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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)"

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Publicado: 25 de janeiro de 2025

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1

Tewari, J. P. "Subcuticular growth of Alternaria brassicae in rapeseed". Canadian Journal of Botany 64, n.º 6 (1 de junho de 1986): 1227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-168.

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The early stages of infection by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. in the leaves of the susceptible rapeseed cultivar Candle (Brassica campestris L.) and the moderately susceptible cultivar Altex (B. napus L.) were studied by transmission electron and light microscopy. The pathogen became subcuticular after direct penetration. This was followed by colonization of the epidermal and the mesophyll cells. The histology of early stages of infection was found to be similar in the two cultivars. It is concluded that the basis of differential susceptibility of B. campestris and B. napus to A. brassicae does not reside in the early stages of host–pathogen interaction.

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2

H. Mahdi, Hasan, Lamiaa A. Mutlag e Raghad S. Mouhamad. "Study the effect of khazra iron nano chelate fertilizer foliar application on two rapeseed varieties". Bionatura 4, n.º 2 (15 de maio de 2019): 841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2019.04.02.4.

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An experiment was conducted in Al-zafraniya station / Baghdad – Iraq, during the winter season 2017 - 2018 in order to study the effect of khazra iron nano chelate fertilizer foliar application on two rapeseed varieties for increasing yield and yield components. The experiment designed by randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) for three replicates. The first factor included two rapeseed varieties (Brassica napus var. oleifera and Brassica napus L. var. pactol) and second factor included khazra iron nano chelated in three levels 0, 5 (kg.ha-1) (0.5 kg nano iron fertilizers per 1000-liter water) and 10 (kg.ha-1) (1 kg nano iron fertilizers per 1000-liter water). Means of the treatments was compared with a significant difference in the use of the least significant difference (LSD) at the probability level (p ≤ 0.05). Results showed that effect of khazra iron nano chelate foliar application, rapeseed varieties and interaction of them had significant effects on yield, biological yield and total dry biomass, which were 1298.6 (kg.ha-1), 7900 (kg.ha-1), and 7288 (kg.ha-1) respectively, at level 10 (kg.ha-1) for rapeseed (Brassica napus var. oleifera). While rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. pactol) only had biological yield and total dry biomass which were 4260 (kg.ha-1) and 4460 (kg.ha-1) respectively. This is due to the genetic nature of each plant species. According to the results, rapeseed (Brassica napus var. oleifera) with 10 kg. ha-1 khazra iron nano chelate fertilizer foliar application had the highest values at most of evaluated characters.

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3

Wratten, N., e RJ Mailer. "Brassica napus (L.) var. napus (Rapeseed, canola) cv. Yickadee". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, n.º 3 (1990): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900448.

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4

Wratten, N., e RJ Mailer. "Brassica napus (L.) var. napus (canola, rapeseed) cv. Oscar". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, n.º 2 (1994): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940298.

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5

Buntin, G. D., J. P. McCaffrey, P. L. Raymer e J. Romero. "Quality and germination of rapeseed and canola seed damaged by adult cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Paykull) [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1995): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-093.

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Adult feeding injury by the cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis Paykull) on pods and seeds of winter rapeseed and canola (Brassica napus L.) in Georgia and Idaho reduced seed weight and oil content an average of 16.2 and 2.2%, respectively. Injury also reduced seed germination by 40.5%, increased me proportion of germinated seed with abnormal growth and reduced seedling emergence from soil. Key words: Insecta, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, canola, rapeseed, Brassica napus, seed injury

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6

Tileuberdi, Nazym, Aknur Turgumbayeva, Balakyz Yeskaliyeva, Lazzat Sarsenova e Raushan Issayeva. "Extraction, Isolation of Bioactive Compounds and Therapeutic Potential of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)". Molecules 27, n.º 24 (12 de dezembro de 2022): 8824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248824.

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Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a herbaceous annual plant of the Cruciferous family, the Cabbage genus. This oilseed crop is widely used in many areas of industry and agriculture. High-quality oil obtained from rapeseed can be found in many industrial food products. To date, extracts with a high content of biologically active substances are obtained from rapeseed using modern extraction methods. Brassica napus L. seeds contain polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, vitamins, glucosinolates and microelements. The data in this review show that rapeseed biocompounds have therapeutic effects in the treatment of various types of diseases. Some studies indicate that rapeseed can be used as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic and anticancer agent. In the pharmaceutical industry, using rapeseed as an active ingredient may help to develop new forms drugs with wide range of therapeutic effects. This review focuses on aspects of the extraction of biocompounds from rapeseed and the study of its pharmacological properties.

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7

Marjanovic-Jeromela, Ana, Radovan Marinkovic e Dragana Miladinovic. "Combining abilities of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties". Genetika 39, n.º 1 (2007): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0701053m.

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The global acreage under rapeseed increases steadily. Rapeseed is grown for oil for human consumption, feed and biodiesel production. For faster advances in breeding, it is necessary to know variability and combining ability of selection material i.e. modes of inheritance of certain traits. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) of five rapeseed varieties as well as the mode of inheritance of plant height, height to the first lateral branch, number of lateral branches and seed yield per plant were analyzed in this paper. Positive heterosis for plant height was found in five cross combinations, for the height to the first lateral branch in two combinations and for the number of lateral branches in only one combination and for seed yield in three cross combinations. .

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8

Stringam, G. R., V. K. Bansal, M. R. Thiagarajah, D. F. Degenhardt e J. P. Tewari. "Development of an agronomically superior blackleg resistant canola cultivar in Brassica napus L. using doubled haploidy". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1995): 437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-072.

