Bibliografias temáticas / Reactive aggression

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Reactive aggression"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 27 de abril de 2022

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Reactive aggression"

Law, Helen, e Diana M. Falkenbach. "Hostile Attribution Bias as a Mediator of the Relationships of Psychopathy and Narcissism With Aggression". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, n.º 11 (25 de novembro de 2017): 3355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17742614.

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Hostile attribution bias (HAB), the tendency to perceive hostility in ambiguous situations, has been linked to aggressive outcomes, such as reactive aggression. HAB has been connected to personality types involving hostile beliefs and reactive aggression, including narcissism and psychopathy. Specifically, secondary psychopathy is associated with HAB and reactive aggression. Despite research and theory connecting these constructs, few studies have examined if HAB mediates the relationships among psychopathy, narcissism, and aggression. The current study explores this possible mediation in an urban college sample. Narcissism was associated with aggression but not hostile aggression or HAB. Reactive aggression and HAB were both associated with psychopathy, but there were no mediation relationships. The associations with aggression may be, therefore, due to underlying traits of secondary psychopathy rather than the hostile attributions to which the traits contribute; consequently, treatments focused on reducing aggressive responses by correcting interpretations of social situations may not be successful.

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Borsa, Juliane Callegaro, e Denise Ruschel Bandeira. "The Peer Aggressive and Reactive Behaviors Questionnaire (PARB-Q): evidence of validity in the Brazilian context". Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 36, n.º 2 (abril de 2014): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2013-0051.

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Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Peer Aggressive and Reactive Behaviors Questionnaire (PARB-Q), a self-report instrument comprising two independent scales that assess aggressive behavior and reactions to peer aggression. Method: A total of 727 elementary schoolchildren aged 8-13 years (52% boys) were included. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the factor structure. Results: The Brazilian version of the PARB-Q was consistent with the original version. The results of the exploratory factor analyses (EFA) indicated a one-factor solution for the first scale (Peer Aggression Scale) and a three-factor solution (Reactive Aggression, Seeking Teacher Support, and Internalizing Reaction) for the Reaction to Peer Aggression Scale. The confirmatory analyses for both scales yielded good fit indices. Conclusion: The results of the statistical analyses suggested adequate psychometric properties and satisfactory validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the PARB-Q, making it a useful tool for assessing aggressive behavior as well as children's reactions to aggression by their peers.

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Malonda-Vidal, Elisabeth, Paula Samper-García, Anna Llorca-Mestre, Roger Muñoz-Navarro e Vicenta Mestre-Escrivá. "Traditional Masculinity and Aggression in Adolescence: Its Relationship with Emotional Processes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 18 (17 de setembro de 2021): 9802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189802.

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Traditional masculinity includes norms that encourage many of the aggressive behaviors whereas traditional femininity emphasizes aggression very little. In addition, the lack of emotional regulation as well as a poor impulse control have been related to aggression and, in particular, with reactive and proactive aggression. The objective of this study is to examine the role of gender stereotypes (masculinity/femininity) in reactive and proactive aggression, through regulatory emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. A total of 390 adolescents participated in a longitudinal study in Valencia, Spain. Structural equations modeling (SEM) was employed to explore a two-wave longitudinal model. The results show that femininity relates to reactive aggression through regulatory emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. This way, both emotional self-efficacy and emotional regulation mediate the relation between femininity and reactive aggression. Furthermore, reactive and proactive aggression relate positively and directly to masculinity and negatively to femininity. Therefore, violence prevention programs with adolescents should incorporate information to break down gender stereotypes and promote strategies to manage emotions. Such efforts may be helpful to reduce aggressive behaviors and violence.

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Fritz, Michael, Franziska Rösel, Hannah Dobler, Judith Streb e Manuela Dudeck. "Childhood Trauma, the Combination of MAO-A and COMT Genetic Polymorphisms and the Joy of Being Aggressive in Forensic Psychiatric Patients". Brain Sciences 11, n.º 8 (30 de julho de 2021): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081008.

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Aggression and violent offenses are common amongst forensic psychiatric patients. Notably, research distinguishes two motivationally distinct dimension of aggression–instrumental and reactive aggression. Instrumental aggression comprises of appetitive, goal-directed aggressive acts, whereas reactive aggression consists of affective, defensive violence with both their biological basis remaining largely unknown. Childhood trauma and functional genetic polymorphisms in catecholamines converting enzymes, such as mono-amino-oxidase A (MAO-A) and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) have been suggested to augment an aggressive behavioral response in adulthood. However, it warrants clarification if these factors influence one or both types of aggression. Furthermore, it remains elusive, if having a combination of unfavorable enzyme genotypes and childhood maltreatment further increases violent behavior. Hence, we set out to address these questions in the current study. First, analysis revealed an overall marginally increased frequency of the unfavorable MAO-A genotype in the test population. Second, each gene polymorphisms together with a traumatic childhood significantly increased the AFAS (Appetitive and Facilitative Aggression Scale) scores for both reactive and appetitive aggression. Third, having a combination of both disadvantageous genotypes and a negative childhood served as a minor positive predictor for increased reactive aggression, but had a strong influence on the joy of being aggressive.

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Conner, Kenneth R., Paul R. Duberstein, Yeates Conwell e Eric D. Caine. "Reactive aggression and suicide". Aggression and Violent Behavior 8, n.º 4 (julho de 2003): 413–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-1789(02)00067-8.

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Chester, David S. "The Role of Positive Affect in Aggression". Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, n.º 4 (agosto de 2017): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721417700457.

