Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Qualité nutritionnelle du fruit"
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Cendres, Aurélie. "Procédé novateur d'extraction de jus de fruits par micro-onde : viabilité de fabrication et qualité nutritionnelle des jus". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557288.
Texto completo da fonteBreniere, Thomas. "Impact des interactions génotype-pratique sur la teneur et la séquestration des caroténoïdes dans les matrices végétales et sur les effets santé associés : Cas d'étude sur deux espèces de Solanacées : la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) et la baie de goji (Lycium barbarum)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AVIG0621.
Texto completo da fonteThe health benefits of fruit and vegetables are partly due to their richness in phytochemicals such as carotenoids. The aim of this thesis was to combine several disciplines to analyze the relationship between growing conditions, carotenoid sequestration and the health value of fruit. The health value of fruit is assessed at various levels: I) the micronutrient composition of mature fruit; II) the bioaccessibility of carotenoids in an in vitro digestion model; III) the metabolic phenotype of C57BL/6JRj mice supplemented with fruit powder for 12 weeks in a model of induced obesity; IV) the vascular function of hyperglycemic Wistar rats fed with high antioxidant capacity fruits. Two types of fruit described as carotenoid rich matrix, namely six tomato genotypes (Solanum lycopersicum, 'industrial tomato' type genotypes: H1311, M82, IL2-5, IL54, IL6-2 and IL12-4) and a lycium genotype more commonly known as 'goji' (Lycium barbarum, cultivar FPW07), were grown in a controlled environment with two water regimes. A 'Control Irrigation' (CI) regime with complete restoration of evapotranspiration, and a stressed 'Deficit Irrigation' (DI) regime, in which irrigation volumes were halved from anthesis to harvest compared with the CI treatment. We hypothesized that water deficit and/or post-harvest treatments (steaming, drying, etc.) may modulate the health value of the fruits by affecting their micronutrient composition and the bioaccessibility of carotenoids. The results of this work showed that in an in vitro digestion model, DI globally decreases carotenoid bioaccessibility. In vivo, the results suggested that tomato or goji berry consumption may be associated with positive health effects in a metabolic and vascular context, with effects largely dependent on genotype and post-harvest treatment studied, but not necessarily water treatment. Thus, this work suggests that genotype and/or post-harvest treatment are major levers to improving the health value of fruit throughout the production chain
Al, Fata Nizar. "Conception et exploitation d’un dispositif expérimental instrumenté pour la prévision de la dégradation de la qualité nutritionnelle et de l’inactivation microorganismes dans les fruits et légumes transformés". Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0265/document.
Texto completo da fonteCanning involves thermal treatments performed at high temperatures, which may alter nutrional quality of food products. Indeed, some vitamins, like vitamin C, are very heat sensitive.The aim of the project PREDINUT was to propose a decision support tool that predicts vitamin C (as indicator of nutritional quality) degradation in given conditions of time/temperature, in order to optimise processes.A thermoresistometer Mastia® was used to reach the temperature and pressure conditions encountered during canning. The impact of the variation pH, initial concentration of ascorbic acid or again partial pressure of oxygen in headspace, on ascorbic acid degradation was studied in model solution. Studies were also performed in apple puree, carrot puree and carrot juice in order to obtain a destruction profile of vitamin C in real foods. . The temperature range studied was from 95 to 125 °C, the fixed pH in model solution was from 2.5 to 5.5 in strict anaerobic conditions, and 3.5 in aerobic conditions (3.5 being the pH value of common fruits), initial concentrations of ascorbic acid varied from 150 to 900 mg/100mL, and the partial pressure of oxygen from 30000 to 100000 Pa. Foods were enriched in ascorbic acid (up to 450 mg/mL), and the pH value was not adjusted.Models were established to describe the kinetics of vitamin C degradation in aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. En absence of oxygen ascorbic acid degradation was well described by a first order kinetics (except at pH = 4.5). In presence of oxygen the degradation speed increased with head-space oxygen’s partial pressure but very little with temperature. Apparent reaction orders varying from 0.5 to 0.75, depending on the partial pressure of oxygen in the headspace, fitted the data better than first-order.In foods, degradation kinetics of vitamin C appeared more complex, with eventual presence of plateaus followed by acceleration of the reaction. Definitely more knowledge on mechanisms is needed to predict ascorbic acid degradation in real foods
Buteau-Poulin, Dorothée. "La qualité nutritionnelle : un « signe vital » associé au profil cardiométabolique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32537.
Texto completo da fonteDans sa planification stratégique pour 2020, l'American Heart Association a placé l’amélioration de la santé cardiovasculaire idéale dans ses priorités, renforçant ainsi la pertinence d’ajouter à la prise en charge du risque de maladies cardiovasculaires l’évaluation et le suivi des marqueurs des habitudes de vie (tabagisme, indice de masse corporelle, niveau d’activité physique et qualité nutritionnelle [QN]) au contrôle des facteurs de risque biologiques traditionnels (cholestérol, contrôle glycémique, tension artérielle). Récemment, il a été rapporté que seulement 1,5 % de la population adulte américaine atteint une QN idéale, faisant ainsi de la QN le marqueur des habitudes de vie le moins respecté. La QN est également le premier facteur de risque modifiable de mortalité totale, devant la sédentarité et le tabagisme. Toutefois, il n’existe actuellement pas d’outil validé pour évaluer rapidement et simplement la QN. Ce projet de maîtrise vise donc à documenter la contribution de la QN, évaluée par un court questionnaire, à la variation du profil cardiométabolique (CM) chez des adultes participant à un programme ciblant les habitudes de vie en milieu de travail. Des questionnaires sur l’historique médical et sur les habitudes de vie, dont la QN, ont été remplis par les participants (3129 hommes et 1656 femmes). Une évaluation du profil CM (tension artérielle, mesures anthropométriques, bilan lipidique et hémoglobine glyquée) et de la condition cardiorespiratoire (CCR) a été réalisée. Les résultats montrent que les participants ayant une QN élevée ont de meilleures habitudes de vie et présentent un profil CM favorable comparativement à ceux avec une faible QN. L’association entre la QN et le profil CM demeure significative après des ajustements pour le niveau d’activité physique et pour la CCR. Ainsi, ce projet supporte l’intégration de l’évaluation de la QN comme un « signe vital » dans la prise en charge optimale du risque CM.
In the setting of its 2020 strategic goals, the American Heart Association committed to improve the ideal cardiovascular health hence emphasizing the added value of targeting health behaviors markers, such as nonsmoking, physical activity, body mass index and overall nutritional quality (NQ), in addition to the monitoring of traditional biological risk factors (blood pressure, lipids and glucose) in the optimal management of cardiovascular diseases. It was recently reported that overall NQ was the health behavior with the lowest percentage of the population at goal levels and that a suboptimal NQ had become the leading modifiable risk factor for total mortality ahead of both sedentarity and smoking. However, there is actually no brief, straightforward and validated tool to assess NQ. The main purpose of this project was to investigate the contribution of overall NQ to the variation in the cardiometabolic (CM) profile in the setting of a workplace health program. Standardized questionnaires on medical history as well as on lifestyle habits, including NQ, were completed by participants (3129 men and 1656 women). In addition, subjects went through a comprehensive evaluation of the CM profile (blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, lipid profile and hemoglobin A1c) and of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Results showed that participants with a high NQ had better lifestyle habits and a more favorable CM profile compared to those with a low NQ. The association between NQ and the CM profile remained significant after adjustments for physical activity level and CRF. Accordingly, this project reinforced the relevance of targeting overall NQ, with a short food-based questionnaire, as an emerging « vital sign » in the optimal management of CM risk.