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The doubled haploid breeding method and greenhouse screening using cotyledon bio-assay were successfully applied to transfer blackleg resistance from the Australian cultivar Maluka (Brassicas napus), into susceptible advanced B. napus lines from the University of Alberta. This approach for blackleg resistance breeding was effective and efficient as several superior blackleg resistant breeding lines were identified within 4 yr from the initial cross. One of these lines (91–21864NA) was entered in the 1993 trials of the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee. Key words: Blackleg resistance, Leptosphaeria maculans, doubled haploid, Brassica napus

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9

Khalid, Muhammad Nouman. "Shattering tolerance in Brassica napus L." Current Research in Agriculture and Farming 2, n.º 4 (30 de agosto de 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-7146.149.

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Brassica is the second-largest oilseed crop after Soybean. The total production of Brassica in the overall world is 71 million tons. In Pakistan, its total production per unit area is very low. Biotic and abiotic stresses mainly affect the brassica crop. In agriculture, shattering is the dispersal of crops seeds before their ripening. The pod wall shatters and breaks apart when it loses its hydration and cells split in a dehiscence zone organized at a suture between the edge of the lignified pod and the vascular tissue replum. The degeneration of middle lamella and loss of cellular cohesion in the dehiscence zone are the main reasons for pod shattering and seed losses. Grain yield losses in Brassica vary from 10 to 25 percent due to shattering. More than 400 kg has-1 or 12% seed losses can be occurred due to pod shattering under unfavorable conditions. Insect pest and disease damage also accelerate ripening and pod shattering. The main breeding techniques for developing rapeseed grain yield potential are a good knowledge and application of the morphological, physiological, and genetic basis of grain yield. Modern technologies, such as embryo rescue, marker-assisted breeding, and novel variation (mutation), may make it much simpler to introduce new rapeseed types having shattering tolerance than traditional methods. Thus, an overview of anatomical and physiological aspects and genetics of shattering is presented in the context of recent advances in molecular genetics and several agronomic managements to avoid shattering in Brassica.

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10

Miah, MA, MG Rasul e MAK Mian. "Resynthesis of new R lines in Brassica napus L." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 41, n.º 3 (24 de setembro de 2016): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v41i3.29724.

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Identification of male fertility restorer genotypes for rapeseed CMS lines towards hybrid development in spring habit rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) adapted for short day winter season was studied. The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur during October, 2008 to March, 2011. An exotic CMS-based F1 hybrid of rapeseed was selfed to get F2 generation with a view to resynthesizing restorer line. As a result a restorer line for Nap248A Z1 and Nap248A Z2 cytoplasmic male sterile lines was identified in the F3 generation of the exotic F1 rapeseed hybrid which appears as the first case so far reported as achievement in Bangladesh in this regard. Genetic analysis further revealed fertility restoration for Nap248A Z1 and Nap248A Z2 cytoplasmic male sterility was controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene as a simple genetic phenomenon.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(3): 529-540, September 2016

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11

McVetty, P. B. E., R. Scarth, S. R. Rimmer e C. G. J. van den Berg. "Venus high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1996): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-060.

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Venus summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is a high-erucic acid rapeseed cultivar with canola-quality meal. Venus has an average 5% yield advantage over Hero rapeseed with seed oil and protein contents comparable to Hero. Venus is adapted to the southern B. napus growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Rape (summer), high erucic acid-low glucosinolate, cultivar description

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12

McVetty, P. B. E., S. R. Rimmer, R. Scarth e C. G. J. van den Berg. "Neptune high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1996): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-061.

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Neptune summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is a high-erucic acid rapeseed cultivar with canola-quality meal. Neptune has an average 10% yield advantage over Hero rapeseed and is 4 g kg−1 higher in seed oil than Hero. Neptune is adapted to the southern B. napus growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Rape (summer), high erucic acid-low glucosinolate, cultivar description

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13

McVetty, P. B. E., S. R. Rimmer e R. Scarth. "Castor high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1998): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-083.

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Castor summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is a high-erucic acid rapeseed cultivar with canola-quality meal. Castor has an average 4% yield advantage over Mercury rapeseed and is 4 g kg−1 higher in seed oil than Mercury. Castor is adapted to the southern B. napus growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Rape (summer), high erucic acid-low glucosinolate, cultivar description

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14

Singh, Mahak Kumar, e Amit Tomar. "Analysis of present status, production constraints and future research strategies in Oilseed Brassica species". International Journal of Agricultural Invention 3, n.º 02 (27 de novembro de 2018): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2018.3.2.22.

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Rapeseed-mustard crops in India comprise traditionally grown indigenous species, namely toria (Brassica campestris L. var. toria), brown sarson (Brassica campestris L. var. brown sarson), yellow sarson (Brassica campestris L. var. yellow sarson), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss.), black mustard (Brassica nigra) and taramira (Eruca sativa/ vesicaria Mill.), which have been grown since about 3,500 BC along with non-traditional species like gobhi sarson (Brassica napus L.) and Ethiopian mustard or karan rai (Brassica carinata A. Braun).

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15

Raboanatahiry, Nadia, Huaixin Li, Longjiang Yu e Maoteng Li. "Rapeseed (Brassica napus): Processing, Utilization, and Genetic Improvement". Agronomy 11, n.º 9 (3 de setembro de 2021): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091776.

