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Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Reasoning (Psychology)"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 29 de julho de 2024

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1

Lee, John Richard. "Metalogic and the psychology of reasoning." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6625.

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The central topic of the thesis is the relationship between logic and the cognitive psychology of reasoning. This topic is treated in large part through a detailed examination of the recent work of P. N. Johnson-Laird, who has elaborated a widely-read and influential theory in the field. The thesis is divided into two parts, of which the first is a more general and philosophical coverage of some of the most central issues to be faced in relating psychology to logic, while the second draws upon this as introductory material for a critique of Johnson-Laird's `Mental Model' theory, particularly a

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2

Morris, M. Frances G. "The psychology of information selection and reasoning." Thesis, Bangor University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361192.

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3

Evans, Susan Dorothy. "The psychology of moral versus factual reasoning." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185012.

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The theoretical framework for this research contrasting moral and factual reasoning was derived from moral philosophy, research in the Kohlbergian tradition, social psychological research on attitude change, and research in judgment and decision making on biases in reasoning. Based on this work, moral reasoning is characterized as rule-based (top-down) and hence less sensitive to amount of evidence (number of arguments) favoring a given position, compared to factual reasoning which was expected to depend on amount of evidence. Argument processing in moral reasoning was also predicted to be mor

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4

Witzthum, Harry. "Reasoning across domains : an essay in evolutionary psychology." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412727.

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5

Leevers, Hilary Janet. "Children's logical reasoning." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362050.

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6

Narayanan, N. Hari. "Imagery, diagrams and reasoning /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487779120907533.

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7

Yule, Peter. "Logic implementation in human reasoning : the psychology of syllogisms." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26068.

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This thesis presents a novel account of syllogistic reasoning, based on data from a non-standard reasoning task called the Individuals Task. An abstract logical treatment of the system, based on a modalised Euler Circles system (Stenning & Oberlander 1994, 1995) is presented, and it is shown that this can be implemented in a diverse range of notationally distinct ways. The Individual Identification Algorithm, as this method is called, makes use of a logical distinction between the premisses of the syllogism; one has an existential, assertive role, and is called the <I>source premiss, </I>where

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8

Fenton, William P. "On the Philosophy and Psychology of Reasoning and Rationality." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1574636850795921.

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9

Blum, Anthony John. "An investigation into the psychology of spatial and temporal reasoning /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487841548269909.

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10

Sheth, Niyati. "Conditional reasoning in depression /." View online, 2009. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131598952.pdf.

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11

Robinson, Paul David. "Social Theories of Reasoning." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595031126513538.

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12

Farand, Lambert. "Cognitive multi-tasking in situated medical reasoning." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40115.

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This study evaluates the hypothesis that medical reasoning in real clinical situations involves multiple cognitive tasks whose complex interactions are coordinated in an opportunistic manner. A problem-solving architecture originating from research in artificial intelligence, the blackboard model, is proposed as an integrative framework for representing these characteristics of situated medical reasoning and for reconciling different theoretical perspectives about medical reasoning. A naturalistic clinical situation, involving the manipulation of the patient record by an internist while managi

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13

Ab, Rashid Ahmad. "Causal reasoning with continuous outcomes." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/88125/.

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Twenty experiments investigated how people reason about causal relations where a binary cause (present/absent) influences the continuous magnitude of a target outcome. The experimental design was based on a conceptual mapping of probabilistic influences in binary causation to deterministic influences on continuous effects. Doing so preserved the computational properties related to binary causation, and allowed me to test applicability of well-established causal reasoning strategies in continuous causation. The investigation employed three methods: the first one involved asking participants the

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14

Shinn, Hong Shik. "A unified approach to analogical reasoning." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8275.

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15

Chong, Florenca. "Effects of mood induction on reasoning." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2588829.

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16

Romo, Maria Susanna 1968. "Cultural differences in memory and logical reasoning." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291706.

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The focus of this study was to manipulate factors to determine whether mental representations of logical problems differed by culture. The cultural differences hypothesis suggests that Anglo students would be more likely to have a linear representation (e.g. arranging objects that differ in a "line" mentally) whereas Hispanic and Native American students would have a nonlinear (pivot) organization. The results indicated that Hispanic children solved questions better if they appeared in a pivotal format, whereas, Native American and Anglo children performed better if the stimuli were presented

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17

Venn, Simon Francis. "Exploration of relevance effects in reasoning." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2139.

