe in particular, but also Brunei in Asia, tend to be both richer and poorly scored. This demonstrates that while economic performance is clearly relevant to the survival of regimes, the key link is not how wealthy a country is but how elites both utilize their economic resources and narrate the story of their performance. In poorer states, elites keep public expectations low while rewarding loyal followers via practices of clientelism and patronage. In wealthy states, elites link high living standards with regime stability and centralized authority. Thus, the personalization of politics can have unexpected benefits for democratization, especially in small, poorer countries.
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Licardo, Marta, Jasminka Mezak e İlke Evin Gencel. Teaching for the Future in Early Childhood Education. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.pef.2.2023.
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The monograph focuses on the teaching and learning of children in early childhood education. The international monograph includes contributions by authors from three countries, highlighting different perspectives on contemporary teaching and learning specific to ECE. The monograph is based on the collaboration of researchers from different universities in the Erasmus+ Algolittle project, who have explored important contemporary concepts of teaching in ECE, such as how to develop algorithmic thinking in preschool children, how to teach algorithmic thinking to ECE students, and the relevance of such cognitive skills for future knowledge. The monograph goes beyond the scope of the project by incorporating new scientific findings related to the implementation of various concepts in learning and teaching preschool children, such as executive functions, algorithmic thinking, creativity, problem-based thinking, integration of teaching from different domains, distance learning, specific pedagogical practices, thus presenting a wide range of topics relevant for the development of learning and teaching in early childhood education now and in the future.
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Depa, Larisse, Larissa Depa, Crhisllane Vasconcelos, Vagner Fonseca e Diego Frias. Estudo do uso de códons nos vírus da Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya com foco em terapia por inibição seletiva de tRNAs contra arboviroses. Editado por Diego Mariano. Alfahelix, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51780/978-6-5992753-3-3.
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O vírus da dengue (DENV), o vírus da Zika (ZIKV) e o vírus da chikungunya (CHIKV) são espécies que apresentam relevância clínica para a saúde pública. Porém, ainda não existe um tratamento específico ou vacina disponível para esses arbovírus. Nesse contexto, é fundamental encontrar novos alvos terapêuticos que possam auxiliar estratégias e tratamentos mais eficientes. A metodologia de codon usage tem demonstrado bons resultados para encontrar alvos para terapias que visam inibidores de tradução. Este estudo buscou analisar o uso de códons e o equilíbrio entre a abundância relativa dos RNAs transportadores (tRNAs) para encontrar alvos terapêuticos que irão estimular novas alternativas de tratamento para infecções causadas pelos DENV, ZIKV e CHIKV. Para tanto, foi replicada uma estratégia computacional, assumindo uma terapia hipotética de inibição seletiva de tRNA (Selective Transport RNA Inhibition Therapy - STRIT), onde foi estabelecido um índice de potencial terapêutico (T-score) para encontrar potenciais espécies de tRNA que poderiam ser inibidas seletivamente para atenuar a replicação viral na célula hospedeira. Foram identificados os cinco códons com maior frequência relativa vírus/hospedeiro (mais relevantes para o vírus) nas seis espécies de arbovírus, notando que todos terminam com purinas A ou G. Os códons GGA (Glicina), AGA (Arginina) e ATA (Isoleucina) são relevantes em todos os flavivirus (ZIKV, DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4), mas não no alphavirus CHIKV, onde os códons ACG (Treonina) e CCG (Prolina) são os mais relevantes. Posteriormente, selecionando os cinco códons com maiores T-score nas seis espécies virais (30 códons em total) encontramos apenas 11 códons diferentes, todos terminados com A ou G. Agrupados segundo o nucleotídeo na primeira posição do códon estes 11 códons são: (AGA, ACA, ATA, ACG), (GGA, GCA, GTA, GCG), (CTA, CCG) e (TGG). No agrupamento, notamos outro fato intrigante: que 10 dos 11 códons mais bem ranqueados por T-score, terminam com GA, CA, TA ou CG. Nosso método identificou as espécies de tRNA (através da identificação do códon cognato com maior T-score), cuja inibição funcional por qualquer método específico a anticódon, poderia ter potenciais efeitos terapêuticos em células infectadas pelo vírus da Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya causando a inibição da tradução das proteínas do vírus sem ter um efeito deletério na sobrevivência das células hospedeiras durante o período da infeção. A predominância absoluta dos nucleotídeos A e G na terceira posição dos 11 códons com maior T-score, que por sua vez indica uma preferência dos arbovírus por 11 espécies de tRNA com C ou T na primeira posição do anticódon, abre um novo espaço de pesquisa na interação vírus-hospedeiro.
