Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Réaction OER"
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Kumar, Kavita. "Catalyseurs sans métaux nobles pour pile à combustible régénérative". Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2284/document.
Texto completo da fonteHydrogen, as an environmentally friendly future energy vector, is a non-toxic and convenient molecule for regenerative fuel cell, which connects two different technologies: an electrolyzer for H2 production, and a fuel cell for its direct conversion to electric energy. This kind of system possesses many advantages, such as lightness, compactness and more autonomy. However, improvement of activity and durability of electrode materials free from noble metals in their composition is needed. Thereby, bifunctional catalysts composed of transition metals deposited onto graphene-based materials were synthesized. The interaction between the metal atom of the oxide and the graphene doped heteroatom in the Co3O4/NRGO catalyst was investigated physicochemically. With a low cobalt loading, the interaction between cobalt and nitrogen was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, which revealed that it was responsible for decreasing the oxide nanoparticle size, as well as increasing the material activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The substitution of Co by Ni in the spinel structure (NiCo2O4/RGO) obtained by solvothermal synthesis, allowed the enhancement of the electrocatalytic performances towards the ORR and OER. Moreover, this catalyst as well as another material prepared in collaborative program with a lab from Technical University of Berlin were used as cathode in preliminary studies undertaken on solid alkaline fuel cell (SAFC)
Terry, Alexandre. "New mixed 3d metal-based oxyfluorinated materials as anodic catalysts for water splitting : from elaboration to mechanistic study". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Le Mans, 2024. https://cyberdoc-int.univ-lemans.fr/Theses/2024/2024LEMA1029.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteIf hydrogen is a promising energy vector for sustainable energy storage, its production must rely on carbon-free technologies. Water splitting powered by green electricity is ideal for producing a decarbonized energy carrier from water. However, this process is hampered by the sluggish kinetics of the oxidation evolution reaction (OER, 2H2O ⇋ O2 + 4H+ + 4e-) at the anode, requiring extra energy to ensure a suitable production rate. Catalysts, usually iridium and ruthenium oxides, are employed to reduce the energy requirement by facilitating electron and proton transfer involved in OER, but these metals are scarce, limiting the scalability of this technology. To overcome this, oxides and oxyhydroxides catalysts based on cost-effective and abundant 3d transition metal-based have been developed for alkaline water splitting, presenting high performance. In this way, this work presents the synthesis of new oxyfluorides with eco-compatible and affordable elements using a simple and straightforward two-step synthetic route for application as OER electrocatalyst in alkaline electrolyte.The initial study focuses on iron-enriched oxyfluoride catalysts from thermal decomposition under ambient air of (Co1-xFex)2+Fe3+F5(H2O)7 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.72). Results show that cobalt content can be reduced by 20% without affecting OER performance, achieving an overpotential of 320 mV at 10 mA.cm-2, a mass activity of 110 A.g-1 at 1.55 V vs. RHE and high stability. The second part aims to enhanced the catalytic properties of Co0.5Fe0.5O0.5F1.5 reference by substituting cobalt with nickel, known for its OER activity. The (Co(1-x)/2Nix/2)2+Fe0.5O0.5F1.5-y(OH)y (y ≤ 0.3) solid solution have been obtained by thermal decomposition (Co1-xNix)2+FeF5(H2O)7 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). The final section assesses the performance of these materials and studies their reaction mechanism. The x = 0.5 composition shows the best performance, with a low overpotential of 290 mV at 10 mA.cm-2 and a specific activity of 3.9 A.m-2 of BET surface area at 1.5 V vs. RHE. The origin of the exceptional catalytic properties of (Co0.25Ni0.25)2+Fe3+0.5O0.5F1.3(OH)0.2, highlighted via in-situ/operando analyses, among others, were employed, would stem from the synergy between Co and Ni, and the involvement of lattice oxygens in the mechanism (LOM), circumventing the theoretical limits linked to the conventional mechanism
Filimonenkov, Ivan. "Electrocatalyse de la réduction de l’oxygène et de l’oxydation de l’eau par des oxydes de métaux de transition : cas des pérovskites de Mn et Co". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF072.
