Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Réaction de type Fenton"
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Djeffal, Lemya. "Développement de matériaux à base d'argiles pour l'oxydation catalytique de polluants organiques par des réactions de type Fenton". Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0354.
Texto completo da fonteIn this study, we are interested to the synthesis and charaterization of materials based on natural clays from Algeria and Tunisia, usable as catalysts in the oxidation of organic pollutants by the Fenton's and photo-Fenton's reaction. We have also optimized the reaction parameters (amount of catalyst, concentration of pollutant...) in order to improve the catalytic performance of these catalysts. Indeed, the oxidation of recalcitrant organic pollutants by Fenton-type reactions is regarded as one of the most effective method amongst the advanced oxidation process (AOPs). It can lead in some cases to the total mineralization of pollutants (conversion into CO₂ and H₂O). The caracterization of the raw clays various physicochemical methods shows that, in addiction to clay minerals, there are some metallic oxides in all studied clays, with varied proportions. Especially, smectite showed a fairly significant iron capacity. The synthesized clays show a good catalytic performance in minimum of time (2 hours of reaction). The smectite catalyst, sieved and calcined at 450°C gives the best performance. This activity can be explained by the high content of iron as well as the combination of the choice of particle size and the calcination temperature of the smectite. The caracterization of this catalyst, showed that this mesoporous material contains an amount of iron (III) stabilized in the structure by the fact of calcination
Gao, Zhengfeng. "Multifunctional 2D nanomaterials for antibacterial and anticancer applications". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAF033.
Texto completo da fonteGraphene oxide (GO) and δ-FeOOH, notable for their biocompatibility, high surface area, and ease of functionalization, show promising potential for biomedical applications, specifically in combating bacterial infections and treating cancer.This thesis explored the synthesis, functionalization, and applications of these two-dimensional (2D) materials. The first project concerned functionalizing GO with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) using the Click chemistry to enhance its antibacterial activity, with one strategy using branched polymers proving to be particularly effective in enhancing the antibacterial efficacy. The second project attempted to improve the antibacterial effectiveness of GO by attaching to its structure quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). However, this approach failed to exceed the efficacy of the single individual components. The third project explored the use of δ-FeOOH and its derivatives in Fentonlike reactions for potential cancer therapies. Overall, the research explored in this Thesis emphasizes the need to optimize the functionalization strategies to balance the biocompatibility and the efficiency, while also exploring the capabilities of novel iron-based 2D materials in biomedical application
Chergui, Souâd. "Dégradation des colorants textiles par procédés d'oxydation avancée basée sur la réaction de Fenton : application à la dépollution des rejets industriels". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00582374.
Texto completo da fonteXue, Xiaofei. "Oxydation par la réaction de Fenton modifiée des polluants organiques en présence des oxydes de fer (II, III)". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10041/document.
Texto completo da fonteFirstly, PCP was chosen as a model pollutant, to investigate the oxidation of PCP on the surface of magnetite used as heterogeneous catalyst. Oxidation experiments were carried out under various experimental conditions at neutral pH and correlated with the adsorption behavior. The surface reactivity of magnetite was evaluated by conducting the kinetic study of both H2O2 decomposition and PCP oxidation experiments. The occurrence of the optimum values of H2O2 and magnetite concentrations for the effective degradation of PCP could be explained by the scavenging reactions with H2O2 or iron oxide surface. All batch experiments indicate that Fenton-like oxidation of PCP was controlled by surface mechanism reaction and the species compete with each other for adsorption on a fixed number of surface active sites. The apparent degradation rate was dominated by the rate of intrinsic chemical reactions on the oxide surface rather than the rate of mass transfer. Raman analysis suggested that the sorbed PCP was removed from magnetite surface at the first stage of oxidation reaction. All X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Mössbauer spectroscopy and chemical analyses showed that the magnetite catalyst exhibited low iron leaching, good structural stability and no loss of performance in second reaction cycle. Secondly, Rhodamine B (RhB) was chosen as a model compound pollutant. Two types of iron (II, III) oxides were used as heterogeneous catalysts and characterized by XRD, Mössbauer spectroscopy, BET surface area, particle size and chemical analyses. The catalytic efficiency of iron (II, III) oxide to promote Fenton-like reaction was examined at neutral pH. The adsorption to the catalyst changed significantly with the pH value and the sorption isotherm was fitted using the Langmuir model for both solids. Both sorption and FTIR results indicated that surface complexation reaction may take place in the system. The variation of oxidation efficiency against H2O2 dosage and amount of exposed surface area per unit volume was evaluated and correlated with the adsorption behavior in the absence of oxidant. There is also an optimum amount of H2O2 value for the degradation of RhB. The phenomena could also be explained by the scavenging effect of hydroxyl radical by H2O2 or by iron oxide surface (like the oxidation of PCP). Sorption and decolourization rate of RhB as well as H2O2 decomposition rate were found to be depended on the surface characteristics of iron oxide. The kinetic oxidation experiments showed that structural FeII content strongly affect the reactivity towards H2O2 decomposition and therefore RhB decolourization. Finally, the effect of chelating agent on the heterogeneous Fenton reaction rate of pentachlorophenol in the presence of magnetite was investigated. Six kinds of chelating agents including oxalate, EDTA, CMCD, tartarate, citrate and succinate were chosen. The PCP oxidation rate in this system was significantly improved by using chelating agents at neutral pH. The kinetic rate constant was increased by 5.7, 4, 3.2, 2.4, 2.5 and 1.7 times with oxalate, EDTA, CMCD, tartarate, citrate and succinate, respectively. The enhancement factor of heterogeneous oxidation rate was found to be not correlated with that of dissolved iron dissolution amount. In homogeneous Fenton system (dissolved Fe2+ or Fe3+), EDTA-driven reaction showed the highest oxidation rate, while oxalate seems to be more efficiency in heterogeneous Fenton system (Fe3O4). This observation could be explained by the inactivation of iron surface sites which become unavailable for the interactions with H2O2 to initiate Fenton-like reactions. These results demonstrated that the chelating agent-promoted dissolution of magnetite did not play the key role in determining the efficiency of heterogeneous Fenton oxidation
Decker, Luc. "Modèles de structures aléatoires de type réaction-diffusion". ENSMP, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENMP0860.
