Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Réduction de la vitesse de l'air"
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Reinhardt-Piechowiak, Anne. "Contribution à l'étude aérodynamique des croisements de train à grande vitesse". Valenciennes, 1996. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/d9b33546-811f-4e7a-b04e-709bca3fc7af.
Texto completo da fonteBarbara, Jane. "Les normes relatives à la réduction de la pollution de l'air et la sanction des faits de pollution". Grenoble 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE21039.
Texto completo da fonteThis law study is an analysis of air pollution in all its aspects. After a brief presentation of the technical, scientific and medical characteristics of this multiform pollution, it intends to defme the legal problematics of this subject under its two aspects : normative (in the first part) and contentious (second part). These two aspects are treated on the international (and european) as well as on the internal plane (with references to the general principles of civil,penal and administrative responsibility). Therefore, it appears that, on the one hand, norms, though increasingly numerous, are still insufficient : as an example, they avoid the liability problem in international law or they remain too sector-based or technical and they don't allow any deep questioning of the policies in the fields of energy, national and regional development, transport or armament and development of the outer space law either. On the other hand, except some rare specific procedures, the general principles of responsibility still have to be adapted to the specific problems raised by air pollutions. It turns out to be all the more necessary in the fields where the working out of norms is the subject of a negociation between the state and the polluters and leaves room to the utmost juridical insecurity
Gilardi, Thierry. "Etude par analyse thermique à vitesse de transformation contrôlée des mécanismes d'oxydation et de réduction des oxydes d'urnium". Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX11054.
Texto completo da fonteAlatorre, Sevilla Armando. "Landing of a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle in a limited area". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COMP2801.
Texto completo da fonteThe development of this thesis consists of designing some control strategies that allow a fixedwing drone with classical configuration to perform a safe landing in a limited area. The main challenge is to reduce the aircraft’s airspeed avoiding stall conditions. The developed control strategies are focused on two approaches: the first approach consists of the designing airspeed reduction maneuvers for a fixed-wing vehicle to be captured by a recovery system and for a safe landing at a desired coordinate. The next approach is focused on landing a fixed-wing drone on a moving ground vehicle. A dynamic landing trajectory was designed to lead a fixedwing vehicle to the position of a ground vehicle, reaching its position in a defined distance. Moreover, this trajectory was used in a cooperative control design. The control strategy consists of the synchronization of both vehicles to reach the same position at a desired distance. The aerial vehicle tracks the dynamic landing trajectory, and the ground vehicle controls its speed. In addition, we will propose a control architecture with a different focus, where the ground vehicle performs the tracking task of the aerial vehicle’s position in order to be captured. And, the drone’s task is to track a descending flight until the top of the ground vehicle. However, considering the speed difference between both vehicles. Therefore, we propose a new control architecture defining that the aircraft performs an airspeed reduction strategy before beginning its landing stage. The aircraft will navigate to a minimum airspeed, thus, allowing the ground vehicle to reach the fixed-wing drone’s position by increasing its speed. The control laws of each strategy were determined by developing the Lyapunov stability analysis, thus, the stability is guaranteed in each flight stage. Finally, the control strategies were implemented on prototypes allowing us to validate their performance and obtain satisfactory results for safe landing of a fixed-wing drone with classical configuration
Lescher, Fabien. "Commande LPV d'une éolienne à vitesse variable pour l'optimisation énergetique et la réduction de la fatigue mécanique". Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ECLI0011.
Texto completo da fonteIn order to permit wind energy to keep its current development, efforts must be done to decrease its cost. Control algorithms enhancement is considered as a promising way to reduce the cost of the energy generated by a variable speed, pitch regulated wind turbine. Indeed, control laws aim at optimizing energy conversion and at reducing dynamic loads inducing the mechanical fatigue affecting the plant structure. Variable speed turbine operation is divided into three operating areas, depending on the wind speed crossing the plant rotor, and for which control objectives are different. Hence, three switching LPV controllers are designed in order to ensure stability, some H2 and Hinf performance levels and robustness levels to parametric uncertainties, for the entire operating area of the system. Controllers parameters are calculated by a convex optimization process of the control problem formulated by LMIs, and from a LPV decription of the system behavior representing system non-linearities and flexibilities of the main components of the mechanical structure (blades, shaft, tower). A LPV anti-windup compensator is also designed in order to ensure some performance level during the rate saturation of the pitch actuator caused by a wind gust. Results of the simulations realized with a 400kW wind turbine model show that the designed control system permits to sensibly improve system performances, especially in term of the mechanical fatigue affecting the plant structure
Figoureux, Karine. "Coefficients de diffusion dans la convection de fluides géophysiques hétérogènes : application à l'air nuageux et à l'eau de mer". Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-241.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteVermaelen, Christophe. "Contribution à la modélisation et à la réduction des perturbations conduites dans les systèmes d'entraînement à vitesse variable". Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661714.