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Aggressive behavior hurts us all and is studied across psychology’s subdisciplines. Classical theories discuss the causes of aggression in the context of negative affect (e.g., frustration, pain). However, more recent research implicates positive affect as an important correlate and cause of aggression. Such aggressive pleasure likely evolved from ancient predatory tendencies that later yielded reproductive benefits, holds across reactive and proactive forms of aggression, and is used strategically as an item in many people’s emotion-regulation toolkit. Findings from psychological and neural sciences have converged to detail aggression’s hedonically pleasant qualities and the motivational and biological mechanisms through which they occur. This new approach generates novel hypotheses and might lead to effective interventions that mollify mankind’s aggressive tendencies.

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Gagnon, Jean, e Lucien Rochat. "Relationships Between Hostile Attribution Bias, Negative Urgency, and Reactive Aggression". Journal of Individual Differences 38, n.º 4 (novembro de 2017): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000238.

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Abstract. Negative urgency defined as the tendency to act rashly when faced with intense negative emotions and hostile attribution bias (HAB) which refers to the tendency to interpret the intention of others as hostile when social context cues are ambiguous are two key psychological factors underlying reactive aggression. However, the specific associations between these factors in relation to reactive aggression have not been tested yet with competing models. The objective of the study was to test three putative models: (1) negative urgency moderates the association between HAB and reactive aggression; (2) HAB mediates the link between negative urgency and reactive aggression; (3) negative urgency mediates the relation between HAB and reactive aggression. One-hundred seventy-six participants were given self-report questionnaires to assess impulsivity, reactive aggression, as well as vignettes featuring a social situation measuring HAB in response to an ambiguous social provocation. The results showed that negative urgency constitutes a significant mediator in the association between HAB and reactive aggression. These results provide valuable insight into the cognitive processes underlying reactive aggression and may hold implications for diagnosis and intervention on aggressive behaviors.

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Marsee, Monica A., Paul J. Frick, Christopher T. Barry, Eva R. Kimonis, Luna C. Muñoz Centifanti e Katherine J. Aucoin. "Profiles of the forms and functions of self-reported aggression in three adolescent samples". Development and Psychopathology 26, n.º 3 (22 de julho de 2014): 705–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000339.

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AbstractIn the current study, we addressed several issues related to the forms (physical and relational) and functions (reactive and proactive) of aggression in community (n = 307), voluntary residential (n = 1,917), and involuntarily detained (n = 659) adolescents (ages 11–19 years). Across samples, boys self-reported more physical aggression and girls reported more relational aggression, with the exception of higher levels of both forms of aggression in detained girls. Further, few boys showed high rates of relational aggression without also showing high rates of physical aggression. In contrast, it was not uncommon for girls to show high rates of relational aggression alone, and these girls tended to also have high levels of problem behavior (e.g., delinquency) and mental health problems (e.g., emotional dysregulation and callous–unemotional traits). Finally, for physical aggression in both boys and girls, and for relational aggression in girls, there was a clear pattern of aggressive behavior that emerged from cluster analyses across samples. Two aggression clusters emerged, with one group showing moderately high reactive aggression and a second group showing both high reactive and high proactive aggression (combined group). On measures of severity (e.g., self-reported delinquency and arrests) and etiologically important variables (e.g., emotional regulation and callous–unemotional traits), the reactive aggression group was more severe than a nonaggressive cluster but less severe than the combined aggressive cluster.

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Lokithasan, Komathi, Ai Fie Chua, Kwan Hui Ting Joanna, Raksshana Subramanian, Wirawahida Kamarul Zaman e Sanggari Krishnan. "The Correlation between Aggression, Self-esteem and Cyberbullying among Undergraduates in Malaysia". Sains Insani 5, n.º 1 (13 de julho de 2020): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol5no1.189.

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The prevalence of cyberbullying cases has been increasing over the years and it causes detrimental effects on one's mental health and psychological well-being. This cross-sectional research aims to determine the significant relationship between proactive aggression, reactive aggression and self-esteem on cyberbullying among undergraduates in Malaysia. 255 participants were recruited through purposive sampling. Questionnaires were distributed online via social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Twitter. Three validated and reliable self-report measures were used to gather responses for this including Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES) and Cyberbullying Test (CT). RPQ consists of 23 items followed by RSES with 10 items and lastly, CT consists of 45 items. All measures yielded a high reliability ranging from .84 to .95. The present study has found that proactive and reactive aggressions have a significant positive relationship with cyberbullying perpetration. However, proactive aggression has a stronger relationship as compared to reactive ones. Those with high proactive aggressions tend to involve more in cyberbullying as compared to reactive aggression. Moreover, it also found a negative but non-significant relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying perpetration among undergraduates in Malaysia. It shows that those with high self-esteem tend to be cyberbullying victims but not perpetrators due to their frequent usage of social media. This study implies that it could be useful to tackle those involved in proactive aggressions as compared to reactive aggression and those with high self-esteem. Healthy ways to channel proactive aggression in which perpetrator seeks reward or dominance should be identified rather than focusing on those who reacts aggressively to a threat or provocation.

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Ang, Rebecca P., Vivien S. Huan, Xiang Li e Wei Teng Chan. "Functions of Aggression and Delinquency: The Moderating Role of Parent Criminality and Friends’ Gang Membership". Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, n.º 22 (2 de março de 2016): 3531–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516636066.

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This study examined the relationships between two functions of aggression (i.e., reactive and proactive) and delinquency, including the moderating effects of parent criminality and friends’ gang membership, in a sample of 1,027 Singaporean adolescents from Grade 7 to Grade 9, with age ranging from 12 to 19 years ( M = 14.10, SD = 1.15). Findings suggested that both reactive aggression and proactive aggression significantly and positively predicted delinquency (after controlling for proactive aggression and reactive aggression, respectively), with proactive aggression being a stronger predictor. Friends’ gang membership was found to moderate the relationship between reactive aggression and delinquency, and proactive aggression and delinquency, with stronger moderator effects for the latter. Those who were aggressive proactively and who had friends in a gang appear to be impacted most negatively with respect to delinquency. Parent criminality did not moderate these relationships. These findings highlight the need to effectively address the issues of child and adolescent aggression. Also, developing positive peer relations early is crucial for delinquency prevention.