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Gopal, Subramanium. Part VI Rights—Structure and Scope, Ch.34 Writs and Remedies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0034.
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This chapter examines the relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution regarding the power of courts to issue writs and grant remedies, with particular emphasis on Articles 32 and 226. It considers these two provisions and how they empower the Indian Supreme Court and High Courts to issue directions, orders, or writs to any person or authority, and to enforce the fundamental rights. It then considers a number of issues relating to Article 226, such as whether it is confined to governmental institutions and statutory public bodies, along with the question of cause of action and territoriality. It also discusses the Supreme Court’s position on the nature of writ jurisdiction in India, including the writ of mandamus, habeas corpus, certiorari, prohibition, and quo warranto. Finally, the chapter explores the procedural aspects of constitutional remedies by focusing on res judicata, questions of fact, and political questions.
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Wieland, Jan Willem, e Philip Robichaud, eds. Blame Transfer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779667.003.0016.
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Many philosophers accept derivative blameworthiness for ignorant conduct, i.e. the idea that the blameworthiness for one’s ignorance can “transfer” to blameworthiness for one’s subsequent ignorant conduct. This chapter asks the question what it actually means that blameworthiness would transfer, and explores four distinct views and their merits. On views (I) and (II), one’s overall degree of blameworthiness is determined by factors relevant to one’s ignorance and/or one’s subsequent conduct, and transfer only involves an increase in scope. On views (III) and (IV), one’s overall degree of blameworthiness is determined by factors relevant to one’s ignorance as well as one’s subsequent conduct, and transfer might not only entail an increase in scope, but also in degree.
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Trevor C, Hartley. Part I General and Introductory, 4 Subject-Matter Scope: Civil and Commercial Matters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198729006.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the ‘subject-matter scope’ of Brussels 2012, Lugano 2007, and the Hague Convention. ‘Subject-matter scope’ refers to the scope covered by a measure as regards its subject matter, that is to say the branches and areas of the law to which it applies. For the three legal instruments under consideration, the relevant provisions are contained in Article 1 of Brussels 2012 and Lugano, and Articles 1 and 2 of Hague. A review of case law shows that the distinction between a civil matter and public matter is far from straightforward. There is a significant grey area in which the Court of Justice of the European Union could legitimately go either way.
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Kamal, Arif H., e Jason A. Webb. Effects of Morphine on Dyspnea (DRAFT). Editado por Nathan A. Gray e Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0016.
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This chapter reports on an open, uncontrolled study to assess the effects of subcutaneous morphine on dyspnea in patients with terminal cancer. Twenty patients with dyspnea from restrictive respiratory failure received a subcutaneous dose of morphine relative to their opioid tolerance: 5mg for opioid naïve (5 patients) and 2.5 times regular dose for opioid tolerant (15 patients). Dyspnea and pain scores were measured every 15 minutes for 150 minutes. Dyspnea scores, but not respiratory rate, respiratory effort, nor arterial saturation of oxygen were affected. Ninety-five percent of patients reported improved dyspnea after morphine. This chapter describes the basics of the study and briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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Sarah, Worthington. Part II United Kingdom, 11 The Scope and Application of the Anti-Deprivation Rule. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755371.003.0011.