Texto completo da fonteMessaoudi, Mehdi. "Stratégie de modulation pour la réduction des perturbations conduites générées par un variateur de vitesse à redresseur MLI". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10148/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe adjustable speed drives (ASDs) use the static converters that allow varying the speed of the three phase electrical motors. However, these converters are the main source of the common mode conducted emissions. The objective of this research work focuses on the reduction of conducted emissions, through the development of a new control strategy based on pulse width modulation (PWM). This strategy is applied to an adjustable speed drives that is composed from an Active Front End (AFE). A state of art of the different solutions of the reduction of the conducted emissions has been achieved. This study shows that the control strategy (PWM) is a useful technique for reducing common mode interferences. A new PWM strategy allowing the synchronization of all the switching cell of the AFE and inverter has been developed and will be noted "full synchronization". In order to highlight the impact of this method on the conducted emissions, a study of phenomena related to the power transistors' switching is carried out. A simplified model of the switching allowed the evaluation of the performances of full synchronization method on the common mode voltage. This method was then validated experimentally on an ASD prototype using the developed control strategy algorithm. The obtained results show the advantages of the proposed full synchronization method, mainly in the reduction of the dimensions of the EMI filters for compliance with EMC standards
Korsakissok, Irène. "Changements d'échelle en modélisation de la qualité de l'air et estimation des incertitudes associées". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596384.
Texto completo da fonteNicolas, Mélanie. "Ozone et qualité de l'air intérieur : interactions avec les produits de construction et de décoration". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134593.
Texto completo da fonteUn banc d'exposition contrôlée a été mis au point pour étudier les interactions entre l'ozone et seize produits de construction et de décoration fréquemment rencontrés dans les environnements intérieurs. Pour tous les matériaux testés, une disparition d'ozone significative, comprise entre 8% pour une peinture glycérophtalique et 89% pour un lambris en pin brut, a été observée. Des vitesses apparentes de dépôt de l'ozone sur les matériaux variant de 0,003 à 0,158 cm•s-1 ont été calculées. Les émissions des matériaux sont modifiées en présence d'ozone. Certains composés sont détectés en concentrations inférieures (styrène, alcènes C12) tandis que d'autres sont retrouvés en concentrations nettement supérieures, notamment des aldéhydes (formaldéhyde, acétaldéhyde, benzaldéhyde, C5 à C10), des cétones et des acides carboxyliques. Lors d'essais conduits sur un lambris en pin, la prédominance des mécanismes hétérogènes dans la disparition d'ozone a été mise en évidence, la contribution des réactions en phase homogène étant estimée entre 5 et 20 %.
L'impact de la pollution photochimique sur la qualité de l'air intérieur a été étudié durant les étés 2003 et 2004 dans la maison expérimentale MARIA du CSTB. Il apparaît que la pollution extérieure (NO, NO2 et O3) est complètement transférée dans la pièce par le système de ventilation. Près de 80% à 95% de l'ozone est éliminé à l'intérieur de la pièce, témoignant ainsi de la présence d'importants puits d'ozone. Des sous-produits réactionnels ont été identifiés, en particulier le formaldéhyde, l'hexaldéhyde, le benzaldéhyde et le nonanal. Il apparaît que la réactivité en phase hétérogène prédomine sur les réactions en phase gazeuse, bien que des réactions d'ozonolyse d'alpha-pinène aient été observées dans la pièce. Les variations quotidiennes des concentrations intérieures de l'ozone et de certains composés (formaldéhyde, hexaldéhyde) soulignent le rôle de la réactivité chimique et des paramètres environnementaux (surtout la température) sur les émissions de certains matériaux, et donc sur leurs concentrations dans l'air intérieur.
Un modèle simple de prédiction des concentrations intérieures de polluants a été mis au point. Les prévisions sont réalisées d'après les concentrations extérieures des polluants et intègrent la réactivité en phase homogène et en phase hétérogène. Pour NO, les données simulées et réelles sont quasiment identiques tandis que le modèle surestime les concentrations intérieures de NO2, probablement du fait de l'absence de prise en compte du dépôt de NO2 sur les surfaces intérieures. Les prévisions des concentrations intérieures d'ozone sont très satisfaisantes.
Bourdin-Korsakissok, Irène. "Changements d'échelles en modélisation de la qualité de l'air et estimation des incertitudes associées". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584389.
Texto completo da fonteTamisier, Damien. "La communication engageante au service d'une problématique de sécurité routière : la réduction de la vitesse des conducteurs de deux-roues motorisées". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0497.
Texto completo da fonteSpeed is a major road safety issue and is identified as one of the main risk factors for accident rate and aggravation of two-wheelers drivers (2WD) injuries. Road safety campaigns resorting persuasive communication which seeks to change the attitude of road users in order to impact behaviour showed contrasting effects. Considering the strength of 2W drivers' attitudes towards speed allows reporting on the limitations of persuasion which encouraged a paradigmatic renewal through the adoption of an alternative methodology.The articulation of knowledge accumulated in the field of persuasive communication with that of the insights drawn from the theory of commitment has given rise to the development of a new combinatorial approach. The binding communication proposes to precede the exhibition with a persuasive message of an inexpensive and systematically accepted act by all individuals. The optimization of this protocol consists in determining the preparatory act and persuasive message making it possible to increase the acceptance rate of the problematic target request.Overall, our research studies tend to confirm the superior effectiveness of binding communication over the persuasive communication with regards to many criteria: intention, behavioral amplitude and self-reported behaviors. Besides, the binding communication seems to attest to its influence on actual speed behavior, if not related to riding style of motorcyclists
Bekkara, Nourouddine. "Optimisation et compromis surface-vitesse dans le compilateur de silicium SYCO". Phd thesis, Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376027103.