Texto completo da fonteA study of electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions is closely related with a development of cathodic and anodic materials for fuel cells and elec-trolyzers. An objective of this thesis is to develop and investigate Mn, Co-oxide-based elec-trode materials active and stable in both the ORR and OER. Relationships between electro-chemical characteristics of perovskite/carbon compositions and properties of their compo-nents are stated and experimentally substantiated in the thesis. It is found a corrosion re-sistance of carbon materials under OER conditions is influenced not only by their crystalline order, but also by their intrinsic OER activity. It is shown the ORR and OER activity of Mn, Co-based perovskites linearly depends on the number of rechargeable Mn and Co cations, respectively. It is revealed a reversible oxygen intercalation through a crystal structure of Co-based perovskites occurs under OER conditions as well as at lower potentials
Saveleva, Viktoriia. "Investigation of the anodes of PEM water electrolyzers by operando synchrotron-based photoemission spectroscopy". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF002/document.
Texto completo da fonteDevelopment of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis technology depends on the understanding of the OER mechanism. This thesis is devoted to the application of near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) techniques for operando investigation of the Ir, Ru - based anodes. For Ru-based systems, we observe the potential-induced irreversible transition of Ru (IV) from an anhydrous to a hydrated form, while the former is stabilized in the presence of Ir. Regarding single Ir-based anodes, the analysis of O K edge spectra reveals formation of electrophilic oxygen OI- as an OER intermediate. Higher stability of Ir catalysts supported on antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) is related to their lower oxidation. This work demonstrates different OER mechanisms on Ir, Ru-based anodes involving anion and cation red-ox chemistry, correspondingly, regardless the oxide nature
Nikkuni, Flavio. "Caractérisation du vieillissement de nanoparticules de Pt/C ou PtCo/C. Effets des modifications morphologiques et de composition sur l'électrocatalyse de la réaction de réduction de l'oxygène". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961782.
Texto completo da fonteMakaoui, Karim. "Etude des propriétés de couches minces d'oxyde de titane déposées par procédés plasmas (PECVD, pulvérisation magnétron réactive DC et HPPMS)". Nantes, 2012. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=b7cf9a46-4332-4ac8-8f90-6565588a6b3d.
Texto completo da fonteThis work concerns the study of titanium dioxide thin films deposited at low pressure and low temperature by plasmas processes. In addition to the interesting semiconducting properties for electron transport in solar cells, titanium dioxide is characterized by high refractive index and dielectric constant, which is attractive for electrical devices and integrated optics. The properties of titanium dioxide thin films are strongly dependent on the kind of process. Thus, we’ve studied and compared three different plasmas processes. The structural and chemical properties are studied by XRD, XPS and EDX whereas SEM is used for morphological properties. Ellipsometric measurements were performed in order to evaluate the optical properties. The PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition) way from O2/TTIP (Titanium Tetra Isopropoxide) mixture at low temperature (T<160°C) results in low carbon content films, with controllable structure, morphology and refractive index by tuning the bias voltage applied to the substrate ; the films are amorphous or weakly crystallized in anatase and/or rutile depending on ions energy. The films obtained by DC magnetron sputtering of titanium target in Ar/O2 are better crystallized and often present an anatase/rutile mixture. At last, we’ve obtained only rutile films with High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering (HPPMS). The structural and optical properties of films obtained by the different plasmas processes are compared, the optimal choice must take into account the kind of application
Ryabova, Anna. "Électrocatalyse de la réduction de l'oxygène et du peroxyde d'hydrogène sur les oxydes de manganèse". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF011/document.