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This chapter begins by explaining why anti-deprivation rules are important. These anti-deprivation rules are designed to prevent parties from contracting out of the insolvency legislation. In particular, an insolvent cannot agree to a depletion or distribution of its property other than in accordance with the statutory insolvency distribution scheme. The chapter describes the Lehman context as it relates to the anti-deprivation rule, the relevant UK rules (all non-statutory),the basis of the UK Supreme Court’s findings in the Lehman litigation, and the various questions which remain difficult—sometimes exceedingly so—yet which may well need to be resolved should the issues reappear in future litigation.
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Franz, Carleen, Lee Ascherman e Julia Shaftel. A Clinician's Guide to Learning Disabilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195383997.001.0001.
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A Clinician’s Guide to Learning Disabilities provides succinct descriptions of the various types of learning disabilities that affect educational achievement, illustrated with numerous case studies. Clear descriptions of educational assessment best practices and score reporting simplify the interpretation of psychoeducational reports. An entire chapter on historical context and legal framework describes obligatory supports for students with learning disabilities in all settings. Chapters on preschool assessment and the transition to post–high-school college and career expand the scope of the book beyond the school years. Clinicians who work in nonschool settings view learning disorders through the lens of DSM-5. They may be surprised at IDEA requirements and how the law works to identify and serve students with learning disabilities. Clinicians may not be aware that DSM-5 is not familiar in the school setting and that their diagnoses and recommendations may not have their intended effect. Through detailed examination of relevant special education requirements and procedures, this text addresses and clarifies the confusion that clinicians and families often experience about the lack of diagnostic congruence and differing terminology between DSM-5 and IDEA. No other book describes learning disorders and the psychoeducational evaluation process for mental health clinicians who work with these children and adolescents. A chapter on referral and collaboration will inform clinicians who seek deeper educational knowledge about their clients to better guide students and their families.
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Surya, Deva. Part VI Rights—Structure and Scope, Ch.35 Saving Clauses: the Ninth Schedule and Articles 31A–C. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0035.
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This chapter examines the drafting history, nature, scope, (mis)use, and relevance of the so-called ‘saving clauses’ of the Indian Constitution: Article 31A, Article 31B read with the Ninth Schedule, and Article 31C. They are designed to protect laws aimed at agrarian reforms or at implementing certain Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) from a potential constitutional challenge on the ground of violating fundamental rights (FRs), andexceptionally allow certain laws to override FRs. This chapter offers an alternative reading of the saving clauses and discusses the Ninth Schedule, arguing that, despite being misused in the past, it might not be abused in the future, and that the Basic Structure doctrine is inappropriate to test the validity of laws inserted in the Ninth Schedule. It also suggests that the judiciary misconstrued their role with respect to the right to property as a FR, as well as the value of DPSPs relative to FRs.
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Reich, Norbert. Francovich Enforcement Analysed and Illustrated by German (and English) Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0008.
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This chapter considers the relevance of the Francovich liability to enforcement. Francovich liability can be regarded as an element of enforcement of EU law, but this is limited in scope in an objective and subjective sense, which might confound critical observers of EU law. To overcome the somewhat haphazard approach of citing national—the German and to some extent English—cases pointing in one or other direction regarding the relevance of the liability, this chapter turns to two contrasting approaches. The first is the thorough study by Takis Tridimas analysing all subsequent ECJ case law relating to Francovich. The second is the study based on an economic theory of deterrence advanced by Hans-Bernd Schäfer. The chapter also briefly refers to a comparative empirical study of the case law in German and UK courts.
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McDermott, John J., ed. The Basic Writings of Josiah Royce, Volume I. Fordham University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823224838.001.0001.
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Now back in print, and in paperback, these two classic volumes illustrate the scope and quality of Josiah Royce's thought, providing the most comprehensive selection of his writings currently available. They offer a detailed presentation of the viable relationship Royce forged between the local experience of community and the demands of a philosophical and scientific vision of the human situation. The selections reprinted here are basic to any understanding of Royce's thought and its pressing relevance to contemporary cultural, moral, and religious issues.
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McDermott, John J., ed. The Basic Writings of Josiah Royce, Volume II. Fordham University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823224845.001.0001.