Texto completo da fonteHaddou, Ménana. "Dégradation de dérivés de l'acide benzoïque par les procédés d'oxydation avancée en phase homogène et hétérogène : procédés Fenton, photo-Fenton et photocatalyse". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/871/.
Texto completo da fonteThis work was carried out in the field of water treatment using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), especially Fenton and photo-Fenton processes and heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalysis. The mechanism of the oxidative degradation of a model pollutant, 2. 4 dihydroxybenzoicacid (2,4-DHBA) by the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes was investigated in detail using several analytical techniques (UV-visible spectrophotometry, HPLC, LC-MS, ion chromatography, TOC measurements). The results show that the early stage of oxidation of the pollutant is common to both processes. However, mineralization could only be achieved under irradiation (photo-Fenton) and the importance of parameters such as oxygenation conditions at this stage of the reaction was demonstrated. The complexation of Fe(III) and its consequences during the oxidation of benzoic acid derivatives by the Fenton and photo-Fenton-like processes were investigated. The comparison of the photochemical reactivity of [aromatic acid-Fe(III)] complexes for the production of Fe(II) with that of others iron(III)-complexes (such as ferriaquo complexes and ferrioxalate) showed the relative photochemical stability of [aromatic acid-Fe(III)] complexes under UV-visible irradiation. The identification of reducing species (e. G. , hydroquinone) at key reaction times provided an explanation for the observed autocatalytic kinetic profiles during the oxidation of aromatic acids by Fenton and photo-Fenton like processes. In the field of heterogeneous photocatalysis, new doped (sulfur, cerium(III), iron(III))-TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized by a sol-gel method. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET and UV-visible spectrophotometry. All of them absorb visible light (400-800nm). Their photocatalytic efficiency was tested on the oxidation of 2,4-DHBA. Under our conditions, iron(III) doping was detrimental for photocalytic efficiency under UV-irradiation and no improvement was observed under visible-irradiation. The new S and Ce(III) doped TiO2 showed a higher photocatalytic efficiency in the visible region than that obtained using commercial TiO2 (P25, Degussa), traditionally employed in photocatalysis
Bouafia-Chergui, S. "Dégradation des colorants textiles par procédés d'oxydation avancée basée sur la réaction de Fenton. Application à la dépollution des rejets industriels". Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00740134.
Texto completo da fonteMerschaert, Alain. "Catalyse asymétrique de la réaction de type oxa-Michaël intramoléculaire". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211563.
Texto completo da fonteYasin, Sohail. "Eco-design for end-of-life phase of flame retardant textiles". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10225/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe different life cycle phases of textiles with flame retardant (FR) finishes have substantial adverse impacts on environment. Several studies on the exposure of flame retardant have mainly focused on ways to provide environmentally friendly synthesis of flame retardants. However the end-of-life phase of the FR textiles seems neglected and needs great attention when the product life cycle is concerned. Though today, technologies for solid waste management are ever-improving, the end-of-life of flame retardant textile products create issues, by decreasing energy yield in the incineration process due to incomplete combustion and emission of toxic fumes.Therefore an eco-design was proposed with optimized disposals for the flame retardant textiles, by a prior degradation and elimination of a durable flame retardant substance (MDPA) from textiles, using advanced oxidation Fenton process. Then thermal valorization was achieved by gasification instead of incineration.The degradation kinetics of MDPA from cotton fabrics, monitored by measuring the COD of the reaction mixture, seems to depend on the Fenton reactant concentration. The mechanical properties of the cotton after the treatment are unaltered. The flammability test and thermogravimetric (TGA, DTG and PCFC) results confirmed the degradation of MDPA. The gasification results supported the eco-design by showing increased combustion properties of the FR textiles after the Fenton treatment allowing eco-design of energy valorization of textile wastes. Real environmental impacts evaluated by a life cycle assessment (LCA) tool confirm the eco-design of the end-of-life phase of flame retardant textile products
Flotron, Vanina. "La réaction de Fenton comme procédé de réhabilitation dans le traitement des eaux : application à la dégradation des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans les eaux et les boues résiduaires". Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001190.