Texto completo da fonteManganese oxides are of great interest due to their catalytic activity towards the ORR (the oxygen reduction reaction) in alkaline media and can be used as noble metal-free materials for the cathode in liquid and polymer electrolyte alkaline fuel cells. The present thesis is devoted to the investigation of the ORR activity of manganese oxides. It was shown that Mn2O3 with bixbyite structure has a better catalytic activity toward the ORR in alkaline media than other investigated manganese oxide, the surface activity of Mn2O3 is only 4 times lower than that of Pt at an overvoltage of 0.3 V (RHE). The link between the structure of Mn oxides and the ORR activity is found: the specific ORR activity exponentially increases with the potential of the surface Mn(III)/Mn(IV) red-ox couple. To ensure the high electrocatalytic activity of Mn2O3, it is necessary to add carbon to the electrode composition, as well as to keep potential above 0.7 V (RHE)
Soustelle, Vincent. "Interactions entre déformation et percolation de magma ou de fluide dans le manteau à l'aplomb des zones de subduction". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20151/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work provides new constraints on the interactions between deformation and hydration process and the percolation of melt or fluids, and their implications for seismic properties of the mantle wedge. It is based on the analysis of spinel peridotites from the massif of Ronda (Spain) and two xenolith suites from active subduction zones (Kamchatka, Papua New Guinea). The structural, petrological and geochemical of these samples show that they underwent a reactive percolation of melt or fluid, which was synchronous to a deformation event occuring under high temperature and low stress consistent with the PT conditions of the base of the lithosphere or in the asthenosphere. This reactive percolation is responsible for pyroxenes enrichment localized in bands parallel to the deformation structures. This enrichment is associated with the grain size recuction and the disorientation of the crystals of olivine. The dominant slip system in olivine is {0 kl}[100], which results in fast S-wave polarization parallel to the flow direction in the mantle. The enrichment in pyroxene, associated with a decrease in the intensity of the olivine crystal preferred orientations, results in a significant decrease of the anisotropy that may induce error on the interpretation of the anisotropic layer (up to 33%). The observed orthopyroxene enrichment also lowers the Vp/Vs ratio, but cannot explain Vp/Vs < 1.7 mapped in some fore-arc mantles. Such low Vp/Vs ratios may however be explained by considering the intrinsic anisotropy of the peridotites, which is generally ignored in large-scale Vp/Vs ratio mapping of the mantle wedge
Hanana, Manel. "Fonctionnalisation de nanotubes de carbone par une approche non covalente pour l'électrocatalyse et l'optoélectronique". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF005.
Texto completo da fonteThe production of hybrid materials, combining the properties of their different building blocks without altering them, is a central issue of nanoscience. Among the different classes of nanomaterials being considered for this purpose, carbon nanotubes are an outstanding class of materials due to their optical, conductivity and their functionalization properties, that can be used for various applications in catalysis, electronics and optoelectronics. In the first part of this thesis, supramolecular hybrid structures based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and macrocycles (porphyrins, phthalocyanine or corrole) containing cobalt and/or iron ions have been performed and tested as catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The non-covalent functionalization methods (based on either Hay-coupling or click chemistry) preserve the electronic properties of the nanotubes and enhances the stability of the resulting hybrids. Thanks to their emission properties in the near infrared region, single-walled carbon nanotubes are of peculiar interest in optoelectronics. However, their extreme sensitivity to the surrounding environment hinders their application. The production of hybrid materials that preserve their optical properties and facilitate their handling is therefore a key challenge. The second part of this PhD is dedicated to the functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for optoelectronics. To this end, it is necessary to carry the synthesis of a core-shell structures, composed of amphiphilic copolymers protecting the carbon nanotubes from their environment and facilitating their solubility in aqueous medium
Batalha, Nuno Miguel Rocha. "Optimization of the balance between activity and selectivity on a hydroisomerization catalyst". Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2268/document.
Texto completo da fonteOne of the main challenges when developing adequate catalysts for the catalytic dewaxing process (hydroisomerization) is to maximize the isomerization products yield and the catalyst activity, while maintaining a low selectivity towards light cracking products. Indeed, shape selective catalysts based on medium pore zeolites, e.g. Pt/ZSM-22, were proven to produce high yields of isomerization products, whereas larger pore zeolites were more active but less selective. The main objective of this thesis was, then, to study and develop a catalyst with both high activity and selectivity towards the production of isomerization products. For that two parallel studies were made: the first based on the impact of the proximity between the active sites on the reaction (Part I); and the second, focused on the development of a high performance hydroisomerization catalyst using BEA zeolite nanocrystals as an acid support (Part II). The participation of the spilt-over hydrogen (Hsp) species on the hydroisomerization reaction mechanism played a major role on the study performed on the first part of this manuscript. Indeed, when the active sites were near enough the Hsp species were able to diffuse into the vicinity of the acid sites promoting the direct hydrogenation of the carbenium ions. Due to this fact, a reaction mechanism was proposed using this reaction as an alternative to the classical mechanism proposed by Weisz, where the hydrogenation reaction takes place on the metallic sites. This phenomenon justified the higher activity and selectivity observed on the catalysts where the active sites were sideby side. On the second part of this manuscript nanocrystals of BEA zeolite were
Carbonnel, Elodie. "Mise au point de nouvelles méthodes d’introduction de motifs fluorés originaux pour la synthèse de molécules comportant les groupes OCHFMe, CF₂PO(OEt)₂ et SCF₂¹⁸F". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMIR26.