Lopez, Hubert. "Maîtrise de la qualité nutritionnelle du blé : fibres, minéraux et acide phytique". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF1MM02.
Texto completo da fonteAdam, Aline. "Qualité nutritionnelle et effets métaboliques des farines de blé et du pain". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF1MM14.
Texto completo da fonteVieux, Florent. "Qualité nutritionnelle et impact carbone des choix alimentaires individuels : le cas Français". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5056.
Texto completo da fonteHealth and environment are, with economy and social concerns, two pillars of food sustainability whose compatibility is discussed. They can be estimated through nutritional quality and carbon footprint respectively. In this thesis, we propose to analyze the convergence between nutrition and environment by adopting two different approaches. First, we have estimated the effect of modifying individual food choices on diet-related carbon footprint. Second, by classifying the individuals based on the nutritional quality of their diet, we compared the diet-related carbon footprint among the classes of individuals. First, we have shown that changes in food choices may not be an efficient strategy for reducing the diet-related carbon footprint. Second, the level of carbon footprint did not differ much according to the nutritional quality of diets. A high quality diet even seems associated with a higher carbon footprint.The results lead to question the idea commonly found in the food and nutrition literature that there is a “natural” convergence between promotion of public health and environmental protection. Our approach is original because we have taken into account the variability of realistic individual food consumptions and we estimated the nutritional quality of diets with precision. This topic is a vast field of researches which has to be explored urgently
Biguzzi, Coralie. "L'amélioration de la qualité nutritionnelle est-elle compatible avec le maintien de la qualité sensorielle ? : L'exemple des biscuits". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00909653.
Texto completo da fonteGilbert-Moreau, Joséane. "Qualité nutritionnelle de l'offre alimentaire : quel est le portrait des aliments qui ciblent les enfants?" Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67907.
Texto completo da fonteStudies show that the food environment in which an individual lives influences their food choices. Exposure to a food supply of better quality, a component of the food environment, is therefore more favorable to the adoption of healthy eating habits. Highly influenced by their environment, children represent a vulnerable population that is worth focusing on. Several studies have looked at the nutritional quality of food products targeted to children due to their marketing, observing that most of these foods and beverages were of poor nutritional quality. With the purpose of characterizing the nutritional quality of the food supply in Quebec by considering children as a target audience of interest, the nutritional composition of three food categories showing high proportions of marketing intended to children (i.e., breakfast cereals, granola bars and yoghurts and dairy desserts) was analyzed using data from sectoral studies of the Food Quality Observatory. This manuscript illustrates the importance of being interested in food marketing to children in order to reduce its negative impacts on this population. Results of the study showed that improvements are needed, particularly in the amount of free sugars as well as the overall nutritional quality of child-targeted breakfast cereals. These results make it possible to get an overview of the nutritional quality of some food products targeted to children in the current food supply in Quebec and thus support reflections on improving the regulation of food marketing with regard to this vulnerable population.
Allen, Thomas. "Impacts des variations de prix sur la qualité nutritionnelle du panier alimentaire des ménages français". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10011.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis aims at simulating optimal prices satisfying public health recommendations in terms of nutrient adequacy. This implies to estimate a complete food demand system in order to compute price elasticities. Food consumption behaviors are described by an AI functional form (Deaton and Muellbauer, 1980). The demand system is estimated using the Iterated Least Square Estimator developed by Blundell and Robin (1999). Augmented specifications to control for, respectively, non-linearities in expenditure patterns and habit persistence are tested. We use French household expenditure data drawn from TNS Worldpanel covering 156 periods of 4 weeks from 1996 to 2007. Given the nature of our data, households are split into 8 cohorts. Issues afferent to pseudo-panel data are presented. Nutrient adequacy is defined using three nutrient only-based indicators: the MAR (Mean Adequacy Ratio), the LIM (Score des Composés à Limiter) and the SAIN (Score d'Adéquation Individuel aux recommandations Nutritionnelles). Optimal prices are derived following Ramsey's approach to optimal taxation; Maximizing social welfare under nutritional constraints results in optimal price variations or tax rates, each defined as a function of all direct and cross price elasticities and the above mentioned indicator for all food groups. Further developments allow to estimate the impacts of price variations on nutrient adequacy. Incidence on social welfare and nutritional inequalities is assessed in a last chapter
How, Kit Alexandre. "Contrôle épigénétique du développement et de la qualité des fruits de tomate". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13741/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe control of gene expression has been challenged by the discovery of epigenetic regulation. Among the different factors involved in epigenetic regulations, the Polycomb (PcG) proteins are known to repress gene expression by setting epigenetic marks. The PcG protein, initially discovered in drosophila, act together in three distinct complexes named PRC1 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 1), PRC2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2) and PhoRC (Pleiohomeotic Repressive Complex). PRC2 complexes methylate histone H3 on lysines K9/27. In plants, only three classes of PcG protein has been found: the Enhancer of zeste (E(z)) class, the Extra Sex Combs (ESC) class and the Supressor of zeste 12 (Su(z)12) class, which belong to the PRC2. Their function in plant development has been brought to light in Arabidopsis thaliana. They control female gametophyte and seed development, maintain the vegetative development, and are involved in floral identity and vernalization. However, their function in fruit development is still unknown. My work was aimed to identify and characterize two PcG genes, named SlEZ1 and SlEZ2, encoding tomato E(z) class proteins. SlEZ1 and SlEZ2 proteins contain all the five E(z) characteristic domains and are both localized in the nucleus. Furthermore, as double-hybrid experiments reveal that both SlEZ1 and SlEZ2 proteins are able to form PRC2 complexes and interact with PcG proteins of other classes (ESC and Su(z)12 classes), it seems that these proteins are functional. Their expression profiles reveal ubiquitous expression during vegetative development (leaves, buds, stems) and reproductive development (flowers and fruits). However SlEZ1 is specifically expressed in the stamens whereas SlEZ2 shows specific expression in the transmitting tissue of the style. Moreover, their expression during fruit development shows some differences: if SlEZ1 expression is almost constant, SlEZ2 expression decreases during fruit development. In order to indentify SlEZ1 functions in fruit development, transgenic plants underexpressing constitutively SlEZ1 have been generated. These plants present altered flower morphology with twisted stamens and increased carpel number fruits
Dhuique-Mayer, Claudie. "Evaluation de la qualité nutritionnelle des jus d'agrumes : estimation in vitro de la biodisponibilité des caroténoïdes". Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20157.
Texto completo da fonteTuron, Fabrice. "Amélioration de la qualité nutritionnelle d'une huile de thon : biofaçonnement par une enzyme végétale naturellement supportée". Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPTA001.
Texto completo da fonteMalle, Sidiki. "Études d’association pangénomique pour l’identification des régions génomiques influençant la qualité nutritionnelle chez le soya canadien". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40192.