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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Reactive aggression"

Carroll, Christopher Ryan. "Cannabis and aggression : differentiating reactive and instrumental aggression". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55857.

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My thesis explored the relation between cannabis use (CU) and two distinct subtypes of aggression. Substantial prior research has examined the association between CU and aggression; however, empirical evidence has not yet provided a clear or complete picture of this relationship. This may be due to the fact that to date no studies have considered the important distinction between instrumental aggression (IA) and reactive aggression (RA). The aim of this study was to differentiate these subtypes of aggression while controlling for covariates such as psychopathy and trait aggression which has the potential to reconcile the apparently contradictory findings in the literature. Also of interest was the role that gender plays in the relationship between cannabis and IA/RA. Samples from three different populations, who all completed a series of self-report questionnaires, were examined for this study. The sample from the university population consisted of 427 participants, the sample from the online population consisted of 434 participants, and the sample from the treatment population consisted of 68 participants. The data were analysed using independent samples t tests, hierarchical multiple regressions, and two-way ANOVAs. The results from all three samples indicated that there is little to no relation between CU and IA/RA. In cases where a relation was found, it disappeared when accounting for psychopathy and trait aggression. These findings were consistent across all frequencies of CU. Furthermore, the results showed that there was no interaction between gender and any frequency of CU when looking at the relation with IA/RA. Collectively, these findings indicate that CU is not associated with aggressive behaviour and propose answers to the question of why there is such differing findings in the existing literature. The public health impact of CU remains controversial and these findings have important theoretical, methodological, and clinical implications.
Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences (Okanagan)
Psychology, Department of (Okanagan)
Graduate

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Blier, Heather K. "Social Likeability, Subtypes of Aggression, and the Attributional Style of Aggressive Youth". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33392.

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Recent efforts to understand and predict the onset and maintenance of aggression have considered the heterogeneity of this behavior. Dodge (1980) and others, have suggested a distinction in aggression based on two primary subtypes: reactive and proactive aggression. The form, severity and persistence of these aggressive subtypes may depend on an on-going interaction between individual characteristics and environmental characteristics that elicit varying antecedents and consequences (Frick, 1998; Lahey et al., 1999). In particular, there exists some empirical support for the existence of relations among social likeability, attributional style, and particular subtypes of aggression symptomology. However, the exact nature of this relation is unclear. The current study examined two competing models, the mediator and moderator models, to assess the nature of the relations among social likeability, attributional style, and aggression subtypes in a sample of 419 youth in a non-clinical community setting. Results suggest that the external, stable, global attributional style serves to mediate the relation between social likeability and reactive, but not proactive aggression. Implications for assessment and treatment of aggression in adolescents are discussed.
Master of Science

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Machek, Gregory R. "Defensive egotism, reactive aggression, proactive aggression, and bullying behavior in school children". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3203868.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Education, 2004.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 10, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-02, Section: A, page: 0461. Adviser: Thomas R. Huberty.

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Stevens, Nicole Marie. "Witnessing violence: The link to reactive aggression". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2758.

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This study uses a multiple regression correlational (MRC) analytic approach to examine the association between witnessing violence and reactive aggression, post-traumatic stress, and insecure attachment. One hundred adult male California State University students were surveyed using the Conflict Tactics Scale, the Adolescent Anger Rating Scale, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment scale, the Child Report of Post Traumatic Symptoms scale, the Conduct Disorder scale, and the Modified Impact of Events scale.

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Clifford, Charity E. "Testing the instrumental and reactive motivations of romantic relational aggression". Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32851.

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Doctor of Philosophy
School of Family Studies and Human Services
Amber Vennum
The literature suggests that aggressive behaviors occur in response to provocation (i.e., reactive aggression) or to achieve a goal (i.e., instrumental aggression). Relational aggression –when an individual harms another’s interpersonal relationships – has been studied from the reactive and instrumental framework in peer-directed contexts, usually with children. However, relational aggression in romantic relationships is yet to be studied from this framework. This dissertation includes a series of studies investigating whether two specific relationally aggressive behaviors found in romantic relationships (i.e., social sabotage and love withdrawal) are 1) motivated by instrumental and reactive aggression, 2) associated with differential characteristics, and 3) predictive of negative outcomes. The Romantic Relational Aggression Motivation (RRAM) scale, which included social sabotage and love withdrawal items with both instrumental and reactive motivations, was created to explore the above research questions. During Study 1a, an exploratory factor analysis using a sample of 170 emerging adults tested the factor structure of the RRAM. This resulted in love withdrawal, but not social sabotage, factoring into instrumental and reactive subscales. Using the same sample at a later wave, Study 1b refined the RRAM from Study 1a; the findings confirmed the results of Study 1a. In Study 2, using a sample of 118 emerging adults, the factor structure found in Study 1b was corroborated using a confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 found that social sabotage was more closely related to instrumental than reactive love withdrawal. Reactive and instrumental love withdrawal were clearly differentiated based on their associations with constructs that were emotionally driven (e.g. neuroticism and hostile attribution bias) but not by their associations with constructs that dealt with power (e.g. self-relationship power and trait dominance). None of the romantic relational aggression scales were predictive of the negative outcomes in the study, possibly due to the small sample size (85 emerging adults) in the longitudinal portion of Study 2. As instrumental and reactive love withdrawal were associated with different constructs and combining the two together may cause substantial differences to be lost, the RRAM may be a useful tool for researchers of romantic relational aggression.

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Steadham, Jennifer A. "Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorder Traits As Predictors of Reactive and Instrumental Aggression". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115167/.