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Now back in print, and in paperback, these two classic volumes illustrate the scope and quality of Josiah Royce's thought, providing the most comprehensive selection of his writings currently available. They offer a detailed presentation of the viable relationship Royce forged between the local experience of community and the demands of a philosophical and scientific vision of the human situation. The selections reprinted here are basic to any understanding of Royce's thought and its pressing relevance to contemporary cultural, moral, and religious issues.
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Kiesewetter, Benjamin. Bootstrapping and Other Detachment Problems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754282.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 discusses the problem that a normative understanding of structural requirements of rationality seems to allow for the detachment of unacceptable conclusions about what we ought or have reason to do. The chapter begins by illustrating the ‘bootstrapping problem’ that occurs when we take the relevant requirements to have narrow scope (4.1), and then discusses and rejects two strategies to solve this problem: the reasons strategy (4.2), and the subjective ‘ought’ strategy (4.3). A third, and more promising, strategy is presented, which blocks bootstrapping by taking structural requirements of rationality to have wide scope (4.4). The remainder of the chapter examines further detachment problems that arise when the wide-scope account is combined with independent principles about the transmission of reasons and ‘oughts’ (4.5–4.7). The conclusion is that the wide-scope account ultimately fails to block detachment of unacceptable normative conclusions (4.8).
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Neumeyer, David, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Film Music Studies. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195328493.001.0001.
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This volume explores the history and evolution of film music studies from the silent film to the sound film era. It examines the relevance of various theories, including ontological, feminist, queer, critical and apparatus theories, in film studies and analyzes the influence of theater or opera music on the development of film soundtrack. It also discusses the history of video game music and presents two case studies involving the analysis of the musical scores for Cecil B. DeMille’s The Ten Commandments and Terry Gilliam’s 12 Monkeys.
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Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones e Daniel Martin. Obstetric anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0024.
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This chapter covers the knowledge required for higher training in obstetric anaesthesia. Physiological changes of pregnancy, along with their relevance to anaesthetic management are highlighted. Common maternal comorbidity and the impact on antenatal course, delivery and anaesthesia are summarized. Modern labour analgesia techniques are compared. Anaesthetic management of common obstetric emergencies e.g. fetal distress, preeclampsia, massive haemorrhage, abnormal placentation, amniotic fluid embolus and uterine inversion are described. Finally, the recent Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Death is summarized along with the role of early warning scores to improve future care.
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Hennie, Strydom. Part III Other Relevant International Regimes and Issues, 13 Transnational Organised Crime and the Illegal Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198733737.003.0013.
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The involvement of international crime syndicates in the illegal trade in wild fauna and flora has taken on alarming proportions and presents a major law enforcement challenge for the international community. The message is that the states of the world are confronted with an increasing, complex, and difficult situation in successfully combating wildlife crime in many regions of the world, more so since transnational criminal operations pose a serious threat to the security, political stability, and economy of many countries, especially in the developing world. This chapter highlights the scope of the problem and investigates the enforcement potential and related issues associated with the implementation of the 1973 Convention on Illegal Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In addition other relevant international and regional agreements for the combating of wildlife crime are dealt with.
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Anheier, Helmut K., Matthias Haber e Mark A. Kayser, eds. Governance Indicators. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817062.001.0001.
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As difficult as it might seem to define governance, it appears to be that much more difficult to measure it. Since the World Bank Institute launched the Worldwide Governance Indicators in the late 1990s, the governance indicators field has flourished and experienced significant advances in terms of methodology, data coverage and quality, and policy relevance. Other major initiatives have added to a momentum that propelled research on governance indicators seen in few other academic fields in the economic and social sciences. Given these developments and the prominence and policy relevance the field of governance indicator research has achieved, the time is ripe to take stock and ask what has been accomplished, what the shortcomings and potentials might be, and what steps present themselves as a way forward. This volume—the fifth edition in an annual series tackling different aspects of governance around the world—assesses what has been achieved, identifies strengths and weaknesses of current work, and points to issues that need to be tackled in order to advance the field, both in its academic importance as well as in its policy relevance. In short, the contributions to this volume explore the scope of existing governance indices and indicator frameworks, elaborate on current challenges in measuring and analysing governance, and consider how to overcome them.