Texto completo da fonteSoybean is an important source of protein, oil, carbohydrates, and other beneficial nutrients, such as minerals. A major function of protein in nutrition is to provide adequate amounts of amino acids. Although essential for human health and animal nutrition, the sulfur amino acids cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) are often limiting and the genetic basis underlying their accumulation in soybeans seeds is poorly characterized. Another factor no less important for the nutritional quality of soybeans is its mineral content, which affects the end-use traits of both the oil and protein fractions as well as the quality of seed (germination rate, vigor of seedlings). Unfortunately, very little attention has been paid to Canadian soybean varieties in terms of their content in sulfur amino acids and important minerals in seeds. The enhancement of seed nutrient content via genetic improvement is considered as the most promising and cost-effective approach to contribute to a healthy and nutritious diet, which provides the consumer with the necessary quantity of nutrients for good health. To facilitate breeding for increased nutritional quality, it is necessary to identify the genetic determinants underlying various nutrients and to develop markers allowing this selection. Currently, genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) is the most powerful approach for determining the genetic basis of a trait. In the most favorable cases, not only do these analyses make it possible to identify genomic regions which control all or part of the trait of interest, but they can even make it possible to identify candidate genes which play a direct role in the trait of interest. The goals of this thesis were to determine the genetic basis of key components of the nutritional value of soybeans, namely the seed content in sulfur amino acids (Cys / Met) and four major mineral elements (Ca, K, P and S). In both cases, a GWAS was performed on a collection of 137 lines representative of the genetic diversity encountered in early-maturing Canadian soybeans. In part 1, Cys and Met content were measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) on seed from five environments in total. Genotypic data for 2.2 M single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to perform an association analysis. In an initial discovery phase based on the data from two environments, we were able to identify a total of ten genomic regions (QTL), most of which were identified for the first time. To ensure the reliability and reproducibility of these QTLs, we validated a large majority of these in three additional environments. These QTLs allowed us to identify two candidate genes, both of which code for proteins involved in cysteine synthesis. In part 2, mineral content was measured in seed of the same 137 lines using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) harvested from five environments in total. The association analyses were carried out with the same genotypic data set (2.2 M SNP) as in part 1. Eight QTLs significantly associated with the Ca, K, P and S content were identified by at least two of the three statistical models used. These QTLs were found to be highly reproducible as they influenced the studied traits in three additional environments. Indeed, seven of the eight QTLs were validated in this fashion. For these QTLs regions, we were able to identify thee candidate gene annotated as being involved in the transport or the assimilation of these mineral elements. Compared to previous studies, the high density of markers used in this study has contributed to the reproducible detection of several new loci associated with the content of sulfur amino acids or mineral elements. In addition, it has made it possible to identify promising candidate genes. The markers and genes identified in this study will be useful for the genetic improvement of soybeans through marker-assisted selection.
Issa, Carine. "Régime méditerranéen traditionnel et adiposité dans un échantillon rural au Liban, et qualité nutritionnelle des plats composés". Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20705.
Texto completo da fonteThe traditional Mediterranean (Med) diet has been widely documented for its benefits in the prevention of chronic diseases. Unfortunately, in Lebanon, as in other Med countries, the traditional diet is eroding toward a more westernized diet. This detrimental evolution is accompanied by an increased prevalence of obesity. However, rural areas seem to be experiencing a smoother nutrition transition. In this context, two complimentary studies were performed to document the diet characteristics of a rural sample in Lebanon and the relationship with adiposity. First, we aimed to test the hypothesis that adherence to a traditional Med diet was associated with a lower prevalence of body adiposity in this rural sample. Secondly, we aimed to determine the global nutritional quality of traditional Lebanese dishes as compared to dishes most consumed in France, based on the new concept of nutrient profiling. The findings demonstrated an inverse association between diet quality and adiposity markers (namely, Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference) when dietary quality was assessed with a new Composite Med score, including both positive components of the diet (i. E. Whole grain and cereal products, vegetables, fruit) and negative components adapted to our sample (i. E. Refined grain and cereal products, liquid sweets), along with positive key components of the Med diet (i. E. Legumes, olive oil, and fish). Results of the second part of our work showed that the mean of vegetable and unrefined starches contents combined represented more than 50% of total weight in composite dishes from Lebanon (LD) and only 25% in dishes consumed in France (FD). LD were significantly richer in vitamin C than FD and had significantly lower content in saturated fatty acids and sodium than FD. Thus, traditional Lebanese dishes were found to generally have a good nutritional quality with twice as many LD as FD belonging to the most favorable nutrient profile class. The nutrient profile perspective suggested that the rich traditional cuisine heritage of Lebanon has the potential to improve dietary diversity and healthy eating. Moreover, our results support the concept that adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet is associated with reduced general and abdominal adiposity. Overall, our work suggests that the reintroduction of traditional dietary habits in Mediterranean countries could slow down the increasing trend toward overweight and obesity, and thus prevent detrimental health consequences in populations of this region
Langar, Habib. "Effets physiologiques et métaboliques de la qualité nutritionnelle des protéines chez le jeune alevin de bar (Dicentrarchus labrax)". Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2016.
Texto completo da fonteBen, Abdelkader Houcine. "Étude de l'impact des méthodes de séchage sur la qualité nutritionnelle et physico-chimique des poudres de fromage gouda". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28441/28441.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteSongre, Ouattara Laurencia Toulsoumdé. "Potentialités d'utilisation de souches starters de bactéries lactiques pour l'amélioration de la qualité nutritionnelle de bouillies de mil fermenté". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20137.
Texto completo da fonteTo improve the nutritional quality of infant gruels made of pearl millet with either groundnut or soybean, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) selected for enzyme activities of interest in nutrition, such as amylase, phytase and -galactosidase were used. For the sake of comparisons, natural fermentations were also performed. The use of an amylolytic LAB enabled to increase the energy density at values required for young children, by incorporating 15 to 18% of dry matter depending on the mixture (vs. 7 to 8% for the traditional gruels). The use of an amylolytic LAB allows avoiding the use of malt, as frequently done in other improved processes. For the pearl millet-groundnut mixture, one of the strains was able to hydrolyse raffinose, stachyose and verbascose. As for the pearl millet-soybean mixture, these compounds were already hydrolysed before the fermentation step, suggesting the action of endogenous enzymes. Surprisingly, whatever the mixture pearl-millet-legume no phytate hydrolysis was observed with the phytasic strains, despite their high in vitro phytase activity. Therefore, in spite of a screening leading to select strains with high enzyme activities, their activity within the food matrix could be inhibited or limited depending on the strain and the food matrix. More investigations are necessary to better know what would be the influence of processes and food matrix composition on microbial activities, in order to be able to predict nutritional quality of a fermented gruel based on strain and matrix characteristicsTo improve the nutritional quality of infant gruels made of pearl millet with either groundnut or soybean, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) selected for enzyme activities of interest in nutrition, such as amylase, phytase and -galactosidase were used. For the sake of comparisons, natural fermentations were also performed. The use of an amylolytic LAB enabled to increase the energy density at values required for young children, by incorporating 15 to 18% of dry matter depending on the mixture (vs. 7 to 8% for the traditional gruels). The use of an amylolytic LAB allows avoiding the use of malt, as frequently done in other improved processes. For the pearl millet-groundnut mixture, one of the strains was able to hydrolyse raffinose, stachyose and verbascose. As for the pearl millet-soybean mixture, these compounds were already hydrolysed before the fermentation step, suggesting the action of endogenous enzymes. Surprisingly, whatever the mixture pearl-millet-legume no phytate hydrolysis was observed with the phytasic strains, despite their high in vitro phytase activity. Therefore, in spite of a screening leading to select strains with high enzyme activities, their activity within the food matrix could be inhibited or limited depending on the strain and the food matrix. More investigations are necessary to better know what would be the influence of processes and food matrix composition on microbial activities, in order to be able to predict nutritional quality of a fermented gruel based on strain and matrix characteristics
Bennouna, Djawed. "Etude de l'impact de l'environnement et de la génétique sur la qualité nutritionnelle du colza par une approche métabolomique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0772/document.