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Aggression has traditionally been subdivided into two correlated, but distinct, subtypes: reactive and instrumental. Reactive aggression (RA) is considered impulsive, emotionally driven behavior, whereas instrumental aggression (IA) is planned and incentive-motivated. This thesis examines the relationships between RA, IA, psychopathy, and antisocial personality disorder (APD) symptoms in male and female offenders recruited from a jail in north Texas. Contrary to predictions, psychopathic traits did not account for more variance in aggression than did APD symptoms. Impulsivity demonstrated slight incremental validity over psychopathy for RA, and to a lesser degree, IA. the continued utility of the reactive-instrumental distinction and implications for professional practice in relation to the current study are examined. Study limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

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Bodie, Jessica Elizabeth. "CHARACTERIZING AND VALIDATING PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE AGGRESSION CLASSES IN A PROSPECTIVE SAMPLE". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/455597.

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Psychology
Ph.D.
Research investigating aggressive behavior among youth is plentiful; however, the field contains mixed findings in terms of risk factors, correlates, sequelae, and treatment response, suggesting that individuals who exhibit aggressive behaviors are heterogeneous. The current project utilized a person-centered perspective to characterize youth who differ in frequency and quality of aggressive behaviors and a variable-centered approach to validate these classes. Specifically, the aims of the current study were (a) to use latent class analysis (LCA) to identify classes of youth that are characterized by qualitatively and quantitatively different types of aggressive behaviors, and (b) to examine the external validity of the identified aggression classes in a large, prospective sample. Participants included 648 children (M = 11.42 + .92 years; 76% Caucasian) assessed at five time points between the ages of 10 and 25 as part of a longitudinal project conducted through the Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research at the University of Pittsburgh. Analyses suggest five distinct aggression profiles in the sample; individuals exhibiting (1) primarily reactive aggression, (2) primarily proactive aggression (3) mixed reactive and proactive aggression, (4) loss of control (endorsement of a subset of reactive aggression items), and (5) low reactive and proactive aggression. Classes differed in their levels of executive functioning, peer processes, lack of guilt, internalizing symptoms, and provocation to aggression. Specifically, individuals who engaged in primarily proactive, primarily reactive, or mixed aggression exhibited significantly lower ECF than individuals in the low aggression class. Individuals who engaged in mixed aggression experienced greater peer rejection, associations with deviant peers, internalizing symptoms, and lack of guilt than individuals who exhibited low aggression at specific time points. Of note, individuals who engaged in primarily proactive aggression were more likely to experience internalizing symptoms than individuals who engaged in reactive or low aggression in late childhood and early adolescence and were more likely to report lack of guilt after misbehaving than members of other aggression classes across late childhood and early adulthood. Differences among classes in terms of these variables better characterize and validate the subgroups of aggressive youth identified in the latent class analysis. The study fills gaps in the literature by identifying concurrent and prospective correlates of aggression classes and decreasing the heterogeneity found in aggression-related research by considering the qualitative and quantitative ways in which individuals differ on aggression using a dimensional approach. These findings enhance understanding of risk processes related to aggression and inform interventions that focus specifically on ameliorating deficits displayed by youth with different aggression profiles.
Temple University--Theses

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Marsee, Monica. "Exploring the Functional Subtypes of Relational and Overt Aggression in a Sample of Detained Girls". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/304.

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In the current study, we investigated the association between relational aggression and measures of delinquency and overt aggression in a sample of detained adolescent girls. We also tested the validity of the distinction between reactive and proactive subtypes of relational aggression by testing their independent associations with important emotional, behavioral, personality, social, and cognitive variables that have been studied in past research and found to be important for distinguishing between reactive and proactive overt aggression. Our sample consisted of 58 predominantly African-American (78%) adolescent girls recruited from three juvenile detention centers in the southeastern United States. Participants ranged in age from 12 to 18 (Mn = 14.98; SD = 1.30). Relational aggression was measured using both self-report and observation, while overt aggression, delinquency, and social-psychological variables were measured using self-report only. As predicted, both self-reported and observed relational aggression were associated with higher rates of self-reported delinquency. Self-reported relational aggression was also associated with self-reported overt aggression, while observed relational aggression was not. On a self-report rating scale, we found evidence for four subscales that were moderately correlated and had good internal consistency. These subscales corresponded to the four aggressive subtypes (i.e., reactive overt, reactive relational, proactive overt, proactive relational). Further, we found evidence for divergence between reactive and proactive relational aggression on emotional dysregulation, CU traits, and positive outcome expectations for aggression, supporting the hypothesis that these are important subtypes that could involve distinct developmental processes, similar to reactive and proactive subtypes of overt aggression. Finally, this study found that relational aggression accounted for unique variance in callous and unemotional (CU) traits among detained girls, even after controlling for levels of overt aggression. The current findings highlight the importance of assessing relational aggression in detained girls and could have implications for designing more successful interventions for girls in the juvenile justice system.

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Binti, Amad Suzana. "Self-esteem and aggression : the relationships between explicit-implicit self-esteem, narcissism, and reactive-proactive aggression". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/77062/.