Texto completo da fonteThe fluorine atom is ubiquitous in several fields thanks to its unique feature to modulate the biological and physical properties of a molecule. Thus, the demand for original fluorinated molecules is steadily increasing. In this context, a special attention has been paid to the synthesis of new fluorinated reagents as well as the development of new methodologies to introduce fluorinated motifs. The first part of this PhD thesis focused on the design of an unprecedented CHFMe-containing reagent and the study of its reactivity. A new access to OCHFMe-containing molecules was possible, an underexplored class of compounds despite their potential in medicinal chemistry (Chapter 2). The chapter 3 was dedicated to the CF₂PO(OEt)₂ moiety, which is of high importance due to its bioisosterism with the phosphonate group. A direct pathway toward the synthesis of aliphatic CF₂PO(OEt)₂-containing molecules was investigated. Finally, in collaboration with the Université Catholique de Louvain, the design of new radiolabeled fluorinated groups was studied. Indeed, the chapter 4 was devoted to the development of a methodology to access SCF₂¹⁸F-containing molecules, combining hence the properties of the emerging moiety SCF₃ with the ones of the ¹⁸F atom
Silva, Klaydison. "New approach to hematite recovery from ultrafine iron ore processing tailings : From fundamental studies to on-site pilot testing". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0287.
Texto completo da fonteThe main objective of the thesis work is to define and explain the differential behavior of hematite and silicates using more selective reagents in the reverse flotation of iron ore slimes. The proposed methodology is based on using the effects of flotation reagents to increase the recovery of fine particles from iron ore processing tailings. Spectroscopic and electrokinetic methods will make it possible to understand the difference in hydration of the mineral surface. Laboratory-scale flotation tests and molecular modeling of the mechanism of interaction between the collectors and the surface of quartz and hematite will also be carried out. Pilot tests will validate the results obtained in this multi-scale thesis work
Melo, Carlos Henrique Veloso de. "The challenges of multi-mineral assemblages in the reverse cationic flotation of iron ores". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0190.
Texto completo da fonteIron ore is the main raw material for the steel production and generally it must be processed to reach the specifications required by the steel industry. The iron ore mining industry is nowfacing increasingly lean-grade deposits with complex mineral assemblages. This study addresses the upgrade of a magnetic concentrate from Peña Colorada mine in Mexico by reverse cationic flotation. Peña Colorada deposit is an iron skarn with an average iron content of 36%. It is composed by several mineral phases that were identified in a detailed mineralogical characterisation programme. Iron-bearing silicates such as chamosite and epidote are the problematic minerals to draw attention to. They present certain properties that are like the iron oxides. The current processing of this ore is made by magnetic separation and yet the silica content of the final concentrate remains between 4 and 5%, too high for the upstream process. Traditional techniques like magnetic separation or gravity separation are not capable to promote further separation. The intrinsic properties of these minerals do not have enough contrast and the liberation is reached only at micrometre sizes. Flotation is proposed in this study as a technique capable of playing with those properties to make this separation possible. The surface chemistry study of the minerals coupled with comparative adsorption isotherms with depressants, has shown that corn starch does not promote selectivity for such a complex iron ore, adsorbing on all minerals. The testing of alternative depressants highlighted humic acid as a viable depressant to sponsor the required level of selectivity in the separation by flotation. Micro-flotation experiments with pure minerals show that chamosite behaves very similar to iron oxides, not presenting good floatabilities with amines, like the other two silicates. Bench flotation tests with a material previously screened at 53 μm leads to a high-quality concentrate with 1.82% of silica and 84% of iron recovery, when humic acid is selected as depressant. Locked cycle tests trying to simulate a continuous process gave an excellent response of a concentrate with 2.78% of silica and 85% of iron recovery, with an altered natural polysaccharide as depressant. Pilot tests also confirmed the feasibility of the method with a concentrate with 2.06% of silica content and 64% of iron recovery, that should be improved by the addition of more scavenger stages. The use of column flotation for this stage is entirely possible, considering that its tests indicated a high iron recovery of 96%. A concentration route combining fine screening at 53 μm and reverse cationic flotation of silicates using alternative depressant as humic acid or altered natural polysaccharides has proven to be effective in achieving the desired quality levels for the iron concentrate at high iron recovery levels. Finally, molecular modelling identified that the strange behaviour of chamosite is mainly because it is less hydrophilic than the other minerals involved in flotation
Gong, Minhui. "Etude des électrodes sur batterie zinc-air". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLC024.