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The study examines possible underlying mechanisms that may be responsible for generally observed biased response patterns in two conditional reasoning tasks: the Wason selection task and the conditional inference evaluation task. It is proposed that memory processes that may account for priming phenomenon, may also account for the phenomena of matching bias and double-negation effects in reasoning. A new mental activation model is proposed, based on distributed theories of memory, which models relevance effects of the problem materials by way of a simple algorithm. The model is seen to parsimo

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18

Scott, Fiona Jane. "Reasoning, imagery and imagination in autism." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/reasoning-imagery-and-imagination-in-autism(4201e477-18a9-4734-9aeb-44b75c41672e).html.

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19

Park, Jo. "Team reasoning and cooperative decision making." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31185.

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20

Skovgaard, Olsen Niels [Verfasser]. "Making Ranking Theory useful for Psychology of Reasoning / Niels Skovgaard Olsen." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1097392996/34.

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21

Skovgaard-Olsen, Niels [Verfasser]. "Making Ranking Theory useful for Psychology of Reasoning / Niels Skovgaard Olsen." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-262692.

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22

Bezuidenhout, Shaughn. "Toward assessing scientific thinking : a qualitative analysis of student reasoning among psychology undergraduates." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6718.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The effectiveness of a research methods course on the scientific thinking skills of a group of second year psychology students was recently reported on by Kagee, Allie and Lesch (2010). As part of this study they developed an instrument, The Scientific in Psychology Scale, comprising 11 questions each of which required (a) the endorsement of one of two binary choices and (b) a written explanation detailing the reasons for the choice. However, their findings were based only a statistical analysis of (a) which allowed for a

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23

McGreggor, Brian Keith. "Fractal reasoning." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50337.

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Humans are experts at understanding what they see. Similarity and analogy play a significant role in making sense of the visual world by forming analogies to similar images encountered previously. Yet, while these acts of visual reasoning may be commonplace, the processes of visual analogy are not yet well understood. In this dissertation, I investigate the utility of representing visual information in a fractal manner for computing visual similarity and analogy. In particular, I develop a computational technique of fractal reasoning for addressing problems of visual similarity and novelty

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24

Zahra, Daniel. "Mood, emotive content, and reasoning." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1490.

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Theories of how individuals reason, and how they experience emotion abound in the psychological literature; yet, despite the common lay-theories of how emotions might affect a person’s reasoning, very little empirical work has been conducted on this relationship. The current thesis addresses this knowledge-gap by first distilling from the literature two classes of emotion theory; Information, and Load; and then systematically testing the explanatory power of these theories. A dual-process framework is employed in order to define low (Type One) and high effort (Type Two) strategies. Information

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25

Chavira, Maria Romo 1968. "Cultural differences in reasoning and memory: A follow-up." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289477.

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The focus of this study was to manipulate factors to determine whether mental representation of logical problems differed by culture. The cultural differences hypothesis suggests that Anglo students would be more likely to have a linear representation (e.g., arranging objects that differ in a "line" mentally) whereas Hispanic students would have a nonlinear (pivot) representation. The results indicated that Hispanic children solved questions better if they appeared in a pivotal format, whereas Anglo children performed better if the stimuli were presented in a linear method. With grade level ch

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26

Ellis, Matthew Charles. "Linguistic and semantic factors in conditional reasoning." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1831.

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27

Amin, Yazdi Seyed Amir. "Theory of mind reasoning in Iranian children." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289636.

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28

Gregory, D. J. "Age-related changes in inductive reasoning processes." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372614.

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29

Aleixo, Paulo Alexandre. "Personality and moral reasoning in young offenders." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34652.

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The studies presented in this thesis, examined the differences in personality, moral reasoning maturity, intellectual capacity, and family background variables in convicted male young offenders and controls. In addition, the relationship between these variables and self-reported offending behaviour was investigated. The main aim of the investigations was to test predictions from the theories of criminality proposed by H. J. Eysenck (1964; 1970; 1977) and Kohlberg (1969) which associate offending behaviour with lower moral reasoning maturity and the personality characteristics of high psychotic

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30

Jiménez-Leal, William. "The relationship between causal and counterfactual reasoning." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3334/.