Texto completo da fonteRapeseed (Brassica napus) is the first oleaginous crop in France. It is cultivated for the abundance of its seeds in lipids, proteins as wellas for its richness in secondary metabolites that can modulate the health of the consumer. For instance, different actions have beenimplemented by food and feed industries to reduce the rate of anti-nutritional metabolites. Conversely few are devoted to theexploitation of health promoting molecules. A strategy is to identify the genotype x environment x agronomic management interactions(GEAI) to generate seeds of optimal nutritional quality.The results showed that some varieties are resilient to the environment. On the other hand, others appeared more sensitive. The environment and genetic impact was evaluated on a preclinical model ob/ob mouse by a multi-omic approach, and compared to a reference extract from Brassica oleracea (Broccoli), marketed for its health benefits. The results showed that the "omic" biological response measured in the intestine, liver and plasma showed a strong proximity between one of the rapeseed extract (ES-Mambo) and the reference extract (Broccoli). We believe that these results occured from the presence of common bioactive compounds between the two plants (rapeseed and broccoli), that some of them were identified (phenolic compounds and glucosinolates). The metabolomic approach was efficient to estimate the health impact of phytochemical extracts that have never been evaluated before. We demonstrated that the GEAI of rapeseed that modified their bioactive contents induced a differential biological response in the consumer. This proof of concept study could be applied to other food plant products
Quilot, Bénédicte Marie. "Vers une démarche de sélection variétale assistée par des modèles écophysiologiques et génétiques : Cas de la qualité organoleptique chez la pêche (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch)". Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0020.
Texto completo da fonteWe evaluated the possibility of using ecophysiological models to describe genetic variations observed in a population, identify QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) for the model parameters and combine QTLs and ecophysiological models. This approach was applied to peach quality observed in an advanced backcross between Prunus persica (L. Batsch) and Prunus davidiana. The ecophysiological model predicts fruit and stone dry and fresh masses and total sugar concentration in relation to environmental conditions. A preliminary study was conducted to select relevant parameters among the 40 ones of the model. In a first step these parameters were estimated experimentally for nearly 130 individuals of the population and independent data were acquired to test the predictive quality of the model. In a second step, model analysis allowed us to identify the key genotypic parameters. In a third step, QTL analysis resulted in the description of a model of genetic control of these parameters which predicts the parameters values for any genotype according to the alleles present at each locus of interest. To combine ecophysiological and genetic models, we replaced in the ecophysiological model the measured values of the parameters by the values predicted by the genetic model. Twelve genotypic parameters, involved in identified ecophysiological processes, appeared essential. Tight links appeared between some of the parameters. QTLs for the twelve parameters were detected and co-locations between QTLs for quality traits and QTLs for parameters were observed. The biological meaning of the parameters should make it possible to interpret the role of the corresponding genes. The combined model was satisfactory, however ways to improve it were suggested. For example, detailed study and modelling of the boundary processes of the ecophysiological model, early fruit growth and pre-harvest maturation, should be interesting since they appeared to be key processes. The most attractive potential use of the combined model is to predict the behaviour of ideotypes carrying any combination of alleles from the population
Najla, Safaa. "Analyse et modélisation de la croissance de la plante et du fruit de tomate : application à des niveaux de salinité et de disponibilité hydrique variables". Avignon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AVIG0625.
Texto completo da fonteTomato production is very important in horticulture. The high competition on the world market emphasizes to improve fruit quality, whose criteria are complex. The modification of water and carbon status of the plant are an important key in developing the fruit quality. The effects of water and carbon factors on fruit quality are due to the plasticity observed in the functioning of the fruit, but also of the plant. By coupling experimental and modeling approaches, the effect of water and salt stress were studied (i) on the plant functioning. The interaction between the plant and fruit is described through the endogenous availability of water and carbon. In the first experiment (2006), tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. Cv Marmara) were grown in greenhouses at four salinity levels (4, 7, 10 and 13 mS cm-1) during 6 monts of culture. In the 2nd experiment (2007), a water stress, for 15 days, was applied. These experiments have showed a significant effect on the fruit growth and quality (size, dry mass content), and on plant growth (biomass, leaf area). The architecture has been analyzed through the process of initiation and growth of the various organs : inflorescence, leaflet, rachis internodes. Regarding the organs initiation, the phyllocron was not affected, but the number of leaflets per leaf was reduced. Regarding the elongation process, the increased length of leaflet and internodes was associated with increased salinity. The formalization of the process of initiation and growth and the estimated parameters, allowed the construction of a 3D dynamic model of plant. This model allows and integrated description of the elementary scale of leaflets to the scale of culture, and the effect of salinity on plant architecture. The salt and water stress had a significant effect of the plant water status. The technique of facilitated exudation with EDTA was used to estimate the variable involved in carbon allocation within the plant. The sugar concentration in the phloem varied over the time and was affected by water stress. In addition, the phloem turgor pressure was significantly lowered by water stress, and appeared to vary according to, the position and /or nature of the organ (leaves, fruit). The local availability of resources (water and caron) has identified the condition at the insertion point of the fruit on the plant. A biophysical model of fruit growth (Fishman and Génard 1998) was adapted. Using a single set of parameters for all the dataset the dynamics of accumulation of fresh and dry mass in the fruit were correctly simulated. I n addition, the model was also used to estimate the driving variables (osmotic potential and turgor pressure) in the fruit and therefore the water and carbon flows between the plant and fruit, in response to environmental conditions
Sauzé, Bruno. "Prévention des escarres en gériatrie : enquête prospective et nutritionnelle, charge de travail du personnel soignant". Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M024.
Texto completo da fonteMairesse, Guillaume. "Déterminisme ante mortem et variabilité de la qualité nutritionnelle, technologique et organoleptique (couleur et morphologie) de la perche commune perca fluviatilis (L. )". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_MAIRESSE_G.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThe purpose of these experimental studies was to assess the variability of quality in farmed and wild Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and its determinism. Quality is divided into three components: organoleptical (morphology and color), technological (filleting yield, morpho-anatomical index) and nutritional (total lipids content and fatty acids composition in fillet). The quality of perch shows variability according to the geographic origin, season and rearing systems. Farmed perch differ from wild counterparts by technological and nutritional components: perivisceral fat content and n-6 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increase with the intensification level of farmed system, whereas n-3 PUFA decrease. Thus, there is not only one perch quality but rather many perch qualities. Consequently, hypothesis have been formulated about factors responsible for the variability of quality and then tested. Two populations of wild perch from different geographic origin were reared in laboratory from eggs stage, in the same environmental and trophic conditions. The results show that only nutritional component displays differences between the two populations. Thus, phenotypical expression of the quality is under control of both origin (genotype) and environmental factors. Among these factors, 4 factors with 2 modalities were tested in 8 experimental units using a fractional factorial design: dietary lipids origin, feeding rate, density and domestication. Domestication and dietary lipids origin (simple factor or interaction) were found as the main factors of the determinism of perch quality
Bianchetti, Grégoire. "Impacts de stress biotique et abiotique sur l’acquisition de la qualité nutritionnelle et physiologique de la graine de colza (Brassica napus L.)". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NSARB250.
