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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Railroads – United States – Fiction"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 30 de julho de 2024

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1

Allen, John G., e Gregory L. Newmark. "Sustainability without Subsidy: Public Case for Vertically Integrated Rail Oligopolies for Freight". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, n.º 12 (1 de julho de 2019): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119843861.

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Maintaining rail freight networks without subsidy is an important transportation policy concern. Today’s vertically integrated rail oligopolies (VIROs) in the United States, Canada, and Mexico have enabled rail freight to be commercially self-sustaining. A combination of favorable geography involving a choice of railroads for most longer hauls and commercial freedom for railroads to set prices without prior regulatory approval have helped create a situation in which North American freight railroads are self-sustaining without government subsidies. This research examines the development of VIROs in the United States, Canada, and Mexico today. A largely hands-off policy, combined with a willingness to allow railroads to accumulate enough money to maintain their physical plants to high standards, have led to today’s major freight railroad duopolies in the eastern and western United States, Canada, and Mexico. Despite some complaints from shipper interests, today’s VIROs are largely stable (with the possible exception of broader policy changes in Mexico). Lawmakers and regulators should ensure that any future mergers do not adversely affect the performance of what has thus far been a largely satisfactory model.

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2

Healey, Richard G. "Railroads and Immigration in the Northeast United States 1850-1900". Geography Compass 6, n.º 8 (agosto de 2012): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2012.00501.x.

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3

Frydman, Carola, e Eric Hilt. "Investment Banks as Corporate Monitors in the Early Twentieth Century United States". American Economic Review 107, n.º 7 (1 de julho de 2017): 1938–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150143.

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We study the effect of financial relationships on firms' investment decisions and access to external finance. In the early twentieth century, securities underwriters commonly held directorships with American corporations. Section 10 of the Clayton Antitrust Act prohibited bankers from serving on the boards of railroads for which they underwrote securities. We find that following the implementation of Section 10, railroads with strong preexisting relationships with underwriters saw declines in their investment rates, valuations, and leverage, and increases in their costs of external funds. Reassuringly, we do not observe similar effects among industrials and utilities, which were not subject to Section 10. Our results are consistent with underwriters on corporate boards acting as delegated monitors, and highlight the potential for regulations intended to address conflicts of interest to disrupt valuable information flows. (JEL G24, G31, G32, G34, K22, N21, N22)

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4

Gurney, Brian, e Joshua P. Hill. "Leveraging Railroad Land Grants and the Benefits Accruing in The New Economic Landscape". Journal of Transportation Management 30, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/1561953900.

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Unlike most companies, the major railroads in the United States have proven highly resilient to the vicissi- tudes of the market. We argue that this is due neither to the unique nature of rail haulage nor to superior management acumen. Rather this solidity is due to an immense wealth transfer to the railroads in the nine- teenth century that has dramatic impacts in the present. Moreover, the government protection and encouragement that rail grants represent did not end in the nineteenth century. It continues and represents an intangible asset that, while not on railroads’ balance sheet, is very real indeed.

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5

Brose, Eric Dorn, e Colleen A. Dunlavy. "Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia." American Historical Review 100, n.º 2 (abril de 1995): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169017.

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Brophy, James M., e Colleen A. Dunlavy. "Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia". German Studies Review 18, n.º 3 (outubro de 1995): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1431818.

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7

Stover, John F., e Colleen A. Dunlavy. "Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia." Journal of American History 82, n.º 1 (junho de 1995): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081999.

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8

Berk, Gerald, e Colleen A. Dunlavy. "Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia". Technology and Culture 36, n.º 3 (julho de 1995): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3107268.

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9

Majewski, John, e Colleen A. Dunlavy. "Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia". Journal of the Early Republic 15, n.º 1 (1995): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3124411.

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10

Berk, Gerald. "Adversaries by Design: Railroads and the American State, 1887–1916". Journal of Policy History 5, n.º 3 (julho de 1993): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600007259.