Texto completo da fonteHammond, Janelle K. "Méthodes des bases réduites pour la modélisation de la qualité de l'air urbaine". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1230/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe principal objective of this thesis is the development of low-cost numerical tools for spatial mapping of pollutant concentrations from field observations and advanced deterministic models. With increased pollutant emissions and exposure due to mass urbanization and development worldwide, air quality measurement campaigns and epidemiology studies of the association between air pollution and adverse health effects have become increasingly common. However, as air pollution concentrations are highly variable spatially and temporally, the sensitivity and accuracy of these epidemiology studies is often deteriorated by exposure misclassi cation due to poor estimates of individual exposures. Data assimilation methods incorporate available measurement data and mathematical models to provide improved approximations of the concentration. These methods, when based on an advanced deterministic air quality models (AQMs), could provide spatially-rich small-scale approximations and can enable better estimates of effects and exposures. However, these methods can be computationally expensive. They require repeated solution of the model, which could itself be costly. In this work we investigate a combined reduced basis (RB) data assimilation method for use with advanced AQMs on urban scales. We want to diminish the cost of resolution, using RB arguments, and incorporate measurement data to improve the quality of the solution. We extend the Parameterized-Background Data-Weak (PBDW) method to physically-based AQMs. This method can rapidly estimate "online" pollutant concentrations at urban scale, using available AQMs in a non-intrusive and computationally effcient manner, reducing computation times by factors up to hundreds. We apply this method in case studies representing urban residential pollution of PM2.5, and we study the stability of the method depending on the placement or air quality sensors. Results from the PBDW are compared to the Generalized Empirical Interpolation Method (GEIM) and a standard inverse problem, the adjoint method, in order to measure effciency of the method. This comparison shows possible improvement in precision and great improvement in computation cost with respect to classical methods. We fi nd that the PBDW method shows promise for the real-time reconstruction of a pollution eld in large-scale problems, providing state estimation with approximation error generally under 10% when applied to an imperfect model
Aimé, Jérémie. "Rayonnement des convertisseurs statiques : application à la variation de vitesse". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00392140.
Texto completo da fonteCezard, Nicolas. "Etude de faisabilité d'un lidar Rayleigh-Mie pour la mesure à courte distance de la vitesse de l'air de sa température et de sa densité". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004485.
Texto completo da fonteCezard, Nicolas. "Etude de faisabilité d'un lidar Rayleigh-Mie pour des mesures à courte portée de la vitesse de l'air, de sa température et de sa densité". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPXX0022.
Texto completo da fonteYang, Junhua. "Evaluation analytique et numérique de la performance du transfert de chaleur et de masse lors du refroidissement de l'air avec ou sans déshumidification sur une surface augmentée". Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10244.
Texto completo da fonteThis study consists of a mathematical modelling of heat and mass transfer for during the cooling of airflow over a fin-and-tube with or without condensation. The numerical simulation made it possible to obtain the distribution of velocity, the temperature and humidity of the airflow, and distribution of fin temperature and local efficiency, as well as the condensate flux and the sensitive and latent heat flux
Dhué, Yannick. "Etude numérique et expérimentale de l’influence de l’humidité de l'air sur la combustion. Application aux stratégies de réduction d’émissions polluantes et de consommation des moteurs à pistons". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7157/1/dhue.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteGry, Laurent. "Modélisation du comportement dynamique d'une voie TGV pour la réduction du bruit de roulement". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ECAP0419.
Texto completo da fonteMirdamadi, Esfahani Malaknaz. "Effets de l'environnement sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des atomes d'argent et des nanoparticules mono-et bimétalliques à base d'or : étude par radiolyse pulsée et stationnaire". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112010.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of the present work was to study the physico-chemical properties of silver atoms, monometallic and gold-based bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized by the radiation chemical reduction method. In the first part of thesis, we studied the effects of bromide ligands on the kinetics and spectral properties of the silver atom complex. The rate constant for the reduction of AgIBr43- in aqueous solution was determined by pulse radiolysis and the redox potential of the couples AgIBr43-/Ag0Br44- and AgIBr43-/ Ag0 + Br44- were estimated with the help of thermodynamic cycles. Comparison of the obtained values indicates that the redox potential of the silver atom couple is lowered by bromide ligands and the formation of Ag0Br44- is more favourable than a free silver atom. In the second part, the effects of stabilizing agents on optical, structural and electrocatalytic properties of monometallic nanoparticles, such as gold and iron and bimetallic nanoparticles systems, Au/Fe and Au/Pt, prepared by gamma-radiolysis were studied. Our results offer a new strategy to present the effectiveness of the stabilizing agents in the process of metal ion reduction, in the nanoparticles morphology (shape and size) as well as in the elementary composition of bimetallic nanoparticles. This study indicates that the radiolysis method, which we used for the nanoparticles synthesis, allow us to obtain gold based bimetallic nanoparticles that showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity toward reduction of oxygen and proton as well as oxidation of methanol. Our results show that these systems are very promising for application in fuel cells
Kindangen, Jefrey Ignatius. "Contribution à l'étude des coefficients de vitesse à l'aide des réseaux de neurones : application à l'écoulement de l'air dans les bâtiments pour le confort thermique en climat tropical humide". Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0108.
