Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Qadarism"

This journal covers significant debates on the topic of human activities (af'al ai-'ibad). The study examines human strength (istitha'ah) and will (masyi'ah). This is so because every deed is motivated by power and will. The issue is whether or not humans are free to choose their actions based on their own will and strength, or if all human choices are predetermined by God's qadha and qadhar. The Qadariyah understanding, Jabariyah understanding, and Asy'ariah understanding were then born out of this difficulty. Islam's development of the Qadariyah thinking was impacted by the free understanding that emerged among Christians. According to Jabaryah, Allah swt has predetermined every event that people have, both past and present, including bad luck and calamity. People lack free will and free choice, like water flowing in many ways. Just Allah (swt). In accordance with Asy'ariah, since God is free and without restrictions and has the nature of jaiz, humans do not possess freedom.

Scholars in Al-Mu'tazila, and the dilemma of creating Qur'an that relates to it, was being used in studying various issues that is connected with the Abbasid caliphate Al-Ma'mun. This was without any deep search of its roots of more than a century before AL-Ma'mun's era. In this study titled “Al-Mu'tazila before Caliph Al-Ma'mun's era,” we attempt to trace the initial precursors (I'tezal/seclusion), starting by AL-Qadariya which emerged as a reaction from Umayyad Jabriya to reaching Al-Ma'mun's taking power.

<p><em>This paper describes the fundamental teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, the development of religious knowledge, and the social and political context that shaped the intellectual tradition of Islam. Abdullah Saeed, in the transmission of spiritual experience and Islamic thought, introduced the basic teachings of Islam. The emergence of Islam is closely related to the history of its birthplace, the city of Mecca. Besides, Abdullah Saeed also discussed the beginning of the development of religious knowledge, which was immediately explained by the Qur'an and the emergence of sects that influenced the course of change towards truth. Each of these sects and sects has its doctrine, and if there is anything against it, there is undoubtedly a separate assessment of the differences that are believed. Several groups with various theological or religio-political orientations emerged. Among them are Kharijis (khawarij), Shia, Qadaris (qadariyya), Mu‘tazilis (mu‘tazila), Jabris (jabriyya) and Murji'is (murji'a).</em></p>

The aim of this study is the recognition of the stages of creative cognition, achievement motivation of the third-class secondary students in Gadarif Municipality, the recognition of the relationship between the creative cognition and achievement motivation. About three hundred students in third class at secondary level are included in the study and they are selected in a simple random way. To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher used a questionnaire of creative cognition prepared by the researcher and the measuring of achievement motivation prepared by (Mohyd Mohammed). The researcher used the connected descriptive method. After the statistical processing with the programme of statistical package for social science (SPSS), the following results are reached. First, the level of creative cognition of the secondary students in Gadarif Municipality is high. Secondly, the level of achievement motivation of the students is also high. Fourth, there is positive connected relation with statistical imply between the creative cognition and the achievement motivation of the students studied. Also, there are no differences with statistical imply that due to the following factors: gender, type of education, father's education and mother's education.

Researches on Nusantara 'Ulama's works-including Banten 'Ulama's works-are scarcely found. if we seriously observe, a number of their works, especially old manuscripts, are more than those of having been researched, published, and informed to the wider sodery. This research aims at studying a Banten 'Ulama's work of the eighteenth century well-kept in the National Library of Indonesia entitled Futuh al-Asrar Ji Fadhail at-Tahlil wa al-Adzkar (FAFA). This manuscript is a copy of Syaikh 'Abdul Wahhab bin 'Abdul Ghani's work copied by Syaikh 'Abdullah bin 'Abd al-Qahhar al-Bantani in Mecca. This text is written to explain the virtue of tahlil and zikir in order that his tarekat disciples obtain an easiness in bringing himself nearer to the God, both when he is alone (sirr) and when he is in busy condition (Jahr). Meanwhile, the motive of Syaikh 'Abdullah bin 'Abd al-Qahhar al-Bantani in copying the text is to prove that the geneology of the Qadiriya Tarekat he inisiates is legal and is directly attached to the Sheikh of Qadiriya Tarekat in Madina when he studied in Mecca during three years. Through this legitimate license and inisiation, he then spread out this tarekat to the Sultan of Banten when he returned to his fatherland. It seems that the existence of this manuscript strengthen the evidence of the existence and the influence of Qadariya Tarekat in the Banten Sultanate in the eighteenth century. And this FAFTA text becomes the initial source to know the genesis of inisiation of Qadariya Tarekat which is obtained by Syaikh 'Abdullah bin 'Abd al-Qahhar al-Bantani who then became the reliant 'Ulama' of Sultan Abu Nasr Zainal Asyiqin (1753-1777). Key Words: Zikir, Qadiriya Tarekat, Banten Sultanate of the-18th century.