Texto completo da fonteSeed quality acquisition is an environmental moduled process that is finely controlled by the expression of many interconnected molecular and metabolic actors. Current climate projections predict that crops will be exposed to an increase of multiple and combined environmental constraints, leading to complex and generally non-deductible impacts. A better knowledge of these impacts on seed development, still poorly studied, appears thus as a relevant lever to enhance environmental resilience of agricultural productions. This thesis work is part of this scientific theme and sought to answer the following question: what are the impacts of a combination of biotic and abiotic stress on the yield elaboration and seed quality acquisition of the rapeseed?To answer this question, two rapeseed genotypes were grown in a large experimental device and subjected to a combination of stresses that are major for this crop, the water deficit and clubroot, caused by the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. Signature impacts of water deficit on plants and mature seed quality have been identified using physiological and metabolic data, as well as germination kinetics. Subsequently, RNAseq, metabolic and physiological data, were used for the characterization of the rapeseed transcritional developing seed gene transcrotions and quality acquisition. The correlations between these modulations and their agronomic perspectives are discussed
Jehanno, Dominique. "Sélection de bactéries lactiques produisant uniquement l'isomère L (+) de l'acide lactique : application à l'amélioration de la qualité nutritionnelle de produits végétaux fermentés". Brest, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BRES2012.
Texto completo da fonteGest, Noé. "MDHAR3 : une enzyme à l'interface de la défense antioxydante, du métabolisme carboné et de la qualité du fruit chez la tomate". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0328.
Texto completo da fonteNon fourni
Xu, Jiaxin. "Exploration du polymorphisme moléculaire et protéique de la tomate pour l'identification de QTL de qualité du fruit". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00927514.
Texto completo da fonteGuichard, Soraya. "Flux hydriques, croissance et qualité du fruit de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) en conditions estivales sous serre". Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30092.
Texto completo da fonteXu, Jiaxin. "Exploration du polymorphisme moléculaire et protéique de la tomate pour l’identification de QTL de qualité du fruit". Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0644/document.
Texto completo da fonteFruit quality in tomato is highly dependent on genetic variation. Following domestication and modernbreeding, molecular diversity of tomato has been strongly reduced, limiting the possibility to improvetraits of interest. New molecular markers such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) constituteprecious tools to saturate tomato genetic maps and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) andassociations in a poorly polymorphic species like tomato. The objectives of this study were tocharacterize tomato genetic diversity at the molecular levels and to try to identify QTLs, genes andproteins responsible for fruit quality traits in tomato. For this purpose, three independent studies wereconducted leading to the discovery of new SNP markers, their use for association study and finally theanalysis of proteome diversity in relation to physiological phenotypes. We first used two nextgenrationsequencing platforms (GA2 Illumina and 454 Roche) to re-sequence targeted sequencescovering about 0.2% of the tomato genome from two contrasted accessions. More than 3000 SNPswere identified between the two accessions. We then validated 64 SNPs by developing CAPS markers.We thus showed the value of NGS for the discovery of SNPs in tomato and we produced low costCAPS markers which could be used to characterize other tomato collections. A SNPlexTM arraycarrying 192 SNPs was then developed and used to genotype a broad collection of 188 accessionsincluding cultivated, cherry type and wild tomato species and to associate these polymorphisms to tenfruit quality traits using association mapping approach. A total of 40 associations were detected andco-localized with previously mapped QTLs. Some other associations were identified in new regions.We showed the potential of using association genetics in tomato. Finally, a new analytical approachcombining proteome, metabolome and phenotypic profiling were applied to study natural geneticvariation of fruit quality traits in eight diverse accessions and their four corresponding F1s at cellexpansion and orange-red stages. We identified 424 variable spots by combining 2-DE and nano LCMS/MS and built the first comprehensive proteome reference map of the tomato fruit pericarp at twodevelopmental stages from the 12 genotypes. In parallel, we measured the variation of 34 metabolites,26 enzyme activities and five phenotypic traits. A large range of variability and several inheritancemodes were described in the four groups of traits. Data integration was achieved through sPLS andcorrelation networks. Many significant associations were detected within level and between levels ofexpression. This systems biology approach provides better understanding of networks of elements(proteins, enzymes, metabolites and phenotypic traits) in tomato fruits
Boudehri, Karima. "Caractérisation génomique de facteurs impliqués dans la qualité organoleptique du fruit chez le pêcher (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch)". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13843/document.
Texto completo da fonteAcidity is an essential component of the organoleptic quality of fleshy fruits. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms that control fruit acidity remain unclear. In peach low-acidity is determined at the D locus by the dominant allele. A peach progeny of 208 F2 individuals obtained from a cross between ‘Ferjalou Jalousia®’ (a low-acid peach) and ‘Fantasia’ (a normally acid nectarine) varieties (JxF) was analyzed for several agronomical traits. This peach F2 progeny segregating for several mendelian traits, was analyzed for fruit quality traits including fruit acidity and used for the construction of a genetic linkage map. The D locus was mapped to the proximal end of linkage group 5 (LG5) and co-localized with major QTLs involved in the control of fruit pH, titratable acidity and organic acid concentration and minor QTLs for sugar concentration. Several candidate genes involved in organic acids synthesis, degradation or vacuolar storage have previously been studied. However, none of these candidate genes were located on in the region of the D locus, excluding their direct role in the control of fruit acidity by the D locus. The complexity of organic acids metabolic pathways as well as the involvement of transporters and channels and related proton pumps has hampered, so far, the identification of the gene(s) associated to the D locus using a candidate gene approach. Thus, in order to investigate the molecular and physiological bases of fruit acidity in peach, a positional cloning strategy of the D locus was undertaken for the isolation of the gene(s) underlying this trait. Using a BSA-AFLP method, 34 AFLP markers were mapped to the LG5, and the six nearest markers were transformed into codominant SCAR markers. These SCAR markers and three previously mapped SSR markers were used to genotype an F2 segregating progeny extended to 1,718 F2 individuals. A high-resolution map of the D locus was realized after genotyping and phenotyping recombinant individuals. Using these recombinant plants we delimited the D locus to a genetic interval of 0.4 cM. We also constructed a peach BAC library with a covering estimated at 15 x the peach haploid genome. The screening of the BAC library with tightly linked markers indicated that 1 cM corresponds to 250 kb at the vicinity of the D locus and allowed the construction of the physical map in two walks integrating 16 markers obtained from the BACends sequences. Two BAC clones harbouring the D locus were identified and sequenced; one BAC clone of 98 kb containing the D dominant allele and another one of 78 kb containing the d recessive allele. Eleven predicted genes were found in the sequenced region. A new set of markers was developed which allowed the localization of the D locus in a 16 kb interval. In this region, two genes were identified: a resistance gene and a gene encoding for a transporter. A transcriptional approach was initiated in addition to the positional cloning strategy to provide a first element which could confirm the involvement of one or more identified positional candidate gene(s) in the control of peach fruit acidity
Kouakou, N’Goran David Vincent. "Elevage de cobayes en Côte d’Ivoire : Effets d’Euphorbia heterophylla sur la productivité et la qualité nutritionnelle de la viande de cobaye (Cavia porcellus L. )". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSARB232.
Texto completo da fonteHelal, Olfa. "Etude multicentrique d'intervention nutritionnelle LipGene : effets de la qualité et de la quantité des acides gras alimentaires chez des sujets présentant un syndrome métabolique". Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20694.