Texto completo da fonteTarkwa, Jean-Baptiste. "Elimination des polluants organiques des effluents industriels aqueux par plasma non-thermique de type glidarc et le procédé photo-Fenton : optimisation des procédés et mécanisme d’oxydation des polluants". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2020/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work focused on the application of two photochemical advanced oxidation processes (humid air gliding arc plasma and photo-Fenton) for the treatment of aqueous solutions of 4-Chlorophenol and the azo dye (Orange G). UV-vis spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography were used to follow pollutants degradation while the degree of mineralisation of their aqueous solution was estimated using TOC-meter (SHIMADZU). Ionic chromatography was performed to measure the concentration of inorganic ions released to the solution. The solid catalyst (laterite) was characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption BET method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared and RAMAN spectroscopies. The oxidation of 4-chlorophenol and Orange G by photo-Fenton process was devoted to the optimization of degradation and mineralization operating conditions. Thus, complete (100%) degradation of 0.2 mM 4-chlorophenol is reached at only 4 min of treatment under the established optimum conditions (pH =3, 0.1 mM Fe3+ and 6 mM H2O2) corresponding to the R = [H2O2]/ [Fe3+] of 60. In contrast, R = 20 with (0.1 mM Fe3+), is the optimum ratio allowing 81 % of mineralization, after 180 min of treatment. During Orange G degradation by Photo-Fenton process, the optimization was focused on the use apparent rate constants of degradation. Thus, it was established a ratio R = [H2O2] / [Fe3+] = 13.8; either 6 mM H2O2 and 0.435 mM Fe3+. Under these conditions, a complete degradation (100%) of the Orange G was obtained at 5 min and 93% TOC removal at 180 min of treatment. From the identified organic intermediates (aromatic and carboxylic acids) and leached inorganic ions products, we proposed a plausible mechanism for oxidation of each pollutant by hydroxyl radicals. The degradation of Orange G by gliding arc plasma aimed to improve the performance of glidarc by optimizing the operating conditions in order to reduce energy cost. Therefore, two catalysts (Fe3+ and laterite) were comparatively tested during the treatment of 0.1 mM Orange G aqueous solution. Under optimal conditions, degradation (decays and mineralization) of (17 and 6); (74 and 25); (100 and 57) and (100 and 82%) were recorded respectively using glidarc alone; glidarc/Fe3+(0.2 mM); glidarc/Fe3+(0.2 mM)/H2O2(4 mM) and glidarc/laterite (3 g L-1) systems after 60 min of treatment. Finally, the comparative analysis of the overall cost of each process under optimal operating conditions and for a required time of at least 90% of mineralization of 0.1 mM Orange G aqueous solution, gave the following cost classification : plasma/laterite
Michaud, Maïté. "Contacteur membranaire innovant pour la cristallisation : application aux systèmes de type diffusion / réaction". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1322.
Texto completo da fonteMembrane processes are considered as one of the most promising breakthrough technology for crystallization/precipitation operations. Porous materials have been extensively investigated but they have shown some serious limitations due to pore blocking and wetting phenomenon. The use of a dense membrane is expected to circumvent the pore blocking issue while keeping the advantages of membrane processes. In a first part, the model compound, BaCO3, is precipitated within a gas-liquid or liquid-liquid membrane contactor working under static conditions for both systems. In this configuration, hydrodynamic influences are avoided. The membrane-crystals interactions are studied using several dense membrane polymers. Permeability of both reactant species and surface tension are the key parameters to be considered. Indeed, these parameters greatly affect the deposit location of the crystals and their adherence on the membrane surface. Fouling within the membrane and on the surface are prevented with PDMS and Teflon AF 2400 which are thereby the two most promising materials for the given application. In a second part, the same model compound is precipitated in gas-liquid system under dynamic conditions. Self-supporting (PDMS) and composite hollow fibers (PP-Teflon AF 2400) are studied. Investigations on the operating condition influences show similar results to those obtained with membrane contactor used for CO2 capture: resistance to mass transfer is mainly located in the liquid phase. Proof of concept is supported by the stable performances obtained with the PP-Teflon AF 2400 module of 10 % packing ratio. The module geometry, and more specifically its packing ratio, is an important criterion to take into account to avoid module blocking. Finally, 2D computational fluid dynamics simulations, using the finite element method are performed. One single kinetic parameter is used to fit the experimental data. The simulated concentration profiles are not satisfactory. Nonetheless, predictability of the model seems to be promising: crystal productivities are rather well estimated
Obringer, Michel. "Vers la synthèse totale des triènomycines : Développement d'une réaction de type reformatsky asymétrique". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/OBRINGER_Michel_2006.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteIn the present thesis manuscript, we report on a new approach towards the total synthesis of trienomycins, and particularly an original control of the four stereocenters of these macrolactams. The synthesis of the "western" fragment of trienomycins, bearing the stereotriade C11-C12-C13, combines two very efficient processes: an asymmetric Reformatsky-type reaction between a chiral γ-bromo-β-ketosulfoxide and an aldehyde and a stereocontrolled reduction of the resulted β-ketosulfoxide with DIBAL or DIBAL / Yb(OTf)3. The success of our strategy allows to introduce the three asymmetric centers of the stereotriade C11-C12-C13 of trienomycins by using a chiral sulfoxide as the unique source of chirality. The best yields and diastereomeric excesses of the Reformatsky reaction were obtained with a t-butyl substituant on the sulfoxide in presence of samarium diiodide in THF at -78°C. This reaction is very stereoselective in the case of linear aliphatic aldehydes and α-ketoaldehydes protected as dioxolanes. The absolute configuration of the stereoadducts was confirmed either by correlation of configuration or by X-rays diffraction. The "eastern" fragment is synthesized by a peptidic coupling between an aniline, already described by A. B. Smith III and the C1-C4 fragment whose stereogenic center has also been introduced by reduction of a β-ketosulfoxide. A new access to tetrasubstituted tetrahydrofurans will also be presented, involving an intramolecular reductive cyclisation of enantiopure 1,4-hydroxyketones using TMSOTf / Et3SiH
Bages, Michaël. "Equations de réaction-diffusion de type KPP : ondes pulsatoires, dynamique non triviale et applications". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00262323.
Texto completo da fonteSt-Laurent, Julie. "Caractérisation et identification d'antigènes érythrocytaires liant les anticorps de type HTLA". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28316/28316.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteBenakki, Hafid. "Synthèse d'hétérocycles originaux assistée par les micro-ondes : préparation de dérivés de type pyrroloquinoléine, dihydroisobenzofurane et isoindoline". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20034.
Texto completo da fonteSigismondi, Silvana. "Application des complexes hydrosolubles du palladium dans la réaction d'alkylation de type Trost-Tsuji". Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10302.