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Kolodny, Niko. Instrumental Reasons. Editado por Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.32.
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Often our reason for doing something is an “instrumental reason”: that doing that is a means to doing something else that we have reason to do. What principles govern this “instrumental transmission” of reasons from ends to means? Negatively, I argue against principles often invoked in the literature, which focus on necessary or sufficient means. Positively, I propose a principle, “General Transmission,” which answers to two intuitive desiderata: that reason transmits to means that are “probabilizing” and “nonsuperfluous” with respect to the relevant end. I then apply General Transmission to the debate over “detachment”: whether “wide-scope” reason for a material conditional or disjunction implies “narrow-scope” reason for the consequent or disjuncts.
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Moehler, Michael. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785927.003.0001.
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In this chapter the author discusses the core concepts that underlie the two-level contractarian theory developed in this book, in particular the concepts of deep moral pluralism, traditional morality, and pure instrumental morality. Further, the chapter provides a brief synopsis of the main argument presented in this book and clarifies its theoretical and practical relevance. Finally, the chapter addresses some of the methodological considerations, such as the debate concerning ideal and nonideal theory, the application of rational choice theory to moral philosophy, and the scope of social morality, that are essential for understanding the nature and architecture of the two-level contractarian theory.
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Danae, Azaria. 1 Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198717423.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 illustrates the importance of means of transportation in the development of international law, and the modern relevance of transit of energy via pipelines in this respect. The chapter sets the framework and method used in the study. Key concepts (transit, energy, and pipelines) and the scope of application of the treaties (ratione loci and ratione materiae) examined in the study are explained. It explains the rules of treaty interpretation that are used in the study for determining the scope and content of obligations regarding transit of energy, for identifying the nature of these obligations with a view to establishing standing to invoke international responsibility in case of their breach, and for determining the relationship between treaty rules and customary international law. It focuses on the role of subsequent agreements and practice, which is extensively used in this study as a means of treaty interpretation. The elements of an internationally wrongful act are then discussed. Emphasis is placed on attribution of conduct of private entities, and on the dual function of countermeasures under the law of international responsibility.
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Marlow, Hilary, e Mark Harris, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190606732.001.0001.
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Environmental issues are an ever-increasing focus of public discourse and have provoked concern among religious groups as well as in society more widely. Among biblical scholars criticism of the Judaeo-Christian tradition for its part in the worsening crisis has led to a small but growing field of study on ecology and the Bible. This volume in the Oxford Handbook series makes a significant contribution to this burgeoning interest in ecological hermeneutics, incorporating the best of international scholarship on ecology and the Bible. The Handbook comprises 30 individual essays, from established scholars as well as up-and-coming ones, on a wide range of relevant topics. Arranged in four sections, the volume begins with a historical overview before tackling some key methodological issues. The second, substantial, section comprises thirteen essays offering detailed exegesis from an ecological perspective of selected biblical books. This is followed by a section exploring broader thematic topics such as the Imago Dei and stewardship. Finally, the volume concludes with a number of essays on contemporary perspectives and applications, including political and ethical considerations. The editors, Hilary Marlow and Mark Harris, have drawn on a wealth of experience in Hebrew Bible and New Testament to bring together a diverse collection of essays on a subject of immense relevance. Its accessible style, comprehensive scope and range of material makes the volume a valuable resource not only to biblical scholars and students of the Bible, but also to religious leaders and practitioners.
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Marlow, Hilary, e Mark Harris, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190606732.001.0001.