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Aggression can be detrimental to both victims and perpetrators. Recent research on the theoretical risks for aggressive behaviours fail to demonstrate consistent links with the human’s evaluation of self-worth, hence the nature of this relationship remains unclear. Specifically, the purpose of the investigation was to examine the differential association between multidimensional self-esteem using both explicit and implicit measures, narcissism, and reactive and proactive aggression across three samples of different cultures and characteristics. Chapter 1 discusses the general background of the study and a brief review of the possible issues that might have contributed to the ambiguous findings on the relationships between self-esteem and aggression. Chapter 2 discusses the theoretical links between self-esteem and aggression, which includes the limitations of self-report assessments (i.e., explicit measures) and how the alternative of indirect assessment tools (i.e., implicit measures) may help to overcome this issue by assessing more automated forms of processes involved in the development of aggressive behaviours. The investigation examines whether the use of the current Single-Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT) would provide a greater empirical support for the links between multidimensional self-esteem with reactive and proactive aggression, relative to self-report questionnaires. Chapter 3 describes the evidence surrounding the role of multidimensional self-esteem in different types of aggression in a different culture of similar characteristics, through a replication of the aforementioned investigation. The cross-cultural comparisons were inspected based on the individualistic-collectivistic perspectives. Chapter 4 further explores the relationship of interest by taking into account the content dimensions of self-esteem, namely agency and communion. These dimensions were assessed using both explicit vi and implicit measures on a high-risk population sample within the community. Across each chapter, the current results concerning explicit self-esteem demonstrated consistent evidence to show that low self-esteem is associated with high reactive aggression, whereas narcissism is positively related to aggression, and proactive aggression in particular. Unfortunately, the use of the IAT paradigms in this current investigation did not improve prediction of group membership or estimated risk of aggression. Chapter 5 describes how such findings may be of benefit in unravelling the inconsistency within the self-esteem and aggression relationships. Through further replication and methodological refinement, the current findings could be utilised in support of forensic risk assessment needs within the violence/aggression treatment programmes.

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Tecce, Marielena P. "Juvenile Psychopathy: Instrumental versus Reactive Aggression in Male and Female Juvenile Offenders". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1396876090.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Reactive aggression"

Snider, Kellie. Turning fierce dogs friendly: Using constructional aggression treatment to rehabilitate aggressive and reactive dogs. 2017.

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Ostrov, Jamie M., Sarah J. Blakely-McClure, Kristin J. Perry e Kimberly E. Kamper-DeMarco. Definitions—The Form and Function of Relational Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0002.

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This chapter reviews the definitions of relational aggression and other subtypes of aggression that are often studied in the developmental sciences. Specifically, definitions of relational, physical, indirect, social, verbal, nonverbal, proactive, and reactive aggression are provided. The modes, forms, functions, and contexts of aggression are reviewed, with a focus on relational aggression. Attention is given to other related constructs such as assertion, rough and tumble play, and social dominance, which should be considered and ruled out when studying subtypes of aggression. A definition and important considerations for the study of relational bullying are provided, and a brief discussion of the contexts of online or electronic aggression is given. Future directions and unanswered questions are raised.

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Buckholtz, Joshua W., e Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg. Genetic Perspectives on the Neurochemistry of Human Aggression and Violence. Editado por Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.009.

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Violence is a devastating social phenomenon that is costly both to affected individuals and to society at large. Pathological aggression, especially reactive/impulsive aggression, is a cardinal symptom common to several psychiatric disorders—including antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and psychopathy—that are associated with risk for violence. Thus, understanding the factors that predispose people to impulsive violence represents a crucial goal for psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry. Although we are far from a full understanding of the etiopathophysiology of violence, impulsive aggression is heritable, suggesting that genetic mechanisms may be important for determining individual variation in susceptibility. This chapter synthesizes available preclinical and human data to propose a compelling neurogenetic mechanism for violence, specifically arguing that a genetically determined excess in serotonin signaling during a critical developmental period leads to dysregulation within a key corticolimbic circuit for emotional arousal and regulation, inhibitory control, and social cognition.

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Level of athletic, instrumental, and reactive aggression between contact and non-contact, male and female high school athletes under pre- and post-testing conditions. 1988.

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Level of athletic, instrumental, and reactive aggression between contact and non-contact, male and female high school athletes under pre- and post-testing conditions. 1985.

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Phenix, Annie. The midnight dog walkers: Positive training and practical advice for living with a reactive and aggressive dog. 2016.

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Courtney, Beverley. Calm walks with your Growly Dog: Book 3 Strategies and techniques for your fearful, aggressive, or reactive dog. Independently published, 2017.

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Litell, John M., e Nathan I. Shapiro. Pathophysiology of septic shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0297.

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The pathophysiology of sepsis is the result of a dysregulated host response to infection. Interactions between conserved pathogenic signals and host recognition systems initiate a systemic reaction to local infection. Pro- and anti-inflammatory intermediates and associated coagulatory abnormalities lead to altered macrovascular, microvascular, and mitochondrial function. Uncorrected, these processes yield similar patterns of failure in multiple organ systems. Mortality increases with successive organ failures. Although commonly thought to be a manifestation of impaired renal circulation, septic acute kidney injury may be due primarily to non-haemodynamic factors. Pulmonary parenchymal dysfunction in sepsis also contributes to failures in other organ systems. Sepsis involves complex alterations in myocardial function, vascular tone, and capillary integrity, which are mediated by elevated concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, among others. Gut hypomotility and translocation of enteric flora likely contribute to a persistent inflammatory response. This perpetuates the pathophysiological pattern of sepsis, and can lead to the delayed onset of these features in patients with other types of critical illness. The neurological manifestations of sepsis include acquired delirium, which is also probably due to circulatory and inflammatory abnormalities, as well as alterations in cerebral amino acid metabolism. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency and derangements in glucose metabolism are among the endocrine abnormalities commonly seen in septic patients. Restoration of homeostasis requires early haemodynamic resuscitation and aggressive infectious source control.

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Pattison, James. The Alternatives to War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755203.001.0001.

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If states are not to go to war, what should they do instead? In The Alternatives to War: From Sanctions to Non-violence, James Pattison considers the case for the alternatives to military action to address mass atrocities and aggression. He covers the normative issues raised by measures ranging from comprehensive economic sanctions, diplomacy, and positive incentives, to criminal prosecutions, non-violent resistance, accepting refugees, and arming rebels. For instance, given the indiscriminateness of many sanctions regimes, are sanctions any better than war? Should states avoid ‘megaphone diplomacy’ and adopt more subtle measures? What, if anything, can non-violent methods such as civilian defence and civilian peacekeeping do in the face of a ruthless opponent? Is it a serious concern that positive incentives can appear to reward aggressors? Overall, Pattison provides a comprehensive account of the ethics of the alternatives to war. In doing so, he argues that the case for war is weaker and the case for many of the alternatives is stronger than commonly thought. The upshot is that, when reacting to mass atrocities and aggression, states are generally required to pursue the alternatives to war rather than military action. Pattison concludes that this has significant implications for pacifism, Just War Theory, and the responsibility to protect doctrine.