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Brassica napus L. is a vegetable oil crop, commonly known as rapeseed (or canola). It is widely used as a source of oil and protein for food and industrial applications, but also as a remedy, and in a field of attraction or as an ornament due to its diverse flower colors. Every part of rapeseed is useful, even the waste, which could be used to feed animals, or recycled. In this review, the use of rapeseed in these applications is presented, starting with the preparation of oil and protein from the seeds, before their release in the market, to the utilization of natural unprocessed rapeseed. Progress in rapeseed exploitation for food, remedy, energy source, and industrial applications are analyzed to show variability in diverse findings, to provide insights and progressive descriptions of rapeseed usage to other scholars. Moreover, advancements in breeding for rapeseed improvement were described. In the future, strategies could be developed or improved to avoid or decrease crop losses, but also to increase interest in propagating the valuable traits of rapeseed.

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16

VISHNYAKOVA, A. V., A. A. ALEKSANDROVA e S. G. MONAKHOS. "FACTORS OF DIRECT GERMINATION OF MICROSPORE DERIVED EMBRYOS OF BRASSICA NAPUS L." Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, n.º 5 (2022): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2022-6-43-53.

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Isolated microspore culture is the main method of producing doubled rapeseed haploids and is widely used in research institutions and commercial companies. The protocol of rapeseed embryo production is well developed and efficient for many genotypes, but some issues remain due to the low regeneration frequency of plantlets from embryos. When the standard protocol is applied, regeneration of plantlets from microspore-derived embryos usually involves a callus-forming stage followed by regeneration of adventitious shoots or secondary embryos, which prolong the period of plantlet regeneration and makes production of doubled haploids complicated. Identifying factors, which affect the frequency of direct embryo germination will increase the frequency of plantlet formation and reduce the period of DH plant production. In this work, we studied the effect of medium pH on the duration of plantlet regeneration from rapeseed microspore-derived embryos and effect of their low temperature treatment of +1 and +5℃ for 3, 6, 8, 9, 12 days in complete darkness on the embryo maturation and germination. Rising the pH of the nutrient medium from 5.8 to 6.1 increased the frequency of direct embryos germination up to 18% and the overall frequency of plantlet regeneration up to 76%. Culturing embryos at low temperatures effected the frequency of direct germination of embryos into plantlets. The maximum frequency of 44–53% direct embryo germination was observed when cultured at +1℃ for 6 and 9 days, when embryos were cultured at +5℃ the frequency of direct germination was 0–10%. In the control variant without cold treatment it was 16%.

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17

Rameeh, Valiollah. "Cytoplasmic male sterility and inter and intra subgenomic heterosis studies in Brassica species: A review". Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 59, n.º 3 (2014): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1403207r.

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Plants of the genus Brassica comprise a remarkably diverse group of crops and encompass varieties that are grown as oilseeds, vegetables, condiment mustards and forages. One of the basic requirements for developing hybrid varieties in oilseed Brassica is the availability of proven heterosis. The development of hybrid cultivars has been successful in many Brassica spp. Midparent heterosis and high-parent heterosis (heterobeltiosis) have extensively been explored and utilized for boosting various quantity and quality traits in rapeseed. Heterosis is commercially exploited in rapeseed and its potential use has been demonstrated in turnip rape (B. rapa L.) and Indian mustard (B. juncea L.) for seed yield and most of the agronomic traits. The oilseed rape plant, B. napus, possesses two endogenous male sterile cytoplasms, nap and pol. Ogura type of cytoplasmic male sterility was first discovered in Japanese wild radish and other male-sterile Brassicas (Ogura bearing cytoplasm) derived from interspecific crosses. Information concerning the allelic frequencies of restorers can be useful in trying to understand their evolutionary origins. The ogu, pol and nap cytoplasms of B. napus induce sterility in all, some, and only a few cultivars, respectively. In this study, different kinds of male sterility, combining ability and heterosis of qualitative and quantitative traits in different Brassica species will be revi?wed.

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18

VERA, C. L., D. I. McGREGOR e R. K. DOWNEY. "DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF VOLUNTEER Brassica ON PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN CEREAL AND OILSEED CROPS". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 1987): 983–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-135.

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Variable amounts (up to 1.04 t dry wt ha−1) of herbage from seedlings of cultivars from four Brassica species (B. campestris L., B. napus L., B. hirta Moench and B. juncea (L.) Coss.) and straw and chaff (5 t ha−1) of B. campestris were incorporated into field plots to investigate the effect on subsequent stand establishment and seed yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and rapeseed (B. campestris). The amounts of plant material incorporated were considered representative of straw and chaff which might be deposited at harvest, or herbage which could originate from postharvest volunteer germination. Brassica herbage reduced stand establishment and seed yield of the oilseeds to a greater extent (65 and 53%, respectively) than that of the cereals (17 and 23%, respectively). Among the cereals, barley was the most affected, while oats did not show significant reductions of stand or yield. Generally the type of Brassica used to produce herbage did not influence the reduction of stand establishment or seed yield. Incorporation of straw and chaff of rapeseed in some instances resulted in reduced plant stands but did not show deleterious effects on seed yield, and in one case resulted in an increase in yield. For comparison, the effect of incorporating barley herbage on stand establishment and seed yield of barley and flax was also investigated. Incorporation of barley herbage also resulted in reduction of stand establishment (21%) and seed yield (26%) of subsequent crops, although its effect on stand establishment was less pronounced than for Brassica herbage (44%). It is recommended that a cereal, in particular oats, follow rapeseed or mustard in the crop rotation in order to avoid losses from deleterious effects.Key words: Brassica campestris, Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Brassica hirta, rapeseed, mustard, crop residue, phytotoxicity

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19

Onay, Ozlem, e O. Mete Koçkar. "Fixed-bed pyrolysis of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)". Biomass and Bioenergy 26, n.º 3 (março de 2004): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(03)00123-5.