Texto completo da fontePhan, Quoc Hung. "Analyse qualitative des solutions de systèmes de réaction-diffusion et théorèmes de type Liouville". Paris 13, 2013. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/edgalilee_th_2013_phan.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThis dissertation is devoted to the study of qualitative properties of solutions for some nonlinear elliptic and parabolic equations and systems. In the first part of the dissertation, we are interested in elliptic equations and systems with singular or degenerate coefficients of Hardy-Hénon type, in parabolic equations of the same type, and in a noncooperative parabolic system with constant coefficients. We obtain elliptic and parabolic Liouville-type theorems and we develop their applications : a priori estimates, singularity estimates in space or in time, decay estimates. In the second part, we prove the global existence and a priori bound of solutions of a Keller-Segel type, strongly coupled, parabolic system arising in crime modelling
Ferreiro, Mederos Leticia. "Nouvelles applications des sulfoxydes en synthèse asymétrique : réaction de type reformatsky et de cyclisation réductrice". Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6086.
Texto completo da fonteThe sulfinyl group as chiral inductor was used to generate three of the five asymmetric centres in the fragment C15-C26 of the (–)-dictyostatine. First, the Reformatsky reaction type in presence of SmI2 and a chiral aldehyde gave rise with high stereoselection to the syn adduct so two new stereocenters were installed. Secondly, the reduction by DIBALH of the resulting -ketosulfoxyde gave the 1,3-syn-diol present in the fragment. The synthesis was accomplished successfully in 13 steps and 24% yield from the commercially available Roche’s ester as starting material. The preparation of tetrahydropyranic units by a reaction sequence which involves a Reformatsky type reaction was tested with two different aldehydes. The synthetic sequence followed by a diastereoselective reduction and a reductive cyclisation process. Two series of tetrahydropyrans were synthesized one form a 1,3-syn-diol and a second from a 1,3-anti-diol. In both cases, we observed the lost of one hydroxyl group. This synthetic approach was applied to the preparation of the C1–C8 fragment of the (–)-herboxidiene. Which was achieved in 11 steps and a 3. 6% global yield
Denis, Jean baptiste. "Développement de réactions asymétriques organocatalysées de type aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112376.
Texto completo da fonteThis study is about the development of enantioselective, organocatalyzed aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman’s type reactions (azaMBH). First, new bifunctionnal catalysts derived from the β-isocupreidin ewere synthetized. They were used to elaborate a one-pot multi-component aza-MBH reaction, involving aliphatic aldehydes.A new synthetic method for N-Boc protected azaMBH adducts has then been developed, starting from imines and amidosulfones.In order to better understand the transformation process, the mechanistic studies on the MBH and azaMBH reactions were examined. Then, we carried out a molecular modeling study with Dr Elise Tran.Finally, we disclosed abnormal aza-Baylis-Hillman reactions of imines with allenoates as Michael acceptors providing an easy access to azaMBH adducts and azetidines. A new series of organocatalysts derived from the quinidine was synthetized. Those were used to obtain exclusively the azetidine compounds, with excellent yields and enantioselectivities
Moussa, Saber. "Réactions tandem de type aza-MIRC et ions N-acyliminiums : accès rapide et stéréocontrôlé à des nouvelles structures aza-cycliques". Le Havre, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LEHA0009.
Texto completo da fonteThis report presents a new method of the preparation of a new class of highly functionalized N, O – acétals and the study of their ability to react towards catalytic intra – and intermolecular α-amidoalkylation reactions. In a first chapter, we described some methods of synthesis of the precursors of N–acyliminiums ions and their various activation pathways. In the second chapter we elaborated the synthesis of functionalized 5-alkoxypyrrolidinones as precursors of N–acyliminiums species according to a new aza-MIRC tandem process with involves commercial diester-, cyanoester-, and dicyano alkoxymethylenes and various N-substitued α-bromoacetamides as dipole-[1,3]. A first application of the N,O-acetalic moiety in previously synhesized lactams is described in the third chapter involving intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reactions. This study, conducted from N-arylethyl substituted γ-lactams, and leading and a simple and fast way to tricyclic compounds of biological interest. These results allowed us to point out the positive effects of both arms ester in α-position of the reaction site. Explained essentially by an assistance to the generation of the N-acyliminium ion and also by an increase of its reactivity potential by the formation of a pseudocyclic intermediate resulting from an anchimeric assistance. The fourth chapter was the object of a complementary study that led previously by the investigation of the intermolecular approach of the α-amidoalkylation reaction. The reactivity results showed a perfect analogy with those of the intramolecular study. The synthetic application of thes adducts was demonstrated by some examples of synthesis of bicycles compouds by metathesis
Rabhi, Selma. "Réaction à l'état solide entre un film de nickel et un substrat de type III-V". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190612_RABHI_105lfcsln311pyot691zwwqcp673guk_TH.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis is to study the phases formed during the solid-state reaction between a Ni film and an III-V type semiconductor substrate by reactive-diffusion, in order to understand and predict the phenomena involved in the Ni / In0.53Ga0.47As contact. Indeed, this compound present a technological interest for nanoelectronics because In0.53Ga0.47As can advantageously be substituted for Si. For this, we have studied the nature and the sequence of the phases formed for the two systems Ni / GaAs and Ni / InAs. Where Ni is deposited by sputtering. The Ni3GaAs and Ni3InAs phases are the first phases formed; they are in epitaxy with the substrate and have the same hexagonal structure. The results obtained show that the Ni layer is epitaxial with the GaAs substrate for low-deposited thicknesses, which differs from the greater thicknesses. Moreover, the texture of the Ni3GaAs phase is different from the Ni3InAs phase. At high temperatures (above 400 ° C), we observe for both systems the presence of new phases. These are hexagonal and cubic structures for the Ni / InAs system. We have also observed in this work the formation kinetics of these phases Ni3GaAs and Ni3InAs in thin film. Moreover, conclude that the formation kinetics of the Ni3InAs phase is slower than that of the Ni3GaAs phase
Dunet, Julie. "Réaction de Michael et de Mannich appliquées à des arylcyclohexa-2,5-diènes en vue de la synthèse d'alcaloïdes de type aspidosperma et morphinanes". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13879/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this work was to access the skeleton of two families of alkaloids, the aspidosperma and the morphinan, using arylcyclohexa-2,5-dienes as common synthetic precursors. In one hand, these arylcyclohexadienes, synthesized by reductive Birch alkylation, were desymmetrized via the Michael reaction. The resulting compounds were then functionalized to give the pentacyclic skeleton of aspidosperma alkaloids. On the other hand, several methodologies were developed using Mannich type reactions. These methodologies allowed an access to the tricyclic framework of the morphinan family. Several transformations were then examined to attain the tetracyclic skeleton of this family of alkaloids