Texto completo da fonteThe metabolic syndrome includes a constellation of interrelated factors of metabolic origin which are associated with increased risk cardiovascular disease: insulin-resistance, high glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, high blood pressure and overweight/obesity. The human intervention study LIPGENE was led in a multicentric cohort of 486 volunteers with metabolic syndrome defined by the NCEP-ATPIII criteria. The principal aim is to determine the relative efficacy of reducing dietary SFA consumption, by altering the quality and the quantity of dietary fat, on multiple metabolic and molecular risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. Volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four diets distinct in fat quantity and quality: high-SFA, high-MUFA and two low-fat diets, one supplemented with long chain n-3 PUFA for 12 weeks. Volunteers from eight centres across Europe completed the dietary intervention. Results indicated that compositional targets were largely achieved. A robust, flexible food exchange model was developed and implemented successfully in the LIPGENE pan European intervention study. After the nutritional intervention we observed that the habitual dietary fat composition had a profound effect on markers of insulin sensitivity. We found a hypotriglyceridemic effect of the low fat – high carbohydrate diet supplemented with long chain n-3 PUFA. The lipidic profiles of the volunteers were affected by the low fat-high carbohydrate diets. Inflammatory, oxidative stress and fibrinolysis markers were not changed after the nutritionalintervention. Ancillary studies were conducted in a Mediterranean sub-cohort. One of them concerned the quantification of circulating microparticles to assess the endothelial dysfunction. We showed that increased levels of various types of microparticles were associated with the mild metabolic abnormalities of MetS and with oxidative stress
Regost, Christelle. "Effets des lipides sur la qualité nutritionnelle, physique et organoleptique de la chair de la truite fario (salmo trutta) et du turbot (psetta maxima)". Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10038.
Texto completo da fonteGuillevic, Mathieu. "Effets des acides gras N-3 sur la construction de la qualité nutritionnelle de la viande de porc et sur le métabolisme des lipides". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSARB195.
Texto completo da fonteNutritional quality of pork can be improved by rearing factors, and mainly by their diet. Ther is in pig a strong relationship between fatty acids providing by the diet and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and muscle, as it is usually the case in monogastrics. This property is a mean to rise level of n-3 fatty acids for human consumption. The French food safety agency (AFSSA) recommendations suggest a daily intake of 2 g of C18:3 n-3 and a C18:2 n-6/C18:3 n-3 ratio equal to 5. The aim of this thesis was to study the effect of n-3 fatty acid (FA) incorporation in the diet on adipoconversion process, lipid metabolism, and n-3 FA level in meat and cooked pork meat. Three experimentations were performed to reach this objective
Jean, Pierre-Olivier. "Nouvelles applications de la spectroscopie en proche infrarouge pour l’évaluation de l’écologie nutritionnelle du cerf de Virginie". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7736.
Texto completo da fonteSoltaniband, Veedaa. "Effects of biostimulants on soil microbiota, plant development, crop productivity and fruit quality of protected strawberries". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66704.
Texto completo da fonteThe strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is one of the most important horticultural crops in Canada. However, several challenges limit the productivity and quality of this crop. Therefore, this study focused on using the most promising biostimulants that can improve soil microbiota, plant development, crop productivity, and berry quality in the greenhouse and high tunnels. In order to study different biostimulants treatments, a greenhouse and high tunnel experiments were carried in a complete randomized block design with five or four replicates. For the greenhouse trial, we studied the effect of 14 treatments under conventional (7 treatments) and organic (7 treatments) growing management. Studied treatments for the conventional growing system consisted of 1- Control (without biostimulant), 2- Seaweed extract, 3- Trichoderma harzianum strain T22, 4- Rhizoglomus irregulare, 5- Combination of Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 6- Mixture of treatments 4 and 5, and 7- Citric acid-based formulation. For the organic growing system, the biostimulant treatments were: 8- Control (without biostimulant), 9- Seaweed extract, 10- Rhizoglomus irregulare, 11- Combination of Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 12- Mixture of treatments 10 and 11, 13- Mixture of treatments 10 and 11 with low fertilization, and 14- Citric acid-based. For the high tunnel experiment, six treatments were compared: 1- Control (without biostimulant), 2- Rhizoglomus irregulare, 3- Combination of Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 4- Mixture of treatments 2 and 3, 5- Citric acid-based formulation, and 6- Citric and lactic acid-based formulation. Our results showed that soil activity parameters were higher under organic crop management compared with the conventional one, although biostimulant treatments did not increase soil microbial activity compared with their respective control, except for the combination of mycorrhiza and bacteria of high tunnel conventionally grown plants. For both experiments, biostimulants did not influence significantly leaf photosynthetic performance. However, biostimulants did impact plant development and some growth parameters. Compared with control plants, our results showed that the number of flowering stalks decreased for greenhouse organically grown plants treated with mycorrhiza and for conventionally grown plants treated with the combination of mycorrhiza and bacteria. On the other hand, all biostimulants increased the growth of plants grown under the high tunnels. Concerning yield parameters, conventionally grown plants treated with citric acid produced higher total and marketable yield compared with control plants, while the marketable yield of organically grown plants was higher in the plants treated with citric acid and the combination of mycorrhiza and bacteria. In contrast to the greenhouse experiment, no yield effect was observed for high tunnel plants. In terms of berry quality, Trichoderma increased the polyphenol and anthocyanin content of conventionally grown berries, while a combination of mycorrhiza and bacteria increased the ºBrix, polyphenol and anthocyanin content of organically grown plants compared with control. No effect of biostimulants on ºBrix and polyphenols were observed for high tunnel plants compared with control, while all biostimulants increased berry anthocyanin content. From our study, we can conclude that some biostimulants may improve strawberry performance in terms of growth, yield, and fruit quality. The lack of a significant difference between biostimulant treatments, due to large variability, confirms the importance of validating these results under different growing conditions and production seasons.
Adra, Fatima. "Etude des effets d’une élévation de température sur la croissance et le développement du pêcher : conséquences sur la qualité des fruits". Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0689.
Texto completo da fonteThe latest IPCC report clearly confirms the climate projections for increasing temperaturesand their variability at the end of the 21st century. The effects of climate changes in fruit yield andquality have been studied in a project funded by INRA (project CAQ40, Metaprogramme ACCAF).Experiments carried out on potted peaches placed in different climates (control, +2 ° C and + 5 ° C),allowed the identification of the processes (phenology, development, growth, photosynthesis,metabolism) most sensitive to rising temperatures and their consequences on the development andcomposition of fruits and the sustainability of production.Higher temperature has increased the demand for water, leading to a decrease in the waterpotential of the trees, which may have led to a concentration of the compounds of interest in thefruit. The reduction of leaf photosynthesis under high temperature conditions was related to theinhibition of photosynthesis by high temperatures and stomatal control related to water status.After flowering, the rise in temperature accelerates the vegetative growth, triggering a more rapidestablishment of leaf area. This early vegetative growth resulted in: (i) very rapid dynamics ofelongation of the axes in long shoot (ii) a more pronounced apical dominance, (iii) a decrease in theaxillary axial branching. In contrast the later heat treatment had an adverse effect on the initiationand differentiation of floral buds reducing the production potential in the following year.In addition, the increase in temperature after flowering resulted in a marked shortening ofthe fruit growth period, with an expected harvest date almost 3 weeks earlier. This shortening offruit growth duration has led to a decrease in the flow of carbon entering the fruit, penalizing itsgrowth and quality. The very different climates between the two experimental years resulted in ahigh variability in fruit composition between the two years of experimentation. In 2014, increasedtemperature during the early stage of fruit development or continuously led to the harvest ofsmaller fruit with higher concentrations and higher sucrose content. In 2015, the time durationbetween flowering and maturity was even shorter than in 2014, which could be linked to thewarmer climate of 2015. In 2015 fruits were less sweet and acidic than those of 2014. However, therise of temperatures at the end of fruit development in 2015 increased the levels andconcentrations of hexoses and sorbitol; this increase was partially due to a concentration effect butalso to an effect on fruit metabolism. Increased temperatures in the middle and at the end of fruitdevelopment also favoured the accumulation of malic and citric acid. The high temperatures did nothave much effect on vitamin C and either increased or decreased the levels of phenolic compounds.The effects of an increase in temperature on the metabolism are therefore very dependent on thestage of fruit development.The use of a Fruit‐scale model and a tree‐level (QualiTree) model could simulate both the effect ofthe environment and cultural practices on the growth and quality of the fruit, and give a moreintegrated view of the plant's functioning under environmental constraints
Poquet, Delphine. "Comment favoriser des choix de goûters favorables à la santé au sein du binôme mère-enfant ? : effet d’une intervention « nutritionnelle » ou d’une intervention « hédonique »". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCH006.