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It has become commonplace to acknowledge the exceptionally adversarial nature of business-government relations in the United States. When compared to their counterparts in Germany, France, Japan, and the Nordic countries, American business executives have much more autonomy from the state; and yet, there is also greater distrust between business and government. Such adversarial relations, many students of comparative political economy argue, puts the United States in the late twentieth century at a disadvantage. Faced with competitors in the world market who cooperate with their respective governments on investment, training, and long-term sectoral development, American corporations compete in global markets under a considerable handicap.

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11

Zegarra, Luis Felipe. "Transportation Costs and the Social Savings of Railroads in Latin America. The Case of Peru". Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 31, n.º 1 (março de 2013): 41–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610913000013.

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AbstractThis article estimates the social savings of the railroads in Peru in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The construction of railroads made it possible for Peruvians to substitute the traditional system of mules and llamas, although only for a few routes. Using primary and secondary sources, I estimate the social savings for 1890, 1904, 1914 and 1918. Social savings ranged between 0.3 per cent and 1.3 per cent of GDP in 1890, but then increased to a range between 3.6 per cent and 9.4 per cent of GDP in 1918. The social savings of railroads in Peru were comparable to those for the United States and Great Britain but were much lower than those for Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, largely because Peru had very few railroads.

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12

Allen, John G. "Commuter Rail, Freight Railroads, and the Open Access Debate". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1704, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2000): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1704-06.

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The future of the U.S. commuter rail industry is inextricably linked to that of the freight railroads. Because of recent mergers and associated operating issues, some shipper interests are seeking fundamental change in the organization of freight railroading. Under proposals for open access, railroads judged to be abusing a monopolistic position or providing inadequate service would be required to accommodate competing operators. As in the telecommunications and natural gas industries, infrastructure and service provision would be disaggregated and rail freight shippers could choose among different railroads. Open access is expected to lead to greater volatility in freight scheduling, as bulk shippers change service providers to maximize their commercial advantage. With freight railroads already at capacity in several metropolitan areas, open access would probably exacerbate capacity problems. The possible effects on commuter operations in Washington, D.C., and Chicago are analyzed. If the United States moves toward some form of open access, commuter railroads must ensure that their operating rights are fully preserved, especially during rush hours.

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13

Hewitt, Elizabeth. "Founded in Fiction: The Uses of Fiction in the Early United States". Genre 56, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2023): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00166928-10346873.

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14

BFN, Helen Boxwill, Kristine Dinnison, Linda Whitmore, Leslie Allen, Anita H. Morris, Belinda Y. Louie et al. "Booksearch: Recommended Historical Fiction Set in the United States". English Journal 81, n.º 5 (setembro de 1992): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/819909.

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15

Lewandowsky, Stephan, Werner G. K. Stritzke, Klaus Oberauer e Michael Morales. "Memory for Fact, Fiction, and Misinformation". Psychological Science 16, n.º 3 (março de 2005): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00802.x.

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Media coverage of the 2003 Iraq War frequently contained corrections and retractions of earlier information. For example, claims that Iraqi forces executed coalition prisoners of war after they surrendered were retracted the day after the claims were made. Similarly, tentative initial reports about the discovery of weapons of mass destruction were all later disconfirmed. We investigated the effects of these retractions and disconfirmations on people's memory for and beliefs about war-related events in two coalition countries (Australia and the United States) and one country that opposed the war (Germany). Participants were queried about (a) true events, (b) events initially presented as fact but subsequently retracted, and (c) fictional events. Participants in the United States did not show sensitivity to the correction of misinformation, whereas participants in Australia and Germany discounted corrected misinformation. Our results are consistent with previous findings in that the differences between samples reflect greater suspicion about the motives underlying the war among people in Australia and Germany than among people in the United States.

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16

Childs, William R. "State Regulators and Pragmatic Federalism in the United States, 1889–1945". Business History Review 75, n.º 4 (2001): 701–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116509.

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State regulators played a large part in constructing the American regulatory system from the late nineteenth century to the midtwentieth. They faced an adversary relationship not only with businesses but also, beginning with passage of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887, with national regulators. Shaping a process of “pragmatic federalism,” the state regulators forged a cooperative regulatory regime in which they and national regulators controlled the nations's railroads. In the 1930s and 1940s, state regulators extended the cooperative approach to numerous other regulated industries. These findings challenge the argument that the Shreveport case ended meaningful state regulation and suggest that the rise of big government included a continued commitment to the federalist framework of the U.S. Constitution, at least to the mid-twentieth century.