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20

Erickson, L., I. Grant e W. Beversdorf. "Cytoplasmic male sterility in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)". Theoretical and Applied Genetics 72, n.º 2 (1986): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00266985.

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Erickson, L., I. Grant e W. Beversdorf. "Cytoplasmic male sterility in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)". Theoretical and Applied Genetics 72, n.º 2 (1986): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00266986.

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22

Basiry, Mohsen, e Ali Esehaghbeygi. "Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)". Journal of Electrostatics 68, n.º 4 (agosto de 2010): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2010.05.002.

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23

Çalışır, Sedat, Tamer Marakoğlu, Hüseyin Öğüt e Özden Öztürk. "Physical properties of rapeseed (Brassica napus oleifera L.)". Journal of Food Engineering 69, n.º 1 (julho de 2005): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.07.010.

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JÖNSSON, ROLAND. "Erucic-acid heredity in rapeseed:(Brassica napus L. and Brassica campestris L.)". Hereditas 86, n.º 2 (12 de fevereiro de 2009): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1977.tb01226.x.

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Синицына, А. А., А. В. Вишнякова e С. Г. Монахос. "Comparative assessment of the yield of doubled haploids of Brassica oleracea var. capitataL. and Brassica napus L. in isolated microspore culture". Kartofel` i ovoshi, n.º 4 (7 de abril de 2022): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25630/pav.2022.29.31.008.

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Технологию производства удвоенных гаплоидов растений рода Brassicaв культуре изолированных микроспор используют для ускорения и удешевления по сравнению с традиционной селекцией процесса создания родительских линий F1-гибридов. Практический интерес для биотехнологов и селекционеров представляют данные об относительном выходе удвоенных гаплоидов при использовании стандартного протокола культуры изолированных микроспор. Цель данного исследования состоит в сравнительной оценке выхода удвоенных гаплоидов в культуре изолированных микроспор у капусты белокочанной (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) и рапса (Brassica napus L.). Удвоенные гаплоиды капусты белокочанной и рапса были получены в 2021–2022 годах в ООО «Селекционная станция имени Н.Н. Тимофеева» и лаборатории генетики, селекции и биотехнологии овощных культур РГАУ–МСХА. В качестве растений-доноров микроспор использовали: 5 образцов капусты белокочанной, представленных коммерческими гибридами F1 Каптур, F1 Ларсия, селекционными образцами 101ф3х15дг1, МФ4МЦ, Гэс2рх15) 4–4 из коллекции ООО «Селекционная станция имени Н.Н. Тимофеева»; а также 3 коммерческих гибрида рапса F1 Джаз, F1 Фактор, F1 Маджонг. Показано, что частота эмбриогенеза образцов капусты белокочанной может быть высокой и сопоставима частоте эмбриогенеза рапса. Частота прорастания/регенерации проростков изученных образцов капусты белокочанной и рапса была высокой и в среднем составила 70%: у капусты белокочанной варьировала от 63,3% до 75,1%, у рапса – от 65,2% до 73,9%. При оценке уровня плоидности полученных растений установлено, что частота спонтанной диплоидизации в популяциях капусты белокочанной выше (90–100%), чем у рапса (21,4–32%). В итоге из 83 растений-регенерантов рапса только 21 были удвоенными гаплоидами, а у капусты белокочанной из 87 растений-регенерантов 83 – удвоенные гаплоиды. The technology of doubled haploids production in isolated microspore culture of Brassicacrops is used to accelerate and cheapen the process of creating parental lines of F1-hybrids in comparison with traditional breeding. Data on the relative yield of doubled haploids with using the standard protocol of isolated microspore culture are of practical interest for biotechnologists and breeders. The aim of the study is a comparative assessment of the yield of doubled haploids obtained in isolated microspore culture of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Doubled haploids of white cabbage and rapeseed were obtained in 2021–2022 at the Timofeev Breeding Station and the Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology of Vegetable Crops, RSAU – MTAA. The following were used as microspore donor plants: 5 samples of white cabbage, represented by commercial hybrids F1 Kaptur, F1 Larsia, selection samples 101f3×15dg1, MF4MC, Ges2×15) 4–4 from the collection of «Timofeev Breeding Station»; and 3 commercial rapeseed hybrids F1 Jazz, F1Factor, F1 Majong. It is shown that the frequency of embryogenesis of white cabbage accessions can be high and comparable to the frequency of rapeseed embryogenesis. The frequency of germination/regeneration of seedlings of the studied accessions of white cabbage and rapeseed was high and averaged 70%: in white cabbage it varied from 63.3% to 75.1%, in rapeseed – from 65.2% to 73.9%. When assessing the level of ploidy of the obtained plants, it was found that the frequency of spontaneous diploidization in white cabbage is higher (90–100%) than in rapeseed (21.4–32%). As a result, out of 83 rapeseed regenerants, only 21 were doubled haploids, and in white cabbage out of 87 regenerative plants, 83 were doubled haploids.

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Scarth, R., P. B. E. McVetty e S. R. Rimmer. "Mercury high erucic low glucosinolate summer rape". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1995): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-038.