Texto completo da fonteZinc-air battery is becoming a potential alternative for lithium-ion battery owing to its resource stock advantage, high theoretical energy density, and low potential of safety risk. This work emphasizes the conventional issues involving both zinc and air electrode, aiming to application.For the zinc electrode, two homemade setups are used to study the zinc dendrite growth and hydrogen evolution during deposition with static and flowing electrolyte, respectively. It is found that high zincate concentration in electrolyte with 7 M KOH (>0.4 M ZnO) and flowing electrolyte are preferable for depressing dendrite growth. While flowing electrolyte would generate more hydrogen evolution. For the air electrode, a detailed cyclic voltametric investigation of the catalytic activity of lanthanum strontium manganese oxides (LSMO) towards oxygen reduction reaction is conducted. A new current normalization method is proposed for comparison of catalytic activity of the LSMOs. Zinc-air battery assembly is also tested, while remaining to be improved. Nevertheless, cost-effective PVDF-HFP is found to be a promising binder for air electrode formulation
Gonzalez, Chavez Jose Luz. "Influence des conditions de potentiel et de complexation sur les mécanismes de flottation des minéraux sulfurés : Application à la séparation arsénopyrite/pyrite". Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10179.
Texto completo da fonteCognard, Gwenn. "Electrocatalyseurs à base d’oxydes métalliques poreux pour pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI007.
Texto completo da fonteConventional electrocatalysts used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are composed of platinum nanoparticles supported on high specific surface area carbon blacks. At the cathode side of the PEMFC, where the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurs, the electrochemical potential can reach high values - especially during startup-shutdown operating conditions - resulting in irreversible degradation of the carbon support. A “material” solution consists of replacing the carbon with supports based on metal oxides. The latter have to be resistant to electrochemical corrosion, be electronic conductor and have a porous and nano-architectural structure (for the transport of reagents and products and the homogeneous distribution of the ionomer and platinum nanoparticles).In this work, we have developed and characterized electrocatalysts composed of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles based on tin dioxide (SnO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) with optimized textural (aerogel, nanofibres or loosetubes morphologies) and electron-conduction properties (doped with niobium Nb or antimony Sb). The best electrocatalytic properties are reached for an antimony-doped SnO2 aerogel support, denoted ATO. The Pt/ATO electrocatalyst has especially a higher specific activity for the ORR than a Pt/carbon Vulcan® electrocatalyst, synthesized in the same conditions, suggesting beneficial interactions between the Pt nanoparticles and the metal oxide support (Strong Metal Support Interactions SMSI).Durability tests simulating automotive operating conditions of a PEMFC were carried out in liquid electrolyte at 57 °C on these two electrocatalysts by cycling between 0.60 and 1.00 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) or between 1.00 and 1.50 V vs RHE. The Pt/ATO electrocatalyst has an increased stability compared to the reference Pt/carbon Vulcan® electrocatalyst. However, new degradation mechanisms were highlighted in this study: first, the doping element (Sb) is progressively dissolved during electrochemical ageing, which implies a loss of electronic conductivity. This loss is partly due to incursions at low potential, including during electrochemical characterizations. Moreover, between 5,000 and 10,000 cycles of the accelerated stress tests (between 0.60 and 1.00 V vs RHE or between 1.00 and 1.50 V vs RHE at 57 °C), the support loses its porous structure and forms a poorly conductive amorphous film
Poux, Tiphaine. "Study of the oxygen reduction on perovskite-type oxides in alkaline media". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAF001/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is largely responsible for the energy losses in energy conversion systems such as fuel cells. Among possible inexpensive catalysts for the ORR, perovskite oxides are promising electrocatalysts in alkaline media. The present thesis is devoted to the investigation of the ORR activity, mechanism and stability of some Co and Mn-based perovskites. The rotating (ring) disk electrode (R(R)DE) studies of the ORR and the HO2- transformations on perovskite/carbon thin layers in NaOH electrolyte prove that O2 is reduced to OH- via a “series” pathway with the HO2- intermediate. For high oxide loadings, the formed HO2- species are further reduced to give a global 4 electron pathway. In these electrodes, carbon plays a dual role. It increases the electrocatalytic activity by improving the electrical contact and it is involved in the ORR mechanism by catalyzing the reduction of O2 into HO2-, especially for Co-based perovskites which display lower reaction rates than Mn-based perovskites
Kaba, Oumar Barou. "Étude des mécanismes et microprocessus régissant les interactions entre les espèces minérales et les modulateurs de flottation en vue de la valorisation des minerais de phosphates complexes". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0038.