Tesquet, Guillaume. "Etude de la réaction de Guerbet, à partir de bioéthanol, sur des oxydes mixtes de type pérovskite". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10072/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work has been carried out within the frame of the topic of biomass valorization through the use of bio-sourced ethanol as a reactant in the multi-step Guerbet reaction. The aim was to investigate the catalytic behavior of mixed-oxides exhibiting the perovskite structure (ABO3) by tuning up their composition. Series of samples, either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric, were synthesized using the auto-ignition method, which allowed us studying the influence of the different surface chemical properties required to realize this Guerbet reaction: acidity, basicity, as well as dehydrogenation, hydrogenation and redox characters. The general formula of the prepared samples was LaBO3 (B = Mn, Fe, Co, Cr or Ni), LaFe1-xAlxO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2), La1+xFeO3 (x = 0; 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.8 and 1) and LaOptFe1-xMxO3 (Opt = 1,3 ; M = Co, Cu and x = 0.1, 0.2; M = Ni and x = 0.01, 0.05). A set of characterization techniques, namely specific surface area measurement, XRD, TPR-H2, ICP-AES, XPS, TGA, in-situ EPR and isopropanol reactivity, allowed us to obtain detailed information, especially textural and structural, on the materials. The catalytic performances of the solids were then determined in the gas phase and the results were correlated with the results of the aforementioned physicochemical characterizations. We could then draw up a global reaction scheme, which describes the formation pathways of all the observed (co-)products. The La1,3FeO3 sample with the most pronounced basic character was also the solid over which the highest conversion of ca. 32% was observed and with a selectivity in ethylene of 17%, in n-butanol of 6%, in acetone of 14% and in 2-pentanone of 31%
Jaballah, Najmeddine. "Synthèse et étude des propriétés opto-électroniques de nouveaux polymères semi-conducteurs à chromophores séparés de type para-phénylènevinylène". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077222.
Texto completo da fonteNew conjugated polymers containing separated para-phenylenevinylene-type chromophores have been synthesized via Wittig and Knoevenagel polycondensations using bisphenols-derived monomers. The structures of polymers were confirmed by NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies and their average molecular weights were determined by SEC and NMR ¹H. Thèse macromolecular materials are fully soluble in chloroform and exhibit a good thermal stability. The optical properties of the photoluminescents polymers were investigated in dilute solution and as thin films, and some structure-properties correlations have been established, mainly concerning the effects of spacer group nature, of side-chain structure and incorporation of cyano groups. HOMO and LUMO energy levels were estimated by cyclic voltametry and showed a p-type semi-conducting character for ail polymers. Single-layer diodes, based on these polymers as electro-active materials, bas been fabricated and showed relatively low turn-on voltages. As first application, two multi-layer electroluminescent diodes were elaborate and a green-light emission was obtained
Pereira, Jennifer. "Synthèse d’analogues de la galanthamine et d’alcaloïdes de type Aspidosperma". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112221.
Texto completo da fonteGalanthamine, an inhibitor of AChE is currently used in many countries for the palliative treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The structure activity of bisligands have been realized in our laboratory. These compounds are more active than galanthamine. We proposed to add an anchoring point in the galanthamine scaffold, since such molecules have beenshoxn to interact with both peripheral and catalytic sites of AChE. Within the framework of this thesis, we were interested in the total synthesis of a novel anchored analogue, azagalanthamine. The retrosynthetic approach to azagalanthamine is based on the total synthesis of galanthamine previously developed in our laboratory. This strategy allowed the synthesis of different intermediates which were engaged in a Heck intramolecular reaction. Unfortunately, the desired compounds were not obtained and the strategy was abandoned. On the other hand, we were also interested in the synthesis of Aspidosperma alkaloids for which we used the same strategy. We thus realized the synthesis of many Aspidosperma alkaloids, and their analogues, in eight steps : an amidification, a intramolecular Heck reaction, an oxidation as well as a rearrangement of the spirodienone intermediate. Furthermore, we have realized the synthesis of the Büchi ketone, and its analogues, via two different methodologies, allowing access to numerous natural products, such as strychnine, vindoline, aspidospermine and tubifoline, by formal synthesis
Samadfam, Rana. "Étude pharmacologique de la réaction d'Arthus chez la souris de type sauvage ou transgénique B¦2 knockout". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0015/MQ56967.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteElmamouni, Elhachemia. "Nouvelles applications de la réaction de Passerini dans des réactions de type Friedel-Crafts et Tsuji-Trost". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX011/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe development of rapid and efficient syntheses of complex molecules from simple starting substrates using a minimum of steps is a real challenge of contemporary organic chemistry. In this context, multicomponent reactions, thanks to their ability to create several one-step bonds, offer a high efficiency in synthesizing structures of great molecular complexity. Moreover, organometallic catalysis has developed considerably in recent years, becoming a tool of choice for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. The Tsuji-Trost reaction is specially well known in this field.In this thesis, the discovery of the original post-condensations from the adducts obtained by multicomponent reactions involving isonitrile is the major axis of our research. These reactions allow efficient access to a wide range of heterocyclic compounds.First, we have developed a new efficient pathway for the synthesis of indolylacetamides via the Passerini/Friedel-Crafts cascade from the Passerini adducts and indole in the presence of a Lewis acid. A one-pot version of this cascade has been also developed.Furthermore, we have exploited the reactivity of N-monosubstituted hydrazones as 1,3-bis-nucleophile in order to prepare various 2-pyrazoline derivatives via a pallado-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost/Cyclisation cascade from the Passerini adducts or Phosphonates. In order to prepare enantioselectively enriched 2-pyrazolines, the enantioselective version of this cascade was also realized from the Passerini adduct.Finally, the development of a new Tsuji-Trost/Cyclization cascade from the Passerini adducts and the allyl methyl carbonate provide straight fast and efficient access to oxazolidine-2,4-diones heterocyclic units by exploiting the carbon dioxide generated in situ
Tesquet, Guillaume. "Etude de la réaction de Guerbet, à partir de bioéthanol, sur des oxydes mixtes de type pérovskite". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10072.