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17

Klein, Maury. "Competition and Regulation: The Railroad Model". Business History Review 64, n.º 2 (1990): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115585.

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In the following essay on the railroad industry, Maury Klein examines preconceptions and misunderstandings surrounding Americans' views of regulation and competition. He argues that the United States seems to want competition without losers and that, at least in the case of railroads, regulation has often tried to ensure this outcome without a real understanding of the economics of the industry.

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18

Karaoğlu, Semiha. "Railroads of the Glorious Empires in the late 19th Century: From the Great Game to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5". GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON JAPAN, n.º 4 (31 de março de 2021): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.62231/gp4.160001a03.

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Railroads have been an inevitable part of countries’ expansionist and imperialist policies throughout history. Easing commodity distribution as well as human mobility, railroads also provided the transfer of knowledge and became a means of intelligence sharing. In this view, one can plausibly observe that nations are inclined to allocate budgets for railroad construction in order to extend their power. Moreover, they also followed expansionist policies by constructing ‘transitive’ railroads, connecting extensive regions, or even continents. Hence, investigating railroads sheds light on world history, for it enables one to comprehend the ultimate motives countries had before embarking upon such endeavors. The present research, therefore, analyzes railroad construction, focusing on the nineteenth century. It commences by introducing a brief history of the railroad construction around the globe. Then, it moves on to the Great Game theory and analyzes how the rivalry between the British and Russian Empires increased the speed of constructions with imperialist and expansionist policies behind them. This research also elucidates what impacts railroads built by the Russian Empire had on the Empire of Japan, and how it led to the escalation of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5. Moreover, it focuses on the conflicts taking place between the Russian Empire and the United States, in connection to their impacts on the British Empire. In conclusion, the paper demonstrates a trend of how railroads shaped world history, taking into account the example of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5.

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19

Sohár, Anikó. "From the United States (via the Soviet Union) to Hungary". Pázmány Papers – Journal of Languages and Cultures 1, n.º 1 (13 de junho de 2024): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.69706/pp.2023.1.1.12.

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Isaac Asimov was the favourite American science-fiction author in the Kádár era due to extraliterary reasons, many of his works were therefore translated when science fiction, a previously prohibited popular genre was introduced to the Hungarian public. This paper analyses the first two Hungarian translations, that of a short story entitled ‘Victory Unintentional’ and that of a collection of short stories entitled I Robot. Both indirect and direct translations exhibit multiple traces of censorship and revision, significantly changing the structure, atmosphere and message of the original works. The paper also calls attention to the need to gather information about the literary translators of the Kádár era as long as some of them are still alive, make use of oral history.

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20

Taylor, James, Daniel Galvez, Chady Atallah e Bashar Safar. "The facts and fiction of breaking into the United States". Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 99, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2017): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsbull.2017.42.

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21

Silva de Carvalho, Paula. "The origin of regulatory agencies in the United States: A case of institutional change". Desenvolvimento em Debate 6, n.º 1 (27 de junho de 2018): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51861/ded.dmdo.1.009.

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This paper seeks to detail the process that culminated in the creation of the first regulatory agencies and analyzes it through the lens of Douglass North’s (1990) theory of institutional change. The first regulatory agency with power to regulate rates emerged in 1873 in the state of Illinois in the United States amid the conflict between farmers and railroads around rail fares. The analysis of this historical process indicates that North’s theory fits well to explaining the institutional change process that gave rise to the regulatory agencies model once the perception on relative prices was the major factor behind its emergence.

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22

Jiang, Wencheng. "A Study on the Construction of the National Media Image of American Science Fiction Films in the New Century". Advances in Humanities Research 3, n.º 1 (20 de novembro de 2023): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7080/3/2023016.