Faith in destiny is one of the criterion of a Muslim's faith. However, the question of destiny is often questioned and debated to the point of producing two conflicting extreme streams, namely the Qadariah stream and the Jabariah stream. The Qadariah stream focuses on the authority of humans will and deeds to deny destiny. Jabariah, on the other hand, is an extremist in condemning destiny to the point of denying the existence of freedom of will and human actions. In the meantime, the stream of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama`ah was born, adapting the middle path (wasatiyyah) in convicting destiny. True belief and understanding of the concept of destiny is not only a proof of the faith of a Muslim, but it is also the ability to produce a constant positive attitude in oneself to exist in the world whether in pleasure or hardship. This paper aims to examine the beliefs of wasatiyyah in convicting destiny and its role in overcoming the problem of stress by referring to the views of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama`ah who applies the theory of al-Kasb in the discussion of destiny. While al-Ghazali theory that uses the approach of al-‘Aql, al-Qalb, al-Ruh and al-Nafs in stress management. The findings of this discussion show that the mind is capable in managing stress with the support of spiritual aspects. It is regarded that human beings do not have absolute power, everything is under the will and Will of God, but every individual must have effort and initiatives. Thus, these efforts and endeavors encourage individual not to boast shamelessly in times of successful efforts and not to give up in times of failure. Ultimately, reliance on ikhtiar with high confidence in Allah encourages individual to compose oneself and successfully manage stress efficiently even when one is trying the impossible because of the immense notion that it is worth doubling their efforts and ikhtiar.

In the field of kalam (Islamic theology), some major themes, like attributes of Allah, will of Allah and human freedom, or Quran as words of Allah, have become debate topics between thought schools of kalam in Islam. Because of the complexity of those topics, the debate becomes eternal, without an agreed end. Among those thought schools of kalam in Islam involved in the debate is salaf school, held by Ibn Taymiyah. In his opinion, the school is the right one because it quite conforms to Quran and sunna. By way of thought (manhaj) of salaf school, Ibn Taymiyah also takes part in explaining those major themes in his works. In the case of the will of Allah and human freedom, for example, he doesn’t agree with the Qadarite school’s thought and the Jabarite school’s thought although in this he hasn’t yet stretched out a convincing explanation. This essay will analyze the way of thought (manhaj) of salaf school and Ibn Taymiyah’s opinion about those major themes, especially in his book Majmû‘ al-Fatâwâ.

This study investigates the effect of pozzolana and quick lime as stabilizer materials on expansive soil properties. Disturbed soil sample was collected from Al-Qadarif city in east of Sudan. The basic properties, swelling and strength of the soil were measured. The soil shows very weak strength and very high swelling potential. Mineralogical analysis tests were conducted to the soil using XRD tests. The soil contains significant amount of montmorillonite mineral (86%). Laboratory tests were undertaken on soil stabilized with varying percentage of pozzolana only (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30%) and combination of pozzolana with constant content of quick lime (5%). Compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), free swell, swell present and swelling pressure tests were performed on natural and treated soil. The pozzolana was obtained from Jebal Meidob and the lime obtained from local kilns in Kassala. The results showed that the treatment of expansive soil by combination of pozzolana and quick lime reduced soil swelling coupled with significant increase on soil strength. While the use of pozzolana only has marginal effective. It could be concluded that stabilization of expansive soil by pozzolana-lime admixture is successful.

In recent years Sudan suffers from deterioration in the economy. There are three financial legislations issued from the Government of Sudan between Nov 2016 and Oct 2018. These legislations have led to increase in prices of all goods and materials especially construction materials that lead many contracting companies to submit claims demanding for adjustment of prices. This paper documents effort by the Government of Sudan (GoS) to address price adjustments for public-funded projects affected by the mentioned legislations. It also validates some data submitted by the contractors to examine the adjustment through a technical committee established for that purpose. Furthermore, the GoS has introduced a program to build the capacity of all involved parties in the construction industry to calculate price adjustments. This paper compares some data submitted by some contractors for three projects in east Sudan (Qadarif), West Sudan (Zalingei) and central Sudan (Khartoum) that have been approved by consultants with prices of materials obtained from an independent third party the in Khartoum. The results of the comparison are found that some increase in material follows the prices of the (USD) dollar as reinforcement and some local material increase in price due to other reasons like fees of transportation. Also, when comparing prices in different states in Sudan, there are differences in some material depending on the distance from Khartoum and the availability of the materials in the states like local materials as aggregates and red bricks.