Texto completo da fonteThis work has been carried out within the frame of the topic of biomass valorization through the use of bio-sourced ethanol as a reactant in the multi-step Guerbet reaction. The aim was to investigate the catalytic behavior of mixed-oxides exhibiting the perovskite structure (ABO3) by tuning up their composition. Series of samples, either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric, were synthesized using the auto-ignition method, which allowed us studying the influence of the different surface chemical properties required to realize this Guerbet reaction: acidity, basicity, as well as dehydrogenation, hydrogenation and redox characters. The general formula of the prepared samples was LaBO3 (B = Mn, Fe, Co, Cr or Ni), LaFe1-xAlxO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2), La1+xFeO3 (x = 0; 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.8 and 1) and LaOptFe1-xMxO3 (Opt = 1,3 ; M = Co, Cu and x = 0.1, 0.2; M = Ni and x = 0.01, 0.05). A set of characterization techniques, namely specific surface area measurement, XRD, TPR-H2, ICP-AES, XPS, TGA, in-situ EPR and isopropanol reactivity, allowed us to obtain detailed information, especially textural and structural, on the materials. The catalytic performances of the solids were then determined in the gas phase and the results were correlated with the results of the aforementioned physicochemical characterizations. We could then draw up a global reaction scheme, which describes the formation pathways of all the observed (co-)products. The La1,3FeO3 sample with the most pronounced basic character was also the solid over which the highest conversion of ca. 32% was observed and with a selectivity in ethylene of 17%, in n-butanol of 6%, in acetone of 14% and in 2-pentanone of 31%
Lai, Joshua. "Synthesis and characterization of Prussian red derived microparticles for the heterogeneous photo-fenton oxidation of azo-type textile dyes as pollutants". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/886.
Texto completo da fonteSamadfam, Rana. "Étude pharmacologique de la réaction d'Arthus chez la souris de type sauvage ou transgénique B [indice] 2 knockout". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2000. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3202.
Texto completo da fonteDohanosova, Jana. "Domino reactions. Asymmetric palladium(II)-catalyzed cyclizations-carbonylations in the synthesis of natural compounds". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112082/document.
Texto completo da fonteIntramolecular Wacker-type cyclization of unsaturated polyols and aminopolyols represents a powerful method in the synthesis of oxygen- or nitrogen-containing heterocycles. The thesis offers an insight into the systematic study of domino intramolecular palladium(II)-catalyzed cyclization and coupling reaction allowing the implementation of side chains into heterocyclic skeletons along with the formation of two stereocenters in a single step. Different types of coupling partners and reaction conditions were examined, the influence of substrate substituents on diastereoselectivity is discussed. The applications in the synthesis of naturally occuring compounds or their analogs are outlined (anisomycin, varitriol). Palladium(II)-catalyzed oxycarbonylation represents an interesting transformation of unsaturated polyols into bicyclic lactones with tetrahydrofuran structural motif with excellent cis-stereoselectivity. The first example of the use of ionic liquids as reaction media in the asymmetric Pd(II)-catalyzed oxycarbonylation is described. Based on a ligand screening, the chiral bis(oxazoline)-type ligands were successfully used in the Pd(II)-promoted bicyclisationof racemic pent-4-ene-1,3-diol (±)-69a. The kinetic resolution of (±)-69a in the presenceof chiral catalyst and p-benzoquinone under carbon monoxide atmosphere using acetic acid and/or ionic liquid as solvent afforded enantioenriched 2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3-ones(R,R)-70a (57% ee) and (S,S)-70a (80% ee), respectively
Hosoglu, Fadime. "Production de 1-propanol et 1-butanol via la réaction de Guerbet en présence de catalyseurs basiques de type « hydrotalcite »". Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10184.