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Spinella, Philip C., e Jeffrey J. Bednarski. Hematology and Oncology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199918027.003.0013.

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Coagulopathy, thrombosis, and other hematological abnormalities are common in the pediatric intensive care unit . Current guidelines recommend red blood cell transfusion for a hemoglobin concentration less than 7 g/dL in critically ill, hemodynamically stable patients; platelets for a concentration less than 10,000 in nonbleeding patients; and cryoprecipitate in bleeding patients for fibrinogen values less than 100 to 150 mg/dL. Massive transfusion protocols that push blood products to the bedside are more practical than reactive protocols. Transfusion reactions include transfusion-associated acute lung injury and transfusion-associated circulatory overload. Hematologic crises in the PICU are commonly complications of other primary disorders. Sickle cell disease may lead to acute chest syndrome, sequestration crisis, and stroke, and require aggressive intervention. Oncological diseases produce hyperleukocytosis, tumor lysis syndrome, veno-occlusive disease, graft-versus-host disease, and sepsis in association with leukopenia. A relatively newly recognized disorder, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, requires early recognition and treatment to avoid adverse outcomes.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Reactive aggression"

Fite, Paula J., Jamie Rathert, Craig R. Colder, John E. Lochman e Karen C. Wells. "Proactive and Reactive Aggression". In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2164–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_211.

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Fite, Paula J., Jamie Craig, Craig R. Colder, John E. Lochman e Karen C. Wells. "Proactive and Reactive Aggression". In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_211-2.

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Fite, Paula J., Jamie Craig, Craig R. Colder, John E. Lochman e Karen C. Wells. "Proactive and Reactive Aggression". In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2870–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_211.

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Hubbard, Julie A., Lydia J. Romano, Meghan D. McAuliffe e Michael T. Morrow. "Anger and the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Distinction in Childhood and Adolescence". In International Handbook of Anger, 231–39. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89676-2_14.

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Hubbard, Julie A., Michael T. Morrow, Lydia J. Romano e Meghan D. McAuliffe. "The role of anger in children’s reactive versus proactive aggression: Review of findings, issues of measurement, and implications for intervention." In Emotions, aggression, and morality in children: Bridging development and psychopathology., 201–17. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12129-010.

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Swart, Joan. "Reactive Aggressive Offenders". In Homicide A Forensic Psychology Casebook, 13–33. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315370019-3.

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Matsumoto, M., A. Huen, J. Ho e O. E. Akilov. "Case 38. Leukemoid reaction mimicking aggressive epidermotropic CD8+ T-cell lymphoma". In Cutaneous Lymphomas, 86–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59129-8_38.

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"Reactive Aggression". In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development, 1217. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_5135.

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"Reactive Aggression". In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 6468. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_304166.

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"Reactive and instrumental aggression and aggressiveness". In Emotion and Reason, 91–108. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203093634-15.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Reactive aggression"

Koltunovych, Tetiana, Mariia Oliinyk, Inna Perepeliuk e Yaryna Kvasetska. "Personal Determinants of Emotional Burnout in Students (Future Physical Training Teachers)". In ATEE 2020 - Winter Conference. Teacher Education for Promoting Well-Being in School. LUMEN Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/atee2020/14.

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Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the manifestations of emotional burnout of future physical education teachers and to determine the role of personal determinants in the formation and overcoming this condition. The purpose was specified in the following tasks: to identify the features of emotional burnout in future physical training teachers; to investigate the relationships between emotional burnout and personal characteristics of students; to find out the differences in the sets of personality characteristics of students of future physical training teachers with different levels of emotional burnout. Design and Methods: The research involved 150 students of the college (18.1±2 years) who study in the specialty “physical training and sports”: the 1st year, n=50; 2nd year, n=32; 3rd year, n=37 and 4th year, n=31). The sample is heterogeneous (61.33% of boys, 38.67% of girls). The Maslach Burnout Inventory (C. Maslach), “Diagnostics of the level of emotional burnout” (V.V. Bojko), the modified form of the FRI questionnaire was employed. Methods of descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation analysis, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and structural analysis (by A.V. Karpov) were used. Mathematical data processing and graphical presentation of the results were carried out using the computer software package of statistical software SPSS 22.0. Results: The article confirms the assumption about the existence of correlation relations between emotional burnout and personal characteristics of future physical training teachers. The statistically significant differences between groups of students with different levels of emotional burnout on the scale of “neuroticism”, “spontaneous aggression”, “depression”, “emotional lability”, “irritability”, “reactive aggression”, “openness” that are more common to future teachers with high level of emotional burnout are revealed. It is empirically proven that students with different levels of emotional burnout characterized by various structural organizations of personality characteristics, and also that the growth of indicators of the emotional burnout formation is accompanied by a qualitative restructuring of the personality characteristics. Conclusions: The obtained data contributes to the study of the phenomenon of burnout and provide an opportunity to identify further directions of its prevention and correction among future physical training teachers. Subsequent studies will be aimed at developing an individual system of psychological training and support for the prevention and correction of emotional burnout among students.

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Giri, Vamshikrishna Reddy, e Neeraj Jaggi. "MAC layer misbehavior effectiveness and collective aggressive reaction approach". In 2010 IEEE Sarnoff Symposium. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sarnof.2010.5469805.