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As a significant genre of Hollywood blockbusters, science fiction films showcase the unbeatable technological prowess of the United States, serving as a vital avenue for international communication and the display of a powerful national image. Science fiction films have left a distinctive impression on audiences worldwide, portraying the United States as the global leader in technology, owing to the presence of real scientific research facilities, enigmatic scientific symbols, advanced research equipment, and extraordinary imagination within the genre. Since the turn of the century, American science fiction films have undergone a significant shift in their communication strategy, presenting a "hardcore Iron Man" national media image. This paper, employing agenda-setting theory and content analysis methodology, explores the specific pathways through which American science fiction films constructed the national media image from 2000 to 2019.

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23

Mesoraca, Jonathan, e Candace Brakewood. "A Synthesis of Mobile Ticketing Applications Used by Commuter Railroads in the United States". Journal of Public Transportation 21, n.º 2 (janeiro de 2018): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.21.2.6.

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24

Tolliver, Denver, e Pan Lu. "Variability of Track Investment with Traffic for Class I Railroads in the United States". Modern Economy 10, n.º 04 (2019): 1198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2019.104082.

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25

Blanton, Paul, e W. Andrew Marcus. "Railroads, roads and lateral disconnection in the river landscapes of the continental United States". Geomorphology 112, n.º 3-4 (novembro de 2009): 212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.06.008.

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Ranavaya, Mohammed I., e James B. Talmage. "Impairment and Disability Compensation Systems in the United States". Guides Newsletter 4, n.º 6 (1 de novembro de 1999): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1999.novdec01.

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Abstract Although several states use the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) when they evaluate individuals with impairments and disabilities, various disability systems exist in the United States. Disability and compensation systems have arisen to ensure that disadvantaged members of society with a medically determinable impairment, which may lead to a disability, have recourse to compensation from various sources, including state and federal workers’ compensation laws, veterans’ benefits, social welfare programs, and legal avenues. Each of these has differing definitions of disability, entitlement, benefits, procedures of claims application, adjudication, and the roles and relative weights assigned to medical vs administrative deliberations. Workers’ compensation statutes were enacted because of inadequacies of recovery from claims for injured workers under common law. Workers’ compensation is a no-fault system adopted to resolve the dilemmas of tort claims by providing automatic coverage to employees injured during the course of employment; in exchange for coverage, employees forego the right to sue the employer except for wanton neglect. Other workers’ compensation programs in the United States include the Federal Employees Compensation Act; the Federal Employers Liability Act (railroads); the Jones Act (Merchant Marine Act); the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act; the Department of Veterans Affairs; Social Security; and private, long-term disability insurance.

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27

Warwick, Suzanne I., e David A. Wall. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 108. Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1998): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-025.

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A review of biological information is provided for Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz. A European native, it was introduced into Canada and the United States in the early 1900s and spread rapidly along the railroads. The species occurs in all the provinces and the Northwest Territories and is particularly abundant in the Prairie provinces and mid-western United States. It is a summer annual, rarely a winter annual or biennial species, and is characterized by high reproductive output. Plants occur most commonly on waste ground and along roadsides and railroads, followed by agricultural fields. Erucastrum gallicum is of allopolyploid origins (n = 15, 7 + 8 chromosomes), and contains a single multi-locus isozyme genotype. The species is a close relative of Brassica and is capable of limited genetic exchange with the canola species, B. rapa and B. napus. The possible transfer of genes from transgenic canola varieties to Erucastrum gallicum poses a remote, but potential, environmental risk. Populations of Erucastrum gallicum, including both Old World and North American populations, constitute a valuable germplasm resource as potential sources of beneficial agronomic traits, such as disease resistance for canola crop improvement. Key words: Dog mustard, Erucastrum gallicum, weed biology, risk assessment, germplasm, canola

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28

Klimasmith, Betsy. "Founded in Fiction: The Uses of Fiction in the Early United States by Thomas Koenigs". Journal of the Early Republic 42, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2022): 672–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2022.0097.

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Rezek, Joseph. "Founded in Fiction: The Uses of Fiction in the Early United States by Thomas Koenigs". Early American Literature 58, n.º 1 (2023): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eal.2023.0019.

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Nugroho, Bhakti Satrio. "‘Firearming’ Fairytales: NRA and Gun Culture in American Fan-Fiction". J-Lalite: Journal of English Studies 3, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jes.2022.3.2.6061.