Texto completo da fonteIn the present work, we will specifically examine a Guerbet reaction which is of a great importance for enhancing the potential of the biomass-derived chemistry. The Guerbet reaction is one of the most important reactions for the production of higher alcohols from lower alcohols. The main goal of project is production of n-propanol and n-butanol from the mix of methanol and ethanol in the presence of multifunctional catalyst; Hydrotalcite. The Guerbet reaction is an interesting reaction to produce higher alcohols from “light” alcohols. It is a catalytic reaction that requires different catalyst functionalities (dehydrogenation, aldolisation, dehydration, and hydrogenation) and thus different acido-basic properties. The various physicochemical characterization of dried and calcined state carried out by X-Rays Diffraction, BET, Spectroscopy Infrared, MEB, and NMR made it possible to explain the catalytic performance observed. The studies carried out on catalyst, it was possible to show that hydrotalcite content Cu gives interesting catalytic results. However, the quantity of this element is not the only parameter to be taken into account to obtain a good catalytic activity. Indeed, a series of hydrotalcite with the various ratios of Mg/Al performed a high catalytic activity
Barbarotto, Marie. "Synthèse de motifs "2-méthyl-1,3-aminoalcools" par réaction de type Reformatsky asymétrique : vers la synthèse totale du (+)-triènomycinol". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767096.
Texto completo da fontePAPASEIT, CYRIL. "Formation de motifs microtubulaires in vitro et dans l'embryon de drosophile par des processus dissipatifs de type réaction-diffusion". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10190.
Texto completo da fonteBru, Claire. "Synthèse totale d'alcaloi͏̈des de type crinine et de composés biaryliques pontés". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112210.
Texto completo da fonteWithin the framework of this thesis, we were interested in the total synthesis of crinine-type alkaloids, belonging to Amaryllideceae plants. Our strategy is based on the formation of seven membered ring and on the simultanous creation of critical quaternary carbon by intramolecular Heck reaction. First, oxocrinine and oxomaritidine have been synthetised in seven steps in, respectively, 22. 1% and 14. 8% overallyield. Secondly, maritidine, crinine, its methyl ether, the buphanisine have been obtained, in two steps, by diastereoselective enone reduction, followed by SN2 alcohol inversion or by Mitsunobu reaction. The flexinine and augustine syntheses were considered in different ways to get, finally, the epoxy-alcohol with the correct stereochemistry. Unfortunately, the first attempts of alcohol inversion failed, our synthetical target was not obtained. Finally, dienone-phenol rearrangement of the synthetised spirodienone intermediates led to the bridged biaryl compounds, buflavine analogs
Bethmont, Valérie. "Utilisation de composés poly(oxygénés) du type macrocycle ou hémisépulcrand en hydrométallurgie nucléaire : étude de l'effet du diluant : approche supramoléculaire". Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10016.
Texto completo da fonteKone, Aboudramane. "Récentes avancées dans la synthèse de topopyrones et de calothrixines synthèse et évaluation biologique de molécules de type benzimidazolyl-chalcone". Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4039/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work aims is the synthesis and evaluation of bioactive molecules that can effectively contribute to fight against some infectious germs and the cancer. The first component consists of the synthesis of naturally occurring compounds, topopyrones and calothrixins. With regard to the topopyrones, five heterodienes were synthesized and their reactivities were studied, compared with a naphthoquinone-type dienophile following a Diels-Alder [4+2] cycloaddition reaction. This led to the construction of a tetracyclic skeleton close to topopyrones. As for calothrixins, we explored two new pathways that resulted in the synthesis of calothrixin B and an bromine analogue. In the second part, based on the pharmacochemical concept of juxtaposition of bioactive entities, we conceptualized and synthesized twelve benzimidazolyl-chalcones and one chromenone. The molecules thus obtained were evaluated for their anticancer activities against seven human cancer cell lines and a normal fibroblast line of human skin. These compounds showed good anticancer activities regardless of the line. These activities are superior to those of Roscovitine but lower than those of Taxol. However, the synthesized molecules were less toxic than that of the Taxol reference molecule
Kiared, Karim. "Étude et analyse de la réaction d'oxydation du dioxyde de soufre (so#2) dans un réacteur triphasé du type verlifix". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL041N.
Texto completo da fonteRessault, Blandine. "Synthèse de Hoodigogénine A, aglycone de glycostéroïdes extraits de Hoodia gordonii : vers la synthèse des 14β-hydroxy androstanes et /ou des 14β-hydroxy prégnanes". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00940453.
Texto completo da fonteLee, Jeehyun. "Analyse et modélisation de la réactivité au cours de la cuisson d’un produit modèle mimétique d’un produit céréalier type génoise". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS606.
Texto completo da fonteIn the context of developing tools to control the formation, during food processing, of newly-formed compounds having positive or negative impact on food quality and safety, this work aimed to understand and to describe the Maillard reaction and caramelization during the baking of a model product and to propose a modelling approach for predicting kinetics coupled with heat and mass transfers. An inert model product structurally imitative of a sponge cake was used. Thus, it was possible to specifically induce reactions by adding glucose alone for the G formula and with leucine for the G+L formula. The development of quantitative methods for twenty reaction markers (precursors, intermediates and products) was carried out to be able to acquire the kinetic data. The accelerating effect of the temperature and the absence of effect of the level of convection on the formation and the degradation of most of the markers were highlighted and quantified by kinetic results. The addition of leucine activated the Maillard reaction pathways including the Strecker degradation and the catalytic effect of leucine could be observed relatively to the caramelization routes exclusively present in the reaction model (G). Thanks to the experimental data acquired, a model of prediction of temperature and moisture content was developped, and then coupled to the kinetic model. The simultaneous identification of a large number of parameters over a wide range of values need to be pursued. However, two proofs of concept could be conducted on the caramelization model (G formula), one on all the markers for a single baking condition, and the other on glucose degradation for all baking conditions. They are encouraging for further modeling work
Dohanosova, Jana. "Réactions domino. Réactions de cyclisation-carbonylation asymétrique catalysées par complexes de paladium(II) dans la synthèse des produits naturels". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703209.
Texto completo da fonteBruyere, Didier. "Formation régio et stéréospécifique d'octahydrophénanthrènes et de cyclopentylindanes via une réaction de type Wacker : application à la synthèse du motif tétracyclique des stéroïdes". Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10246.