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Stottler, Richard, Cory Barton e David Breeden. "Highly Reactive, Real-Time Planner for Aggressive 3D Aircraft Maneuvers to Avoid Unguided Threats". In Infotech@Aerospace 2012. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-2547.

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Lu, Guangquan, Xiaohui Chen, Lumiao Li, Ying Wang, Yunpeng Wang e Miaomiao Liu. "Comparing Drivers’ Vehicle Operation When Reacting to Aggressive and Normal Lane Changes". In 16th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479896.133.

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Liu, Haowen, e Bingen Yang. "Quadrotor Singularity Free Modeling and Acrobatic Maneuvering". In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97205.

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Abstract When an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigates reactively over an unknown land, it may encounter terrains that require aggressive maneuver to keep the designed coasting speed while staying on the path. During this execution of the aggressive maneuver, the UAV can experience singularity. In this article, a vertical loop aggressive maneuver performed by a quadrotor UAV is investigated. Due to the physical configuration of the quadrotor, the conventional modeling and tracking control method may not be desirable if certain requirements, such as fast coasting speed and sharp turns, are imposed. In this work, a new modeling and maneuver control method, which is called the controlled loop path following (CLPF) method is developed. As shown in numerical examples, the proposed singularity-free model and control method enables a quadrotor to be operated in aggressive maneuverability with features like automatic flipping and precise trajectory following.

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Sneha, S. S., e K. P. Ramaswamy. "A Comprehensive Review on the Mechanism of Concrete Deterioration in Accelerated Aggressive Environment". In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.40.

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Concrete is being extensively utilized for the constructional and other allied works on account of its versatility and mechanical properties. However, it exists to be in a state of disequilibrium with its ambient environment owing to its universal alkaline nature and hence is susceptible to deterioration when exposed to aggressive environments. The reactive species emanating from chemical plants, fertiliser industries, marine water, agro-food industries etc., produce detrimental effects on the concrete structures through the dissolution of calcium bearing phases from the hydrated matrix. This degradation culminates in decalcification, volumetric expansion, salt crystallisation, micro-cracking, surface scaling, delamination, spalling and corrosion. Diffusivity, capillary porosity, permeability, chemical nature of hydrated matrix and pore network are the parameters that influence the chemical mechanism of concrete degradation. The mechanism of concrete degradation is distinct for various aggressive species and its fair comprehension remains as one of the challenges in accomplishing the durability based concrete design. This paper critically reviews the basic mechanism of the concrete deterioration in accelerated aggressive environment of mineral acids, organic acids and inorganic salts. In addition to this, a glimpse of the effect of degradation on different binder systems viz., Ordinary Portland Cement system, blended cement system, special cement system and alkali activated system is provided.

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Kamal, Hamzah, Prakoso Noke Fajar, Ghozali Farid, Aryanto Agus, Priyantoro Tri Atmojo, Amru Kautsar e Respati Pradhipta Seno. "Resolving Multiple Formation Damage Mechanism in Carbonate Reservoir Through Systematic Approach Using Combination of Aromatic Solvent and Less Aggressive Acid". In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205816-ms.

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Abstract There is no well operation that is truly non-damaging. Any invasive operation, even production phase itself, may be damaging to well productivity. An interesting case was found in L-Field which is located in South Sumatra, Indonesia. All four wells are predicted to cease to flow after five-year production and artificial lift have to be installed to prevent steep decline in oil production. Unfortunately, all of wells’ productivity index (PI) decreased post well intervention and therefore, couldn’t achieve target. The PI was continuously decreasing during production phase and aggravated the decline in oil production. Remediation action by systematic approach was applied to solve the problem. Early diagnostic revealed some potential causes through evaluation of both production and well treatment data. Laboratory test such as mineralogy analysis, crude composition and water analysis, solubility and compatibility test have been conducted and clarified the root cause that formation damage occurred in multiple mechanism related to incompatibility of the workover fluid and organic deposition. Then, possible well treatments were listed with pros and cons by considering post water production related to the carbonate reservoir properties. Subsequently, chemical matrix injection was ranked based on less possibility of water breakthrough risk. Diesel fuel and de-emulsifier injection was decided as the first treatment in order to remove formation damage caused by organic deposition. The rate was increased temporary with Water Cut (WC) remained at the same level. The subseqeuent effort was to inject low reaction chelating acid and the result showed temporary improvement and the production did achieve significant gain. Finally, the third attempt indicated promising results with the injection of aromatic solvent followed by chelating acid. The well productivity was increased to more than 20 times of the pre treatment levels. The method can be replicated to other affected wells with similar damage mechanism. High vertical permeability over horizontal permeability becomes a real threat in carbonate strong water driver reservoir in L-field. Thus, matrix acidizing treatment has to be carefully applied to prevent unwanted water production. Non-aggressive and slow reaction acid were chosen to prevent face dissolution reaction that leads to water breakthrough.

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Walker, A. D., A. G. Barker, I. Mariah, G. L. Peacock, J. F. Carrotte e R. M. Northall. "An Aggressive S-Shaped Compressor Transition Duct With Swirling Flow and Aerodynamic Lifting Struts". In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25844.