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Environmental issues are an ever-increasing focus of public discourse and have provoked concern among religious groups as well as in society more widely. Among biblical scholars criticism of the Judaeo-Christian tradition for its part in the worsening crisis has led to a small but growing field of study on ecology and the Bible. This volume in the Oxford Handbook series makes a significant contribution to this burgeoning interest in ecological hermeneutics, incorporating the best of international scholarship on ecology and the Bible. The Handbook comprises 30 individual essays, from established scholars as well as up-and-coming ones, on a wide range of relevant topics. Arranged in four sections, the volume begins with a historical overview before tackling some key methodological issues. The second, substantial, section comprises thirteen essays offering detailed exegesis from an ecological perspective of selected biblical books. This is followed by a section exploring broader thematic topics such as the Imago Dei and stewardship. Finally, the volume concludes with a number of essays on contemporary perspectives and applications, including political and ethical considerations. The editors, Hilary Marlow and Mark Harris, have drawn on a wealth of experience in Hebrew Bible and New Testament to bring together a diverse collection of essays on a subject of immense relevance. Its accessible style, comprehensive scope and range of material makes the volume a valuable resource not only to biblical scholars and students of the Bible, but also to religious leaders and practitioners.
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Giegerich, Bastian. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0022.
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NATO, founded as a collective defence alliance, has spent most of the post-cold-war period transforming itself into a security management organization. Its ability to adapt has been the basis of NATO’s continued relevance. At the same time, NATO’s adjustments in functional and geographic scope have triggered debate about its strategic direction and the political and military requirements necessary to fulfil current and future roles. This chapter will assess NATO’s evolution by concentrating on the bargaining processes among member states that shaped the direction of NATO’s strategic guidelines and its out-of-area operational activities. The objective is to trace the extent to which a common strategic outlook has emerged among the European members of NATO.
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Baliousis, Michael, Najat Khalifa e Birgit Völlm. The Neurobiology of Antisocial Personality Disorders Focusing on Psychopathy. Editado por Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel e Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0014.
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This chapter reviews the evidence base for a range of biological factors in antisocial personality disorder (APD) and psychopathy in adults (there is a substantial evidence base for children and adolescents with antisocial behavior as well, though the inclusion of these studies is outside our scope), including genetic factors, neurophysiological and neuropsychological findings, structural and functional brain changes, and transmitter and hormone aberrations. In order to summarize the evidence, this chapter systematically reviews others’ reviews and meta-analyses in the field but also refers to individual studies of particular relevance. The chapter focuses more on psychopathy than on APD because it provides a more narrow and less controversial concept, at least in relation to its use in research.
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Cauli, Alberto. Domains and instruments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0023.
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In order to define and validate standardized outcome measurement tools both for therapeutic trials and for real life clinics, the need to precisely identify the relevant domains of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis has led to the ‘rassemblement’ of experts and patients in the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA). The output of intensive work, performed according to the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) scientific method, has been the definition of the key domains and instruments relevant in PsA evaluation. This chapter summarizes the present approach in PsA assessment, focusing on the ‘pathophysiological manifestations’, as well as current ideas regarding future revisions. Patient-related outcome measures and composite scores will be detailed in other chapters.
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Maksimowski, Michael, e Zheala Qayyum. Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits. Editado por Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari e Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0026.
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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on major depressive disorder. What are the drug–placebo differences among antidepressants when both published and unpublished data are analyzed? Does antidepressant efficacy depend on the severity of initial depression scores? Starting with these questions, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The main finding from this meta-analysis is that antidepressant-placebo differences are inconsequential for mildly-to-moderately depressed patients and minimal for severely depressed patients. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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McMillan, John, e Jeanne Snelling. Equality. Editado por Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford e Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.3.
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This chapter discusses the role that equality plays within liberal theory. We show how the concept of treating citizens as equals is integral to the legitimization of the state and its regulations, including those involving new technologies. We suggest that equality is a fundamental value when exploring the scope of relevant freedoms with respect to new technologies. However, understanding the role of equality for such issues requires sensitivity to important differences in the way in which it can be theorized. We explain how equality can be valued intrinsically, instrumentally, or constitutively. We also explain three different accounts of what egalitarian justice demands that are particularly relevant to framing policy involving new technology.