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Gun issue becomes one of the most polemic issues in the United States alongside racism. Regardless, the last major gun control legislation to make it into law was the assault weapons ban in 1994 as part of a larger crime-related bill approved during Bill Clinton presidential period. After the assault weapons ban expired, American society is threatened by the increasing numbers of gun violence issue such as mass shooting and gun homicide. In this case, NRA involvement is vital towards gun culture in the United States. As non-profit organization, NRA has influential lobbying for any policies towards gun policies. Thus, this paper discusses the dissemination of gun culture on NRA family website www.nrafamily.org. In 2016, Amelia Hamilton rewrote two Grimm’s fairytales “Little Red Riding Hood (Has a Gun)” and “Hansel and Gretel (Have Guns). Since gun becomes commodity, these NRA versions of fairytales can be analyzed as part of consumer manipulation by using consumer capitalist theory. Thus, this analysis shows that those fan-fictionalized fairytales consist of two main aspects: gun as protector and gun culture as common culture in the United States. It embraces the rationalization of gun ownership’ in the United States despite its lethal consequences.

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Archambault, Jeffrey J., e Marie Archambault. "THE EFFECT OF REGULATION ON STATEMENT DISCLOSURES IN THE 1915 MOODY'S MANUALS". Accounting Historians Journal 32, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2005): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.32.1.1.

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United States firms in the early 20th century were subject to public and private regulation. Forms of regulation included rate regulation and stock exchange listing requirements. These regulations created incentives to report income statement information. This study utilizes the 1915 Moody's Analyses of Investments to test whether regulated firms in the United States reported more income statement information than unregulated firms. Rate regulation influenced utilities to report income statements more frequently than industrial companies. Stock market listing requirements also influenced the reporting of income statements. Therefore, the results indicate that both public and private regulations influenced financial reporting in the early 20th century. Another finding of the study is that income statements were more frequently reported than balance sheets for both railroads and utilities.

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Barone, Dennis. "Machines are Us: Joseph Papaleo and the Literature of Sprawl". Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 42, n.º 1 (março de 2008): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001458580804200106.

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This essay examines the work of Italian American fiction writer Joseph Papaleo in the context of suburbanization, globalization, and ethnic heritage and identity. In doing so I demonstrate that Papaleo's fiction provides understanding of how Italian Americans have looked at Italy as they experienced the alienation of a consumer culture. Papaleo's fiction presents a mixed nostalgia for what Italy represents and recognition that it, too, like the United States, confronts continuous auto-dependent sprawl. Papaleo adds a suburban focus to the more frequently urban-centered literature of Italian Americans and he adds an ethic perspective to the predominantly Anglo American literature of the suburbs. His 1970 novel Out of Place depicts a materially successful Italian American, Gene Santoro, who cannot fill a deeper spiritual need in either the United States or Italy.

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Marmor, Theodore. "Fact and Fiction: The Medicare "Crisis" Seen From the United States". HealthcarePapers 1, n.º 3 (15 de junho de 2000): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12927/hcpap..17373.

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Berk, Gerald. "Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia by Colleen A. Dunlavy". Technology and Culture 36, n.º 3 (julho de 1995): 703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.1995.0078.

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35

Pilkey-Jarvis, Linda, e Nhi Irwin. "Complexities of Oil Spill Contingency Planning for Railroads – Lessons Learned In Washington State". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, n.º 1 (1 de maio de 2017): 2096–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2096.

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Abstract 2017-405 With the energy renaissance in the United States and the lack of inland pipeline distribution systems, increasingly railroads are transporting crude oil to coastal ports for refining and for further distribution over the water. In Washington State, rapidly changing modes of crude oil transportation, shifting away from vessel and towards rail delivery, resulted in a regulatory requirement for rail operators to develop state approved oil spill contingency plans. Oil spill planning for railroads can be complex, for instance, planning for spills in all types of terrains, environments and habitats, as railroads cross both inland and marine waters. Washington State regulations for railroad contingency plans have been developed in response to changes in oil movement and this paper presents lessons learned from that endeavor. During the rule process, a unit train carrying Bakken crude oil derailed in the Columbia River Gorge, providing an opportunity to draw those lessons into the final rules as adopted. This paper describes the State’s approach to working with large and small rail operators and concerned citizens, and shares the lessons that address the obstacles and opportunities unique to complex railroad oil spill planning.