Texto completo da fonteFrom library studies, it is shown that the dominant climatic factors in tropical humid regions and their effect on a human being are primordial and must be considered in the thermal comfort evaluation. We propose a comfort index the most adapted with this climate. Natural ventilation is one of two strategies to provide a satisfactory level of comfort in buildings which is reliable and economical in tropical conditions. The present study on the influence of the architectural elements allowing to improve the interior air speed, and then the thermal comfort, was realized using CFD codes. The study carried on a model so-called behavioural to predict interior air velocity coefficients in buildings using artificial neural networks. Due the difficulty to evaluate the interior airflow, it was therefore decided to look at how artificial intelligence techniques might facilitate the solution of the problem involved. The utilization of neural networks as a universal predictor is an interesting subject for investigation, given their ability to provide reliable results in situations where a large number of parameters have to be taken into account simultaneously. We established a thermal comfort assessment code in humid tropical regions in the modular structure: TRNSYS. This code's computer is based on a simplified model of transfers phenomena and the integration of the interior velocity coefficient prediction using artificial neural networks. Effects of architectural parameters on thermal comfort were also presented
Chaves-Jacob, Julien. "Développement d'une méthodologie de réduction des défauts géométriques : application à l'usinage 5-axes de composants de turbomachine". Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005522.
Texto completo da fonteLetertre, Thibaut. "Etude des comportements électromagnétiques des matériaux en fonction de la température pour modéliser l'impact des échauffements générés par les frottements de l'air sur un aéronef lors d'un vol à vitesse élevée". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0388.
Texto completo da fonteIn the field of aeronautics, the temperature-dependent variation of electromagnetic characteristics in the spectral range of radar frequencies of certain materials can generate significant problems such as changes in the operation of radar antennas or changes in the aircraft's radar signature, which can lead to a significant deterioration in the nominal stealth levels of weapon aircraft. Indeed, the materials used in the design of aircraft that are discreet with respect to electromagnetic waves are often subjected to heating due to friction with the air during high-speed flights (for example, for the leading edges of wings) and to heating due to the proximity of direct heat sources such as reaction engine nozzles or exhaust outlets. The main objectives of this project are to design a broadband system for the electromagnetic characterization of materials as a function of temperature and to propose electromagnetic models for certain materials, including the parameter of interest, temperature. Beyond this research work of this thesis, the results will be transposable to other cases either at moderate temperatures such as biological temperatures to follow processes of evolution of permittivities of certain tissues according to a local temperature variation or at higher temperatures as for RFiD monitoring of devices subjected to high temperatures
Despret, Pierre. "Simulation numérique de la solidification avec réduction de modèle PGD appliquée à la fonderie". Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2226/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe PhD Thesis was carried out in a metallurgy and numerical simulation environment. The main topic was to model solidification, thought heat equation formulation and reduced order model PGD resolution. Montupet, specialized in aluminium alloys foundry hold and financed the project, the Université de Technologie de Compiègne did the acadernic supervising. The PGD method "Proper General Decomposition" is a hot topic based on variable separation. We proposed, regarding the non-linear materials, a space-time discretization of material matrix. With a temperature formulation, without latent heat, gains are high. With latent heat, gains fall drastically. We proposed the hypothesis that temperature could be an inadapted formulation. We decided to use the enthalpy formulation. This formulation offers good perspectives but needs more developments. During the thesis, five months were spent in the USA to get a better caracterisation of the solid fraction, particularly its variation in function of the cooling rate. Under reservation, the samples show a modification of solid fraction curves and particularly a change of solidification interval in function of cooling rate
Paris, Manuel. "Identification du comportement en torsion à fort facteur d’avancement des pales d’hélicoptère conventionne : application à la réduction des efforts de commandes sur une formule hybride haute vitesse de type X3". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENAM0045.