Texto completo da fonteIn France, the midafternoon snack is a frequent habit among children usually characterized by the consumption of fatty, sweet and high-energy-dense foods. If eating behaviours remain flexible and can evolve throughout the life, they are already strongly established during childhood. In this context, improve food habits in terms of midafternoon snack seem important. The thesis aim was therefore to assess the effectiveness of levers aimed at promoting healthy snack choices within mother-child dyads. A first experiment was conducted in order to assess the impact of a nutritional labelling system, the Nutri-Score, on the nutritional quality and on the liking of the snacks chosen within mother-child dyads. The results showed an improvement in the nutritional quality of midafternoon snacks chosen by the participants for themselves and for the other dyad member after labelling with the Nutri-Score. This improvement is accompanied by a decrease in the liking of the snacks chosen by children and mothers. A second experiment was conducted in order to assess the impact of a pleasure-based intervention conducted at home and mobilizing three dimensions of pleasure from eating (sensory, interpersonal and psychosocial) and on the nutritional quality of midafternoon snacks chosen in the laboratory in mother-child dyads. This intervention was also tested on different variables characterizing the nutritional composition of the midafternoon snack consumed at home by children. If the intervention did not improve the nutritional quality of the snacks chosen by the children and their mother in the laboratory, it reduced the energy content of snacks consumed at home by the children. This reduction would be due to a decrease in the quantities consumed. Results obtained in the context of this work could provide guidance for public authorities responsible for communication and recommendation on child nutrition
Juillet, Barbara. "Modélisation compartimentale du métabolisme inter-régional de l'azote alimentaire et des cinétiques de l'urée à l'état nouri non-stationnaire chez l'homme". Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INAP0031.
Texto completo da fonteDevalloir, Quentin. "Effects of multi-stressors (pollution, nutritional quality) on the immunocompetence of the wood mouse". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://indexation.univ-fcomte.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/5a14477e-cb8f-4d05-8d4f-99eeb7cebb0c.
Texto completo da fonteIn a rapidly changing environment, multiple stressors can affect the health of wild animals. Among these stressors, exposure to pollutants and low nutritional quality can enhance physiological disorders and modulate the ability of the immune system to respond efficiently to an infection, a phenomenon called immunocompetence. Exposure to toxic metals, like cadmium and lead, affects the structure and the functioning of immune cells, while micronutrients like selenium are dietary compounds having beneficial effects on the immune response when taken in adequate amounts. However, the influence of micronutrients on the effect of toxic metals has been mainly studied in laboratory experiments but remains obscure in wild animals. The present thesis aimed to disentangle the influence of exposure to toxic metals and of nutritional quality on the immunocompetence of a small mammal, the wood mouse. Chapter 1 reviewed the ability of some beneficial micro-elements or vitamins to alleviate the damage to the immune system caused by exposure to toxic metals in wild and captive mammals. In Chapter 2, free-ranging wood mice were captured in sites exhibiting high and low levels of soil pollution by cadmium and lead and were either immediately challenged (using lipopolysaccharides of bacteria, LPS) or challenged after five days of captivity with standard or selenium-deficient food. Immune response was affected by exposure to cadmium and lead through endocrine disturbances. Wild animals exposed to elevated levels of toxic metals displayed higher inflammatory responses to immune challenge, while individuals maintained in captivity for five days showed lower immune responses when fed a selenium-deficient diet. The characterisation of the immune response of wild animals is, generally speaking, constrained by the lack of appropriate methods since most methods and markers have been developed on laboratory animals. For this reason, Chapter 3 was dedicated to the development of blood reference intervals for wood mice and other rodent species. Reference intervals are commonly used in medicine or veterinary science for health diagnoses but are very scarce for free-ranging non-domestic species. Variations in blood cell counts were found to be affected by season and location of wood mouse populations rather than by biological parameters (age, sex…). The use of reference intervals allowed to sort healthy from unhealthy individuals of a given population by using a non-lethal approach. In line with this, Chapter 4 proposed non-lethal methods to assess health and inflammatory status in wood mice. A pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-), a mediator of the inflammation, was measured in blood and spleen cells of wild-caught captive wood mice. An increase of inflammatory markers was found in wild-caught captive wood mice challenged with LPS. Altogether, these results suggested that nutritional quality has a positive influence on the immunocompetence of wild animals chronically exposed to toxic metals. Immunomarkers and blood reference intervals provided relevant tools for assessing the immunocompetence of wood mice
Etienne, Christelle. "Isolement, caractérisation et cartographie de gènes candidats impliqués dans la qualité organoleptique du fruit chez le pêcher (prunus persica (L. ) Batsch)". Montpellier, ENSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENSA0008.
Texto completo da fonteKoné, Mahamoudou. "Étude de la composition des matières organiques végétales résiduelles sur les performances de croissance, les bilans de bioconversion et la qualité nutritionnelle des larves de mouches soldats noires". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38131.
Texto completo da fonteThe purpose of this study was to study the potential of BSF larvae to convert high moisture, pre-consumer organic vegetable matter (VRO) collected from food retailers in the Quebec City area. The VRO collected from grocery store through a partner local residual organic matter (ROM) collector (Sanimax Inc, Quebec, Canada) were characterized quantitatively (mass and frequency for different categories of VRO) and qualitatively (dry matter, ash, fibre, carbohydrates, energy, protein and fat content). Different VRO diets have been formulated to feed BSF larvae and test their effects on growth (average weight, length, width, length/width ratio and Fulton index) and the nutritional proximal composition of BSF larvae. In addition, this study establishes the conversion yield that can be expected on these materials for the production of BSF larvae. The evolution of different physicochemical parameters (temperature and pH) during bioconversion and the nutritional profile of the larvae are also presented.
Gallien, Manon. "La résilience des Systèmes Alimentaires de qualité différenciée : approche pour la compréhension des dynamiques de protection de la qualité de l'eau en agriculture". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2067/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn 2009, The Grenelle de l'Environnement (French environmental pact) introduced environmental clauses within Geographical Indications (GI) specifications. French Water agencies (agences de l’eau) perceive it as a good opportunity to address the issue of agricultural pollution, by takings actions at the upstream level. In this context, this study examines how certainfood quality processes are proactively setting targets for conserving water. This question led to develop a global approach in order to look at the issues of water quality from the wider angle of environmental preservation. It requires not only to focus on regulation tools of food quality products but also to take into account a larger set of environmental actions. Along the same lines, the theoretical framework of the resilience of food system of differentiated quality has also been developed. It allows to study proactive environmental dynamics set up by stakeholders to deal with perturbations linked to natural resources degradation, such as water. Those perturbations can be factual (measured) or represented, when stakeholders consider a potential risk. This analytical framework has been applied on case studies in viticulture and fruit production in the South-East of France. The results underscore the complexity of environmental dynamics: they are based on a set of complementary actions and require the mobilization of key players, able to engage in a collective dynamics but also to have a wider vision of food systems, both by looking at the vertical dimension (market oriented) and horizontal dimension (link with the local territory)
Bournonville, Celine. "Identification de gènes candidats impliqués dans la régulation de la teneur en acide ascorbique chez la tomate : impacts sur le potentiel antioxydant et la qualité post-récolte du fruit". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0039/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe ascorbic acid (AsA) is an essential antioxidant in both plants and humans. Plant-derived AsA is the major source of vitamin C in the human diet. In addition to its effect on tomato nutritional value, increasing tomato AsA content would likely affect postharvest storage and resistance to pathogens of the fruit. While AsA metabolism is well characterized, the mechanisms involved in its regulation remain poorly understood. Recent studies in Arabidopsis leaves indicate that few regulatory proteins can regulate this pathway at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Still nothing equivalent has been described in fruits. In that aim, a forward genetic approach has been carried out to investigate the regulation of AsA in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. The screening of an EMS tomato mutant population in the miniature cultivar Micro-Tom for identifying mutant lines with AsA-enriched fruits was done. Among the 500 M2 mutant families screened, four mutant lines with higher AsA content ranging from 2.5 to 4 fold were selected. These mutant lines have been characterized for postharvest traits quality and showed promising results. A method based on NGS-mapping allowed the identification of the putative AsA-enriched related gene. Thus, the screening of EMS mutants led to original findings such as the discovery of new unexpected proteins regulating AsA in plants, and particularly in fruits. Our work confirms at the molecular level the direct interaction between light signaling component and the regulation of the AsA biosynthesis pathway
Desnoues, Elsa. "Du gène au phénotype : contrôle génétique et modélisation du métabolisme des sucres chez la pêche". Thesis, Avignon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AVIG0667/document.