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Keep, William W., Stanley C. Hollander e Roger Dickinson. "Forces Impinging on Long-Term Business-to-Business Relationships in the United States: An Historical Perspective". Journal of Marketing 62, n.º 2 (abril de 1998): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224299806200203.

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The authors examine the histories of four business-to-business relationships in the United States: advertising agencies and clients, textile agents and mills, the Pullman Car Company and railroads, and independent department stores and their resident buying offices. The authors’ goals are to gain perspective on how marketing relationships evolve over time and identify those factors that foster closer relationships and those that attenuate relationships. The results show that economic growth, information asymmetry partially prompted by geographic dispersion, entry barriers in one or both industries, dependence asymmetry, and economies of scale are important environmental forces that impinge on relationship development in all four cases.

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Beck, J. "DANIEL CORDLE. States of Suspense: The Nuclear Age, Postmodernism and United States Fiction and Prose." Review of English Studies 61, n.º 252 (8 de outubro de 2010): 838–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgp094.

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Kammer, Sean M. "Railroad Land Grants in an Incongruous Legal System: Corporate Subsidies, Bureaucratic Governance, and Legal Conflict in the United States, 1850–1903". Law and History Review 35, n.º 2 (13 de março de 2017): 391–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000049.

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Near the end of the nineteenth century, English scholar James Bryce criticized Western railroad land grants as “often improvident” and as giving “rise to endless lobbying and intrigue, first to secure them, then to keep them from being declared forfeited in respect of some breach of the conditions imposed by Congress on the company.” Bryce also observed the extent to which grants of land to railroads allowed the beneficiary companies to exercise great power not only through their role as carriers of people and commerce, but also through their role as large landowners. This, he noted, brought them “yet another source of wealth and power” and “brought them into intimate and often perilously delicate relations with leading politicians.” From the perspective of the so-called “railroad tycoons” and their financial backers, the land grants became sources of wealth and power independent of and sometimes contrary to the interests of the railroad corporations themselves as carriers. Whereas Congress intended the railroad land grants to serve as a means to the end of railroad construction and the settlement of the federal government's expansive public domain, the railroads came to see them as an end in themselves: as independent sources of wealth and power.

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Furman, Andrew. "Jewish-American fiction and the multicultural curriculum in the United States; or, what is Jewish-American fiction?" English Academy Review 15, n.º 1 (dezembro de 1998): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10131759885310091.

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Yao, Xine. "Founded in Fiction: The Uses of Fiction in the Early United States by Thomas Koenigs". Eighteenth-Century Fiction 35, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2023): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ecf.35.1.161.

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Moskos, Michelle Ann, Jennifer Achilles e Doug Gray. "Adolescent Suicide Myths in the United States". Crisis 25, n.º 4 (julho de 2004): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.25.4.176.

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Abstract: In the United States, teen suicide rates tripled over several decades, but have declined slightly since the mid-1990s. Suicide, by its nature, is a complex problem. Many myths have developed about individuals who complete suicide, suicide risk factors, current prevention programs, and the treatment of at-risk youth. The purpose of this article is to address these myths, to separate fact from fiction, and offer recommendations for future suicide prevention programs. Myth #1: Suicide attempters and completers are similar. Myth #2: Current prevention programs work. Myth #3: Teenagers have the highest suicide rate. Myth #4: Suicide is caused by family and social stress. Myth #5: Suicide is not inherited genetically. Myth #6: Teen suicide represents treatment failure. Psychiatric illnesses are often viewed differently from other medical problems. Research should precede any public health effort, so that suicide prevention programs can be designed, implemented, and evaluated appropriately. Too often suicide prevention programs do not use evidence-based research or practice methodologies. More funding is warranted to continue evidence-based studies. We propose that suicide be studied like any medical illness, and that future prevention efforts are evidence-based, with appropriate outcome measures.

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Weber, Joe. "Train Time: Railroads and the Imminent Reshaping of the United States Landscape. By John R. Stilgoe." Geographical Review 101, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2011): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2011.00078.x.