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Mercury summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is a high-erucic acid rapeseed cultivar with canola-quality meal. The oil provides a good source of erucic acid for industrial applications and the canola-quality meal can be used in the feed industry. Mercury has an average 10% yield advantage over Hero rapeseed with seed oil and protein contents comparable with Hero rapeseed. Mercury is adapted to the southern B. napus growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Rape (summer), high erucic acid-low glucosinolate, cultivar description

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McGREGOR, D. I. "EFFECT OF PLANT DENSITY ON DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF RAPESEED AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO RECOVERY FROM HAIL INJURY". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1987): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-005.

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The ability of rapeseed crops (Brassica campestris L. ’Torch’ and B. napus L. ’Tower’) to recover from, and compensate for, loss of plants at the early vegetative stage of development was investigated by hand thinning plant populations established at commercial seeding rates with commercial seeding equipment. Plant density was reduced from 100-200 plants m−2 to 40 plants m−2 with less than a 20% loss in seed yield. Seeds per pod and seed weight in some instances increased with reduced plant density. However, compensation was attributed predominantly to an increased number of pods on the remaining plants, which increased from 20-90 to as many as 600. Branching increased from as few as 3 to, in some instances, almost 40. With reduced plant population there was a tendency for increased and prolonged accumulation of dry matter by the plants following flowering.Key words: Brassica campestris L., Brassica napus L., rapeseed, development, seed yield, hail.

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Bochkaryova, E. B., L. A. Gorlova, V. V. Serdyuk e E. A. Strelnikov. "Breeding value of dihaploid lines of spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)". Oil Crops 180, n.º 4 (25 de dezembro de 2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2019-4-180-18-22.

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Sahno, L. A., N. N. Cherep, M. V. Skarzhynskaya e Yu Yu Gleba. "Somatic hybridization in genus Brassica: hybrids between rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and black mustard (Brassica nigra L.)". Biopolymers and Cell 7, n.º 5 (20 de setembro de 1991): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.0002f4.

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Monnier, Noadya, Marion Cordier, Abdellatif Dahi, Valérie Santoni, Stéphanie Guénin, Christophe Clément, Catherine Sarazin et al. "Semipurified Rhamnolipid Mixes Protect Brassica napus Against Leptosphaeria maculans Early Infections". Phytopathology® 110, n.º 4 (abril de 2020): 834–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-19-0275-r.

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The rapeseed crop (Brassica napus) has to cope with fungal diseases that significantly impacts yields. In particular, the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of blackleg disease (also named Phoma stem canker), is a worldwide issue to this crop. Considering environmental concerns, it is essential to propose alternative natural compounds for rapeseed crop protection to reduce chemical fungicide use. Here we report data showing the efficacy of semipurified rhamnolipid (RL) mixes from bacterial origin to protect rapeseed against L. maculans at early stages of infection in controlled conditions. In addition, we show that RL solutions have excellent adhesion properties when sprayed onto rapeseed leaves, without adding any adjuvant. We demonstrate that RL mixes display direct antimycelial properties against the pathogen and stimulate plant defense responses in rapeseed. Our results validate, a preventive action of low RL concentrations to protect rapeseed against L. maculans and a curative effect in specific conditions when applied after the inoculation of the pathogen spores. Semipurified RL mixes therefore appear to be real cost-effective compounds that could be used in fields as biocontrol products to fight L. maculans early infections of rapeseed.

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Hasan, Mahmodol, Motaher Hossain e Daohong Jiang. "New endophytic strains of Trichoderma promote growth and reduce clubroot severity of rapeseed (Brassica napus)". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 10 (31 de outubro de 2023): e0287899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287899.

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Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the world’s third most important edible oilseed crop after soybean and palm. The clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae poses a significant risk and causes substantial yield losses in rapeseed. In this study, 13 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the healthy roots of rapeseed (B. napus) grown in a clubroot-infested field and molecularly identified. Based on germination inhibition of resting spores of P. brassicae, two endophytic fungal antagonists, Trichoderma spp. ReTk1 and ReTv2 were selected to evaluate their potential for plant growth promotion and biocontrol of P. brassicae. The Trichoderma isolates were applied as a soil drench (1×107 spore/g soil) to a planting mix and field soil, in which plants were grown under non-infested and P. brassicae-infested (2×106 spore/g soil) conditions. The endophytic fungi were able to promote plant growth, significantly increasing shoot and root length, leaf diameter, and biomass production (shoots and root weight) both in the absence or presence of P. brassicae. The single and dual treatments with the endophytes were equally effective in significantly decreasing the root-hair infection, root index, and clubroot severity index. Both ReTk1 and ReTv2 inhibited the germination of resting spores of P. brassicae in root exudates. Moreover, the endophytic fungi colonized the roots of rapeseed extensively and possibly induced host resistance by up-regulated expression of defense-related genes involved in jasmonate (BnOPR2), ethylene (BnACO and BnSAM3), phenylpropanoid (BnOPCL and BnCCR), auxin (BnAAO1) and salicylic acid (BnPR2) pathways. Based on these findings, it is evident that the rapeseed root endophytes Trichoderma spp. ReTk1 and ReTv2 could suppress the gall formation on rapeseed roots via antibiosis, induced systemic resistance (ISR), and/or systemic acquired resistance (SAR). According to our knowledge, this is the first report of the endophytic Trichoderma spp. isolated from root tissues of healthy rapeseed plants (B. napus.), promoting plant growth and reducing clubroot severity.

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Hucl, P., e W. D. Beversdorf. "Response of oilseed Brassica cultivars to ozone". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 1993): 1077–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-141.