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James, Harrison. 5 Dumping of Waste at Sea. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198707325.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 considers how dumping of waste at sea is regulated at the international level and how the relevant norms have evolved over time in order to provide stronger protection for the marine environment. The chapter starts by considering the scope of the term dumping before looking at the relevant provisions in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and other relevant treaty regimes. In particular, it focuses on the development of the 1972 London Convention on Dumping and its 1996 Protocol and how these instruments have promoted a progressively more precautionary approach to dumping at sea. Outstanding challenges in the implementation and enforcement of these treaties are highlighted. The chapter then explores how these global treaties interact with UNCLOS through the operation of rules of reference. Finally, the chapter considers what additional protection can be offered through the regulation of dumping at the regional level.
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Baquero Cruz, Julio. Fundamental Rights and the Integrity of Union Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830610.003.0006.
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This chapter analyses another area of Union law that is highly controversial and relevant in structural terms—the protection of fundamental rights. It discusses the scope and standard of the protection offered at Union level, the consequences for national law, and the implications of the future accession of the Union to the European Convention on Human Rights. These issues are of fundamental importance for the integrity of Union law and of wider significance for the political understanding of the Union.
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Kaplan, David M. Neural Computation, Multiple Realizability, and the Prospects for Mechanistic Explanation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199685509.003.0008.
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There is an ongoing philosophical and scientific debate concerning the nature of computational explanation in the neurosciences. Recently, some have cited modeling work involving so-called canonical neural computations—standard computational modules that apply the same fundamental operations across multiple brain areas—as evidence that computational neuroscientists sometimes employ a distinctive explanatory scheme from that of mechanistic explanation. Because these neural computations can rely on diverse circuits and mechanisms, modeling the underlying mechanisms is supposed to be of limited explanatory value. I argue that these conclusions about computational explanations in neuroscience are mistaken, and rest upon a number of confusions about the proper scope of mechanistic explanation and the relevance of multiple realizability considerations. Once these confusions are resolved, the mechanistic character of computational explanations can once again be appreciated.
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Muller, Johan, Nico Cloete e François van Schalkwyk. Castells in Africa: Universities and Development. African Minds, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781920677923.
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Castells in Africa: Universities and Development collects the papers produced by Manuel Castells on his visits to South Africa, and publishes them in a single volume for the first time. The book also publishes a series of empirically-based papers which together display the multi-faceted and far-sighted scope of his theoretical framework, and its fecundity for fine-grained, detailed empirical investigations on universities and development in Africa. Castells, in his afterword to this book, always looking forward, assesses the role of the university in the wake of the upheavals to the global economic order. He decides the universitys function not only remains, but is more important than ever. This book will serve as an introduction to the relevance of his work for higher education in Africa for postgraduate students, reflective practitioners and researchers.
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Martin, Emily J., e Eric J. Roeland. Benefits of Early Palliative Care to Informal Family Caregivers (DRAFT). Editado por Nathan A. Gray e Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0004.
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This chapter summarizes the Dionne-Odom et al. randomized controlled trial evaluating the benefits of an early, nurse-led palliative care intervention to caregivers of patients with advanced cancer. The study examined the impact of early (at diagnosis) versus delayed (12 weeks later) intervention on caregiver quality of life, depressed mood, and burden. The study showed that early intervention caregivers had lower depression scores at three months compared to the delayed group caregivers. Terminal decline analyses also showed lower depression and stress burden scores in the caregivers who received the early intervention. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a clinical case.
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Braeutigam, Sven, e Peter Kenning. An Integrative Guide to Consumer Neuroscience. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789932.001.0001.
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This book provides an integrative guide to the modern, highly interdisciplinary, and complex field of consumer neuroscience. The aim is to provide a robust overview of the many theoretical and experimental domains involved, thereby balancing depth and breadth of presentation. The material is loosely structured in three, not explicitly delineated parts. The first three chapters discuss the scope of consumer neuroscience, relevant psychological phenomena, and the human brain. The following three chapters cover the relevant mathematics, scanner technologies, and data analyses. The next five chapters discuss concepts and applications of consumer neuroscience, some of which are rather well established, and some reflect cutting-edge research. Specifically, issues of individual, social, and commercial consumer neuroscience are addressed in addition to aspects related to gender differences, abnormal consumer behaviour, ageing, and organizational behaviour. The final two chapters discuss research ethics and future directions, respectively.