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Levetin, Estelle, e Peter Van de Water. "Changing pollen types/concentrations/distribution in the United States: Fact or fiction?" Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 8, n.º 5 (setembro de 2008): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-008-0081-z.

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Collier, Deirdre M., e Paul J. Miranti. "The Enlightenment’s connections to two US accounting-based regulatory models". Accounting History 24, n.º 2 (29 de julho de 2018): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373218787296.

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Enlightenment ideals relating to individual and group autonomy versus state power have long shaped socioeconomic ordering in the Western world. This article explores how competing Enlightenment ideologies influenced the development of two different accounting-based regulatory models in the United States, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Both commissions experimented with both models with different outcomes. The ICC, formed in 1887, ultimately followed a Hamiltonian approach involving direct intervention of the federal government to regulate the monopoly power of railroads. Almost half of a century later, after the 1929 Crash, the SEC was formed to re-establish public confidence in the nation’s financial markets. That resulted in reducing investors’ risk perceptions by assuring greater transactional transparency and probity. The SEC settled upon a Jeffersonian approach, which supported the delegation of responsibility for the application of accounting knowledge in regulation to professional groups rather than government officials. This approach characterized the emergent bureaucracy of the United States’ fast-expanding national executive state.

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Rosenbloom, Joshua L. "Looking for Work, Searching for Workers: U.S. Labor Markets after the Civil War". Social Science History 18, n.º 3 (1994): 377–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017077.

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Between the Civil War and World War I the American economy was reshaped by the forces of industrialization. In 1870 the United States was still a predominantly rural and agricultural society concentrated in the area east of the Mississippi River. By the early twentieth century it had become a largely urban and industrial society of continental proportions. The growth of railroads, cities, mines, and factories, along with shifts in the sectoral and geographic patterns of economic activity, required the mobilization of vast quantities of capital and labor (Perloff et al. 1965: chap. 14). The formation of efficient factor markets capable of responding to these demands was an important ingredient in the rapid economic growth of the postbellum United States. The evolution of financial market institutions in response to the demands of late-nineteenth-century industrialization has been studied in some detail (Davis 1965; Sylla 1969; James 1978; Snowden 1987, 1988), but relatively little is known about the history of labor market institutions after the Civil War.

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Shewry, Teresa. "States of Suspense: The Nuclear Age, Postmodernism and United States Fiction and Prose (review)". MFS Modern Fiction Studies 57, n.º 4 (2011): 764–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2011.0073.

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Abby J. Kinchy. "States of Suspense: The Nuclear Age, Postmodernism, and United States Fiction and Prose (review)". Technology and Culture 51, n.º 1 (2009): 282–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.0.0412.

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Roberts, Siân Silyn. "Review: Founded in Fiction: The Uses of Fiction in the Early United States, by Thomas Koenigs". Nineteenth-Century Literature 76, n.º 3 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2021.76.3.388.

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Cohen, Monica F. "IMITATION FICTION: PIRATE CITINGS IN ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON'S TREASURE ISLAND". Victorian Literature and Culture 41, n.º 1 (março de 2013): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150312000289.

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When Charles Dickens tried to lobby for American support of an international copyright agreement during his wildly popular 1842 tour of the United States, the English author was famously shocked to find himself lambasted as an elitist who dared expect payment for what Americans believed they had the right to read for free (McGill 109–40; Claybaugh 71; Pettitt 152). Dickens encountered in the practice of literary piracy, or what was called in the United States, the culture of reprinting, a deep fissure in capitalist democratic culture between individual ownership and public access, an ideological divide that forms the backdrop for the creation and circulation of nineteenth-century print. If the legal privatization of intellectual property hovered in the imagination of so many Victorian writers, it formed the happy ending of a long nineteenth-century struggle over literary piracy, a contention of goods that shaped the Victorian stage as we well as the transatlantic literary marketplace.

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Vassallo, Jose Manuel, e Mark Fagan. "Nature or nurture: why do railroads carry greater freight share in the United States than in Europe?" Transportation 34, n.º 2 (8 de novembro de 2006): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11116-006-9103-7.

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