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Cultivars of four oilseed Brassica species were exposed to acute levels of ozone (0.31 or 0.47 μL L−1) at the seedling stage. Brassica hitra ’BHL-926’ was the most sensitive to ozone followed by B. juncea ’Newton’ and B. rapa ’Torch.’ Brassica napus seedlings exhibited very little foliar injury (0 – 4%) after 24 h exposure to 0.31 μL L−1 ozone. Key words: Ozone, foliar injury, rapeseed, mustard

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Li, Jian, Yangyang Li, Rongyuan Wang, Jiangyan Fu, Xinxing Zhou, Yujie Fang, Youping Wang e Yaju Liu. "Multiple Functions of MiRNAs in Brassica napus L." Life 12, n.º 11 (7 de novembro de 2022): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111811.

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The worldwide climate changes every year due to global warming, waterlogging, drought, salinity, pests, and pathogens, impeding crop productivity. Brassica napus is one of the most important oil crops in the world, and rapeseed oil is considered one of the most health-beneficial edible vegetable oils. Recently, miRNAs have been found and confirmed to control the expression of targets under disruptive environmental conditions. The mechanism is through the formation of the silencing complex that mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing, which pairs the target mRNA and target cleavage and/or translation inhibition. However, the functional role of miRNAs and targets in B. napus is still not clarified. This review focuses on the current knowledge of miRNAs concerning development regulation and biotic and abiotic stress responses in B. napus. Moreover, more strategies for miRNA manipulation in plants are discussed, along with future perspectives, and the enormous amount of transcriptome data available provides cues for miRNA functions in B. napus. Finally, the construction of the miRNA regulatory network can lead to the significant development of climate change-tolerant B. napus through miRNA manipulation.

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Nan, Yunyou, Yuyu Xie, Ayub Atif, Xiaojun Wang, Yanfeng Zhang, Hui Tian e Yajun Gao. "Identification and Expression Analysis of SLAC/SLAH Gene Family in Brassica napus L." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 9 (28 de abril de 2021): 4671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094671.

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Slow type anion channels (SLAC/SLAHs) play important roles during anion transport, growth and development, abiotic stress responses and hormone responses in plants. However, there is few report on SLAC/SLAHs in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of SLAC/SLAH gene family members were performed in B. napus. A total of 23 SLAC/SLAH genes were identified in B. napus. Based on the structural characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of these members, the SLAC/SLAHs could be classified into three main groups. Transcriptome data demonstrated that BnSLAH3 genes were detected in various tissues of the rapeseed and could be up-regulated by low nitrate treatment in roots. BnSLAC/SLAHs were exclusively localized on the plasma membrane in transient expression of tobacco leaves. These results will increase our understanding of the evolution and expression of the SLAC/SLAHs and provide evidence for further research of biological functions of candidates in B. napus.

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Ozer, H. "The effect of plant population densities on growth, yield and yield components of two spring rapeseed cultivars". Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 9 (10 de dezembro de 2011): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4151-pse.

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Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important alternate oilseed crop in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. No information on plant density for rapeseed is available in this region. Therefore a study was initiated to investigate the effects of spacings between rows and spacings within rows on the yield and agronomic characteristics of two genotypes of spring rapeseed (Tower and Lirawell) in Erzurum, eastern Anatolia, during 1994 and 1995. The effects of spacings between or within rows on the yield and yield components of Tower and Lirawell, two cultivars of Brassica napus L., were studied for 2 years inErzurum,Turkey. Rows were spaced at 15, 30 and45 cm. Spacings within rows were 5, 10 and15 cm. The results of this study suggested that seed yield was significantly affected by spacings between rows but not by spacings within rows, and that rape yields were higher at the narrow (15 cm) row spacing compared to the middle (30 cm) and wider (45 cm) spacings.

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Wang, Qian, Na Xue, Chao Sun, Jing Tao, Chao Mi, Yi Yuan, Xiangwei Pan et al. "Transcriptomic Profiling of Shoot Apical Meristem Aberrations in the Multi-Main-Stem Mutant (ms) of Brassica napus L." Genes 14, n.º 7 (3 de julho de 2023): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14071396.

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Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a globally important oilseed crop with various uses, including the consumption of its succulent stems as a seasonal vegetable, but its uniaxial branching habit limits the stem yield. Therefore, developing a multi-stem rapeseed variety has become increasingly crucial. In this study, a natural mutant of the wild type (ZY511, Zhongyou511) with stable inheritance of the multi-stem trait (ms) was obtained, and it showed abnormal shoot apical meristem (SAM) development and an increased main stem number compared to the WT. Histological and scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed multiple SAMs in the ms mutant, whereas only a single SAM was found in the WT. Transcriptome analyses showed significant alterations in the expression of genes involved in cytokinin (CK) biosynthesis and metabolism pathways in the ms mutant. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of multi-main-stem formation in Brassica napus L. and lay a theoretical foundation for breeding multi-main-stem rapeseed vegetable varieties.

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Sun, Qinfu, Jueyi Xue, Li Lin, Dongxiao Liu, Jian Wu, Jinjin Jiang e Youping Wang. "Overexpression of Soybean Transcription Factors GmDof4 and GmDof11 Significantly Increase the Oleic Acid Content in Seed of Brassica napus L." Agronomy 8, n.º 10 (9 de outubro de 2018): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8100222.