Flood that occurred in December 2014 has been categorized as the worst in Malaysia. The disaster has involved more than 100,000 people who experienced with the destruction of property and livelihoods. The victims need immediate help to restore their life back to normal. The situation was categorized as an urgency that requires the use of Islamic Legal Maxims in emergency situations. However, it is restricted by the method of “al-darurah tuqaddar biqadariha”. Thus, the study will examine the use of Islamic Legal Maxims in fiqh of zakat scheme for flood victims. The study will also suggest improvements in the coordination of assistance provided. The study found that the eligibility of a flood victim in an emergency situation is seen under the legal maxim of “al- Darurat Tubihul Mahzurat” (necessity makes illegal things legal) but should be restricted by the other legal maxim which is “al-darurah tuqaddar biqadariha” (necessities are estimated according to their quantity). Implications of the study will provide guidelines to the zakat institutions in providing proper assistance schemes to them. Further studies can be conducted to identify the effectiveness of the assistance provided to the victims. Keywords: flood, Islamic legal maxims, emergency, flood victims, aids limitation Abstrak Banjir yang berlaku pada Disember 2014 dikategorikan sebagai paling buruk yang melanda kawasan Pantai Timur, Malaysia. Bencana ini telah melibatkan lebih 100,000 orang mangsa yang mengalami kemusnahan harta benda dan punca pendapatan. Mangsa memerlukan bantuan segera bagi memulihkan kembali kehidupan seperti sedia kala. Keadaan ini dikategorikan sebagai keadaan mendesak yang mengharuskan penggunaan kaedah fiqh dalam situasi darurat. Walau bagaimanapun, ia dibataskan dengan kaedah fiqh al-darurah tuqaddar biqadariha. Justeru, kajian akan mengkaji penggunaan kaedah fiqh ini dalam agihan zakat untuk mangsa banjir. Kajian juga akan mencadangkan penambahbaikan dalam penyelarasan agihan zakat yang diberikan kepada mereka. Hasil kajian mendapati kelayakan seseorang mangsa banjir dalam situasi darurat dilihat lebih tepat di bawah kaedah fiqh al-darurat tubihul mahzurat (kemudaharatan membolehkan tegahan) tetapi perlu dibatasi dengan kaedah fiqh yang lain iaitu al-darurat tuqaddar bi qadariha (keadaan darurat ditentukan mengikut kadarnya). Implikasi kajian boleh dijadikan garis panduan kepada institusi zakat dalam menyediakan agihan zakat yang sepatutnya kepada mangsa banjir ini. Kajian lanjutan boleh dilakukan dalam mengenalpasti keberkesanan bantuan yang diberikan kepada mangsa banjir. Kata kunci: banjir, kaedah fiqh, darurat, mangsa banjir, had bantuan