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In a multistage intermediate pressure compressor an efficiency benefit may be gained by reducing reaction in the rear stages, and allowing swirl to persist at the exit. This swirl must now be removed within the transition duct that is situated between the intermediate and high pressure compressor spools, in order to present the downstream compressor with suitable inlet conditions. This paper presents the numerical design and experimental validation of an initial concept which uses a lifting strut to remove tangential momentum from the flow within an S-shaped compressor transition duct. The design methodology uses an existing strut profile with the camber line modified to remove a specified amount of the inlet tangential momentum. A linear strut loading was employed in the meridional direction with a nominally constant loading in the radial direction. This approach was applied to an existing aggressive S-duct configuration in which approximately 12.5° of swirl remains at OGV exit. 3D CFD predictions were used for preliminary assessment of duct loading and to determine how much swirl could be removed. Consequently, a fully annular test facility incorporating a 1½ stage axial compressor was used to experimentally evaluate four configurations; an unstrutted duct, a non-lifting strut and lifting struts designed to remove 50% and 75% of the inlet tangential momentum. Despite the expected large increase in loss caused by the introduction of struts there was not a significant additional loss measured with the inclusion of turning. No evidence of flow separation was observed and the data suggested that it may be possible to remove more swirl than was attempted. Although the turning struts did not remove the entire targeted swirl due to viscous deviation the data still confirm the feasibility of using a lifting strut/duct concept which has the potential to off-load the rear stages of the upstream compressor.

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Turchin, Vadim, Stanislav Sychugov, Ludmila Yudina, Alexander Gumeniuk, Tatyana Zhilkina, Yuriy Gmizov, Rimantas Mackevicius e Tatyana Ivanova. "Corrosion resistance dry building mortars base on alkaline slag binder for using in aggressive sulfate medium". In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.039.

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Dry Building Mortars (DBM) are new in terms of building technology, and they sometimes substitute different kinds of concrete and mortar mixes. DBM have been successfully used in construction and their performance has been as efficient as the one of commercial mortar mixes, i.e. they boost labour efficiency, and bring down material consumption. They can be also kept in stock for a long time, and shipped with no compromise in quality. Today DBM are based on cementing components. And some famous mix mortars are based on gypsum, polymer, and some other types of cementing components which contain fine-dispersed additives of ground slag, fly ash, and raw sludge. These mix mortars are applied as smoothing, aligning, waterproof, and safety types of coverage. This article studies the possibility of involving slag cementing components in manufacturing DBM. Due to their high waterproof resistance in salt-affected water, these sorts of mixes may be used as protective coatings and plasters for concrete frames in corrosive medium. Slag Cementing Components (SCC) are hydraulic cementing agents, which harden both in water and in open air. They are produced by mixing electric-furnace slag or furnace clinkers with some solutions of alkaline metals (to trigger alkaline reaction), or by mixing together all these agents.

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Allan, M. L., C. C. Berndt, J. A. Brogan e D. Otterson. "Thermal Sprayed Polymer Coatings for Corrosion Protection in a Biochemical Treatment Process". In ITSC 1998, editado por Christian Coddet. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1998p0013.

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Abstract Thermal sprayed ethylene methacrylic acid (EMAA) and ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) coatings were evaluated for corrosion protection in a biochemical process to treat geothermal residues. Coupon, Atlas cell, peel strength and cathodic disbondment tests were performed in aggressive environments including geothermal sludge, hypersaline brine and sulfur oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus jerrooxidans) to determine coating suitability for protecting storage tanks and reaction vessels. It was found that the polymers were resistant to chemical attack and biodegradation at the test temperature of 55°C. The EMAA coatings protected 3l6L stainless steel from corrosion in coupon tests. However, corrosion of mild steel substrates coated with EMAA and ETFE occurred in Atlas cell tests that simulated a lined reactor operating environment and this resulted in decreased adhesive strength. Peel tests revealed that failure mode was dependent on exposure conditions. Cathodic disbondment tests in brine at room temperature indicated that EMAA coatings are resistant to disbondment at applied potentials of -780 to -1070 mV SCE for the test conditions and duration.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Reactive aggression"

Dickman, Martin B., e Oded Yarden. Characterization of the chorismate mutase effector (SsCm1) from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, janeiro de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600027.bard.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a filamentous fungus (mold) that causes plant disease. It has an extremely wide range of hosts (>400 species) and causes considerable damage (annual multimillion dollar losses) in economically important crops. It has proven difficult to control (culturally or chemically) and host resistance to this fungus has generally been inadequate. It is believed that this fungus occurs in almost every country. Virulence of this aggressive pathogen is bolstered by a wide array of plant cell wall degrading enzymes and various compounds (secondary metabolites) produced by the fungus. It is well established that plant pathogenic fungi secrete proteins and small molecules that interact with host cells and play a critical role in disease development. Such secreted proteins have been collectively designated as “effectors”. Plant resistance against some pathogens can be mediated by recognition of such effectors. Alternatively, effectors can interfere with plant defense. Some such effectors are recognized by the host plant and can culminate in a programmed cell death (PCD) resistant response. During the course of this study, we analyzed an effector in Sclerotiniasclerotiorum. This specific effector, SsCM1 is the protein chorismatemutase, which is an enzyme involved in a pathway which is important in the production of important amino acids, such a Tryptophan. We have characterized the Sclerotiniaeffector, SsCM1, and have shown that inactivation of Sscm1 does not affect fungal vegetative growth, development or production of oxalic acid (one of this fungus’ secondary metabolites associated with disease) production. However, yhis does result in reduced fungal virulence. We show that, unexpectedly, the SsCM1 protein translocates to the host chloroplast, and demonstrated that this process is required for full fungal virulence. We have also determined that the fungal SsCM1 protein can interact with similar proteins produced by the host. In addition, we have shown that the fungal SsCM1 is able to suppress at least some of the effects imposed by reactive oxygen species which are produced as a defense mechanism by the host. Last, but not least, the results of our studies have provided evidence contradicting the current dogma on at least some of the mechanist aspects of how this pathogen infects the host. Contrary to previousons, indicating that this pathogen kills its host by use of metabolites and enzymes that degrade the host tissue (a process called necrotrophy), we now know that at least in the early phases of infection, the fungus interacts with live host tissue (a phenomenon known as biotrophy). Taken together, the results of our studies provide novel insights concerning the mechanistic aspects of Sclerotinia-host interactions. We hope this information will be used to interfere with the disease cycle in a manner that will protect plants from this devastating fungus.

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