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Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) with substantial lipid and oleic acid content is of great interest to rapeseed breeders. Overexpression of Glycine max transcription factors Dof4 and Dof11 increased lipid accumulation in Arabidopsis and microalgae, in addition to modifying the quantity of certain fatty acid components. Here, we report the involvement of GmDof4 and GmDof11 in regulating fatty acid composition in rapeseeds. Overexpression of GmDof4 and GmDof11 in rapeseed increased oleic acid content and reduced linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Both qPCR and the yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that GmDof4 activated the expression of FAB2 by directly binding to the cis-DNA element on its promoters, while GmDof11 directly inhibited the expression of FAD2. Thus, GmDof4 and GmDof11 might modify the oleic acid content in rapeseed by directly regulating the genes that are associated with fatty acid biosynthesis.

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Housseinpour, Reza, Ahmad Jahan Latibari, Ramin Farnood, Pedram Fatehi e S. Javad Sepiddehdam. "Fiber Morphology and Chemical Composition of Rapeseed (Brassica Napus) Stems". IAWA Journal 31, n.º 4 (2010): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000035.

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Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) stalks are widely available. Data on their fiber morphology and chemical composition is important to establish their best performance during pulping. This study found that average fiber length, fiber width, cell wall thickness, and lumen width of rapeseed were 1.32 mm, 31 μm, 5.75 μm, and 19.5 μm, respectively. Rapeseed fibers appear almost identical to wood fibers, but the accompanying vessel elements and parenchyma cells mean that small particles (fines) will be produced during refining. The chemical analysis of depithed rapeseed stalks showed that the cellulose, lignin, holocellulose, pentosan, and ash were 48.5%, 20%, 77.5%, 17%, and 6.6%, respectively. Alcoholacetone, hot water, cold water, and 1%-NaOH solubility were 6.6%, 5%, 13.8%, and 50.3%, respectively. These results indicate rapeseed stalks are suitable for pulping and papermaking.

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Duc, Le Anh, Jae Woong Han e Dong Hyuk Keum. "Thin layer drying characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)". Journal of Stored Products Research 47, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2011): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2010.05.006.

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Sánchez-Vioque, Raúl, Christian L. Bagger, Colette Larré e Jacques Guéguen. "Emulsifying properties of acylated rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) peptides". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 271, n.º 1 (março de 2004): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2003.10.028.

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Bérot, S., J. P. Compoint, C. Larré, C. Malabat e J. Guéguen. "Large scale purification of rapeseed proteins (Brassica napus L.)". Journal of Chromatography B 818, n.º 1 (abril de 2005): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.08.001.

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Engelke, Thomas, J. Hirsche e T. Roitsch. "Metabolically engineered male sterility in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)". Theoretical and Applied Genetics 122, n.º 1 (7 de setembro de 2010): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1432-4.

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Sánchez-Vioque, Raúl, Christian L. Bagger, Claude Rabiller e Jacques Guéguen. "Foaming Properties of Acylated Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Hydrolysates". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 244, n.º 2 (dezembro de 2001): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2001.7932.

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Pellan-Delourme, R., e M. Renard. "Cytoplasmic male sterility in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): female fertility of restored rapeseed with "Ogura" and cybrids cytoplasms". Genome 30, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1988): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-040.

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The study of Brassica napus L. plants carrying restorer genes introgressed from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) showed that these genes ensured restoration of male fertility in rapeseed for all the male sterility-inducing cytoplasm studied, i.e., "Ogura"-type cytoplasm and that of four cybrids obtained by protoplast fusion. Plants with high levels of restored male fertility were obtained. However, the introduction of restorer genes was accompanied by a large decrease in seed set. Observations of embryo sacs inside the ovules and correlation between number of seeds per pod and percentage of octonucleate embryo sacs indicated that low seed set could be attributed to a high rate of embryo sac abortion, mainly at the uninucleate stage. Introduction of too much radish genetic information was assumed to be the cause of this low female fertility. Female fertility must be improved before the restored material can be used for F1 hybrid rapeseed production.Key words: Brassica napus, Raphanus sativus, cytoplasmic male sterility, restorer, cybrid, female fertility, embryo sac.

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MUSTAFA, H. S. B., T. MAHMOOD, H. BASHIR, E. HASAN, A. M. DIN, S. HABIB, M. ALTAF et al. "GENETIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SILIQUE SHATTERING IN RAPESEED AND MUSTARD". SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 54, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2022): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.2.1.

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Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.) are two important oilseed crops grown worldwide for edible oil and meal production, as well as, a source of renewable energy. Silique shattering at the maturity stage is the major cause of seed yield reduction in brassica. Losses in seed yield are more in developing countries due to poor management and the non-availability of combine harvesters. Silique shattering resistance is essential for achieving good seed yield especially in Brassica napus. The silique on plants of rapeseed and mustard mature in different phases due to indeterminate growth habit, which is also a reason for shattering losses. Silique shattering is linked with the creation of a dehiscence zone in a brassica pod. When the siliqua wall loses its hydration, along the length of the siliqua, a few cell layers separate the replum from the pericarp tip of the two silique valves. In the dehiscence zone, it involves the collapse of cell walls and cell separation, as well as, the destruction of the middle lamella and enhanced hydrolytic enzyme activity. To avoid seed yield losses, resistance against silique shattering is essential in rapeseed and mustard cultivars. There are multiple QTLs discovered that control variance in silique shattering. Previous studies validated the shattering process in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was controlled by eight different genes. However, their role in controlling silique shattering in rapeseed and mustard is unknown. Modern tools of mutation breeding and genetic engineering, especially CRISPR/Cas9 technology, can be utilized to identify the genetic source for shattering resistance in rapeseed and mustard, which will be helpful for the development of silique-shattering

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Zhang, Liyuan, Chao Zhang, Bo Yang, Zhongchun Xiao, Jinqi Ma, Jingsen Liu, Hongju Jian, Cunmin Qu, Kun Lu e Jiana Li. "Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Monosaccharide Transporter Genes Associated with High Harvest Index Values in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)". Genes 11, n.º 6 (15 de junho de 2020): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060653.