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This thesis represents a contribution to the study of causal and counterfactual reasoning. In six experiments, the relationship between causal selection and counterfactual reasoning and selection is directly investigated. The results support the conclusion that causal contingency information is available for both causal and counterfactual judgements, and that its availability interacts with task demands. Specifically, causal and counterfactual selections were found to depend on the specificity of the description of the outcomes (Experiments 1 to 3). Furthermore, when considering causal chains,

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31

Arnold, Christopher B. "Inferred Statistics and Ecological Validity in Bayesian Reasoning." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1521816469920848.

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32

Lambell, Nicola-Jane. "The influence of belief bias on syllogistic reasoning." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2036.

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The syllogistic evaluation task paradigm requires participants to assess whether a conclusion is logically determined by its premises. The inability to ignore beliefs when attempting to comply with this requirement is the phenomenon known as 'belief bias'. This research programme primarily examines this phenomenon and is motivated by conflicting accounts of how it arises. This research also examines the relative believability of the logical quantifiers which are used to construct the syllogistic task. Current theories of belief bias differ in respect of whether the premises or the conclusion a

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33

Vallée-Tourangeau, Frédéric. "Adjustment to disconfirming evidence in a covariation judgment task : the role of alternative predictive relationships." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41208.

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This project investigated the impact of sustained disconfirmation on an acquired belief in a covariation judgment task. Both epistemology and the philosophy of science suggest that data which oppose a hypothesis might not dictate the revision of the hypothesis unless an alternative hypothesis can explain the negative evidence and replace the previous hypothesis. As well, the literature on human categorization and reasoning documents a preference for examples and test instances which confirm rather than disconfirm a prior hypothesis. It was therefore predicted that upon the presentation of nega

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34

Richard, Laurence. "The contribution of non-spatial information to geographic reasoning." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1396966668.

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35

Oliver, Keith A. "An analysis of moral reasoning, contact, relationship and homophobia /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487841975359629.

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36

Talboy, Alaina N. "Reference Dependence in Bayesian Reasoning." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7964.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to examine aspects of the representational and computational influences on Bayesian reasoning as they relate to reference dependence. Across three studies, I explored how dependence on the initial problem structure influences the ability to solve Bayesian reasoning tasks. Congruence between the problem and question of interest, response errors, and individual differences in numerical abilities was assessed. The most consistent and surprising finding in all three experiments was that people were much more likely to utilize the superordinate value as part of t

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37

Lit, Keith. "Moral Reasoning and Moral Emotions Linking Hoarding and Scrupulosity." NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/111.

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Hoarding and scrupulous OCD are part of the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, which are characterized by obsessional preoccupation and ritualistic behavior. Prior research has found a statistical relationship between hoarding and scrupulosity after controlling for these common factors, suggesting the existence of other features shared by these two disorders. Clinical accounts and empirical research of hoarding and scrupulosity suggest three such shared factors: a tendency to experience intense guilt and shame, rigid moralistic thinking, and general cognitive rigidity. However, result

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38

Ding, Sharon. "Developing structural representations : their role in analogical reasoning." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11896/.

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Recent research into the development of analogical reasoning has shown that young children are able to recognise and use relational similarity between situations, provided that they possess the necessary domain knowledge (Goswami, 1992). However, in most of the reported studies, the relational structure of the analogy has been made very salient. Circumstances where the relational structure of a problem has to be represented by the problem-solver themselves could result in differing performance. We do not know whether, or in what circumstances, children can correctly construct a representation

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39

Burgess, Katy V. "Associative analyses of reasoning-like behaviour in rats." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/46487/.

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This thesis examines how rats represent relationships in their environment. There are currently two broad classes of account of how animals learn about such relationships: The associative account offers a relatively simple mechanistic account of behaviour; while the second account proposes that animal behaviour, like human behaviour, is underpinned by the processes of causal and deductive reasoning, that are beyond associative analyses. Chapter 1 identifies three domains in which these two classes of account provide quite different analyses of animal behaviour, which are experimentally investi

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40

Chapman, G. William IV. "A Model of Relational Reasoning through Selective Attention." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10826569.