Texto completo da fonteNowadays, the increase of cruise speed for conventional helicopters (main rotor and anti-torque rear rotor) reaches an asymptote. The X3 concept proposed by Airbus Helicopters is a hybrid helicopter combining 2 propellers at the tip of small wings in order to unload the main rotor. This solution is economically viable because it reuses well-proven technologies such as the Spheriflex rotor, already used on the Dolphin family for many years. X3 flight tests have shown a good behavior of the rotor concerning performances as well as handling qualities, but control loads in the rotor system were significantly higher in cruise conditions than for conventional helicopters. In order to save the payload, over-sizing of the mechanical parts in order to withstand these loads can't be an appropriate solution. The work presented in this thesis deals with the problematic of control loads reduction.In order to reduce the control loads, the first step is to highlight the roots of these loads and to get a predictive tool over the whole flight domain. Experimental measurements from X3 flight tests give the aerodynamic loads on the blade sections, leading to understand the blades torsional dynamic behavior in several flight test cases (cruise, turns and high speed flight). Phenomena responsible for the increase of control loads are then identified, and the rotor computation tool HOST used at Airbus Helicopters is corrected to predict accurately control loads over the conventional as well as the high speed helicopter flight domain.The corrected rotor computation tool HOST, associated with the physical comprehension of the blade torsional dynamics, is used to quantify the possible solutions proposed for control loads reduction. Two main ways are studied: the optimization of the control system architecture and the reduction of pitch link loads. The optimization of control system architecture shows a dramatic reduction of control loads in the servo actuators and in the non-rotating scissors, thanks to an optimization algorithm developed during this thesis. The reduction of pitch link loads study shows that the optimization of the helicopter equilibrium leads to drastic reduction, whereas the modification of blade design does not show any significant reduction even at high speed
Pinault, Hadrien. "Réduction par apprentissage multi-nombres d'onde pour les guides d'ondes ouverts ou hétérogènes : application à la dynamique de la voie ferrée". Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE049.
Texto completo da fonteThe main goal of this work is to propose a waveguide model representing the whole length to handlethe variability between geometrically periodic cells, suited to time-based computations to deal with non-linearities,and with reduction to allow simulations in a time sufficiently small for use in a design group. The analysis ofwaveguides is a recurring subject in the literature. Bloch-Floquet theory is often used to compute solutions definedon a reference cell at several wavenumbers. However, this formulation does not allow variability between periodiccells, is not suited for time-based computations, and may lead to a significant numerical cost if the interface betweencells is large. To address these limitations, a reduction strategy is proposed, based on the building of a learningsubspace from computed static and modal forms within a frequency range of interest, and for few wavenumbers. Amodel of the full guide is built from reduced cell models and can account for variability. By adjusting the extremecells of the model, this strategy can be adapted for both finite and infinite periodic structures.This reduction strategy is applied to the study of a heterogeneous periodic structure, generated from randomfields. The presence of frequency bandgaps and local modes is assessed. The learning phase manages to takecorrectly these phenomena into account. The strategy is extended to non-periodic heterogeneous structures bycombining several periodic samples.Another goal is to approach radiation in an open medium with absorbing PML boundaries, while maintainingthe possibility to achieve both time and frequency-based computations, which is a requirement of the reductionstrategy. To that end, a FEM implementation with 3D wave attenuation is detailed. The frequency-based analysis ofthis formulation raising contionning issues, conditions are proposed that are sufficient avoid the problem. Theapplication case of a train pass-by on a track shows another limitation : a wrong asymptotic behavior at lowfrequencies.For each of the three main topics, the proposed methodologies are applied to railway track models. They give abetter understanding of the behavior of ballasted or discontinuous slab tracks at low frequencies
Rouhana, Najib. "Contribution à la réduction des composants passifs dans les convertisseurs électroniques de puissance embarqués". Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2360/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe volume of the electronic power converters becomes linked, in a large part, to the passive component which constitute it. In particular, the decoupling capacitors are a significant part of this volume. Moreover, the technological evolutions of the passive components and in particular the energy density of the decoupling capacitors increase much less rapidly than the power density of the active components to which they are associated. On the other hand, the plastic film technology used represents a non-recyclabl mass which it is essential to minimize. The role of the film capacitor is nevertheless fundamental for the functioning of the whole inverter. Too much reduction of their value leads to an increase in conducted and radiated disturbances, or to an uncontrolled instability of the vehicle DC bus voltage. This instability, which can generate significant overvoltages, could lead to a destruction of the switching power devices of the voltage source inverter. In some cases, this design approach could become complicated when other systems could be connected t the same DC voltage source bus, such as a second voltage source inverter. Hence, the same DC link capacitor is shared between the two inverters. Thus, it becomes much solicited and conducted disturbances may be generated. That said, we are confronted with two coupled problems. On the one hand, the design of the capacitors remains linked to the RMS current. It is therefore desirable to implement strategies to reduce this current. On the other hand, the low series resistance tends to reduce significantly the damping factor of the DC bus impedance seen by the input of the inverter. Hence, it is then necessary to ensure control of the resonance of the bus in such a situation. This research explores two complementary approaches to minimize the size of the required capacitors an to control the voltage ripples at the input of the converter: - Develop a P WM strategy that is as satisfactory as possible for controlling a conventional two-level three-phase inverter. The additional constraint, related to the resonance risks of the DC bus, must be analyzed and is one of the objectives of the proposed works. - Study the impact of P WM strategies on the entire electrical traction chain. Additional constraints related to the P WM strategy are also taken into account such as - Compensation for non-linear effects due to the behavior of the voltage inverter; - Minimization of the stress exerted on the decoupling capacitor commonly shared between two voltage source inverters in terms of voltage ripple across its terminals and the rms value of the absorbed current. Theoretical and simulation results have been validated experimentally on two test benches: one dedicated for low power tests on a passive load and the second one, mounted at the Lardy site of Renault, dedicated for hi h ower tests on a dynamic electrical machine
Dudret, Stéphane. "Modèles de convection-diffusion pour les colonnes de distillation : application à l'estimation et au contrôle des procédés de séparation cryogéniques des gaz de l'air". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00874677.