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Sugars are important throughout a plant’s lifecycle. Monosaccharide transporters (MST) are essential sugar transporters that have been identified in many plants, but little is known about the evolution or functions of MST genes in rapeseed (Brassica napus). In this study, we identified 175 MST genes in B. napus, 87 in Brassica oleracea, and 83 in Brassica rapa. These genes were separated into the sugar transport protein (STP), polyol transporter (PLT), vacuolar glucose transporter (VGT), tonoplast monosaccharide transporter (TMT), inositol transporter (INT), plastidic glucose transporter (pGlcT), and ERD6-like subfamilies, respectively. Phylogenetic and syntenic analysis indicated that gene redundancy and gene elimination have commonly occurred in Brassica species during polyploidization. Changes in exon-intron structures during evolution likely resulted in the differences in coding regions, expression patterns, and functions seen among BnMST genes. In total, 31 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through RNA-seq among materials with high and low harvest index (HI) values, which were divided into two categories based on the qRT-PCR results, expressed more highly in source or sink organs. We finally identified four genes, including BnSTP5, BnSTP13, BnPLT5, and BnERD6-like14, which might be involved in monosaccharide uptake or unloading and further affect the HI of rapeseed. These findings provide fundamental information about MST genes in Brassica and reveal the importance of BnMST genes to high HI in B. napus.

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Xia, Jichun, Dong Wang, Yuzhou Peng, Wenning Wang, Qianqian Wang, Yang Xu, Tongzhou Li, Kai Zhang, Jiana Li e Xinfu Xu. "Genome-Wide Analysis of the YABBY Transcription Factor Family in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)". Genes 12, n.º 7 (27 de junho de 2021): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12070981.

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The YABBY family of plant-specific transcription factors play important regulatory roles during the development of leaves and floral organs, but their functions in Brassica species are incompletely understood. Here, we identified 79 YABBY genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and five Brassica species (B. rapa, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. juncea, and B. napus). A phylogenetic analysis of YABBY proteins separated them into five clusters (YAB1–YAB5) with representatives from all five Brassica species, suggesting a high degree of conservation and similar functions within each subfamily. We determined the gene structure, chromosomal location, and expression patterns of the 21 BnaYAB genes identified, revealing extensive duplication events and gene loss following polyploidization. Changes in exon–intron structure during evolution may have driven differentiation in expression patterns and functions, combined with purifying selection, as evidenced by Ka/Ks values below 1. Based on transcriptome sequencing data, we selected nine genes with high expression at the flowering stage. qRT-PCR analysis further indicated that most BnaYAB family members are tissue-specific and exhibit different expression patterns in various tissues and organs of B. napus. This preliminary study of the characteristics of the YABBY gene family in the Brassica napus genome provides theoretical support and reference for the later functional identification of the family genes.

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Ton, Linh Bao, Ting Xiang Neik e Jacqueline Batley. "The Use of Genetic and Gene Technologies in Shaping Modern Rapeseed Cultivars (Brassica napus L.)". Genes 11, n.º 10 (30 de setembro de 2020): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11101161.

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Since their domestication, Brassica oilseed species have undergone progressive transformation allied with the development of breeding and molecular technologies. The canola (Brassica napus) crop has rapidly expanded globally in the last 30 years with intensive innovations in canola varieties, providing for a wider range of markets apart from the food industry. The breeding efforts of B. napus, the main source of canola oil and canola meal, have been mainly focused on improving seed yield, oil quality, and meal quality along with disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and herbicide resistance. The revolution in genetics and gene technologies, including genetic mapping, molecular markers, genomic tools, and gene technology, especially gene editing tools, has allowed an understanding of the complex genetic makeup and gene functions in the major bioprocesses of the Brassicales, especially Brassica oil crops. Here, we provide an overview on the contributions of these technologies in improving the major traits of B. napus and discuss their potential use to accomplish new improvement targets.

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McGREGOR, D. I. "GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT OF DEVELOPING RAPESEED (Brassica napus L. ’Midas’) SEEDLINGS". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1988): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-048.

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The content of aliphatic, aromatic and indole glucosinolates were measured in the roots, hypocotyl, cotyledons and leaves of the high glucosinolate Brassica napus cultivar Midas over the first 10–14 d after seeding. For seedlings grown in light from emergence, glucosinolate content declined slightly then increased. Increase in the indole glucosinolate content of the shoot (hypocotyl and cotyledons) was caused by an increase in 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate. When seedlings were confined to darkness for either 6 or 10 d after seeding, 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate did not increase. The content of 4-hydroxy-3-indolylmethyl the dominant glucosinolate in the seed, declined in both light and dark grown seedlings. The individual glucosinolates in different parts of the seedling appeared to vary independently and to be related to development of specific organs or tissues. The complexity and relative rapidity with which amounts of the individual glucosinolates changed suggests the existence of an intricate metabolic control.Key words: Rapeseed, Brassica napus L., Cruciferae, glucosinolate, seedling development

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50

Salisbury, P., e J. Hyett. "Register of Australian Oilseed Cultivars. Brassica napus (L) var. napus (L) (Rapeseed) cv. Taparoo". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, n.º 1 (1989): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890152.

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