Texto completo da fonteBecause of the depletion of high grade phosphate deposits, usually associated with silicate gangue minerals, which are easy to treat by grinding/classification and/or by flotation, the industry has to rely more on carbonate gangue phosphate ores which are more abundant but more difficult to beneficiate by flotation. Most of the minerals contained in these phosphate ores are semi soluble, which results in a similar chemistry of their surface and a poor separation by flotation between the phosphate minerals such as apatite (calcium phosphate) and the gangue minerals such as calcite (calcium carbonate). The reverse flotation method in acid medium has been found to produce a better contrast of separation between calcite and apatite. This method relies on the addition of an acid such as phosphoric acid which acts as a selective depressant of apatite. However, the mechanisms governing this mineral separation and in particular the reactions occurring at the surface of these minerals are not very well understood. The objective of this thesis is to study the reactivity of calcite and apatite in aqueous solution as a function of phosphoric acid concentration and reaction time. For this, several analytical techniques (Raman, infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, and X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy) are used to measure the nature of the species adsorbed or formed at the surface of calcite and apatite. In particular, with Raman spectroscopy it was possible to measure directly in-situ the changes occurring in solution and at the mineral surface in the presence of phosphoric acid, which should eliminate any possible artefact caused by the drying of the samples when using the other analytical techniques. The first major result was on the reactivity of the two minerals measured after 15 min of contact with an acid solution reveals the phenomenon of passivation of the surface deduced from the variation of the consumption of the protons with the concentration of acid. Indeed, all the in-situ and ex-situ analytical techniques used in this study have shown the presence of calcium phosphate (brushite) on calcite and of calcium carbonate on apatite after contact with phosphoric acid, and with a concentration which increases with acid concentration. Moreover, the acid concentration for the onset of detection of calcium phosphate on calcite and for the start of passivation (decrease in acid consumption) coincides, which implies that the presence of calcium phosphate is responsible for the passivation. For apatite, although the acid concentration for the onset of detection of calcium carbonate on apatite and for the start of passivation coincides, calcium carbonate was removed at higher phosphoric acid concentrations. However, kinetic in-situ studies using Raman spectroscopy performed at several phosphoric acid concentrations and at a fixed pH of 4.5 all confirmed the presence of calcium carbonate on apatite but also revealed that a new phase of calcium phosphate was also present after only 2 min of contact with phosphoric acid and its concentration increased with contact time. Surprisingly, the presence of calcium phosphate and its growth on apatite were transient, lasting 5-6 min before quickly vanishing and then reappearing again for several cycles. These cycles of calcium phosphate growth and disappearance on apatite may be the result of precipitation of calcium phosphate followed by their removal in the chemical and / or mechanical conditions. Similar kinetic in-situ studies of calcite using Raman spectroscopy under the same conditions as with apatite confirmed the presence of calcium phosphate (brushite) on calcite but only after 4 minutes of contact with phosphoric acid, indicating a slower kinetic of calcium phosphate formation than on apatite [...]