Texto completo da fonteGharibi, Elkhadir. "Étude de l'influence de quelques éléments mineurs (AL,TI, CR, K) sur la réduction de l'hématite en magnétite". Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10167.
Texto completo da fonteDumouchel, Fabien. "Etude expérimentale des champs dynamiques et thermiques de l'écoulement de Benard-Von Karman en aval d'un obstacle chauffé dans l'air et dans l'eau". Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES067.
Texto completo da fonteClaude-Montigny, Bénédicte. "Influence de polyélectrolytes et micelles sur la cinétique de transfert d'électrons entre l'ion dithionite et des dialkyl viologénes : rôle des interactions électrostatiques et hydrophobes, et stabilisation des viologénes réduits". Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10008.
Texto completo da fonteZwald, Laurent. "PERFORMANCES STATISTIQUES D'ALGORITHMES D'APPRENTISSAGE : ``KERNEL PROJECTION MACHINE'' ET ANALYSE EN COMPOSANTES PRINCIPALES A NOYAU". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012011.
Texto completo da fontedes contributions à la communauté du machine learning en utilisant des
techniques de statistiques modernes basées sur des avancées dans l'étude
des processus empiriques. Dans une première partie, les propriétés statistiques de
l'analyse en composantes principales à noyau (KPCA) sont explorées. Le
comportement de l'erreur de reconstruction est étudié avec un point de vue
non-asymptotique et des inégalités de concentration des valeurs propres de la matrice de
Gram sont données. Tous ces résultats impliquent des vitesses de
convergence rapides. Des propriétés
non-asymptotiques concernant les espaces propres de la KPCA eux-mêmes sont également
proposées. Dans une deuxième partie, un nouvel
algorithme de classification a été
conçu : la Kernel Projection Machine (KPM).
Tout en s'inspirant des Support Vector Machines (SVM), il met en lumière que la sélection d'un espace vectoriel par une méthode de
réduction de la dimension telle que la KPCA régularise
convenablement. Le choix de l'espace vectoriel utilisé par la KPM est guidé par des études statistiques de sélection de modéle par minimisation pénalisée de la perte empirique. Ce
principe de régularisation est étroitement relié à la projection fini-dimensionnelle étudiée dans les travaux statistiques de
Birgé et Massart. Les performances de la KPM et de la SVM sont ensuite comparées sur différents jeux de données. Chaque thème abordé dans cette thèse soulève de nouvelles questions d'ordre théorique et pratique.
Doudnikoff, Marjorie. "Réduire les émissions du transport maritime : les politiques publiques et leurs impacts sur les stratégies des compagnies maritimes de lignes régulières". Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1079/document.
Texto completo da fonteAtmospheric emissions from shipping was for a long time ignored, but have begun to attract an increasing amount of interest in recent years, with policies elaborated at different levels to reduce air pollutants (sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulate matters) and greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide). Regulated by international law in reference to Annex VI of MARPOL Convention adopted by member states of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), emissions from shipping are also subject to specific measures by the European Union. This thesis aims to answer the following question: can policies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from ships alter the supply of maritime liner services? We show how emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from ships are a complex and unique public policy issue and analyse the policy-making processes that have shaped the development of the various policies. We demonstrate that the specific format of public policy instruments (regionalisation of rules, set objectives with choice of means left to companies, etc.), as well as the articulation of the various policies and their development over time make the consideration of these policies by shipowners truly strategic, in the sense that it goes beyond the traditional compliance with prescriptive security and environmental norms. We then highlight, through two case studies, the possible strategic choices faced by shipowners, both technical and organisational in nature, as well as the consequences of these choices on the supply of maritime liner services: the first case study looks at roro transport in the English Channel while the second examines international container shipping between Europe and Asia. We highlight not only the differing effects of emission reduction policies on short sea shipping and deep-sea shipping markets, but also what they have in common with respect to changes in shipping services. It appears that emission reduction policies favour certain changes in supply in conjunction with other factors but that they do not necessarily trigger such changes
Boulbair, Amir. "Étude numérique de la remise en suspension de particules déposées sur le sol des ambiances habitables". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS026.