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Francesco, Salerno. Part III Observance and Application of Treaties, 14 Treaties Establishing Objective Regimes. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0014.
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The issue of treaties establishing objective regimes has been neglected by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Building on the principle of relativity of treaties, the Convention only deals with the effects of specific treaty rules on third states. This chapter argues that third states never acquire the same status of states parties, even when they consent to the specific treaty rules that affect them. Analysing the significance of treaties establishing objective regimes under general international law, it clarifies that such treaties may affect third states even when they do not embody rules of customary law. Due to the relevance for the international legal order of the unique erga omnes regime created by the treaty, the situation regulated by it can no longer fall within the scope of the absolute ‘freedom’ previously accorded to third states.
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Humphreys, Paul. Computational Economics. Editado por Don Ross e Harold Kincaid. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195189254.003.0013.
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Computational economics is a relatively new research technique in economics, but it is inexorably taking its place alongside the more traditional methods of general theory, abstract modeling, data analysis, and the more recent experimental economics. Perhaps because of its relative newness, the term computational economics currently has no determinate meaning. In contemporary use, it refers to a heterogeneous cluster of techniques implemented on concrete digital computers ranging from the numerical solution of the Black-Scholes partial differential equation for pricing options through automated trading strategies to agent-based computer simulations of the evolution of cooperation. Because of this heterogeneity, it is not possible to provide a comprehensive coverage of the topic in this article. Another reason for this restricted scope is that many of the methods used in computational economics have considerable technical interest but no particular philosophical relevance.
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Gilles, Cuniberti. Ch.3 Validity, s.3: Illegality, Art.3.3.1. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0073.
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This commentary focuses on Article 3.3.1 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning contracts that infringe mandatory rules. Art 3.3.1 governs a specific aspect of the mandatory rules regime, namely the effect that their infringement produces on a contract. The relevant mandatory rules, however, are not set forth in the PICC; rather, the PICC defer to the binding norms from which such rules originate. Thus, the definition of what constitutes illegal conduct is to be found in those binding norms. Similarly, Art 3.3.1 defers to Art 1.4 PICC with respect to the applicability of any mandatory rule, which, in turn, defers to the relevant rules of private international law. This commentary discusses the scope of application of Art 3.3.1, with particular emphasis on the effects of mandatory rules whether or not expressly prescribed, effects upon the contract and remedies under the contract, and the importance of mandatory rules.
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Dunleavy, Eric M., Lia Engelsted e Alexander Morris. A Primer on Equal Employment Opportunity Law and Contemporary Enforcement. Editado por Adrienne J. Colella e Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.35.
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The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of the legal issues that are most relevant to industrial/organizational psychologists in the United States. The chapter first reviews the legal process, describing laws and acts relevant to the workplace, such as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Executive Order (EO) 11246, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, American with Disabilities Act, and the Equal Pay Act of 1963. Next, it outlines the equal employment opportunity (EEO) enforcement agencies. It then describes the two broad theories of discrimination, disparate treatment and adverse impact, and the regulatory frameworks. The chapter provides basic primers for a set of contemporary EEO topics, including disability discrimination, pay equity, employer retaliation, and age discrimination. The chapter concludes with the notion that EEO law is constantly evolving, particularly as the scope of who is protected expands and the legal system clarifies ambiguities in the law.
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Paris, Joel. Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190601010.003.0001.
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Decades ago, the psychiatrist Leon Eisenberg observed that whereas the psychological theories that previously dominated psychiatry were “brainless” (i.e., lacking in grounding in neuroscience), the biological theories that followed them were “mindless” (i.e., reducing all mental phenomena to cellular mechanisms). Eisenberg criticized the concept that mental disorders are nothing but brain disorders, which he viewed as narrowing the scope of psychiatry. This chapter reviews trends in the history of psychiatry that are most relevant to questions of “brainless” and “mindless.” It also shows that the field has often split into two extreme positions, making the middle ground difficult to sustain.