Cette thèse étudie la querelle qui opposa deux factions théologico-politiques musulmanes,à savoir la Murǧiʾa et la Qadariyya, sur les questions du libre-arbitre et de la prédestination divine. Les qadarites soutenaient que l’homme est le seul responsable de ses actes ; pour eux,quiconque, y compris le calife, commet un péché capital perd automatiquement sa foi. Par conséquent, il doit soit repentir soit être exécuté. Les murǧi’ites, quant à eux, défendaient l’idéeque les actions des individus devaient être renvoyées au jugement de Dieu, seul capable de juger les secrets des hommes. Pour ce courant, la foi n’est aucunement liée au comportement, étant donné que les actes de l’homme sont dictés par Dieu de toute éternité, selon la thèse de la prédestination divine. Cette position a poussé certains savants de l’époque médiévale ainsi que certains chercheurs modernes à affirmer que les murǧiʾites soutenaient les califes umayyades. Selon ces chercheurs, l’argument des murǧiʾites était que la légitimité des califes umayyades, dont le pouvoir relevait du décret divin, ne devait pas être mise en doute et donc que l’obéissance absolue leur était due, sous peine pour les contestataires, d’aller à l’encontre de la prédestination divine.Ce travail tente de comprendre si les théologiens se sont mêlés de politique au nom d’un rapport intrinsèque avec le théologique, ou si les politiques ont eu recours au religieux pour légitimer leur pouvoir. Pour ce faire, nous avons réévalué les principes de la doctrine murǧiʾite enétudiant ses différentes branches, afin de déterminer le type de rapport que chacune d’ellesentretenait avec les califes Umayyades. En effet, les différentes révoltes menées par lesmurğiʾites contre la dynastie contredisent l’idée d’une alliance entre les deux parties. En outrel’implication dans cette querelle théologique des musulmans non-arabes, appelés mawālī, et soutenus par les murğiʾites, pour réclamer l’égalité politique et sociale mérite d’être analysée.C’est pour cette raison que nous tentons de comprendre pourquoi et comment les revendications sociales et politiques des mawālī se sont finement entremêlées aux débats et aux questions théologiques de l’époque. L’analyse du statut et de la notion de Ḫalīfat Allāh (calife de Dieu) est primordiale, carelle permet de comprendre si les Umayyades se référaient au terme Ḫalīfa mentionné dans le Coran parce qu’ils considéraient leur pouvoir comme sacré ou pas. Les Umayyades ont-ilsexploité des questions théologiques à des fins politiques pour légitimer leur pouvoir ? Commentla dimension religieuse a-t-elle justifié leurs actions politiques, et inversement comment leurs choix politiques ont-ils dicté leurs options religieuses ? En fin, le recours des souverains umayyades au religieux a-t-il entravé le développement d’une réflexion politique rationnelle ?Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons utilisé des sources très peu utilisées jusqu’àprésent par les chercheurs travaillant sur cette époque ancienne, à savoir la poésie arabe et les correspondances épistolaires entre les savants et les califes umayyades. Le recours à la poésie et à la prose arabe est nécessaire, car il permet de confirmer ou d’infirmer les informations données par les historiographes musulmans dont les ouvrages sont postérieurs à l’époque considérée
This PhD dissertation studies the quarrel between two Muslim theological-politicalfactions, namely the Murǧiʾa and the Qadariyya, over the issues of free will and divinepredestination. The Qadarites held that man is solely responsible for his actions; for them,anyone, including the caliph, who committed a cardinal sin automatically was loosing his faith.Consequently, he must either repent or be executed. The murǧiʾites, for their part, defended theidea that the actions of individuals should be referred to the judgment of God, who, the only Onecapable of judging the secrets of men. For this school of thought, faith is in no way linked tobehaviour, given that man's actions are dictated by God from all eternity, according to the thesisof divine predestination. This position prompted some medieval scholars, as well as somemodern researchers, to assert that the murǧiʾites supported the Ummayyad caliphs. According tothese scholars, the murǧiʾites' argument was that the legitimacy of the Umayyad caliphs, whosepower came under divine decree, should not be questioned and therefore absolute obedience wasdue to them, by going against divine predestination.This work attempts to understand whether theologians got involved in politics in the nameof an intrinsic relationship with the theological, or whether politicians have resorted to thereligious to legitimize their power. To do this, we have re-evaluated the principles of murǧiʾitedoctrine by studying its various branches, in order to determine the type of relationship each ofthem maintained with the Umayyad caliphs. In facts, the various revolts led by the murğiʾitesagainst the ruling dynasty contradict the idea of an alliance between the two parties. Furthermore,the involvement of non-Arab Muslims, known as mawālī, in this theological quarrel, with thesupported of the murğiʾites, requesting political and social equality deserves to be analyzed. Forthis reason, we attempt to understand why and how the social and political demands of themawālī were finely intertwined with the theological debates and issues of that time.Analysis of the status and notion of Ḫalīfat Allāh (caliph of God) is essential, as it helpsus understand whether the Umayyads referred to the term Ḫalīfa mentioned in the Qur'an becausethey considered their power sacred or not. Did the Umayyads exploit theological issues forpolitical ends to legitimize their power? How did the religious dimension justify political actions,6and how the political decisions oriented the religious dogma? Did the Umayyads’ recourse toreligion hinder the development of rational political thought?To answer these questions, we have used sources rarely used until now by researchersworking on this ancient period, namely Arabic poetry and epistolary correspondence betweenscholars and the Umayyad caliphs. The use of Arabic poetry and prose is necessary, as it enablesus to confirm or refute the information given by Muslim historiographers whose works post-datethe period under consideration

This article discusses the briefly significant Qadariyya movement during the Umayyad period, with an emphasis on how the movement and its adherents were treated in later sources. The article examines the doctrine of human free will advocated by the Qadariyya, exploring the impetus behind their theological viewpoints and the doctrinal complications that accompanied human free will. It also addresses the debate about the origins of both the doctrine and the movement, and the significance of accusations of Christian roots. The article discusses the views ascribed to prominent Qadari leaders, including Maʿbad al-Juhanī and Ghaylān al-Dimashqī, as well as the systematic persecution of the Qadariyya, led by al-Awzāʿī. It also examines the politicization of the Qadariyya and their entanglement with Yazīd (III) b. al-Walīd’s rebellion during the thirdfitna. Finally, the article addresses the eclipse of the Qadariyya by the Muʿtazilites.

This chapter introduces several ideological groups and sects within Islam such as the Khawarij, Shi’ites, Qadaris, Mu’tazilites, Zaydis and Druz and discusses the reasons for their emergence and their relationship with core Islamic values and teachings.