Texto completo da fonteFruit quality is a multi-criteria character with frequent antagonistic relationships. The perceptionof the fruit quality is highly dependent on the balance between the levels of sugars and acids. Among thethree so-called major sugars in fruit that are sucrose, glucose and fructose, fructose is the sweetest and itsconcentration is the factor that most affects the fruit sweetness. The objective of the present thesis is toanalyze the sugar metabolism in peach fruit from metabolic, enzymatic and genetic aspects and integrateinto a mathematical model all information obtained. This work focuses on the identification of the effect of alow fructose concentration on the whole sugar metabolism and the understanding of the mechanismsresponsible of this phenotype called ‘low-fructose-to-glucose-ratio’. A nearly exhaustive biochemicalcharacterization of sugar metabolism was conducted along peach fruit development. For this, 6 metabolitesand 12 enzyme capacities were assayed in 106 genotypes of a population derived from an interspecific cross.This study revealed a high stability of the enzyme capacities despite large variations of metabolites. Based ondata from 10 genotypes, a kinetic metabolic model that simulates the sugar accumulation in fruit wasdeveloped and validated. This model simulates contrasting phenotypes and helps in understanding theunderlying mechanisms of the ‘low-fructose-to-glucose-ratio’ phenotype. The biochemical characterizationof the population gave the opportunity to perform a QTL research. It highlighted the instability of the effectof certain loci along fruit development and QTL collocations of metabolites, enzyme capacities and candidategenes. It also confirmed the genomic region responsible for the ‘low-fructose-to-glucose-ratio’ phenotypewithin which a functional candidate gene was identified. It is a gene homologous to fructose vacuolartransporter (SWEET17) recently discovered in Arabidopsis. An analysis of this gene was engaged to validateits function and its responsibility in the ‘low-fructose-to-glucose-ratio’ phenotype. In the future, theintegration of the genetic control into the metabolic model will allow simulating virtual genotypes withdifferent combinations of alleles and predict their sugar content. Optimizing allele combinations to increasesugar concentrations in peach fruit will undoubtedly give new breeding opportunities
Ranc, Nicolas. "Analyse du polymorphisme moléculaire de gènes de composantes de la qualité des fruits dans les ressources génétiques sauvages et cultivées de tomate : recherche d'associations gènes/QTL". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSAM0001/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), breeding for fruit quality is difficult due to the multiplicity and complexity of the traits. QTL mapping has allowed the genetic characterization of these traits. One of the challenges is now to identify the genes underlying these QTLs. Following this aim, we used linkage-disequilibrium (LD) mapping. To avoid hazardous associations between traits and polymorphisms, the genetic structure has to be taken into account for LD mapping. Cultivated tomato showed low genetic diversity reducing mapping resolution. Cherry type tomato genome is described to be admixture between cultivated tomato and its wild ancestor. Such admixture may increase resolution of association mapping. We used a core collection focused on cherry type accessions to validate a candidate gene for a fruit locule-number QTL. We found that two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were highly associated with the trait. These two SNP evolved differently from the rest of the chromosome 2. They underwent a balanced selection which testifies a selection for fruit morphology diversity by human. Association mapping, focused on whole chromosome 2, allowed us to assess the extent of linkage disequilibrium over genetic and physical distances. Associations of polymorphisms with phenotypes were detected with structured association methods. We thus showed efficiency of genome admixture to overcome the low-resolution limitation of association mapping for an inbred crop. We validated previously identified QTLs and found associations with new QTLs and new candidate genes. An evolutionary model including bottleneck and gene flow between wild and domesticated forms is also presented
Barré, Tangui. "Revisiter l'alimentation durable en précisant la place de la nutrition et le rôle des produits animaux". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT113/document.
Texto completo da fonteSustainable diets are "protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible,economically fair and affordable; nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy; while optimizing natural and human resources". The PhD student will study the compatibility between those different dimensions of sustainability, using nutritional epidemiology and diet modelling. Particularly, he will study the conditions under which re-balancing animal and plant-based food intakes would contribute to more sustainable diets, at individual and population levels
Albitar, Nsren. "Etude comparative des procédés de séchage couplés à la texturation par Détente Instantanée Contrôlée DIC, en termes de cinétique et de qualité nutritionnelle. Applications à la valorisation des déchets agro-industriels". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567220.
Texto completo da fonteAtangana, Alain Rene. "Phenotypic diversity in fruit and seed traits, and neutral genetic diversity in Allanblackia Floribunda". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27171/27171.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteAllanblackia floribunda or tallow tree is a tropical forest-tree species that is valued for its seeds, which are rich in hard fat consisting mostly of stearic and oleic acids, reported to lower plasma cholesterol levels, thus reducing the risks of heart attack. Owing to this fat profile, Allanblackia oil is used for margarine production and in soap and ointments manufacture, and seeds extracted from Allanblackia fruits by local communities are traded. We determined whether the species could be genetically improved for fruit/seed production by sampling 17 to 40 fruits from each of 70 trees that were distributed among four sites in wild stands. Fat was extracted from the seeds, and stearic and oleic acid content of the fat was estimated using methods developed in this study. Phenotypic variation in fruit/seed traits was assessed within- and among-trees, and among sites. Repeatabilities were estimated for measured characters, and relationships between these characters investigated. Twenty “plus trees” were selected for breeding, and implications for improvement discussed. Then we isolated and characterized ten microsatellite primer pairs for A. floribunda. Seven of these microsatellite loci were polymorph for both Allanblackia gabonensis and Allanblackia stanerana species as well. Using eight informative microsatellite loci, we have characterized the genetic structure of A. floribunda natural populations from Cameroon, and inferred the recent history of rainforests from Central Africa. No significant difference was identified in genetic parameters between wild stands and the breeding population, indicating that breeding A. floribunda from 20 trees would not reduce nuclear genetic diversity. However, a slight increase in inbreeding was observed in the breeding population, and recommendations for genetic diversity conservation during tree improvement in the species are made.
Giovanetti, Canteri Maria Helene. "Caractérisation comparative de la pectine obtenue par extraction acide à partir de résidus de fruit de la passion (Passiflora edulis) et optimisation de la qualité par plan d'expériences". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00480892.
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