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<p> Understanding the relationship between sets of objects is a fundamental requirement of cognitive skills, such as learning from example or generalization. For example, recognizing that planets revolve around stars, and not the other way around, is essential for understanding astronomical systems. However, the method by which we recognize and apply such relations is not clearly understood. In particular, how a set of neurons is able to represent which object fulfills which role (role binding), presented difficulty in past studies. Here, we propose a systems-level model, which utilizes select

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41

Glazier, Taylah. "Differences in clinical reasoning among psychology students: A qualitative approach in exploring expertise." Thesis, Glazier, Taylah (2020) Differences in clinical reasoning among psychology students: A qualitative approach in exploring expertise. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/60877/.

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Aims: To explore psychology students verbal clinical decision-making to better understand their reasoning processes. Broadly, we aim to capture these abilities to determine any common themes or gaps within responses that may be helpful in providing information that may inform better teaching practices at Murdoch University. Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews based on a clinical vignette were developed for this study. The sample contained (N=12) psychology students enrolled in either undergraduate or postgraduate (professional masters and clinical masters). Thematic analysis wa

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42

Inglis, Matthew. "Dual processes in mathematics : reasoning about conditionals." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2006. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2847/.

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This thesis studies the reasoning behaviour of successful mathematicians. It is based on the philosophy that, if the goal of an advanced education in mathematics is to develop talented mathematicians, it is important to have a thorough understanding of their reasoning behaviour. In particular, one needs to know the processes which mathematicians use to accomplish mathematical tasks. However, Rav (1999) has noted that there is currently no adequate theory of the role that logic plays in informal mathematical reasoning. The goal of this thesis is to begin to answer this specific criticism of the

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43

Barston, Julie Linda. "An investigation into belief biases in reasoning." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1906.

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This programme of research investigates the effect of belief bias in syllogistic reasoning. Belief bias is conventionally characterised as a non-logical tendency to accept or reject deductive inferences on the basis of belief rather than logical argument. However, some theorists have argued that the effect is weak compared with that of logic and that it arises from misinterpretation of the premises or failure to accept the logical task. Despite the adoption of controls recommended in the recent literature, Experiments 1 to 3 found consistently strong belief bias effects on the syllogistic eval

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44

Rapus, Tanja L. "Integrating information about mechanism and covariation in casual reasoning." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84421.

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Causal reasoning is an important and complex process, in which individuals have multiple sources of information available to inform their judgments. An enduring tension exists between what cues to causality people use and focus on in acquiring causal knowledge and making causal judgments. Much research on causal reasoning has focused on how people use information about covariation in this process. More recently, research has shown that people seek and use information about causal mechanisms to inform their causal inferences. Consequently, an important theoretical question is how people

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45

Ralston, Robert. "Feature Induction and Categorical Reasoning: Evidence for Age-Related Differences." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1557139449197153.

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46

Hayes, Taylor Ray. "Mechanisms of Visual Relational Reasoning." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1416933187.

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47

Powell, Nina Laurel. "Reasoning and processing of behavioural and contextual information : influences on pre-judgement reasoning, post-judgement information selection and engagement, and moral behaviour." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4252/.

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Recent research on moral judgements tends to emphasise the role of intuition, emotion and non-deliberative gut-reactions to moral violations. The aim of this thesis was to investigate instances during the judgement process and on resulting behaviour when deliberative consideration and processing of behavioural and contextual information (i.e., information beyond initial gut-reactions and intuitions) occurred. Specifically, this thesis examined the effects of reasoning about behavioural and contextual information pre-judgement, the desires and needs for and engagement with behavioural informati

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48

Cho, Soohyun. "Component processes of analogical reasoning and their neural substrates." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1619392411&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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49

Bienkowski, Sarah C. Bowler Mark C. "A conditional reasoning measure of goal orientation : preliminary development." [Greenville, N.C.] : East Carolina University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/2222.

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Thesis (M.A.)--East Carolina University, 2009.<br>Presented to the faculty of the Department of Psychology. Advisor: Mark C. Bowler. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 11, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

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50

Mitchell, Erica Rachel. "Instruction type and stereotype threat in analytical reasoning: Can creativity help?" CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3362.

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Stereotype threat is the fear that a person's behavior or performance will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which that person identifies. The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of instruction and emphasis on the female performance on an analytical reasoning task. This study tested undergraduate students taking a psychology course from California State University at San Bernardino. In this thesis, the task was framed as either an analytical reasoning task, a creative reasoning task, or there was no framing present. This study found that performance did differ as a res

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