Texto completo da fonteLouis, Florent. "Etudes expérimentale et théorique des paramètres cinétiques de la réaction des atomes de fluor avec des halogénométhanes de type CHCl3-xFx (x=0, 1, 2 ou 3), avec CF3CH2F et de la réaction biradicalaire CF3O2+Cl". Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10084.
Texto completo da fonteTalhaoui, Abdelmonaem. "Étude cinétique de la réaction des atomes de chlore avec quelques substituts de fréon de type CHCI3-xFx, CH3CCI3-xFx et CH2FCF3". Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10018.
Texto completo da fonteChoukchou-Braham, Abderrahim. "Contribution à l'étude de catalyseurs de type Ziegeler utilisés en phase liquide : réaction du triéthylaluminium sur des acétylacétonates de métaux de transition". Poitiers, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990POIT2293.
Texto completo da fonteCharton, Nathalie. "Dégradation du méthyltertiobutyléther et de la pyridine par la réaction de photo-fenton dans des conditions simulant celles de l'eau atmosphérique : vitesses de disparition, produits intermédiaires, mécanismes de dégradation, influence de la présence d'une argile". Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10228.
Texto completo da fonteBen, bouchrit Ridha. "Etude théorique des collisions moléculaires réactives de type atome + molécule polyatomique". Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2037/document.
Texto completo da fonteWe have studied the reactive collisions, O (1D) + CH4 and O (1D) + H2O, of atmospheric and astrophysical interest, using different quantum chemistry methods and reaction dynamics approaches. For the first reaction, quantum dynamical calculations using a time-independent method were carried out on an existing potential energy surface by considering CH3 as a pseudo-atom. This reduced dimensionality approach, i.e. a pseudo triatomic model, yielded the calculation of the reaction probabilities at zero total angular momentum (J = 0). The cross sections and reaction rates have been computed by the approximate J-shifting method. Our quantum results were compared with results obtained by a quasi-classical trajectory method and experimental predictions. These comparisons, among others, have enabled the fact that the channel CH3 + OH was the main exit channel for this reaction. The second reaction O(1D) + H2O has been studied at the level of electronic structure. We have characterized the outline of the potential energy surface of H2O2 , taking into account all the degrees of freedom at a high level calculation (MRCI: Multi Reference Configuration Interaction). Thus, we were able to determine with great accuracy the geometries, frequencies and energies of isomers of the H2O2 system and its energy diagram. In the future, a potential energy surface has to be built to be used in the dynamical calculations for this reaction
Corvellec, Catherine. "Etude numérique et analytique des caractéristiques propagatives d'une zone de combustion se développant au sein d'un écoulement turbulent prémélangé modélisée par une approche de type "flammelette"". Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2337.
Texto completo da fonteGouzerh, Guillaume. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de glycérolipases de type "patatine" induites lors de la réaction d'hypersensibilité chez le tabac : Recherche de leur implication dans la biosynthèse d'oxylipines". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13022.
Texto completo da fonteThe release of fatty acids from membrane lipids is at the origin of the biosynthesis of an array of signals and antimicrobial derivatives in plant defense. The enzymes catalyzing this hydrolytic step are poorly characterized. Previous work done in our laboratory has led to the isolation of three tobacco genes (NtPAT1, NtPAT2 and NtPAT3) related to the patatin, a major protein from the potato tuber that displays weak lipolytic activity. These genes are rapidly induced during the hypersensitive response (HR) to tobacco mosaic virus, in advance to jasmonate accumulation. A detailed study of the regulation of NtPAT genes showed that these genes are also induced after infection by the bacterium E. Carotovora and the fungi B. Cinerea. The treatment with β-megaspermin, a cell death-inducing protein elicitor also induced NtPAT genes which are then rapidly expressed in the infiltrated zone before the appearance of necrosis and in the surrounding area with some delay. In the infiltrated tissue, NtPAT gene expression is associated with the accumulation of the two jasmonates, OPDA and JA. In elicitor treated leaves, NtPAT gene are corregulated with several genes encoding proteins involved in oxylipin metabolism such as 9-LOX, α-DOX, DES and some P450s fatty acid hydroxylases. This suggests that NtPAT proteins are involved in providing fatty acids for different oxylipins biosynthetic pathways. In each challenge, NtPAT gene expression also appears with a profile parallel to the appearance of PLA2 activity. In β-megaspermin treated leaves it is also correlated with the degradation of phospholipids and galactolipids, and the accumulation of free fatty acids. We hypothesised that NtPAT proteins are mostly responsible for these activities. Indeed, recombinant expression in E. Coli showed that NtPAT1 and NtPAT3 encode proteins with huge lipolytic activity. First described as PLA2, NtPAT proteins are in fact able to cleave both sn-1 and sn-2 positions of phospholipids and galactolipids, but are completely inactive on storage triglycerides. Although they are strongly active on galactolipids, the preliminary results we obtained on the sub-cellular localization of NtPAT, using both immunolocalization and GFP fusion proteins, suggest that these proteins are cytosolic. As galactolipids are only present in the chloroplasts and NtPAT proteins are expressed while the massive galactolipid consumption occurs during the HR, one hypothesis is that these proteins are able to hydrolyze the chloroplastic outer membrane starting from the cytosol. Fatty acids released in this case could supply the chloroplastic 13-LOX pathway but may also supply the cytoplasmic 9-LOX pathway as can do fatty acids released from other membranes. This hypothesis will only be validated by metabolic profiling of transgenic plants depleted in NtPAT proteins. Such plants are currently being studied. Transgenic plants overexpressing NtPAT3 have also been obtained. These plants display increased resistance to tobacco mosaic virus reinforcing the involvement of NtPAT proteins in resistance against pathogens