Texto completo da fonteOne of the main sources of pollution in indoor environments is the resuspension of particles generated by human walking. The objective of this thesis is to study numerically the resuspension generated by the rotation of a shoe. The first part of this thesis presents a literature review of particle pollution knowledge. The different numerical and experimental studies on resuspension generated by human walking are listed. We conclude the first part with a presentation of the different theoretical models to model the flow under a foot. In the second part we present and analyze the different models of resuspension of particles from a surface. In the third part, the airflow generated by the rotation of a shoe was studied numerically using the ANSYS CFX software. The immersed solid method was used to incorporate the shoe into a three-dimensional computational domain. A preliminary study with a large plate was carried out in order to choose the best parameters for our simulations (mesh, turbulence model and convergence test). The k-ω SST model was chosen to simulate the unsteady airflow field around and under the shoe. The effects of walking speed, type of walking, shoe size and shoe groove pattern (transverse grooves, longitudinal grooves and no grooves) were studied. Numerical simulations showed that the air under the foot was ejected as a wall jet. After the shoe touches the ground, counter-rotating vortices were formed around the shoe. In the last part, the particle resuspension fraction was studied using the Rock 'n' Roll model. In addition to the parameters studied in the previous section, three different particle-substrate combinations (ATD-linoleum, PSL-linoleum and alumina-steel) were tested. The particle resuspension results were compared with previous experimental work, and good agreement was found. The results show that for the different cases studied, the resuspension fraction varies over six orders of magnitude, from 10-5 to 10. The particle resuspension fractions increase with the particle size and the walking speed. The type of walking can influence the resuspension fraction by several orders of magnitude. In addition, the resuspension fraction decreases with decreasing shoe size. However, no significant influence of shoe groove patterns was observed
Doudnikoff, Marjorie. "Réduire les émissions du transport maritime : les politiques publiques et leurs impacts sur les stratégies des compagnies maritimes de lignes régulières". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1079.
Texto completo da fonteAtmospheric emissions from shipping was for a long time ignored, but have begun to attract an increasing amount of interest in recent years, with policies elaborated at different levels to reduce air pollutants (sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulate matters) and greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide). Regulated by international law in reference to Annex VI of MARPOL Convention adopted by member states of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), emissions from shipping are also subject to specific measures by the European Union. This thesis aims to answer the following question: can policies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from ships alter the supply of maritime liner services? We show how emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from ships are a complex and unique public policy issue and analyse the policy-making processes that have shaped the development of the various policies. We demonstrate that the specific format of public policy instruments (regionalisation of rules, set objectives with choice of means left to companies, etc.), as well as the articulation of the various policies and their development over time make the consideration of these policies by shipowners truly strategic, in the sense that it goes beyond the traditional compliance with prescriptive security and environmental norms. We then highlight, through two case studies, the possible strategic choices faced by shipowners, both technical and organisational in nature, as well as the consequences of these choices on the supply of maritime liner services: the first case study looks at roro transport in the English Channel while the second examines international container shipping between Europe and Asia. We highlight not only the differing effects of emission reduction policies on short sea shipping and deep-sea shipping markets, but also what they have in common with respect to changes in shipping services. It appears that emission reduction policies favour certain changes in supply in conjunction with other factors but that they do not necessarily trigger such changes
Dessimond, Boris. "Exposition individuelle à la pollution de l’air : mesure par capteurs miniatures, modélisation et évaluation des risques sanitaires associés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS297.
Texto completo da fonteAir pollution contributes to the degradation of the quality of life and the reduction of life expectancy of the populations. The World Health Organization estimates that air pollution is responsible for 7 million deaths per year worldwide. It contributes to the aggravation of respiratory diseases, causes lung cancer and heart attacks. Air pollution has therefore significant health consequences on human life and biodiversity. Over the last few years, considerable progress has been made in the field of microcontrollers and telecommunications modules. These are more energy efficient, powerful, affordable, accessible, and are responsible for the growth of connected objects. In the meantime, the recent development of microelectromechanical systems and electrochemical sensors has allowed the miniaturization of technologies measuring many environmental parameters including air quality. These technological breakthroughs have enabled the design and production in an academic environment, of portable, connected, autonomous air quality sensors capable of performing acquisitions at a high temporal frequency. Until recently, one of the major obstacles to understanding the impact of air pollution on human health was the inability to track the real exposure of individuals during their daily lives; air pollution is complex, and varies according to the habits, activities and environments in which individuals spend their lives. Portable air quality sensors completely remove this obstacle as well as a number of other important constraints. These are designed to be used in mobility, over long periods of time, and produce immediately available granular data, which describes the exposure to air pollution of the person wearing it. Although the measurement modules embedded in these sensors are not currently as reliable as reference tools or remote sensing, when it comes to assessing individual exposure to air pollution, because they are as close as possible to the wearer, they provide the most accurate information, and are therefore an indispensable tool for the future of epidemiological research. In this context, we have been involved in the development and improvement of two air quality sensors; the CANARIN II and the CANARIN nano. The CANARIN II is a connected sensor communicating via Wi-Fi, which reports the concentration of 10, 2.5 and 1 micrometer diameter particles, as well as the environmental parameters of temperature, humidity, and pressure, every minute, making them available in real time. The CANARIN nano is a smaller sensor with the same capabilities of the CANARIN II, while additionally sensing volatile organic compounds levels. The CANARIN nano is able to operate autonomously, as it communicates through the cellular network. Two types of results have been obtained with the CANARIN sensors; on one hand, results produced from their use in real life conditions, and on the other hand, results related to the interpretation and understanding of the measurements produced by the particle sensors. These two sensors were both used in two research projects, in which we have helped deploy several heterogeneous sensor fleets and analyzed the acquired data. Firstly, in the POLLUSCOPE project funded by the French National Research Agency, where 86 volunteers from the general population wore a set of air pollution sensors for a total of 101 weeks, 35 of which the volunteers were also equipped with health sensors. Secondly, in the POLLAR project, where 43 subjects underwent polysomnography and then wore one CANARIN sensor for 10 days, thus allowing for the first time to explore the link between sleep apnea and particulate matter exposure. [...]
Vera, Molina Juan. "Technology Choices under Emissions Policy and Technology Diffusion constraints : the case of Passenger Vehicles". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA021/document.
Texto completo da fontePolicy instruments on passenger vehicle emissions aim at reducing negative environmental externalities from vehicles use. To regulate CO2 emissions, fuel economy standards have been put in place in Europe and in the US, among others. These standards are made more stringent over time. This thesis analyzes how automotive firms anticipate and prepare their future technology portfolio to comply with expected future standards. To do so, we develop a model of optimal technology choice that captures technology diffusion constraints.With this framework, this thesis investigates three policy questions. First, we ask how the form of anticipation can affect near- and long-term technology choices. We find that focusing solely on near-term objectives can lead to failure to comply with a long-term target. In fact, meeting the near-term target is not a necessary nor a sufficient condition to satisfy long-term compliance. Moreover, when there is partial anticipation, as in a myopic view of the future, technology choices will be stuck with low abatement technologies creating a path dependency that limits long-term abatement potential.Second, we ask how much indexing fuel economy standard to mass (as in Europe or China) changes the optimal technology. We show that, for the same emission target, there is no significant difference in the social cost of mobility for an average vehicle with and without mass index. Thus a heavier vehicle fleet has the same cost than a lighter one. However, the technology choices are different, and mass indexed fuel economy standards lead to sidestepping lightweight technologies despite being cost effective from a CO2 emissions abatement point of view.Third, we ask how technology choices change when policies with multiple objectives overlap. We focus on two externalities associated with mobility: CO2 emissions and local air pollution. We show three type of effects of overlapping policies. First, a technology specific policy such as the Zero Emission Vehicle Mandate in combination with a fuel economy standard induces carmakers to develop more expensive green technologies and prevents cheap, dirty technologies from disappearing compared to the case of a fuel economy standard alone. Second, the combination of policies can lead to very high costs when technologies adapted to each policy are very different. Third, we find an ambiguous effect of overlapping policies relative to single-objective policy in terms of emissions performance
Marin, Ospina Yohan Manuel. "Etude de l'influence de la dilution du combustible et de l'oxydant dans le processus de décrochage de flammes-jet non-prémélangées et l'émission de polluants". Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAM0025/document.
Texto completo da fonteUnderstanding the main mechanisms piloting non-premixed jet flame stability is an important point in characterizing the operation modes of industrials burners in which dilution is involved. This work puts special emphasis on the experimental study of the influence of air-side and methane-side dilution in the lifting process of attached non-premixed jet flames. The study is based on numerous experiments combining the following conditions : i) carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar) or water vapor (H20v,) used as diluents d ; ii) two diluted configurations : air-side or methane-side dilution ; iii) two air and fuel velocities covering the entire flame hysteresis domain, from the laminar to the turbulent regime. This allows the influence of the intrinsic diluent nature effects to be discriminated from those of the aerodynamics of the reactants (fuel and oxidant), in attached flame stability. In particular, the behavioral differences of the flame response to air-side or to fuel-side dilution are analyzed. These two configurations differ by two mixing effects which are independent of the combustion reaction, and which are significant when the fuel is diluted, but negligible when air is diluted : i) an effect due to the changes in the stoichiometric mixture fraction ; ii) a mechanical impact induced by the addition of matter (diluents) producing an increase in the bulk velocity of the reactants. The study is composed of three parts. First, the global flame response to dilution is analyzed on the basis of the lifting limits defined as the critical molar fractions of the diluents in the fuel or in the oxidant measured at liftoff. The fuel Peclet number, Pef, appears as the dimensionless number which puts these limits in a homothetic order. This homothetic behavior allows the introduction of two affinity parameters, Kd,ox for air-side dilution and Kd,f for fuel-side dilution. They are defined by the ratio of the flame lifting limits calculated with a diluent d and with CO2, at Pef=const. Kd,ox and Kd, allow two generic polynomial laws to be established describing the flame lifting limits for all the diluents and in the whole range of aerodynamic conditions of this study. Indeed, Kd,ox and Kd,f encompass all the diluent effects affecting flame stability (pure dilution, thermal, transport, chemical), to which mechanical impacts are added. These coefficients make it possible to obtain the self-similarity laws of the lifting limits for any chemically-weak diluent, by using the results obtained in this work. Then, a local and detailed study of the flame lifting process induced by dilution is presented. This is based on the flame-leading-edge approach describing flame stability as a result of the balance between the incoming gas velocity of the reactants and the flame propagation velocity at the flame base. In order to show the link between this approach and flame stability, an extensive analysis of the flame-base characteristics (location, CH* emission intensity and velocity field) is carried out. The results attest to the pertinence of the propagative flame-leading-edge, as the mechanism describing the attached flame stability under dilution. Finally, a study concerning the influence of both the diluent nature and the diluted configuration (air or fuel) on pollutant emissions (soot, NOx and CO) is presented